See ruche on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ruche meaning in All languages combined (18.1kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "ruching"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche"
},
"expansion": "French ruche",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rusche",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūskos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French ruche, from Middle French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”). Compare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruche (plural ruches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 19 0 22 24",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Clothing",
"orig": "en:Clothing",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A strip of fabric which has been fluted or pleated."
],
"id": "en-ruche-en-noun-5im19Zxs",
"links": [
[
"flute",
"flute"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "55 43 3",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"word": "ruŝo"
},
{
"_dis1": "55 43 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Rüsche"
},
{
"_dis1": "55 43 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "riusza"
},
{
"_dis1": "55 43 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "riuszka"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A small ruff of fluted or pleated fabric worn at neck or wrist."
],
"id": "en-ruche-en-noun-LZtIIAWa",
"links": [
[
"ruff",
"ruff"
],
[
"flute",
"flute"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
],
[
"neck",
"neck"
],
[
"wrist",
"wrist"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A pile of arched tiles, used to catch and retain oyster spawn."
],
"id": "en-ruche-en-noun-AcEyh-3P"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹuːʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruche.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche"
},
"expansion": "French ruche",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rusche",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūskos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French ruche, from Middle French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”). Compare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruching",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruched",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ruched",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruche (third-person singular simple present ruches, present participle ruching, simple past and past participle ruched)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to crease",
"word": "ruck"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to slide",
"word": "rutch"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ruched curtains",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1864, Frank Leslie's Lady's Magazine",
"text": "At each seam the dress opens to a-point over a silk petticoat. The skirt is ruched around the bottom and the openings, between which are bows of ribbon and lace.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1899, The Country Gentleman, page 337",
"text": "This will consist in large part of a half-dozen inexpensive flowered organdies, which she has picked up at various sales for from ten to twenty cents a yard. She has had all of them made with low waists, ruffled or ruched around the corsage, ...",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Natalie Rothstein, Madeleine Ginsburg, Avril Hart, Four hundred years of fashion, page 138",
"text": "The matching skirt consists of a drape of pink figured silk, tucked up at the hips to show tiers of machine-made lace frills and pleats […] It is ruched in front and has a train box-pleated into the back.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To flute or pleat (fabric)."
],
"id": "en-ruche-en-verb-1S5iOytu",
"links": [
[
"flute",
"flute"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 5 4 7 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 8 12 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014, Harriet Evans, Not Without You, Simon and Schuster, page 47",
"text": "Joe Baxter pulled the dress farther down, so it was ruched around my middle, the bottom half pulled up to my stomach.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2017, Laura Trentham, An Indecent Invitation: Spies and Lovers Book 1, Laura Huskins",
"text": "A woman with an agonized expression on her up-turned face sat with her knees apart while a man buried his head between her legs. Her dress was ruched around her waist, and her breasts were bared. Gilmore's scandalous, erotic art.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Raquel Byrnes, Tremblers, Pelican Ventures Book Group",
"text": "Clad in a leather bodice and black skirts ruched up past her knees, the wild-haired rescuer pushed a pair of brass goggles up onto her mop of red locks and squinted. “Well, this is a fine mess,” she said.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bunch up (fabric); to ruck up."
],
"id": "en-ruche-en-verb-ymvX1w2g",
"links": [
[
"ruck",
"ruck"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹuːʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruche.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-bbn",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruche f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
"lang_code": "roa-bbn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"robin"
],
"id": "en-ruche-roa-bbn-noun-KHeC70I1",
"links": [
[
"robin",
"robin"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rutse"
},
{
"alt": "Berrichon",
"word": "reuche"
},
{
"alt": "Berrichon",
"word": "ruiche"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "rūchen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rūchen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "goh",
"3": "",
"4": "*rūhhan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German *rūhhan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "riohhan"
},
"expansion": "riohhan",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German rūchen, from Old High German *rūhhan, northern variant of riohhan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rüch",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roch",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "jeroche",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "verb",
"3": "third-person singular present",
"4": "rüch",
"5": "past tense",
"6": "roch",
"7": "past participle",
"8": "jeroche"
},
"expansion": "ruche (third-person singular present rüch, past tense roch, past participle jeroche)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Central Franconian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ripuarian Franconian",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to smell"
],
"id": "en-ruche-gmw-cfr-verb-q9fDw2kt",
"links": [
[
"smell",
"smell"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Ripuarian, transitive or intransitive) to smell"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reeche"
},
{
"tags": [
"Moselle-Franconian",
"Northern"
],
"word": "rouche"
},
{
"tags": [
"southern-Moselle-Franconian"
],
"word": "rieche"
}
],
"tags": [
"Ripuarian",
