See r/g-na on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "耳"
},
"expansion": "耳",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *r-njəɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *r/g-na (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987; French, 1983); *g-na (Benedict, 1972)\nNote that Proto-Sino-Tibetan has the same root *na for \"ear\" and \"nose\", distinguishing their meanings only with prefixes (\"nose\": *s-na). A parallelism exists in Chinese 聞／闻 (wén < OC *mun, \"to smell; to hear\").\nFor Chinese 耳, some modern Northern Min dialects attest the -Ø ~ -ŋ variation in the final (e.g. Jianyang /noiŋ/) as recorded in the historical rhyme book Jiyun. The Hokkien colloquial reading (if not a substrate borrowing) not only suggests an older nasal rhyme, it also appears to point to a proto-initial of *n̥ < *C.n̥.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "g-na",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*g-na",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/r/g-na",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"ear"
],
"id": "en-r/g-na-sit-pro-noun-PGo2tkD8",
"links": [
[
"ear",
"ear"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Jiyun"
],
"word": "r/g-na"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 耳 (*C.nəʔ (B-S), *njɯʔ (ZS), “ear”); 刵 (èr, “cutting off ear as a punishment”), 珥 (*njɯs (ZS), “ear ornament”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 耳 (ȵɨX), 刵 (èr), 珥 (ȵɨH)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 耳 (\"ear\") (ěr, /ˀɤɻ²¹³/), 刵 (èr), 珥 (ěr) (èr, /ˀɤɻ⁵¹/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Guangzhou: 耳 /jiː¹³/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 耳 (ȵi²³ (colloquial), ɦəɻ²³ (literary))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hokkien"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Taiwan: 耳 /çĩ³³, çi³³/ (colloquial), /ni⁵¹/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྣ་བ",
"gloss": "ear",
"sc": "Tibt"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: རྣ་བ (rna ba, “ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: རྣ་བ (rna ba, “ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Assam"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-tan-pro",
"2": "*ña-ruŋ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tani: *ña-ruŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tani: *ña-ruŋ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "njz",
"2": "nyuru",
"3": "nyurung"
},
"expansion": "Nyishi: nyuru, nyurung",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nyishi: nyuru, nyurung"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Koch"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Garo knaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho-Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kac",
"2": "na",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Jingpho: na (“ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jingpho: na (“ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "tərna",
"alt": "(tə)rna"
},
"expansion": "Situ: (tə)rna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: (tə)rna"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "နား",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: နား (na:, “ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: နား (na:, “ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "နာ",
"t": "to listen"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: နာ (na, “to listen”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: နာ (na, “to listen”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꅻ (hnep, “ear”), ꅳ (hnap, “ear (literary)”), ꅲ (hna, “to listen actively, to try to hear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*naᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *naᴮ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *naᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "နၢ်",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: နၢ် (na̱, “ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: နၢ် (na̱, “ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "နါ",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: နါ (“ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: နါ (“ear”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "耳"
},
"expansion": "耳",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *r-njəɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *r/g-na (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987; French, 1983); *g-na (Benedict, 1972)\nNote that Proto-Sino-Tibetan has the same root *na for \"ear\" and \"nose\", distinguishing their meanings only with prefixes (\"nose\": *s-na). A parallelism exists in Chinese 聞／闻 (wén < OC *mun, \"to smell; to hear\").\nFor Chinese 耳, some modern Northern Min dialects attest the -Ø ~ -ŋ variation in the final (e.g. Jianyang /noiŋ/) as recorded in the historical rhyme book Jiyun. The Hokkien colloquial reading (if not a substrate borrowing) not only suggests an older nasal rhyme, it also appears to point to a proto-initial of *n̥ < *C.n̥.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "g-na",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*g-na",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/r/g-na",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 89",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to hear, to listen"
],
"id": "en-r/g-na-sit-pro-verb-eB2aRjhi",
"links": [
[
"hear",
"hear"
],
[
"listen",
"listen"
]
],
"related": [
{
"english": "nose",
"word": "s-na"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "s-ta-s Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "r"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "g-na ta-n"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "njan"
},
{
"english": "to look, to see; to hear, to listen",
"word": "hjen"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Jiyun"
],
"word": "r/g-na"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan verbs",
