See mitrás on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*mitrás",
"t": "friend"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mitrás (“friend”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mitrás (“friend”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मित्र",
"tr": "mitrá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: मित्र (mitrá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: मित्र (mitrá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒈪𒀉𒊏",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "mi-it-ra",
"ts": "Mītra"
},
"expansion": "→ Hittite: 𒈪𒀉𒊏 (mi-it-ra /Mītra/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hittite: 𒈪𒀉𒊏 (mi-it-ra /Mītra/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*miθráh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *miθráh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *miθráh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀",
"sc": "Avst",
"tr": "miθra"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎷𐎰𐎼",
"bor": "1",
"sc": "Xpeo",
"tr": "Miθra, Mitra"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)\nMiddle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)\nPersian: مهر (mehr)\n→ Punjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)\nShahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)\n→ Akkadian:\n→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)\nMiddle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)\nPersian: مهر (mehr)\n→ Punjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)\nShahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)\n→ Akkadian:\n→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbc",
"2": "Μιυρο",
"sc": "Grek"
},
"expansion": "Bactrian: Μιυρο (Miuro)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bactrian: Μιυρο (Miuro)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "mehr",
"t1": "(marital) engagement"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish: mehr (“(marital) engagement”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Kurdish: mehr (“(marital) engagement”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "mîr",
"3": "mîrek",
"t2": "king, prince",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Northern Kurdish: mîr, mîrek (“king, prince”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Northern Kurdish: mîr, mîrek (“king, prince”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ckb",
"2": "میر",
"t": "kindness"
},
"expansion": "Central Kurdish: میر (mîr, “kindness”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Kurdish: میر (mîr, “kindness”) (under Persian influence)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Parthian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭉",
"sclb": "1",
"ts": "Mihr"
},
"expansion": "Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭉 (mtry /Mihr/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭉 (mtry /Mihr/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡",
"sclb": "1",
"ts": "Mihr"
},
"expansion": "Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /Mihr/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /Mihr/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Μίθρᾱς",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: Μίθρᾱς (Míthrās)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: Μίθρᾱς (Míthrās)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Mithrās",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: Mithrās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: Mithrās"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Mithras",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Mithras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Mithras"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մեհեան",
"3": "մեհեկան",
"bor": "1",
"der1": "on",
"der2": "on"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Armenian: ⇒ մեհեան (mehean), ⇒ մեհեկան (mehekan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Armenian: ⇒ մեհեան (mehean), ⇒ մեհեկան (mehekan)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Original PII meaning is preserved in Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra, “covenant”). In Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan languages, mitra means “friend”, one of the aspects of binding and alliance. The Indo-Iranian reconstruction is attributed, to Christian Bartholomae and was subsequently refined by A. Meillet (1907), who suggested derivation from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“to exchange”). Contradicting suggestions included *meh₁- (“to measure”) (Gray 1929).\nPokorny (IEW 1959) refined Meillet's *mey- as “to bind”. Combining the root *mey- with the ‘tool suffix’ -tra- \"that which [causes] …\" (also found e. g. in Sanskrit मन्त्र (mantra, “that which causes to think”)), then literally means “that which binds”, and thus “covenant, treaty, agreement, promise, oath” etc. Pokorny's interpretation also supports “to fasten, strengthen”, which may be found in Latin moenia (“city wall, fortification”), and in an antonymic form, Old English (ge)maere (“border, boundary-post”).\nMeillet and Pokorny's “contract” did however have its detractors. Lentz (1964, 1970) refused to accept abstract “contract” for so exalted a divinity and preferred the more religious “piety”. Because present-day Sanskrit मित्र (mitrá) means “friend”, and New Persian مهر (mehr) means “love” or “friendship”, Gonda (1972, 1973) insisted on a Vedic meaning of “friend, friendship”, not “contract”.\nMeillet's analysis also “rectified earlier interpretations” that suggested that the Indo-Iranian common noun *mitra- had anything to do with light or the sun. When H. Lommel suggested that such an association was implied in the Younger Avesta (>6th c. BCE), that too was conclusively dismissed. Today, it is certain that “(al)though Miθra is closely associated with the sun in the Avesta, he is not the sun” and “Vedic Mitra is not either”.\nOld Persian 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)—both only attested in a handful of 4th century BCE inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and III—“is generally admitted [to be] a borrowing from the Avesta”, the genuine Old Persian form being *Miça. (Kent initially suggested Sanskrit but later changed his mind.) Middle Iranian myhr (Parthian, also in living Armenian usage) and mihr (Middle Persian), derive from Avestan Mithra.