"r-məwk-s" meaning in All languages combined

See r-məwk-s on Wiktionary

Adjective [Proto-Sino-Tibetan]

Etymology: * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mruk/mrjuɣ (Coblin, 1986) ** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *(r-)maw = (r-)məw, *muːŋ ⪤ **r/s-muːk (Matisoff, STEDT); *r-muw = *r-məw ⪤ *r-muuk (LaPolla, 1987); *(r-)məw, *(r-)muw (Weidert, 1987); *(r-)muw (Benedict, 1972) Here is a merger of the two roots proposed by Matisoff (above), per LaPolla (1987): "Evidence from Dulong supports the contention in STC (n.236, p.77) that *r‑muuk is an archaic doublet of *r‑muw = *r‑məw" (p.11). Words meaning "dark, covered, obscure, dull" and the like in Sino-Tibetan languages tend to have the phonesthemic initial *m- followed by a back vowel (Schuessler, 2007). Head templates: {{head|sit-pro|adjective|cat2=roots}} *r-məwk-s
  1. fog, cloud, mist Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-zZpunp~x Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header, Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 43 0 11 46 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 35 0 23 42 Disambiguation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header: 33 2 25 40 Disambiguation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots: 32 1 30 37
  2. sky, heaven Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-TO7qBk0O
  3. foggy, misty, dark, dull Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-vgANFmbi Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header, Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 43 0 11 46 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 35 0 23 42 Disambiguation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header: 33 2 25 40 Disambiguation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots: 32 1 30 37
  4. sullen, menacing Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-UHYcY4Tm Categories (other): Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header, Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots Disambiguation of Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic: 34 7 13 46 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 43 0 11 46 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 35 0 23 42 Disambiguation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header: 33 2 25 40 Disambiguation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots: 32 1 30 37
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: s-mun (english: dark), s-maŋ Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan (english: black, ink, deep), r-məwk-s s-mak (english: black, ink, deep), (s (english: dream), r)-ma(ŋ (english: dream), k) (english: dream), ma (english: no, not, none), Proto-Mon-Khmer: *mhuəl Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan (whence Vietnamese mây) (english: cloud), r-məwk-s mhəl (whence Vietnamese mây) (english: cloud), ʰmɯəjᴬ (english: some reflexes of this ST etymon also mean "frost), dew" (alt: e.g. Yangjiang dialect of Yue Chinese), a confusion of coldness-related natural phenomena in tropical languages similarly occurred in Vietnamese sương, h₃migʰleh₂ (english: mist), h₃moygʰos < *h₃meyǵʰ- (english: fog, cloud), meyǵʰ- (alt: → Thai เมฆ (még)) (english: to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist; whence English mist)
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Old Chinese:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "*mogs (ZS) /雾 (*kə.mok-s (B-S),, “fog, mist”); *moːŋ (ZS) (“dark, dim”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tai-pro",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Tai",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "th",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Thai",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "หมอก"
          },
          "expansion": "หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk)",
          "name": "th-l"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lo",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Lao",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Proto-Vietic",
            "2": "*k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)",
            "3": "",
            "4": "Proto-Tai",
            "5": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"tai-pro\">*ʰmoːkᴰ</i> (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao <i class=\"Laoo mention\" lang=\"lo\">ໝອກ</i> (mǭk))",
            "l": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))",
          "name": "sit-loan"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "霾 (*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS), “haze”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "瞀 (*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS), “dim-sighted”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "濛 /蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “drizzly, misty”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "矇 /蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “blind, dark”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "霢霂 /霡霂 (*mreːg moːg (ZS, “drizzle”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Vietnamese",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Vietnamese",
            "2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
            "3": "dark; blind",
            "likely": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")",
          "name": "sit-loan"
        }
      ],
      "text": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Vietnamese",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Vietnamese",
            "2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
            "3": "fog"
          },
          "expansion": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")",
          "name": "sit-loan"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Modern Mandarin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Beijing: 霧 /雾 (wù) (wù, /u⁵¹/), 霾 (mái) (mái, /maɪ̯³⁵/), 瞀 (mào, /mɑʊ̯⁵¹/), 蒙, 濛 /蒙 (méng), 矇 /蒙 (méng, /mɤŋ³⁵/), 霢霂 /霡霂 (màimù, /maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Kamarupan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Kuki-Chin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Central Chin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lushai [Mizo]: mûk (“dull (of colour)”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Himalayish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Bodic"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Tibetan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bo",
            "2": "རྨུགས་པ",
            "t": "dense fog"
          },
          "expansion": "Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Written Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”), རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”), རྨུས་པ (rmus pa, “foggy”), མུག་པ (mug pa, “overcast, troubled”), སྨུག་པ (smug pa, “fog, mist”), སྨུག་པོ (smug po, “dark red, purple-brown”), རྨོང་བ (rmong ba, “obscured”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lolo-Burmese"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Burmish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "my",
            "2": "မိုး",