"sit-pro:Anatomy"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "耳"
},
"expansion": "耳",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *r-njəɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *r/g-na (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987; French, 1983); *g-na (Benedict, 1972)\nNote that Proto-Sino-Tibetan has the same root *na for \"ear\" and \"nose\", distinguishing their meanings only with prefixes (\"nose\": *s-na). A parallelism exists in Chinese 聞／闻 (wén < OC *mun, \"to smell; to hear\").\nFor Chinese 耳, some modern Northern Min dialects attest the -Ø ~ -ŋ variation in the final (e.g. Jianyang /noiŋ/) as recorded in the historical rhyme book Jiyun. The Hokkien colloquial reading (if not a substrate borrowing) not only suggests an older nasal rhyme, it also appears to point to a proto-initial of *n̥ < *C.n̥.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "g-na",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*g-na",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/r/g-na",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"ear"
],
"links": [
[
"ear",
"ear"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Jiyun"
],
"word": "r/g-na"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan verbs",
"sit-pro:Anatomy"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 耳 (*C.nəʔ (B-S), *njɯʔ (ZS), “ear”); 刵 (èr, “cutting off ear as a punishment”), 珥 (*njɯs (ZS), “ear ornament”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 耳 (ȵɨX), 刵 (èr), 珥 (ȵɨH)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 耳 (\"ear\") (ěr, /ˀɤɻ²¹³/), 刵 (èr), 珥 (ěr) (èr, /ˀɤɻ⁵¹/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Guangzhou: 耳 /jiː¹³/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 耳 (ȵi²³ (colloquial), ɦəɻ²³ (literary))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hokkien"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Taiwan: 耳 /çĩ³³, çi³³/ (colloquial), /ni⁵¹/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྣ་བ",
"gloss": "ear",
"sc": "Tibt"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: རྣ་བ (rna ba, “ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: རྣ་བ (rna ba, “ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Assam"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-tan-pro",
"2": "*ña-ruŋ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tani: *ña-ruŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tani: *ña-ruŋ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "njz",
"2": "nyuru",
"3": "nyurung"
},
"expansion": "Nyishi: nyuru, nyurung",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nyishi: nyuru, nyurung"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Koch"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Garo knaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho-Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kac",
"2": "na",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Jingpho: na (“ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jingpho: na (“ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "tərna",
"alt": "(tə)rna"
},
"expansion": "Situ: (tə)rna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: (tə)rna"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "နား",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: နား (na:, “ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: နား (na:, “ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "နာ",
"t": "to listen"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: နာ (na, “to listen”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: နာ (na, “to listen”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꅻ (hnep, “ear”), ꅳ (hnap, “ear (literary)”), ꅲ (hna, “to listen actively, to try to hear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*naᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *naᴮ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *naᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "နၢ်",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: နၢ် (na̱, “ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: နၢ် (na̱, “ear”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "နါ",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: နါ (“ear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: နါ (“ear”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "耳"
},
"expansion": "耳",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *r-njəɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *r/g-na (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987; French, 1983); *g-na (Benedict, 1972)\nNote that Proto-Sino-Tibetan has the same root *na for \"ear\" and \"nose\", distinguishing their meanings only with prefixes (\"nose\": *s-na). A parallelism exists in Chinese 聞／闻 (wén < OC *mun, \"to smell; to hear\").\nFor Chinese 耳, some modern Northern Min dialects attest the -Ø ~ -ŋ variation in the final (e.g. Jianyang /noiŋ/) as recorded in the historical rhyme book Jiyun. The Hokkien colloquial reading (if not a substrate borrowing) not only suggests an older nasal rhyme, it also appears to point to a proto-initial of *n̥ < *C.n̥.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "g-na",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*g-na",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/r/g-na",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"english": "nose",
"word": "s-na"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "s-ta-s Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "r"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "g-na ta-n"
},
{
"english": "to hear, to listen",
"word": "njan"
},
{
"english": "to look, to see; to hear, to listen",
"word": "hjen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hear, to listen"
],
"links": [
[
"hear",
"hear"
],
[
"listen",
"listen"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Jiyun"
],
"word": "r/g-na"
}
Download raw JSONL data for r/g-na meaning in All languages combined (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.