\nGreek Μίθρας (Míthras) and Latin Mithras, the focal deity of a Greco-Roman cult, is the nominative form of vocative Mithra. In contrast to the original Avestan meaning of “contract” or “covenant” (and still evident in post-Sassanid Middle Persian texts), the Greco-Roman Mithraists probably thought the name meant “mediator”. In Plutarch's 1st century discussion of dualistic theologies, the Greek historiographer provides the following explanation of the name in his summary of the Zoroastrian religion: Mithra is a μέσον (méson, “in the middle”) between “the good Horomazdes and the evil Aremanius […] and this is why the Pérsai call the Mediator Mithra” (Isis and Osiris 46.7). Zaehner attributes this false etymology to a role that Mithra (and the sun!) played in the now extinct branch of Zoroastrianism known as Zurvanism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "masculine a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrás",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́sas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́sas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrám",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́ns",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyaH",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́bʰyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́yš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́t",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyaH",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́bʰyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyaH",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́bʰyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrásya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráyās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́nam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́naHm",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráyaw",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráyšu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*mitrás m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/mitrás",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"covenant"
],
"id": "en-mitrás-iir-pro-noun-Bme9iTeZ",
"links": [
[
"covenant",
"covenant"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"treaty"
],
"id": "en-mitrás-iir-pro-noun-SV7T9rXr",
"links": [
[
"treaty",
"treaty"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"agreement"
],
"id": "en-mitrás-iir-pro-noun-RqgXOcbu",
"links": [
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 29 5 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Persian terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 3 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Persian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 20 5 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 17 5 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 10 2 79",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"promise"
],
"id": "en-mitrás-iir-pro-noun-NRPZRSr3",
"links": [
[
"promise",
"promise"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mitra"
],
"word": "mitrás"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Persian terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Old Persian terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian masculine nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*mitrás",
"t": "friend"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mitrás (“friend”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mitrás (“friend”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मित्र",
"tr": "mitrá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: मित्र (mitrá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: मित्र (mitrá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒈪𒀉𒊏",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "mi-it-ra",
"ts": "Mītra"
},
"expansion": "→ Hittite: 𒈪𒀉𒊏 (mi-it-ra /Mītra/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hittite: 𒈪𒀉𒊏 (mi-it-ra /Mītra/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*miθráh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *miθráh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *miθráh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀",
"sc": "Avst",
"tr": "miθra"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎷𐎰𐎼",
"bor": "1",
"sc": "Xpeo",
"tr": "Miθra, Mitra"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)\nMiddle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)\nPersian: مهر (mehr)\n→ Punjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)\nShahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)\n→ Akkadian:\n→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)\nMiddle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)\nPersian: مهر (mehr)\n→ Punjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)\nShahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)\n→ Akkadian:\n→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbc",
"2": "Μιυρο",
"sc": "Grek"
},
"expansion": "Bactrian: Μιυρο (Miuro)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bactrian: Μιυρο (Miuro)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "mehr",
"t1": "(marital) engagement"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish: mehr (“(marital) engagement”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Kurdish: mehr (“(marital) engagement”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "mîr",
"3": "mîrek",
"t2": "king, prince",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Northern Kurdish: mîr, mîrek (“king, prince”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Northern Kurdish: mîr, mîrek (“king, prince”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ckb",
"2": "میر",
"t": "kindness"
},
"expansion": "Central Kurdish: میر (mîr, “kindness”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Kurdish: میر (mîr, “kindness”) (under Persian influence)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Parthian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭉",
"sclb": "1",
"ts": "Mihr"
},
