See perfidy on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for perfidy meaning in All languages combined (10.5kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "perfidie"
},
"expansion": "Middle French perfidie",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "perfidus",
"4": "",
"5": "faithless, treacherous, false"
},
"expansion": "Latin perfidus (“faithless, treacherous, false”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fides",
"3": "",
"4": "faith"
},
"expansion": "fides (“faith”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fidelity"
},
"expansion": "fidelity",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French perfidie, from Latin perfidus (“faithless, treacherous, false”), from fides (“faith”); related to, for example, English fidelity.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "perfidies",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "perfidy (countable and uncountable, plural perfidies)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "perfidious"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "perfidiously"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "72 26 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 32 3",
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"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A state or act of violating faith or allegiance; violation of a promise or vow, or of trust."
],
"id": "en-perfidy-en-noun-MGBoKblv",
"links": [
[
"faith",
"faith"
],
[
"allegiance",
"allegiance"
],
[
"violation",
"violation"
],
[
"promise",
"promise"
],
[
"vow",
"vow"
],
[
"trust",
"trust"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "treachery"
},
{
"word": "betrayal"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "namərdlik"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "vəfasızlıq"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "xəyanətkarlıq"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kovarstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "коварство"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfídia"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "proradnost"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "zrada"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "petollisuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "kavaluus"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidie"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "hitszegés"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "hűtlenség"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "álnokság"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidia"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bi-vafâyi",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "بیوفایی"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidia"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "perfídia"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidie"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "verolómstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "вероло́мство"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izména",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "изме́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "predátelʹstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "преда́тельство"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidia"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "trolöshet"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "svek"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "förräderi"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "perfiditet"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "virolomstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "віроломство"
},
{
"_dis1": "80 11 9",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrada",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "зрада"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "International law",
"orig": "en:International law",
"parents": [
"Law",
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1921, Lassa Oppenheim with Ronald Francis Roxburgh, International law: a treatise, page 229",
"text": "Stratagems must be carefully distinguished strategy from perfidy, since the former are allowed, whereas the latter is prohibited.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1993, Leslie C. Green, The contemporary law of armed conflict, page 89",
"text": "Abuse of a protective emblem amounts to perfidy and constitutes a war crime under the customary law of armed conflict.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Sidney Axinn, A Moral Military, page 84",
"text": "Ruses of war are legitimate so long as they do not involve treachery or perfidy on the part of the belligerent resorting to them.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012 June 5, Patrick Lin, Neil Rowe, Fritz Allhoff, “Is It Possible to Wage a Just Cyberwar?”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "Cyberattacks almost inevitably involve an element of deception, such as tricking a user to click on a malicious link. So, to what extent could cyberattacks count as perfidy and therefore be illegal given international humanitarian law?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An illegitimate act of deception, such as using symbols like the Red Cross or white flag in a false claim of surrender to gain proximity to an enemy for purposes of attack."
],
"id": "en-perfidy-en-noun-RNgTBctz",
"links": [
[
"international law",
"international law"
],
[
"warfare",
"warfare"
],
[
"Red Cross",
"Red Cross"
],
[
"white flag",
"white flag"
]
],
"qualifier": "international law",
"raw_glosses": [
"(international law, in warfare) An illegitimate act of deception, such as using symbols like the Red Cross or white flag in a false claim of surrender to gain proximity to an enemy for purposes of attack."
],
"raw_tags": [
"in warfare"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izmjana",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "измяна"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "predatelstvo",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "предателство"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "sotapetos"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "álnokság"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "perfídia"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "verolómstvo",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "вероло́мство"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "förrädiskt förfarande"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "förräderi"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 77 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "virolomstvo",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "віроломство"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1962, Barbara Wertheim Tuchman, The Guns of August, page 154",
"text": "Germans could not get over the perfidy of it. It was unbelievable that the English, having degenerated to the stage where suffragettes heckled the Prime Minister and defied the police, were going to fight.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000 July 17, “Honda becomes chain letter victim”, in eWeek",
"text": "Honda Motor Co. is the latest victim of e-mail perfidy, which started when a phony chain letter promised that the automaker would give away free cars.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008 October 16, “McCain expected to make amends on Letterman show”, in Los Angeles Times",
"text": "Letterman roared about the perfidy of lying politicos.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A state or act of deceit."
