See sadulaz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*sadul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *sadul\nOld English: sadol, sadel, sadul\nMiddle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle\nEnglish: saddle\n→ Chichewa: sadulo\nScots: saddle, saidle\nOld Frisian: sadel, sāl\nSaterland Frisian: Soadel\nWest Frisian: seal\nOld Saxon: sadul (in compounds)\nMiddle Low German: sadel\nGerman Low German: Sadel\nPlautdietsch: Sodel\nOld Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: sādel\nDutch: zadel\nAfrikaans: saal\nNegerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal\n→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel\n→ Indonesian: sadel\nOld High German: satul, satil\nMiddle High German: satel\nGerman: Sattel\nLuxembourgish: Suedel",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *sadul\nOld English: sadol, sadel, sadul\nMiddle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle\nEnglish: saddle\n→ Chichewa: sadulo\nScots: saddle, saidle\nOld Frisian: sadel, sāl\nSaterland Frisian: Soadel\nWest Frisian: seal\nOld Saxon: sadul (in compounds)\nMiddle Low German: sadel\nGerman Low German: Sadel\nPlautdietsch: Sodel\nOld Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: sādel\nDutch: zadel\nAfrikaans: saal\nNegerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal\n→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel\n→ Indonesian: sadel\nOld High German: satul, satil\nMiddle High German: satel\nGerman: Sattel\nLuxembourgish: Suedel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sǫðull"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: sǫðull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: sǫðull"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "söðull"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: söðull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: söðull"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "saðil"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: saðil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: saðil"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrn",
"2": "sedel"
},
"expansion": "Norn: sedel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norn: sedel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "sal"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: sal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "sal",
"3": "sadel"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: sal, sadel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: sal, sadel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "saþul"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: saþul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: saþul"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "sadel"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: sadel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: sadel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "sathæl"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: sathæl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: sathæl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "sadel"
},
"expansion": "Danish: sadel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: sadel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "sadel",
"3": "sadl",
"4": "sal",
"5": "sadul"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: sadel, sadl, sal, sadul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: sadel, sadl, sal, sadul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*satula",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *satula",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *satula (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sed-",
"4": "*-dʰlom"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "Difficult to explain"
},
"expansion": "Difficult to explain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sella",
"t": "seat; saddle"
},
"expansion": "Latin sella (“seat; saddle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*sedъlò",
"pos": "id."
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sedъlò (id.)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sed-",
"t": "to sit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐτεός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἐτεός (eteós)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Balto-Slavic",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Difficult to explain.\n* Though a cognate relationship to Latin sella (“seat; saddle”) and Proto-Slavic *sedъlò (id.) through Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”) is appealing, this suffers from formal issues. A pre-Germanic reconstruction *sod-dʰlo- or *sot-tló- (pace Kroonen) is probably untenable, as adjacent dental consonants (including *ddʰ) are not expected to have yielded Germanic *d but rather *ss, and even an irregular deletion of original *d should have yielded compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. Moreover, a thematic *-Tlo- suffix fails to explain either *-ul- in the suffix or the root a-vocalism of Germanic.\n* An alternative, highly speculative option which avoids these phonetic pitfalls is to consider pre-Germanic *sét-ōl, *sot-l-és, uniting *sadulaz with *seþlą (“seat”). In this case *-ul- could have been taken from a neuter by-form *sét-l̥ when the two paradigms merged. However, the presumed root *set- (“to be stable”) is not well supported and not found elsewhere in Germanic. See Ancient Greek ἐτεός (eteós).\n* If not inherited, it is possible that the Germanic word was borrowed from early Proto-Slavic or Balto-Slavic. A borrowing scenario fits better with the historical evidence, which indicates that Proto-Germanic speakers may have lacked saddles. However, in this case the Germanic a-vocalism is problematic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sadulaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "sadulōną"
}
],
"glosses": [
"saddle"
],
"id": "en-sadulaz-gem-pro-noun-ugja0YrI",
"links": [
[
"saddle",
"saddle"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "sitjaną"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsɑ.ðu.lɑz/"
}
],
