See muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk meaning in All languages combined (14.6kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霧",
"3": "*mogs (ZS)",
"t": "fog, mist",
"tr": "*kə.mok-s (B-S),"
},
"expansion": "*mogs (ZS)／雾 (*kə.mok-s (B-S),, “fog, mist”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "und",
"2": "*moːŋ (ZS)",
"t": "dark, dim"
},
"expansion": "*moːŋ (ZS) (“dark, dim”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "*mogs (ZS)／雾 (*kə.mok-s (B-S),, “fog, mist”); *moːŋ (ZS) (“dark, dim”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*ʰmoːkᴰ",
"3": "",
"4": "fog, mist"
},
"expansion": "*ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Thai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "หมอก"
},
"expansion": "หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk)",
"name": "th-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lao",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ໝອກ"
},
"expansion": "ໝອກ (mǭk)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Proto-Vietic",
"2": "*k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)",
"3": "",
"4": "Proto-Tai",
"5": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"tai-pro\">*ʰmoːkᴰ</i> (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao <i class=\"Laoo mention\" lang=\"lo\">ໝອກ</i> (mǭk))",
"l": "y"
},
"expansion": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霾",
"t": "haze",
"tr": "*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "霾 (*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS), “haze”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "霾 (*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS), “haze”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "瞀",
"t": "dim-sighted",
"tr": "*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "瞀 (*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS), “dim-sighted”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "瞀 (*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS), “dim-sighted”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "蒙",
"t": "misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up",
"tr": "*moːŋ (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "濛",
"t": "drizzly, misty",
"tr": "*moːŋ (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "濛／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “drizzly, misty”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "濛／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “drizzly, misty”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "矇",
"t": "blind, dark",
"tr": "*moːŋ (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "矇／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “blind, dark”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "矇／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “blind, dark”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霢霂",
"t": "drizzle",
"tr": "*mreːg moːg (ZS"
},
"expansion": "霢霂／霡霂 (*mreːg moːg (ZS, “drizzle”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "霢霂／霡霂 (*mreːg moːg (ZS, “drizzle”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mù"
},
"expansion": "mù",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
"3": "dark; blind",
"likely": "y"
},
"expansion": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mù"
},
"expansion": "mù",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
"3": "fog"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霧"
},
"expansion": "霧／雾 (wù)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霾"
},
"expansion": "霾 (mái)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "瞀"
},
"expansion": "瞀",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "蒙"
},
"expansion": "蒙",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "濛"
},
"expansion": "濛／蒙 (méng)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "矇"
},
"expansion": "矇／蒙",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霢霂"
},
"expansion": "霢霂／霡霂",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Beijing: 霧／雾 (wù) (wù, /u⁵¹/), 霾 (mái) (mái, /maɪ̯³⁵/), 瞀 (mào, /mɑʊ̯⁵¹/), 蒙, 濛／蒙 (méng), 矇／蒙 (méng, /mɤŋ³⁵/), 霢霂／霡霂 (màimù, /maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kuki-Chin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Chin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "mûk",
"t": "dull (of colour)"
},
"expansion": "mûk (“dull (of colour)”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Lushai [Mizo]: mûk (“dull (of colour)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨུགས་པ",
"t": "dense fog"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨུ་བ",
"3": "",
"4": "fog"
},
"expansion": "རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨུས་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "foggy"
},
"expansion": "རྨུས་པ (rmus pa, “foggy”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "མུག་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "overcast, troubled"
