"oś" meaning in All languages combined

See oś on Wiktionary

Noun [Polish]

IPA: /ɔɕ/
Rhymes: -ɔɕ Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|pl|sla-pro|*osь|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Proto-Slavic *osь, {{inh+|pl|sla-pro|*osь}} Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь, {{inh|pl|ine-bsl-pro|*aśís}} Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís, {{der|pl|ine-pro|*h₂eḱs-}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- Head templates: {{pl-noun|f}} oś f Inflection templates: {{pl-decl-noun-f-softcons|o|si|e}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], [nominative, singular], osie [nominative, plural], osi [genitive, singular], osi [genitive, plural], osi [dative, singular], osiom [dative, plural], [accusative, singular], osie [accusative, plural], osią [instrumental, singular], osiami [instrumental, plural], osi [locative, singular], osiach [locative, plural], osi [singular, vocative], osie [plural, vocative]
  1. axis Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-oś-pl-noun-05wRhyn-
  2. pivot Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-oś-pl-noun-1jhsWaa8
  3. axle Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-oś-pl-noun-zRj1JP5j
  4. (mathematics) axis, number line Tags: feminine Categories (topical): Mathematics Synonyms: oś liczbowa
    Sense id: en-oś-pl-noun-nNfQ23ZK Categories (other): Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish links with manual fragments, Polish links with redundant alt parameters, Polish links with redundant wikilinks Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 1 19 4 76 Disambiguation of Polish links with manual fragments: 2 23 7 69 Disambiguation of Polish links with redundant alt parameters: 2 17 2 80 Disambiguation of Polish links with redundant wikilinks: 2 17 2 79 Topics: mathematics, sciences
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Noun [Tocharian B]

Etymology: Borrowed from a Middle Persian [Term?] source. Compare Khotanese evil, bad (ośa). Etymology templates: {{bor|txb|pal}} Middle Persian [Term?], {{cog|kho||evil, bad|tr=ośa}} Khotanese evil, bad (ośa) Head templates: {{head|txb|noun|g=m|head=}} oś m, {{txb-noun||m}} oś m
  1. evil Tags: masculine Categories (topical): Religion

Noun [Vilamovian]

Audio: Wym-oś (wersja Józefa Gary).ogg
Head templates: {{head|wym|noun|||||f1accel-form=p|g=f|g2=|head=}} oś f, {{wym-noun|f}} oś f
  1. ash (solid remains of a fire) Tags: feminine Categories (topical): Fire