"word": "sadulaz"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "sadulōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*sadul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *sadul\nOld English: sadol, sadel, sadul\nMiddle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle\nEnglish: saddle\n→ Chichewa: sadulo\nScots: saddle, saidle\nOld Frisian: sadel, sāl\nSaterland Frisian: Soadel\nWest Frisian: seal\nOld Saxon: sadul (in compounds)\nMiddle Low German: sadel\nGerman Low German: Sadel\nPlautdietsch: Sodel\nOld Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: sādel\nDutch: zadel\nAfrikaans: saal\nNegerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal\n→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel\n→ Indonesian: sadel\nOld High German: satul, satil\nMiddle High German: satel\nGerman: Sattel\nLuxembourgish: Suedel",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *sadul\nOld English: sadol, sadel, sadul\nMiddle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle\nEnglish: saddle\n→ Chichewa: sadulo\nScots: saddle, saidle\nOld Frisian: sadel, sāl\nSaterland Frisian: Soadel\nWest Frisian: seal\nOld Saxon: sadul (in compounds)\nMiddle Low German: sadel\nGerman Low German: Sadel\nPlautdietsch: Sodel\nOld Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: sādel\nDutch: zadel\nAfrikaans: saal\nNegerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal\n→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel\n→ Indonesian: sadel\nOld High German: satul, satil\nMiddle High German: satel\nGerman: Sattel\nLuxembourgish: Suedel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sǫðull"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: sǫðull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: sǫðull"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "söðull"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: söðull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: söðull"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "saðil"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: saðil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: saðil"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrn",
"2": "sedel"
},
"expansion": "Norn: sedel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norn: sedel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "sal"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: sal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "sal",
"3": "sadel"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: sal, sadel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: sal, sadel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "saþul"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: saþul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: saþul"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "sadel"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: sadel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: sadel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "sathæl"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: sathæl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: sathæl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "sadel"
},
"expansion": "Danish: sadel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: sadel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "sadel",
"3": "sadl",
"4": "sal",
"5": "sadul"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: sadel, sadl, sal, sadul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: sadel, sadl, sal, sadul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*satula",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *satula",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *satula (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sed-",
"4": "*-dʰlom"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "Difficult to explain"
},
"expansion": "Difficult to explain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sella",
"t": "seat; saddle"
},
"expansion": "Latin sella (“seat; saddle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*sedъlò",
"pos": "id."
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sedъlò (id.)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sed-",
"t": "to sit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐτεός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἐτεός (eteós)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Balto-Slavic",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Difficult to explain.\n* Though a cognate relationship to Latin sella (“seat; saddle”) and Proto-Slavic *sedъlò (id.) through Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”) is appealing, this suffers from formal issues. A pre-Germanic reconstruction *sod-dʰlo- or *sot-tló- (pace Kroonen) is probably untenable, as adjacent dental consonants (including *ddʰ) are not expected to have yielded Germanic *d but rather *ss, and even an irregular deletion of original *d should have yielded compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. Moreover, a thematic *-Tlo- suffix fails to explain either *-ul- in the suffix or the root a-vocalism of Germanic.\n* An alternative, highly speculative option which avoids these phonetic pitfalls is to consider pre-Germanic *sét-ōl, *sot-l-és, uniting *sadulaz with *seþlą (“seat”). In this case *-ul- could have been taken from a neuter by-form *sét-l̥ when the two paradigms merged. However, the presumed root *set- (“to be stable”) is not well supported and not found elsewhere in Germanic. See Ancient Greek ἐτεός (eteós).\n* If not inherited, it is possible that the Germanic word was borrowed from early Proto-Slavic or Balto-Slavic. A borrowing scenario fits better with the historical evidence, which indicates that Proto-Germanic speakers may have lacked saddles. However, in this case the Germanic a-vocalism is problematic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sadulamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sadulaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "sitjaną"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-dʰlom",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sed-",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"gem-pro:Horse tack"
],
"glosses": [
"saddle"
],
"links": [
[
"saddle",
"saddle"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsɑ.ðu.lɑz/"
}
],
"word": "sadulaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for sadulaz meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (9e2b7d3 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.