"expansion": "Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭉 (mtry /Mihr/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭉 (mtry /Mihr/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡",
"sclb": "1",
"ts": "Mihr"
},
"expansion": "Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /Mihr/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /Mihr/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Μίθρᾱς",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: Μίθρᾱς (Míthrās)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: Μίθρᾱς (Míthrās)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Mithrās",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: Mithrās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: Mithrās"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Mithras",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Mithras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Mithras"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մեհեան",
"3": "մեհեկան",
"bor": "1",
"der1": "on",
"der2": "on"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Armenian: ⇒ մեհեան (mehean), ⇒ մեհեկան (mehekan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Armenian: ⇒ մեհեան (mehean), ⇒ մեհեկան (mehekan)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Original PII meaning is preserved in Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra, “covenant”). In Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan languages, mitra means “friend”, one of the aspects of binding and alliance. The Indo-Iranian reconstruction is attributed, to Christian Bartholomae and was subsequently refined by A. Meillet (1907), who suggested derivation from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“to exchange”). Contradicting suggestions included *meh₁- (“to measure”) (Gray 1929).\nPokorny (IEW 1959) refined Meillet's *mey- as “to bind”. Combining the root *mey- with the ‘tool suffix’ -tra- \"that which [causes] …\" (also found e. g. in Sanskrit मन्त्र (mantra, “that which causes to think”)), then literally means “that which binds”, and thus “covenant, treaty, agreement, promise, oath” etc. Pokorny's interpretation also supports “to fasten, strengthen”, which may be found in Latin moenia (“city wall, fortification”), and in an antonymic form, Old English (ge)maere (“border, boundary-post”).\nMeillet and Pokorny's “contract” did however have its detractors. Lentz (1964, 1970) refused to accept abstract “contract” for so exalted a divinity and preferred the more religious “piety”. Because present-day Sanskrit मित्र (mitrá) means “friend”, and New Persian مهر (mehr) means “love” or “friendship”, Gonda (1972, 1973) insisted on a Vedic meaning of “friend, friendship”, not “contract”.\nMeillet's analysis also “rectified earlier interpretations” that suggested that the Indo-Iranian common noun *mitra- had anything to do with light or the sun. When H. Lommel suggested that such an association was implied in the Younger Avesta (>6th c. BCE), that too was conclusively dismissed. Today, it is certain that “(al)though Miθra is closely associated with the sun in the Avesta, he is not the sun” and “Vedic Mitra is not either”.\nOld Persian 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)—both only attested in a handful of 4th century BCE inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and III—“is generally admitted [to be] a borrowing from the Avesta”, the genuine Old Persian form being *Miça. (Kent initially suggested Sanskrit but later changed his mind.) Middle Iranian myhr (Parthian, also in living Armenian usage) and mihr (Middle Persian), derive from Avestan Mithra.\nGreek Μίθρας (Míthras) and Latin Mithras, the focal deity of a Greco-Roman cult, is the nominative form of vocative Mithra. In contrast to the original Avestan meaning of “contract” or “covenant” (and still evident in post-Sassanid Middle Persian texts), the Greco-Roman Mithraists probably thought the name meant “mediator”. In Plutarch's 1st century discussion of dualistic theologies, the Greek historiographer provides the following explanation of the name in his summary of the Zoroastrian religion: Mithra is a μέσον (méson, “in the middle”) between “the good Horomazdes and the evil Aremanius […] and this is why the Pérsai call the Mediator Mithra” (Isis and Osiris 46.7). Zaehner attributes this false etymology to a role that Mithra (and the sun!) played in the now extinct branch of Zoroastrianism known as Zurvanism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "masculine a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrás",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́sas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́sas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrám",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́ns",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyaH",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́bʰyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́yš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́t",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyaH",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́bʰyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyaH",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā́bʰyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráybʰyas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrásya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráyās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́nam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitrā́naHm",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráyaw",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "mitráyšu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*mitrás m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/mitrás",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"covenant"
],
"links": [
[
"covenant",
"covenant"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"treaty"
],
"links": [
[
"treaty",
"treaty"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"agreement"
],
"links": [
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"promise"
],
"links": [
[
"promise",
"promise"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mitra"
],
"word": "mitrás"
}
Download raw JSONL data for mitrás meaning in All languages combined (11.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.