"liǎn" meaning in All languages combined

See liǎn on Wiktionary

Romanization [Mandarin]

Audio: Zh-liǎn.ogg Forms: lian³ [alternative], ㄌㄧㄢˇ [bopomofo], lian [alternative]
Head templates: {{cmn-pinyin}} liǎn (lian³, Zhuyin ㄌㄧㄢˇ)
  1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 僆 /𫢪
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-BfOaTBmz
  2. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 嬚
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-TbPkD9ky
  3. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 摙 /𫽁
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-RLpKpyth
  4. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 敚
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-qk0a3udS
  5. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 斂 /敛, 歛 /敛
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-4gKi-MI2
  6. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 涊
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-W29oApA1
  7. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 淭
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-Z3l3PBhq
  8. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 溌
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-C8YHv1Do
  9. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 琏
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-ICElinUM
  10. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 璄
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-a0tLDDou
  11. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 碼 /码
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-BC1LI1iH
  12. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 羷
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-e93lStMa
  13. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 脸
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-Epc9JWYB
  14. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 膦
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-GKVKsh1o
  15. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 臉 /脸
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-5DDdZA~d
  16. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 莶
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-NgwibdQu
  17. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蓭
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-A8-X6PS1
  18. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蔸
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-wVRhW-s7
  19. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 薟 /莶
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-MoLC1Qt-
  20. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蘗
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-p6xtnAS8
  21. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蘞 /蔹
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-ddqnrw7y
  22. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 裗
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-oyKTB9b-
  23. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 襘 /𫋻
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-P7v6vkoQ
  24. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 連 /连
    Sense id: en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-CrJGDdWZ
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Categories (other): Hanyu Pinyin, Mandarin entries with incorrect language header, Mandarin terms with redundant script codes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Hanyu Pinyin: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Disambiguation of Mandarin entries with incorrect language header: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Disambiguation of Mandarin terms with redundant script codes: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Alternative forms

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "_dis": "4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Hanyu Pinyin",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    },
    {
      "_dis": "4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Mandarin entries with incorrect language header",
      "parents": [
        "Entries with incorrect language header",
        "Entry maintenance"
      ],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    },
    {
      "_dis": "4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Mandarin terms with redundant script codes",
      "parents": [
        "Terms with redundant script codes",
        "Entry maintenance"
      ],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    },
    {
      "_dis": "4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    },
    {
      "_dis": "4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Pages with entries",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "lian³",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ㄌㄧㄢˇ",
      "tags": [
        "bopomofo"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lian",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "liǎn (lian³, Zhuyin ㄌㄧㄢˇ)",
      "name": "cmn-pinyin"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Mandarin",
  "lang_code": "cmn",
  "pos": "romanization",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 僆 /𫢪"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-BfOaTBmz",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "僆",
          "僆#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "𫢪",
          "𫢪#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 嬚"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-TbPkD9ky",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "嬚",
          "嬚#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 摙 /𫽁"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-RLpKpyth",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "摙",
          "摙#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "𫽁",
          "𫽁#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 敚"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-qk0a3udS",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "敚",
          "敚#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 斂 /敛, 歛 /敛"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-4gKi-MI2",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "斂",
          "斂#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "敛",
          "敛#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "歛",
          "歛#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 涊"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-W29oApA1",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "涊",
          "涊#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 淭"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-Z3l3PBhq",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "淭",
          "淭#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 溌"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-C8YHv1Do",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "溌",
          "溌#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 琏"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-ICElinUM",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "琏",
          "琏#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 璄"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-a0tLDDou",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "璄",
          "璄#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 碼 /码"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-BC1LI1iH",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "碼",
          "碼#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "码",
          "码#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 羷"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-e93lStMa",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "羷",
          "羷#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 脸"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-Epc9JWYB",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "脸",
          "脸#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 膦"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-GKVKsh1o",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "膦",
          "膦#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 臉 /脸"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-5DDdZA~d",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "臉",
          "臉#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "脸",
          "脸#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 莶"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-NgwibdQu",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "莶",
          "莶#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蓭"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-A8-X6PS1",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蓭",
          "蓭#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蔸"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-wVRhW-s7",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蔸",
          "蔸#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 薟 /莶"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-MoLC1Qt-",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "薟",
          "薟#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "莶",
          "莶#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蘗"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-p6xtnAS8",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蘗",
          "蘗#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蘞 /蔹"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-ddqnrw7y",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蘞",
          "蘞#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "蔹",
          "蔹#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 裗"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-oyKTB9b-",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "裗",
          "裗#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 襘 /𫋻"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-P7v6vkoQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "襘",
          "襘#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "𫋻",
          "𫋻#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 連 /连"
      ],
      "id": "en-liǎn-cmn-romanization-CrJGDdWZ",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "連",
          "連#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "连",
          "连#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "Zh-liǎn.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Zh-li%C7%8En.ogg/Zh-li%C7%8En.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Zh-li%C7%8En.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "liǎn"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Hanyu Pinyin",
    "Mandarin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Mandarin non-lemma forms",
    "Mandarin terms with redundant script codes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "lian³",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ㄌㄧㄢˇ",
      "tags": [
        "bopomofo"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lian",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "liǎn (lian³, Zhuyin ㄌㄧㄢˇ)",
      "name": "cmn-pinyin"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Mandarin",
  "lang_code": "cmn",
  "pos": "romanization",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 僆 /𫢪"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "僆",
          "僆#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "𫢪",
          "𫢪#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 嬚"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "嬚",
          "嬚#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 摙 /𫽁"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "摙",
          "摙#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "𫽁",
          "𫽁#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 敚"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "敚",
          "敚#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Requests for cleanup in Hanyu Pinyin entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 斂 /敛, 歛 /敛"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "斂",
          "斂#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "敛",
          "敛#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "歛",
          "歛#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 涊"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "涊",
          "涊#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 淭"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "淭",
          "淭#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 溌"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "溌",
          "溌#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 琏"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "琏",
          "琏#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 璄"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "璄",
          "璄#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 碼 /码"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "碼",
          "碼#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "码",
          "码#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 羷"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "羷",
          "羷#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 脸"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "脸",
          "脸#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 膦"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "膦",
          "膦#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 臉 /脸"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "臉",
          "臉#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "脸",
          "脸#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 莶"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "莶",
          "莶#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蓭"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蓭",
          "蓭#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蔸"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蔸",
          "蔸#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 薟 /莶"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "薟",
          "薟#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "莶",
          "莶#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蘗"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蘗",
          "蘗#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 蘞 /蔹"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "蘞",
          "蘞#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "蔹",
          "蔹#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 裗"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "裗",
          "裗#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 襘 /𫋻"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "襘",
          "襘#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "𫋻",
          "𫋻#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Hanyu Pinyin reading of 連 /连"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanyu Pinyin",
          "Hanyu Pinyin"
        ],
        [
          "連",
          "連#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "连",
          "连#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "Zh-liǎn.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Zh-li%C7%8En.ogg/Zh-li%C7%8En.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Zh-li%C7%8En.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "liǎn"
}

Download raw JSONL data for liǎn meaning in All languages combined (3.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.