"tabhair" meaning in All languages combined

See tabhair on Wiktionary

Verb [Irish]

IPA: /ˈt̪ˠuːɾʲ/ [Munster], /ˈt̪ˠoːɾʲ/ [Connacht, Ulster]
Etymology: From Old Irish ·tabair, prototonic form of do·beir. Etymology templates: {{root|ga|ine-pro|*bʰer-}}, {{der|ga|sga|·tabair}} Old Irish ·tabair Head templates: {{head|ga|verb|present analytic|tugann|future analytic|tabharfaidh|verbal noun|tabhairt|past participle|tugtha|head=}} tabhair (present analytic tugann, future analytic tabharfaidh, verbal noun tabhairt, past participle tugtha), {{ga-verb|fut=tabharfaidh|irreg=yes|pp=tugtha|pres=tugann|vn=tabhairt}} tabhair (present analytic tugann, future analytic tabharfaidh, verbal noun tabhairt, past participle tugtha) Inflection templates: {{ga-mut-link|e}}, {{ga-mut}} Forms: tugann [analytic, present], tabharfaidh [analytic, future], tabhairt [noun-from-verb], tugtha [participle, past], irregular [table-tags], no-table-tags [table-tags], tabhair [mutation, mutation-radical], thabhair [lenition, mutation], dtabhair [eclipsis, mutation]
  1. give Tags: intransitive, transitive
    Sense id: en-tabhair-ga-verb-CJWlMuQE Categories (other): Irish first-conjugation verbs of class A Disambiguation of Irish first-conjugation verbs of class A: 46 54
  2. bring Tags: intransitive, transitive
    Sense id: en-tabhair-ga-verb-QxGQIhet Categories (other): Irish entries with incorrect language header, Irish first-conjugation verbs of class A, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Irish entries with incorrect language header: 22 78 Disambiguation of Irish first-conjugation verbs of class A: 46 54 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 27 73 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 26 74
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: tabhair aird (english: pay attention, heed), tabhair ar (english: give in exchange for; call, name), tabhair as (english: take, bring, out of), tabhair chuig (english: take to; bring to), tabhair chun (english: take to; bring to), tabhair do (english: give to; yield, concede, to), tabhair faoi (english: attempt, undertake; attack), tabhair i (english: take, bring, into), tabhair isteach (english: introduce; retrieve), tabhair le (english: grasp mentally, infer; turn towards), tabhair ó (english: bring from; make, attempt), tabhair suas (english: give up), tabhartha (english: illegitimate), tabharthach [dative]

Verb [Scottish Gaelic]

Forms: thug [past], bheir [future], toirt [noun-from-verb], tugta [participle, past], no-table-tags [table-tags], tabhair [mutation, mutation-radical], thabhair [lenition, mutation]
Etymology: From Old Irish ·tabair, prototonic form of do·beir. Etymology templates: {{root|gd|ine-pro|*bʰer-}}, {{der|gd|sga|·tabair}} Old Irish ·tabair Head templates: {{head|gd|verb|past|thug|||future|bheir|||verbal noun|toirt|||||past participle|tugta|head=}} tabhair (past thug, future bheir, verbal noun toirt, past participle tugta), {{gd-verb|fut=bheir|irreg=yes|past=thug|pp=tugta|vn=toirt}} tabhair (past thug, future bheir, verbal noun toirt, past participle tugta) Inflection templates: {{gd-mut-cons|t|abhair}}
  1. give, bestow, grant
    Sense id: en-tabhair-gd-verb-de3bILzE Categories (other): Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Scottish Gaelic entries with incorrect language header