},
"expansion": "མུག་པ (mug pa, “overcast, troubled”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "སྨུག་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "fog, mist"
},
"expansion": "སྨུག་པ (smug pa, “fog, mist”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "སྨུག་པོ",
"3": "",
"4": "dark red, purple-brown"
},
"expansion": "སྨུག་པོ (smug po, “dark red, purple-brown”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨོང་བ",
"3": "",
"4": "obscured"
},
"expansion": "རྨོང་བ (rmong ba, “obscured”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”), རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”), རྨུས་པ (rmus pa, “foggy”), མུག་པ (mug pa, “overcast, troubled”), སྨུག་པ (smug pa, “fog, mist”), སྨུག་པོ (smug po, “dark red, purple-brown”), རྨོང་བ (rmong ba, “obscured”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မိုး",
"t": "sky, rain"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မြူ",
"3": "",
"4": "minute particle; mist, haze, fog"
},
"expansion": "မြူ (mru, “minute particle; mist, haze, fog”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မှိုင်",
"3": "",
"4": "downcast, mope"
},
"expansion": "မှိုင် (hmuing, “downcast, mope”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မှိုင်း",
"3": "",
"4": "dull (of colour)"
},
"expansion": "မှိုင်း (hmuing:, “dull (of colour)”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မိုက်",
"3": "",
"4": "dark; stupid, foolish"
},
"expansion": "မိုက် (muik, “dark; stupid, foolish”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မောင်း",
"3": "",
"4": "dark red"
},
"expansion": "မောင်း (maung:, “dark red”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မှောင်",
"3": "",
"4": "dark"
},
"expansion": "မှောင် (hmaung, “dark”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "အမှောင်",
"3": "",
"4": "darkness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "အမှောင် (a.hmaung, “darkness, gloom”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”), မြူ (mru, “minute particle; mist, haze, fog”), မှိုင် (hmuing, “downcast, mope”), မှိုင်း (hmuing:, “dull (of colour)”), မိုက် (muik, “dark; stupid, foolish”), မောင်း (maung:, “dark red”), မှောင် (hmaung, “dark”) (whence အမှောင် (a.hmaung, “darkness, gloom”))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "*ꃅ"
},
"expansion": "*ꃅ (* mu)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꃴ",
"t": "sky"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꃴ (mu vut, “sky”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꈯ",
"t": "overhead, in the sky"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꈯ (mu ggur, “overhead, in the sky”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꊫꌦ",
"t": "dark or weak sun"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꊫꌦ (mu zyp sy, “dark or weak sun”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꉒ",
"t": "fog, mist"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꉒ (mu hxuot, “fog, mist”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): *ꃅ (* mu) (whence ꃅꃴ (mu vut, “sky”), ꃅꈯ (mu ggur, “overhead, in the sky”), ꃅꊫꌦ (mu zyp sy, “dark or weak sun”), ꃅꉒ (mu hxuot, “fog, mist”))"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lis",
"2": "ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ"
},
"expansion": "ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mu kú)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lis",
"2": "ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ",
"t": "cloud, mist"
},
"expansion": "ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mɯ kú, “cloud, mist”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mu kú) ~ ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mɯ kú, “cloud, mist”)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mruk/mrjuɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *(r-)maw = (r-)məw, *muːŋ ⪤ **r/s-muːk (Matisoff, STEDT); *r-muw = *r-məw ⪤ *r-muuk (LaPolla, 1987); *(r-)məw, *(r-)muw (Weidert, 1987); *(r-)muw (Benedict, 1972)\nHere is a merger of the two roots proposed by Matisoff (above), per LaPolla (1987): \"Evidence from Dulong supports the contention in STC (n.236, p.77) that *r‑muuk is an archaic doublet of *r‑muw = *r‑məw\" (p.11).\nWords meaning \"dark, covered, obscure, dull\" and the like in Sino-Tibetan languages tend to have the phonesthemic initial *m- followed by a back vowel (Schuessler, 2007).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "s-muːk",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"cat2": "roots"
},
"expansion": "*s-muːk",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "dark",
"word": "s-mun"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "black, ink, deep",
"word": "s-maŋ Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "black, ink, deep",
"word": "muːŋ ~ r"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "black, ink, deep",