],
"id": "en-perfidy-en-noun-7D3aVPb-",
"links": [
[
"deceit",
"deceit"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɜː.fɪ.di/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɝ.fɪ.di/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "perfidiousness"
}
],
"word": "perfidy"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English undefined derivations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
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"2": "frm",
"3": "perfidie"
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"expansion": "Middle French perfidie",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "perfidus",
"4": "",
"5": "faithless, treacherous, false"
},
"expansion": "Latin perfidus (“faithless, treacherous, false”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fides",
"3": "",
"4": "faith"
},
"expansion": "fides (“faith”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fidelity"
},
"expansion": "fidelity",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French perfidie, from Latin perfidus (“faithless, treacherous, false”), from fides (“faith”); related to, for example, English fidelity.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "perfidies",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "perfidy (countable and uncountable, plural perfidies)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "perfidious"
},
{
"word": "perfidiously"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A state or act of violating faith or allegiance; violation of a promise or vow, or of trust."
],
"links": [
[
"faith",
"faith"
],
[
"allegiance",
"allegiance"
],
[
"violation",
"violation"
],
[
"promise",
"promise"
],
[
"vow",
"vow"
],
[
"trust",
"trust"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "treachery"
},
{
"word": "betrayal"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:International law"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1921, Lassa Oppenheim with Ronald Francis Roxburgh, International law: a treatise, page 229",
"text": "Stratagems must be carefully distinguished strategy from perfidy, since the former are allowed, whereas the latter is prohibited.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1993, Leslie C. Green, The contemporary law of armed conflict, page 89",
"text": "Abuse of a protective emblem amounts to perfidy and constitutes a war crime under the customary law of armed conflict.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Sidney Axinn, A Moral Military, page 84",
"text": "Ruses of war are legitimate so long as they do not involve treachery or perfidy on the part of the belligerent resorting to them.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012 June 5, Patrick Lin, Neil Rowe, Fritz Allhoff, “Is It Possible to Wage a Just Cyberwar?”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "Cyberattacks almost inevitably involve an element of deception, such as tricking a user to click on a malicious link. So, to what extent could cyberattacks count as perfidy and therefore be illegal given international humanitarian law?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An illegitimate act of deception, such as using symbols like the Red Cross or white flag in a false claim of surrender to gain proximity to an enemy for purposes of attack."
],
"links": [
[
"international law",
"international law"
],
[
"warfare",
"warfare"
],
[
"Red Cross",
"Red Cross"
],
[
"white flag",
"white flag"
]
],
"qualifier": "international law",
"raw_glosses": [
"(international law, in warfare) An illegitimate act of deception, such as using symbols like the Red Cross or white flag in a false claim of surrender to gain proximity to an enemy for purposes of attack."
],
"raw_tags": [
"in warfare"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1962, Barbara Wertheim Tuchman, The Guns of August, page 154",
"text": "Germans could not get over the perfidy of it. It was unbelievable that the English, having degenerated to the stage where suffragettes heckled the Prime Minister and defied the police, were going to fight.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000 July 17, “Honda becomes chain letter victim”, in eWeek",
"text": "Honda Motor Co. is the latest victim of e-mail perfidy, which started when a phony chain letter promised that the automaker would give away free cars.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008 October 16, “McCain expected to make amends on Letterman show”, in Los Angeles Times",
"text": "Letterman roared about the perfidy of lying politicos.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A state or act of deceit."
],
"links": [
[
"deceit",
"deceit"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɜː.fɪ.di/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɝ.fɪ.di/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "perfidiousness"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "namərdlik"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "vəfasızlıq"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "xəyanətkarlıq"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kovarstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "коварство"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfídia"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "proradnost"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "zrada"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "petollisuus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "kavaluus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidie"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "hitszegés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "hűtlenség"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "álnokság"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidia"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bi-vafâyi",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "بیوفایی"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "perfídia"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidie"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "verolómstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "вероло́мство"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izména",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "изме́на"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "predátelʹstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "преда́тельство"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "perfidia"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "trolöshet"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "svek"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"word": "förräderi"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "perfiditet"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "virolomstvo",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "віроломство"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrada",
"sense": "the act of violating faith or allegiance",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "зрада"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izmjana",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "измяна"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "predatelstvo",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "предателство"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "sotapetos"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "álnokság"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "perfídia"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "verolómstvo",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "вероло́мство"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "förrädiskt förfarande"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in warfare",
"word": "förräderi"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "virolomstvo",
"sense": "in warfare",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "віроломство"
}
],
"word": "perfidy"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.