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "pay attention, heed",
      "word": "tabhair aird"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "give in exchange for; call, name",
      "word": "tabhair ar"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "take, bring, out of",
      "word": "tabhair as"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "take to; bring to",
      "word": "tabhair chuig"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "take to; bring to",
      "word": "tabhair chun"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "give to; yield, concede, to",
      "word": "tabhair do"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "attempt, undertake; attack",
      "word": "tabhair faoi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "take, bring, into",
      "word": "tabhair i"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "introduce; retrieve",
      "word": "tabhair isteach"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "grasp mentally, infer; turn towards",
      "word": "tabhair le"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "bring from; make, attempt",
      "word": "tabhair ó"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "give up",
      "word": "tabhair suas"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "illegitimate",
      "word": "tabhartha"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "dative"
      ],
      "word": "tabharthach"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "·tabair"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish ·tabair",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish ·tabair, prototonic form of do·beir.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "tugann",
      "tags": [
        "analytic",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabharfaidh",
      "tags": [
        "analytic",
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabhairt",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tugtha",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "irregular",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "m",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "thabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dtabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "eclipsis",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "10": "tugtha",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "present analytic",
        "4": "tugann",
        "5": "future analytic",
        "6": "tabharfaidh",
        "7": "verbal noun",
        "8": "tabhairt",
        "9": "past participle",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (present analytic tugann, future analytic tabharfaidh, verbal noun tabhairt, past participle tugtha)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "fut": "tabharfaidh",
        "irreg": "yes",
        "pp": "tugtha",
        "pres": "tugann",
        "vn": "tabhairt"
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (present analytic tugann, future analytic tabharfaidh, verbal noun tabhairt, past participle tugtha)",
      "name": "ga-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "e"
      },
      "name": "ga-mut-link"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "ga-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Irish",
  "lang_code": "ga",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Irish first-conjugation verbs of class A",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "give"
      ],
      "id": "en-tabhair-ga-verb-CJWlMuQE",
      "links": [
        [
          "give",
          "give"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "22 78",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Irish first-conjugation verbs of class A",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "27 73",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 74",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bring"
      ],
      "id": "en-tabhair-ga-verb-QxGQIhet",
      "links": [
        [
          "bring",
          "bring"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈt̪ˠuːɾʲ/",
      "tags": [
        "Munster"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈt̪ˠoːɾʲ/",
      "tags": [
        "Connacht",
        "Ulster"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "tabhair"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "·tabair"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish ·tabair",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish ·tabair, prototonic form of do·beir.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "thug",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bheir",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toirt",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tugta",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gd-mut-cons",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "thabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "10": "",
        "11": "verbal noun",
        "12": "toirt",
        "13": "",
        "14": "",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "17": "past participle",
        "18": "tugta",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "past",
        "4": "thug",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "future",
        "8": "bheir",
        "9": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (past thug, future bheir, verbal noun toirt, past participle tugta)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "fut": "bheir",
        "irreg": "yes",
        "past": "thug",
        "pp": "tugta",
        "vn": "toirt"
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (past thug, future bheir, verbal noun toirt, past participle tugta)",
      "name": "gd-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "t",
        "2": "abhair"
      },
      "name": "gd-mut-cons"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
  "lang_code": "gd",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Scottish Gaelic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "give, bestow, grant"
      ],
      "id": "en-tabhair-gd-verb-de3bILzE",
      "links": [
        [
          "give",
          "give"
        ],
        [
          "bestow",
          "bestow"
        ],
        [
          "grant",
          "grant"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "tabhair"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Irish first-conjugation verbs of class A",
    "Irish intransitive verbs",
    "Irish irregular verbs",
    "Irish lemmas",
    "Irish suppletive verbs",
    "Irish terms derived from Old Irish",
    "Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Irish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-",
    "Irish transitive verbs",
    "Irish verbs",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "pay attention, heed",
      "word": "tabhair aird"
    },
    {
      "english": "give in exchange for; call, name",
      "word": "tabhair ar"
    },
    {
      "english": "take, bring, out of",
      "word": "tabhair as"
    },
    {
      "english": "take to; bring to",
      "word": "tabhair chuig"
    },
    {
      "english": "take to; bring to",
      "word": "tabhair chun"
    },
    {
      "english": "give to; yield, concede, to",
      "word": "tabhair do"
    },
    {
      "english": "attempt, undertake; attack",
      "word": "tabhair faoi"
    },
    {
      "english": "take, bring, into",
      "word": "tabhair i"
    },
    {
      "english": "introduce; retrieve",
      "word": "tabhair isteach"
    },
    {
      "english": "grasp mentally, infer; turn towards",
      "word": "tabhair le"
    },
    {
      "english": "bring from; make, attempt",
      "word": "tabhair ó"
    },
    {
      "english": "give up",
      "word": "tabhair suas"
    },
    {
      "english": "illegitimate",
      "word": "tabhartha"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "dative"
      ],
      "word": "tabharthach"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "·tabair"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish ·tabair",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish ·tabair, prototonic form of do·beir.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "tugann",
      "tags": [
        "analytic",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabharfaidh",
      "tags": [
        "analytic",
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabhairt",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tugtha",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "irregular",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "m",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "thabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dtabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "eclipsis",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "10": "tugtha",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "present analytic",
        "4": "tugann",
        "5": "future analytic",
        "6": "tabharfaidh",
        "7": "verbal noun",
        "8": "tabhairt",
        "9": "past participle",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (present analytic tugann, future analytic tabharfaidh, verbal noun tabhairt, past participle tugtha)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "fut": "tabharfaidh",
        "irreg": "yes",
        "pp": "tugtha",
        "pres": "tugann",
        "vn": "tabhairt"
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (present analytic tugann, future analytic tabharfaidh, verbal noun tabhairt, past participle tugtha)",
      "name": "ga-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "e"
      },
      "name": "ga-mut-link"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "ga-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Irish",
  "lang_code": "ga",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "give"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "give",
          "give"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "bring"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bring",
          "bring"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈt̪ˠuːɾʲ/",
      "tags": [
        "Munster"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈt̪ˠoːɾʲ/",
      "tags": [
        "Connacht",
        "Ulster"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "tabhair"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "·tabair"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish ·tabair",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish ·tabair, prototonic form of do·beir.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "thug",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bheir",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toirt",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tugta",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gd-mut-cons",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "thabhair",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "10": "",
        "11": "verbal noun",
        "12": "toirt",
        "13": "",
        "14": "",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "17": "past participle",
        "18": "tugta",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "past",
        "4": "thug",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "future",
        "8": "bheir",
        "9": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (past thug, future bheir, verbal noun toirt, past participle tugta)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "fut": "bheir",
        "irreg": "yes",
        "past": "thug",
        "pp": "tugta",
        "vn": "toirt"
      },
      "expansion": "tabhair (past thug, future bheir, verbal noun toirt, past participle tugta)",
      "name": "gd-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "t",
        "2": "abhair"
      },
      "name": "gd-mut-cons"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
  "lang_code": "gd",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 2 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Scottish Gaelic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Scottish Gaelic irregular verbs",
        "Scottish Gaelic lemmas",
        "Scottish Gaelic terms derived from Old Irish",
        "Scottish Gaelic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Scottish Gaelic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-",
        "Scottish Gaelic verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "give, bestow, grant"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "give",
          "give"
        ],
        [
          "bestow",
          "bestow"
        ],
        [
          "grant",
          "grant"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "tabhair"
}

Download raw JSONL data for tabhair meaning in All languages combined (5.4kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/328",
  "msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": "started on line 8, detected on line 55"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": "started on line 6, detected on line 55"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": "started on line 5, detected on line 55"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": "started on line 4, detected on line 55"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 55"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/328",
  "msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": "started on line 3, detected on line 50"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
  "path": [
    "tabhair"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "tabhair",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.