            "t": "sky, rain"
          },
          "expansion": "Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Written Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”), မြူ (mru, “minute particle; mist, haze, fog”), မှိုင် (hmuing, “downcast, mope”), မှိုင်း (hmuing:, “dull (of colour)”), မိုက် (muik, “dark; stupid, foolish”), မောင်း (maung:, “dark red”), မှောင် (hmaung, “dark”) (whence အမှောင် (a.hmaung, “darkness, gloom”))"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Loloish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Northern Loloish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Yi (Liangshan): *ꃅ (* mu) (whence ꃅꃴ (mu vut, “sky”), ꃅꈯ (mu ggur, “overhead, in the sky”), ꃅꊫꌦ (mu zyp sy, “dark or weak sun”), ꃅꉒ (mu hxuot, “fog, mist”))"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Central Loloish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mu kú) ~ ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mɯ kú, “cloud, mist”)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mruk/mrjuɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *(r-)maw = (r-)məw, *muːŋ ⪤ **r/s-muːk (Matisoff, STEDT); *r-muw = *r-məw ⪤ *r-muuk (LaPolla, 1987); *(r-)məw, *(r-)muw (Weidert, 1987); *(r-)muw (Benedict, 1972)\nHere is a merger of the two roots proposed by Matisoff (above), per LaPolla (1987): \"Evidence from Dulong supports the contention in STC (n.236, p.77) that *r‑muuk is an archaic doublet of *r‑muw = *r‑məw\" (p.11).\nWords meaning \"dark, covered, obscure, dull\" and the like in Sino-Tibetan languages tend to have the phonesthemic initial *m- followed by a back vowel (Schuessler, 2007).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sit-pro",
        "2": "adjective",
        "cat2": "roots"
      },
      "expansion": "*r-məwk-s",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "sit-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/r-məwk-s",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "dark",
      "word": "s-mun"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "black, ink, deep",
      "word": "s-maŋ Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "black, ink, deep",
      "word": "r-məwk-s s-mak"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "dream",
      "word": "(s"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "dream",
      "word": "r)-ma(ŋ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "dream",
      "word": "k)"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "no, not, none",
      "word": "ma"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "cloud",
      "roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
      "word": "Proto-Mon-Khmer: *mhuəl Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "cloud",
      "roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
      "word": "r-məwk-s mhəl"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "some reflexes of this ST etymon also mean \"frost",
      "word": "ʰmɯəjᴬ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "alt": "e.g. Yangjiang dialect of Yue Chinese",
      "word": "dew\""
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "a confusion of coldness-related natural phenomena in tropical languages similarly occurred in Vietnamese sương"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "mist",
      "word": "h₃migʰleh₂"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "fog, cloud",
      "word": "h₃moygʰos < *h₃meyǵʰ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "alt": "→ Thai เมฆ (még)",
      "english": "to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist; whence English mist",
      "word": "meyǵʰ-"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "43 0 11 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 0 23 42",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 2 25 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 1 30 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "fog, cloud, mist"
      ],
      "id": "en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-zZpunp~x",
      "links": [
        [
          "fog",
          "fog"
        ],
        [
          "cloud",
          "cloud"
        ],
        [
          "mist",
          "mist"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sky, heaven"
      ],
      "id": "en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-TO7qBk0O",
      "links": [
        [
          "sky",
          "sky"
        ],
        [
          "heaven",
          "heaven"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "43 0 11 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 0 23 42",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 2 25 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 1 30 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "foggy, misty, dark, dull"
      ],
      "id": "en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-vgANFmbi",
      "links": [
        [
          "foggy",
          "foggy"
        ],
        [
          "misty",
          "misty"
        ],
        [
          "dark",
          "dark"
        ],
        [
          "dull",
          "dull"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "34 7 13 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "43 0 11 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 0 23 42",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 2 25 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 1 30 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "sullen, menacing"
      ],
      "id": "en-r-məwk-s-sit-pro-adj-UHYcY4Tm",
      "links": [
        [
          "sullen",
          "sullen"
        ],
        [
          "menacing",
          "menacing"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "r-məwk-s"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Sino-Tibetan adjectives",
    "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
    "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
    "sit-pro:Nature"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Old Chinese:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "*mogs (ZS) /雾 (*kə.mok-s (B-S),, “fog, mist”); *moːŋ (ZS) (“dark, dim”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tai-pro",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Tai",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "th",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Thai",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "หมอก"
          },
          "expansion": "หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk)",
          "name": "th-l"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lo",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Lao",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Proto-Vietic",
            "2": "*k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)",
            "3": "",
            "4": "Proto-Tai",
            "5": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"tai-pro\">*ʰmoːkᴰ</i> (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao <i class=\"Laoo mention\" lang=\"lo\">ໝອກ</i> (mǭk))",
            "l": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))",