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʀuxə/"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rucher"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rucheur"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ruche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: ruche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: ruche"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Rüsche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Rüsche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Rüsche"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ruche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: ruche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: ruche"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "riusza",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: riusza",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: riusza"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French rusche",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French rusche",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūskos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”).\nCompare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruche f (plural ruches)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Animal dwellings",
"orig": "fr:Animal dwellings",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Zoology",
"Architecture",
"Biology",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "67 33",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Clothing",
"orig": "fr:Clothing",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hive, beehive"
],
"id": "en-ruche-fr-noun-TyHhzGBu",
"links": [
[
"hive",
"hive"
],
[
"beehive",
"beehive"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Fashion",
"orig": "fr:Fashion",
"parents": [
"Clothing",
"Culture",
"Human",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Textiles",
"orig": "fr:Textiles",
"parents": [
"Materials",
"Manufacturing",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ruffle; flounce; ruche"
],
"id": "en-ruche-fr-noun-7qFiefho",
"links": [
[
"textiles",
"textiles"
],
[
"fashion",
"fashion"
],
[
"ruffle",
"ruffle"
],
[
"flounce",
"flounce"
],
[
"ruche",
"ruche#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(textiles, fashion) ruffle; flounce; ruche"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"fashion",
"lifestyle",
"manufacturing",
"textiles"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʁyʃ/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-ruche.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Fr-ruche.ogg/Fr-ruche.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Fr-ruche.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "frm",
"3": "ML.",
"4": "cel-gau",
"5": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "French ruche",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French ruche",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French ruche.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "#"
},
"expansion": "ruche f (invariable)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "it",
"name": "Clothing",
"orig": "it:Clothing",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ruche"
],
"id": "en-ruche-it-noun-XhP91tog",
"links": [
[
"ruche",
"ruche#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"invariable"
]
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "ruche",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "rich",
"word": "riche"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of riche (“rich”)"
],
"id": "en-ruche-enm-adj-X-NyG6Lf",
"links": [
[
"riche",
"riche#Middle_English:_rich"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fro",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Old French rusche",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūsklos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūsklos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūsklos (“bark”). Compare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{3}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "ruches",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruche f (plural ruches)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruche f (plural ruches)",
"name": "nrf-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Jersey Norman",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"frill"
],
"id": "en-ruche-nrm-noun-QLYEJyij",
"links": [
[
"frill",
"frill"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Jersey) frill"
],
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-bbn",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruche f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
"lang_code": "roa-bbn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Bourbonnais-Berrichon entries with incorrect language header",
"Bourbonnais-Berrichon feminine nouns",
"Bourbonnais-Berrichon lemmas",
"Bourbonnais-Berrichon nouns",
"roa-bbn:Birds"
],
"glosses": [
"robin"
],
"links": [
[
"robin",
"robin"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rutse"
},
{
"alt": "Berrichon",
"word": "reuche"
},
{
"alt": "Berrichon",
"word": "ruiche"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "rūchen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rūchen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "goh",
"3": "",
"4": "*rūhhan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German *rūhhan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "riohhan"
},
"expansion": "riohhan",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German rūchen, from Old High German *rūhhan, northern variant of riohhan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rüch",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roch",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "jeroche",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "verb",
"3": "third-person singular present",
"4": "rüch",
"5": "past tense",
"6": "roch",
"7": "past participle",
"8": "jeroche"
},
"expansion": "ruche (third-person singular present rüch, past tense roch, past participle jeroche)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Central Franconian entries with incorrect language header",
"Central Franconian intransitive verbs",
"Central Franconian lemmas",
"Central Franconian terms derived from Middle High German",
"Central Franconian terms derived from Old High German",
"Central Franconian terms inherited from Middle High German",
"Central Franconian terms inherited from Old High German",
"Central Franconian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Central Franconian transitive verbs",
"Central Franconian verbs",
"Ripuarian Franconian"
],
"glosses": [
"to smell"
],
"links": [
[
"smell",
"smell"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Ripuarian, transitive or intransitive) to smell"
],
"tags": [
"Ripuarian",
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʀuxə/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reeche"
},
{
"tags": [
"Moselle-Franconian",
"Northern"
],
"word": "rouche"
},
{
"tags": [
"southern-Moselle-Franconian"
],
"word": "rieche"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Gaulish",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/uːʃ",
"Rhymes:English/uːʃ/1 syllable",
"en:Clothing"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "ruching"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche"
},
"expansion": "French ruche",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rusche",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūskos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French ruche, from Middle French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”). Compare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruche (plural ruches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A strip of fabric which has been fluted or pleated."
],
"links": [
[
"flute",
"flute"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A small ruff of fluted or pleated fabric worn at neck or wrist."
