See surprisal on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "surprise",
"3": "al"
},
"expansion": "surprise + -al",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "information measure"
},
"expansion": "(information measure):",
"name": "sense"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From surprise + -al.\n(information measure): Defined by Myron Tribus in the 1961 book Thermostatics and Thermodynamics.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "surprisals",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "surprisal (countable and uncountable, plural surprisals)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "en:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 146:",
"text": "Their chiefe attempts are by Stratagems, trecheries, or surprisals.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surprise attack or ambush; a sudden or unexpected assault."
],
"id": "en-surprisal-en-noun-oz2rdvdb",
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
],
[
"ambush",
"ambush"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, military) A surprise attack or ambush; a sudden or unexpected assault."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1646 (indicated as 1645), John Milton, “Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "How to secure the lady from surprisal",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "a. 1678 (date written), Isaac Barrow, “(please specify the chapter name or sermon number). The Consideration of our Latter End”, in The Works of Dr. Isaac Barrow. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], published 1830–1831, →OCLC:",
"text": "Because death is uncertain, let us prevent its surprisal.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sudden coming-upon someone or something unexpectedly or unawares."
],
"id": "en-surprisal-en-noun-PKzFLIgG",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A sudden coming-upon someone or something unexpectedly or unawares."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A surprising event or occurrence."
],
"id": "en-surprisal-en-noun-BL7l3owN",
"links": [
[
"surprising",
"surprising"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A surprising event or occurrence."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The feeling caused by being surprised; surprise, shock, amazement."
],
"id": "en-surprisal-en-noun-z4a6iok3",
"links": [
[
"surprise",
"surprise"
],
[
"shock",
"shock"
],
[
"amazement",
"amazement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The feeling caused by being surprised; surprise, shock, amazement."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 2 4 27 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 8 10 25 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -al",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 5 24 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An information measure as equal in bits (binary digits) to the base-2 log of 1 over the probability, with the result that the number of choices equals 2ⁿ where n is the number of bits."
],
"id": "en-surprisal-en-noun-S7b9JfMk",
"links": [
[
"bit",
"bit"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sə(ɹ)ˈpɹaɪzəl/"
}
],
"word": "surprisal"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -al",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "surprise",
"3": "al"
},
"expansion": "surprise + -al",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "information measure"
},
"expansion": "(information measure):",
"name": "sense"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From surprise + -al.\n(information measure): Defined by Myron Tribus in the 1961 book Thermostatics and Thermodynamics.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "surprisals",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "surprisal (countable and uncountable, plural surprisals)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Military"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 146:",
"text": "Their chiefe attempts are by Stratagems, trecheries, or surprisals.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surprise attack or ambush; a sudden or unexpected assault."
],
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
],
[
"ambush",
"ambush"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, military) A surprise attack or ambush; a sudden or unexpected assault."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1646 (indicated as 1645), John Milton, “Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "How to secure the lady from surprisal",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "a. 1678 (date written), Isaac Barrow, “(please specify the chapter name or sermon number). The Consideration of our Latter End”, in The Works of Dr. Isaac Barrow. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], published 1830–1831, →OCLC:",
"text": "Because death is uncertain, let us prevent its surprisal.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sudden coming-upon someone or something unexpectedly or unawares."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A sudden coming-upon someone or something unexpectedly or unawares."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A surprising event or occurrence."
],
"links": [
[
"surprising",
"surprising"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A surprising event or occurrence."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The feeling caused by being surprised; surprise, shock, amazement."
],
"links": [
[
"surprise",
"surprise"
],
[
"shock",
"shock"
],
[
"amazement",
"amazement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The feeling caused by being surprised; surprise, shock, amazement."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"An information measure as equal in bits (binary digits) to the base-2 log of 1 over the probability, with the result that the number of choices equals 2ⁿ where n is the number of bits."
],
"links": [
[
"bit",
"bit"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sə(ɹ)ˈpɹaɪzəl/"
}
],
"word": "surprisal"
}
Download raw JSONL data for surprisal meaning in All languages combined (3.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.