          "name": "sit-loan"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "霾 (*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS), “haze”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "瞀 (*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS), “dim-sighted”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "濛 /蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “drizzly, misty”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "矇 /蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “blind, dark”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "霢霂 /霡霂 (*mreːg moːg (ZS, “drizzle”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Vietnamese",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Vietnamese",
            "2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
            "3": "dark; blind",
            "likely": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")",
          "name": "sit-loan"
        }
      ],
      "text": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Vietnamese",
          "name": "cog"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Vietnamese",
            "2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
            "3": "fog"
          },
          "expansion": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")",
          "name": "sit-loan"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Modern Mandarin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Beijing: 霧 /雾 (wù) (wù, /u⁵¹/), 霾 (mái) (mái, /maɪ̯³⁵/), 瞀 (mào, /mɑʊ̯⁵¹/), 蒙, 濛 /蒙 (méng), 矇 /蒙 (méng, /mɤŋ³⁵/), 霢霂 /霡霂 (màimù, /maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Kamarupan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Kuki-Chin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Central Chin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lushai [Mizo]: mûk (“dull (of colour)”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Himalayish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Bodic"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Tibetan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bo",
            "2": "རྨུགས་པ",
            "t": "dense fog"
          },
          "expansion": "Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Written Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”), རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”), རྨུས་པ (rmus pa, “foggy”), མུག་པ (mug pa, “overcast, troubled”), སྨུག་པ (smug pa, “fog, mist”), སྨུག་པོ (smug po, “dark red, purple-brown”), རྨོང་བ (rmong ba, “obscured”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lolo-Burmese"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Burmish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "my",
            "2": "မိုး",
            "t": "sky, rain"
          },
          "expansion": "Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Written Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”), မြူ (mru, “minute particle; mist, haze, fog”), မှိုင် (hmuing, “downcast, mope”), မှိုင်း (hmuing:, “dull (of colour)”), မိုက် (muik, “dark; stupid, foolish”), မောင်း (maung:, “dark red”), မှောင် (hmaung, “dark”) (whence အမှောင် (a.hmaung, “darkness, gloom”))"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Loloish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Northern Loloish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Yi (Liangshan): *ꃅ (* mu) (whence ꃅꃴ (mu vut, “sky”), ꃅꈯ (mu ggur, “overhead, in the sky”), ꃅꊫꌦ (mu zyp sy, “dark or weak sun”), ꃅꉒ (mu hxuot, “fog, mist”))"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Central Loloish"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mu kú) ~ ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mɯ kú, “cloud, mist”)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mruk/mrjuɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *(r-)maw = (r-)məw, *muːŋ ⪤ **r/s-muːk (Matisoff, STEDT); *r-muw = *r-məw ⪤ *r-muuk (LaPolla, 1987); *(r-)məw, *(r-)muw (Weidert, 1987); *(r-)muw (Benedict, 1972)\nHere is a merger of the two roots proposed by Matisoff (above), per LaPolla (1987): \"Evidence from Dulong supports the contention in STC (n.236, p.77) that *r‑muuk is an archaic doublet of *r‑muw = *r‑məw\" (p.11).\nWords meaning \"dark, covered, obscure, dull\" and the like in Sino-Tibetan languages tend to have the phonesthemic initial *m- followed by a back vowel (Schuessler, 2007).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sit-pro",
        "2": "adjective",
        "cat2": "roots"
      },
      "expansion": "*r-məwk-s",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "sit-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/r-məwk-s",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "dark",
      "word": "s-mun"
    },
    {
      "english": "black, ink, deep",
      "word": "s-maŋ Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
    },
    {
      "english": "black, ink, deep",
      "word": "r-məwk-s s-mak"
    },
    {
      "english": "dream",
      "word": "(s"
    },
    {
      "english": "dream",
      "word": "r)-ma(ŋ"
    },
    {
      "english": "dream",
      "word": "k)"
    },
    {
      "english": "no, not, none",
      "word": "ma"
    },
    {
      "english": "cloud",
      "roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
      "word": "Proto-Mon-Khmer: *mhuəl Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
    },
    {
      "english": "cloud",
      "roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
      "word": "r-məwk-s mhəl"
    },
    {
      "english": "some reflexes of this ST etymon also mean \"frost",
      "word": "ʰmɯəjᴬ"
    },
    {
      "alt": "e.g. Yangjiang dialect of Yue Chinese",
      "word": "dew\""
    },
    {
      "word": "a confusion of coldness-related natural phenomena in tropical languages similarly occurred in Vietnamese sương"
    },
    {
      "english": "mist",
      "word": "h₃migʰleh₂"
    },
    {
      "english": "fog, cloud",
      "word": "h₃moygʰos < *h₃meyǵʰ-"
    },
    {
      "alt": "→ Thai เมฆ (még)",
      "english": "to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist; whence English mist",
      "word": "meyǵʰ-"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "fog, cloud, mist"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fog",
          "fog"
        ],
        [
          "cloud",
          "cloud"
        ],
        [
          "mist",
          "mist"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sky, heaven"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sky",
          "sky"
        ],
        [
          "heaven",
          "heaven"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "foggy, misty, dark, dull"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "foggy",
          "foggy"
        ],
        [
          "misty",
          "misty"
        ],
        [
          "dark",
          "dark"
        ],
        [
          "dull",
          "dull"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sullen, menacing"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sullen",
          "sullen"
        ],
        [
          "menacing",
          "menacing"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "r-məwk-s"
}

Download raw JSONL data for r-məwk-s meaning in All languages combined (7.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.