],
"links": [
[
"ruff",
"ruff"
],
[
"flute",
"flute"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
],
[
"neck",
"neck"
],
[
"wrist",
"wrist"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A pile of arched tiles, used to catch and retain oyster spawn."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹuːʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruche.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"word": "ruŝo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Rüsche"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "riusza"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fluted or pleated fabric",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "riuszka"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Gaulish",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/uːʃ",
"Rhymes:English/uːʃ/1 syllable",
"en:Clothing"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche"
},
"expansion": "French ruche",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rusche",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūskos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French ruche, from Middle French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”). Compare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruching",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruched",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ruched",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruche (third-person singular simple present ruches, present participle ruching, simple past and past participle ruched)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"english": "to crease",
"word": "ruck"
},
{
"english": "to slide",
"word": "rutch"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ruched curtains",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1864, Frank Leslie's Lady's Magazine",
"text": "At each seam the dress opens to a-point over a silk petticoat. The skirt is ruched around the bottom and the openings, between which are bows of ribbon and lace.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1899, The Country Gentleman, page 337",
"text": "This will consist in large part of a half-dozen inexpensive flowered organdies, which she has picked up at various sales for from ten to twenty cents a yard. She has had all of them made with low waists, ruffled or ruched around the corsage, ...",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Natalie Rothstein, Madeleine Ginsburg, Avril Hart, Four hundred years of fashion, page 138",
"text": "The matching skirt consists of a drape of pink figured silk, tucked up at the hips to show tiers of machine-made lace frills and pleats […] It is ruched in front and has a train box-pleated into the back.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To flute or pleat (fabric)."
],
"links": [
[
"flute",
"flute"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014, Harriet Evans, Not Without You, Simon and Schuster, page 47",
"text": "Joe Baxter pulled the dress farther down, so it was ruched around my middle, the bottom half pulled up to my stomach.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2017, Laura Trentham, An Indecent Invitation: Spies and Lovers Book 1, Laura Huskins",
"text": "A woman with an agonized expression on her up-turned face sat with her knees apart while a man buried his head between her legs. Her dress was ruched around her waist, and her breasts were bared. Gilmore's scandalous, erotic art.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Raquel Byrnes, Tremblers, Pelican Ventures Book Group",
"text": "Clad in a leather bodice and black skirts ruched up past her knees, the wild-haired rescuer pushed a pair of brass goggles up onto her mop of red locks and squinted. “Well, this is a fine mess,” she said.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bunch up (fabric); to ruck up."
],
"links": [
[
"ruck",
"ruck"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹuːʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruche.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruche.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine nouns",
"French lemmas",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Gaulish",
"French terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links",
"fr:Animal dwellings",
"fr:Clothing"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rucher"
},
{
"word": "rucheur"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ruche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: ruche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: ruche"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Rüsche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Rüsche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Rüsche"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ruche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: ruche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: ruche"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "riusza",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: riusza",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: riusza"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French rusche",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French rusche",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūskos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”).\nCompare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruche f (plural ruches)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hive, beehive"
],
"links": [
[
"hive",
"hive"
],
[
"beehive",
"beehive"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"fr:Fashion",
"fr:Textiles"
],
"glosses": [
"ruffle; flounce; ruche"
],
"links": [
[
"textiles",
"textiles"
],
[
"fashion",
"fashion"
],
[
"ruffle",
"ruffle"
],
[
"flounce",
"flounce"
],
[
"ruche",
"ruche#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(textiles, fashion) ruffle; flounce; ruche"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"fashion",
"lifestyle",
"manufacturing",
"textiles"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʁyʃ/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-ruche.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Fr-ruche.ogg/Fr-ruche.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Fr-ruche.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "frm",
"3": "ML.",
"4": "cel-gau",
"5": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "French ruche",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "fr",
"3": "ruche"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French ruche",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French ruche.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "#"
},
"expansion": "ruche f (invariable)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian feminine nouns",
"Italian indeclinable nouns",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian nouns",
"Italian terms borrowed from French",
"Italian terms derived from French",
"Italian terms derived from Gaulish",
"Italian terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"Italian terms derived from Middle French",
"Italian terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"it:Clothing"
],
"glosses": [
"ruche"
],
"links": [
[
"ruche",
"ruche#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"invariable"
]
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "ruche",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "rich",
"word": "riche"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of riche (“rich”)"
],
"links": [
[
"riche",
"riche#Middle_English:_rich"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fro",
"3": "rusche"
},
"expansion": "Old French rusche",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "rusca",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*ruskā",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *ruskā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūsklos",
"4": "",
"5": "bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūsklos (“bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "rusk"
},
"expansion": "Breton rusk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "rúsc"
},
"expansion": "Irish rúsc",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhisgl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh rhisgl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "rusc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan rusc",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French rusche, from Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), from Gaulish *ruskā, from Proto-Celtic *rūsklos (“bark”). Compare Breton rusk, Irish rúsc, Welsh rhisgl and Catalan rusc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{3}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "ruches",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruche f (plural ruches)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruche f (plural ruches)",
"name": "nrf-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Jersey Norman",
"Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"Norman feminine nouns",
"Norman lemmas",
"Norman nouns",
"Norman terms derived from Gaulish",
"Norman terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"Norman terms derived from Old French",
"Norman terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Norman terms inherited from Medieval Latin",
"Norman terms inherited from Old French"
],
"glosses": [
"frill"
],
"links": [
[
"frill",
"frill"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Jersey) frill"
],
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "ruche"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.