"word": "s-muːk s-mak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "dream",
"word": "(s"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "dream",
"word": "r)-ma(ŋ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "dream",
"word": "k)"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "no, not, none",
"word": "ma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "cloud",
"roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
"word": "Proto-Mon-Khmer: *mhuəl Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "cloud",
"roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
"word": "muːŋ ~ r"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "cloud",
"roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
"word": "s-muːk mhəl"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "some reflexes of this ST etymon also mean \"frost",
"word": "ʰmɯəjᴬ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"alt": "e.g. Yangjiang dialect of Yue Chinese",
"word": "dew\""
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "a confusion of coldness-related natural phenomena in tropical languages similarly occurred in Vietnamese sương"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "mist",
"word": "h₃migʰleh₂"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "fog, cloud",
"word": "h₃moygʰos < *h₃meyǵʰ-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"alt": "→ Thai เมฆ (még)",
"english": "to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist; whence English mist",
"word": "meyǵʰ-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 8 15 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fog, cloud, mist"
],
"id": "en-muːŋ_~_r/s-muːk-sit-pro-adj-zZpunp~x",
"links": [
[
"fog",
"fog"
],
[
"cloud",
"cloud"
],
[
"mist",
"mist"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sky, heaven"
],
"id": "en-muːŋ_~_r/s-muːk-sit-pro-adj-TO7qBk0O",
"links": [
[
"sky",
"sky"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 8 15 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"foggy, misty, dark, dull"
],
"id": "en-muːŋ_~_r/s-muːk-sit-pro-adj-vgANFmbi",
"links": [
[
"foggy",
"foggy"
],
[
"misty",
"misty"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"dull",
"dull"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 8 15 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 6 13 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 2 4 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 4 4 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 3 4 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sullen, menacing"
],
"id": "en-muːŋ_~_r/s-muːk-sit-pro-adj-UHYcY4Tm",
"links": [
[
"sullen",
"sullen"
],
[
"menacing",
"menacing"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan adjectives",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"sit-pro:Nature"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霧",
"3": "*mogs (ZS)",
"t": "fog, mist",
"tr": "*kə.mok-s (B-S),"
},
"expansion": "*mogs (ZS)／雾 (*kə.mok-s (B-S),, “fog, mist”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "und",
"2": "*moːŋ (ZS)",
"t": "dark, dim"
},
"expansion": "*moːŋ (ZS) (“dark, dim”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "*mogs (ZS)／雾 (*kə.mok-s (B-S),, “fog, mist”); *moːŋ (ZS) (“dark, dim”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*ʰmoːkᴰ",
"3": "",
"4": "fog, mist"
},
"expansion": "*ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Thai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "หมอก"
},
"expansion": "หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk)",
"name": "th-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lao",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ໝອກ"
},
"expansion": "ໝອກ (mǭk)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Proto-Vietic",
"2": "*k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)",
"3": "",
"4": "Proto-Tai",
"5": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"tai-pro\">*ʰmoːkᴰ</i> (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao <i class=\"Laoo mention\" lang=\"lo\">ໝອກ</i> (mǭk))",
"l": "y"
},
"expansion": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk (\"fog\") (whence Pong /kʰmɔːk/)\nProto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ (“fog, mist”) (whence Thai หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk), Lao ໝອກ (mǭk))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霾",
"t": "haze",
"tr": "*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "霾 (*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS), “haze”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "霾 (*mˁrə (B-S), *mrɯː (ZS), “haze”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "瞀",
"t": "dim-sighted",
