See msxal- on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "სხალი"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian: სხალი (sxali)\nGeorgian: მსხალი (msxali), სხალი (sxali), ფსხალი (psxali) — dialectal\n→ Armenian: մսխալի (msxali, “a certain variety of grapevine”)\n→ Tsez: цихоли (cixoli, “wild (of apples, pears, and other fruits)”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Georgian: სხალი (sxali)\nGeorgian: მსხალი (msxali), სხალი (sxali), ფსხალი (psxali) — dialectal\n→ Armenian: մսխալի (msxali, “a certain variety of grapevine”)\n→ Tsez: цихоли (cixoli, “wild (of apples, pears, and other fruits)”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "მცხული"
},
"expansion": "Laz: მცხული (mʒxuli)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: მცხული (mʒxuli)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "სხული"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: სხული (sxuli)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: სხული (sxuli)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "იცხ",
"3": "უცხ",
"4": "უ̂იცხ"
},
"expansion": "Svan: იცხ (icx), უცხ (ucx), უ̂იცხ (ûicx)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Svan: იცხ (icx), უცხ (ucx), უ̂იცხ (ûicx)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccn-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ʕämćō",
"t": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Proto-North Caucasian *ʕämćō (“apple”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂ébōl",
"3": "*(s)h₂émlo-",
"t": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccn"
},
"expansion": "North Caucasian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*(s)m̥h₂l-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)m̥h₂l-",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μῆλον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "mālum"
},
"expansion": "Latin mālum",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒊭𒈠𒇻",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"tr": "šam(a)lu-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šam(a)lu-)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "*sxmarṭl-",
"t": "medlar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "*sx-",
"t": "to grow, bear fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *sx- (“to grow, bear fruit”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂ébōl",
"3": "*(s)h₂émlo-",
"t": "apple, tree fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple, tree fruit”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Starostin connects the Kartvelian root with controversial Proto-North Caucasian *ʕämćō (“apple”) and Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple”) and derives the latter from North Caucasian.\nKroonen (2016) compares it more specifically with the Proto-Indo-European *(s)m̥h₂l- that he reconstructs as the ancestor of Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon), Latin mālum and Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šam(a)lu-); he further notes that only a single metathesis is required to derive the Indo-European form from that in Kartvelian.\nFenwick (2016) proposes rather a deformation from Early PK *sxmal- (compare *sxmar- in Proto-Kartvelian *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)), by folk reanalysis as an active participle *m-sx-al- of Proto-Kartvelian *sx- (“to grow, bear fruit”); she further treats Early PK *sxmal- as a loan from Late Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple, tree fruit”), supposing the latter itself to be a metathesised variant of a more archaic *(s)méh₂lo-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*msxal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/msxal-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Kartvelian roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pear (fruit)"
],
"id": "en-msxal--ccs-pro-root-6hjIDB3Z",
"links": [
[
"pear",
"pear"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "msxal-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "სხალი"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian: სხალი (sxali)\nGeorgian: მსხალი (msxali), სხალი (sxali), ფსხალი (psxali) — dialectal\n→ Armenian: մսխալի (msxali, “a certain variety of grapevine”)\n→ Tsez: цихоли (cixoli, “wild (of apples, pears, and other fruits)”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Georgian: სხალი (sxali)\nGeorgian: მსხალი (msxali), სხალი (sxali), ფსხალი (psxali) — dialectal\n→ Armenian: մսխալի (msxali, “a certain variety of grapevine”)\n→ Tsez: цихоли (cixoli, “wild (of apples, pears, and other fruits)”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "მცხული"
},
"expansion": "Laz: მცხული (mʒxuli)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: მცხული (mʒxuli)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "სხული"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: სხული (sxuli)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: სხული (sxuli)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "იცხ",
"3": "უცხ",
"4": "უ̂იცხ"
},
"expansion": "Svan: იცხ (icx), უცხ (ucx), უ̂იცხ (ûicx)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Svan: იცხ (icx), უცხ (ucx), უ̂იცხ (ûicx)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccn-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ʕämćō",
"t": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Proto-North Caucasian *ʕämćō (“apple”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂ébōl",
"3": "*(s)h₂émlo-",
"t": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccn"
},
"expansion": "North Caucasian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*(s)m̥h₂l-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)m̥h₂l-",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μῆλον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "mālum"
},
"expansion": "Latin mālum",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒊭𒈠𒇻",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"tr": "šam(a)lu-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šam(a)lu-)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "*sxmarṭl-",
"t": "medlar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "*sx-",
"t": "to grow, bear fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *sx- (“to grow, bear fruit”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂ébōl",
"3": "*(s)h₂émlo-",
"t": "apple, tree fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple, tree fruit”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Starostin connects the Kartvelian root with controversial Proto-North Caucasian *ʕämćō (“apple”) and Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple”) and derives the latter from North Caucasian.\nKroonen (2016) compares it more specifically with the Proto-Indo-European *(s)m̥h₂l- that he reconstructs as the ancestor of Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon), Latin mālum and Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šam(a)lu-); he further notes that only a single metathesis is required to derive the Indo-European form from that in Kartvelian.\nFenwick (2016) proposes rather a deformation from Early PK *sxmal- (compare *sxmar- in Proto-Kartvelian *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)), by folk reanalysis as an active participle *m-sx-al- of Proto-Kartvelian *sx- (“to grow, bear fruit”); she further treats Early PK *sxmal- as a loan from Late Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple, tree fruit”), supposing the latter itself to be a metathesised variant of a more archaic *(s)méh₂lo-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*msxal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/msxal-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Kartvelian lemmas",
"Proto-Kartvelian roots",
"ccs-pro:Fruits",
"ccs-pro:Pome fruits"
],
"glosses": [
"pear (fruit)"
],
"links": [
[
"pear",
"pear"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "msxal-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for msxal- meaning in All languages combined (4.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.