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for oś meaning in All languages combined (6.9kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "czteroosiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "doosiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "dwuosiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "jednoosiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "odosiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "osiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "trójosiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "współosiowy"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "osiowość"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ośka"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "osiować"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*osь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *osь",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*osь"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "3": "*aśís"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱs-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun-f-softcons",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "oś",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osiom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "oś",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osią",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osiami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osiach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "oś f",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "oś"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "o",
        "2": "si",
        "3": "e"
      },
      "name": "pl-decl-noun-f-softcons"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "axis"
      ],
      "id": "en-oś-pl-noun-05wRhyn-",
      "links": [
        [
          "axis",
          "axis"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "pivot"
      ],
      "id": "en-oś-pl-noun-1jhsWaa8",
      "links": [
        [
          "pivot",
          "pivot"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "axle"
      ],
      "id": "en-oś-pl-noun-zRj1JP5j",
      "links": [
        [
          "axle",
          "axle"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Mathematics",
          "orig": "pl:Mathematics",
          "parents": [
            "Formal sciences",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 19 4 76",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 23 7 69",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 17 2 80",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 17 2 79",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "axis, number line"
      ],
      "id": "en-oś-pl-noun-nNfQ23ZK",
      "links": [
        [
          "mathematics",
          "mathematics"
        ],
        [
          "axis",
          "axis"
        ],
        [
          "number line",
          "number line"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(mathematics) axis, number line"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "oś liczbowa"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "mathematics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔɕ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔɕ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "oś"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "pal"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian [Term?]",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kho",
        "2": "",
        "3": "evil, bad",
        "tr": "ośa"
      },
      "expansion": "Khotanese evil, bad (ośa)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from a Middle Persian [Term?] source. Compare Khotanese evil, bad (ośa).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "oś m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "oś m",
      "name": "txb-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tocharian B",
  "lang_code": "txb",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Khotanese terms in nonstandard scripts",
          "parents": [
            "Terms in nonstandard scripts",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Tocharian B entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "txb",
          "name": "Religion",
          "orig": "txb:Religion",
          "parents": [
            "Culture",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "evil"
      ],
      "id": "en-oś-txb-noun-tcH7Lvxt",
      "links": [
        [
          "evil",
          "evil"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "oś"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wym",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "f1accel-form": "p",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "oś f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "oś f",
      "name": "wym-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vilamovian",
  "lang_code": "wym",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vilamovian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vilamovian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "wym",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "wym:Fire",
          "parents": [
            "Combustion",
            "Light sources",
            "Chemical processes",
            "Light",
            "Nature",
            "Energy",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ash (solid remains of a fire)"
      ],
      "id": "en-oś-wym-noun-Lqaff~n8",
      "links": [
        [
          "ash",
          "ash"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "Wym-oś (wersja Józefa Gary).ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Wym-o%C5%9B_%28wersja_J%C3%B3zefa_Gary%29.ogg/Wym-o%C5%9B_%28wersja_J%C3%B3zefa_Gary%29.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wym-o%C5%9B_%28wersja_J%C3%B3zefa_Gary%29.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "oś"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Polish 1-syllable words",
    "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Polish feminine nouns",
    "Polish lemmas",
    "Polish links with manual fragments",
    "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Polish nouns",
    "Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
    "Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
    "Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
    "Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
    "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Polish terms with audio links",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ɔɕ",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ɔɕ/1 syllable"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "czteroosiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "doosiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "dwuosiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "jednoosiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "odosiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "osiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "trójosiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "współosiowy"
    },
    {
      "word": "osiowość"
    },
    {
      "word": "ośka"
    },
    {
      "word": "osiować"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*osь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *osь",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*osь"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "3": "*aśís"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱs-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun-f-softcons",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "oś",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osiom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "oś",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osią",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osiami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osiach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "osie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "oś f",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "oś"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "o",
        "2": "si",
        "3": "e"
      },
      "name": "pl-decl-noun-f-softcons"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "axis"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "axis",
          "axis"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "pivot"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pivot",
          "pivot"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "axle"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "axle",
          "axle"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "pl:Mathematics"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "axis, number line"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "mathematics",
          "mathematics"
        ],
        [
          "axis",
          "axis"
        ],
        [
          "number line",
          "number line"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(mathematics) axis, number line"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "oś liczbowa"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "mathematics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔɕ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔɕ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "oś"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "pal"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian [Term?]",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kho",
        "2": "",
        "3": "evil, bad",
        "tr": "ośa"
      },
      "expansion": "Khotanese evil, bad (ośa)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from a Middle Persian [Term?] source. Compare Khotanese evil, bad (ośa).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "oś m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "oś m",
      "name": "txb-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tocharian B",
  "lang_code": "txb",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Khotanese terms in nonstandard scripts",
        "Middle Persian term requests",
        "Tocharian B entries with incorrect language header",
        "Tocharian B lemmas",
        "Tocharian B masculine nouns",
        "Tocharian B nouns",
        "Tocharian B terms borrowed from Middle Persian",
        "Tocharian B terms derived from Middle Persian",
        "txb:Religion"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "evil"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "evil",
          "evil"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "oś"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wym",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "f1accel-form": "p",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "oś f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "oś f",
      "name": "wym-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vilamovian",
  "lang_code": "wym",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vilamovian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Vilamovian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
        "Vilamovian feminine nouns",
        "Vilamovian lemmas",
        "Vilamovian nouns",
        "Vilamovian terms with audio links",
        "wym:Fire"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ash (solid remains of a fire)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ash",
          "ash"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "Wym-oś (wersja Józefa Gary).ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Wym-o%C5%9B_%28wersja_J%C3%B3zefa_Gary%29.ogg/Wym-o%C5%9B_%28wersja_J%C3%B3zefa_Gary%29.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wym-o%C5%9B_%28wersja_J%C3%B3zefa_Gary%29.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "oś"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.