"tr": "*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "瞀 (*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS), “dim-sighted”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "瞀 (*mˁ‹r›uk (B-S), *moːgs, *mroːg (ZS), “dim-sighted”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "蒙",
"t": "misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up",
"tr": "*moːŋ (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “misty, drizzly; blind; ignorant, stupid; to cover, to cover up”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "濛",
"t": "drizzly, misty",
"tr": "*moːŋ (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "濛／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “drizzly, misty”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "濛／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “drizzly, misty”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "矇",
"t": "blind, dark",
"tr": "*moːŋ (ZS)"
},
"expansion": "矇／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “blind, dark”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "矇／蒙 (*moːŋ (ZS), “blind, dark”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霢霂",
"t": "drizzle",
"tr": "*mreːg moːg (ZS"
},
"expansion": "霢霂／霡霂 (*mreːg moːg (ZS, “drizzle”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "霢霂／霡霂 (*mreːg moːg (ZS, “drizzle”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mù"
},
"expansion": "mù",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
"3": "dark; blind",
"likely": "y"
},
"expansion": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "(likely) →Vietnamese: mù (\"dark; blind\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mù"
},
"expansion": "mù",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">mù</i>",
"3": "fog"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: mù (\"fog\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霧"
},
"expansion": "霧／雾 (wù)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霾"
},
"expansion": "霾 (mái)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "瞀"
},
"expansion": "瞀",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "蒙"
},
"expansion": "蒙",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "濛"
},
"expansion": "濛／蒙 (méng)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "矇"
},
"expansion": "矇／蒙",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "霢霂"
},
"expansion": "霢霂／霡霂",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Beijing: 霧／雾 (wù) (wù, /u⁵¹/), 霾 (mái) (mái, /maɪ̯³⁵/), 瞀 (mào, /mɑʊ̯⁵¹/), 蒙, 濛／蒙 (méng), 矇／蒙 (méng, /mɤŋ³⁵/), 霢霂／霡霂 (màimù, /maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kuki-Chin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Chin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "mûk",
"t": "dull (of colour)"
},
"expansion": "mûk (“dull (of colour)”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Lushai [Mizo]: mûk (“dull (of colour)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨུགས་པ",
"t": "dense fog"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨུ་བ",
"3": "",
"4": "fog"
},
"expansion": "རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨུས་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "foggy"
},
"expansion": "རྨུས་པ (rmus pa, “foggy”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "མུག་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "overcast, troubled"
},
"expansion": "མུག་པ (mug pa, “overcast, troubled”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "སྨུག་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "fog, mist"
},
"expansion": "སྨུག་པ (smug pa, “fog, mist”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "སྨུག་པོ",
"3": "",
"4": "dark red, purple-brown"
},
"expansion": "སྨུག་པོ (smug po, “dark red, purple-brown”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨོང་བ",
"3": "",
"4": "obscured"
},
"expansion": "རྨོང་བ (rmong ba, “obscured”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”), རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”), རྨུས་པ (rmus pa, “foggy”), མུག་པ (mug pa, “overcast, troubled”), སྨུག་པ (smug pa, “fog, mist”), སྨུག་པོ (smug po, “dark red, purple-brown”), རྨོང་བ (rmong ba, “obscured”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မိုး",
"t": "sky, rain"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မြူ",
"3": "",
"4": "minute particle; mist, haze, fog"
},
"expansion": "မြူ (mru, “minute particle; mist, haze, fog”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မှိုင်",
"3": "",
"4": "downcast, mope"
},
"expansion": "မှိုင် (hmuing, “downcast, mope”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မှိုင်း",
"3": "",
"4": "dull (of colour)"
},
"expansion": "မှိုင်း (hmuing:, “dull (of colour)”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မိုက်",
"3": "",
"4": "dark; stupid, foolish"
},
"expansion": "မိုက် (muik, “dark; stupid, foolish”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မောင်း",
"3": "",
"4": "dark red"
},
"expansion": "မောင်း (maung:, “dark red”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "မှောင်",
"3": "",
"4": "dark"
},
"expansion": "မှောင် (hmaung, “dark”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "အမှောင်",
"3": "",
"4": "darkness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "အမှောင် (a.hmaung, “darkness, gloom”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: မိုး (mui:, “sky, rain”), မြူ (mru, “minute particle; mist, haze, fog”), မှိုင် (hmuing, “downcast, mope”), မှိုင်း (hmuing:, “dull (of colour)”), မိုက် (muik, “dark; stupid, foolish”), မောင်း (maung:, “dark red”), မှောင် (hmaung, “dark”) (whence အမှောင် (a.hmaung, “darkness, gloom”))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "*ꃅ"
},
"expansion": "*ꃅ (* mu)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꃴ",
"t": "sky"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꃴ (mu vut, “sky”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꈯ",
"t": "overhead, in the sky"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꈯ (mu ggur, “overhead, in the sky”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꊫꌦ",
"t": "dark or weak sun"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꊫꌦ (mu zyp sy, “dark or weak sun”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꃅꉒ",
"t": "fog, mist"
},
"expansion": "ꃅꉒ (mu hxuot, “fog, mist”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): *ꃅ (* mu) (whence ꃅꃴ (mu vut, “sky”), ꃅꈯ (mu ggur, “overhead, in the sky”), ꃅꊫꌦ (mu zyp sy, “dark or weak sun”), ꃅꉒ (mu hxuot, “fog, mist”))"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lis",
"2": "ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ"
},
"expansion": "ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mu kú)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lis",
"2": "ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ",
"t": "cloud, mist"
},
"expansion": "ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mɯ kú, “cloud, mist”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓟꓴꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mu kú) ~ ꓟꓶꓻ ꓗꓴꓸ (mɯ kú, “cloud, mist”)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mruk/mrjuɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *(r-)maw = (r-)məw, *muːŋ ⪤ **r/s-muːk (Matisoff, STEDT); *r-muw = *r-məw ⪤ *r-muuk (LaPolla, 1987); *(r-)məw, *(r-)muw (Weidert, 1987); *(r-)muw (Benedict, 1972)\nHere is a merger of the two roots proposed by Matisoff (above), per LaPolla (1987): \"Evidence from Dulong supports the contention in STC (n.236, p.77) that *r‑muuk is an archaic doublet of *r‑muw = *r‑məw\" (p.11).\nWords meaning \"dark, covered, obscure, dull\" and the like in Sino-Tibetan languages tend to have the phonesthemic initial *m- followed by a back vowel (Schuessler, 2007).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "s-muːk",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"cat2": "roots"
},
"expansion": "*s-muːk",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"english": "dark",
"word": "s-mun"
},
{
"english": "black, ink, deep",
"word": "s-maŋ Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"english": "black, ink, deep",
"word": "muːŋ ~ r"
},
{
"english": "black, ink, deep",
"word": "s-muːk s-mak"
},
{
"english": "dream",
"word": "(s"
},
{
"english": "dream",
"word": "r)-ma(ŋ"
},
{
"english": "dream",
"word": "k)"
},
{
"english": "no, not, none",
"word": "ma"
},
{
"english": "cloud",
"roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
"word": "Proto-Mon-Khmer: *mhuəl Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"english": "cloud",
"roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
"word": "muːŋ ~ r"
},
{
"english": "cloud",
"roman": "whence Vietnamese mây",
"word": "s-muːk mhəl"
},
{
"english": "some reflexes of this ST etymon also mean \"frost",
"word": "ʰmɯəjᴬ"
},
{
"alt": "e.g. Yangjiang dialect of Yue Chinese",
"word": "dew\""
},
{
"word": "a confusion of coldness-related natural phenomena in tropical languages similarly occurred in Vietnamese sương"
},
{
"english": "mist",
"word": "h₃migʰleh₂"
},
{
"english": "fog, cloud",
"word": "h₃moygʰos < *h₃meyǵʰ-"
},
{
"alt": "→ Thai เมฆ (még)",
"english": "to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist; whence English mist",
"word": "meyǵʰ-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"fog, cloud, mist"
],
"links": [
[
"fog",
"fog"
],
[
"cloud",
"cloud"
],
[
"mist",
"mist"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sky, heaven"
],
"links": [
[
"sky",
"sky"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"foggy, misty, dark, dull"
],
"links": [
[
"foggy",
"foggy"
],
[
"misty",
"misty"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"dull",
"dull"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sullen, menacing"
],
"links": [
[
"sullen",
"sullen"
],
[
"menacing",
"menacing"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.