See kucēns on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kuce",
"3": "ēns",
"gloss1": "female dog"
},
"expansion": "kuce (“female dog”) + -ēns",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kew- : *kū̆-",
"t": "to swell; to bend (over)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kew- : *kū̆- (“to swell; to bend (over)”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukt",
"t": "to hunch one's back"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kukt (“to hunch one's back”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kùcė",
"t": "sheep child talk; female dog"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kùcė (“sheep [child talk]; female dog”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kaukt",
"t": "to howl"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kaukt (“to howl”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "куче",
"t": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian куче (kuče, “dog”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kuče",
"t": "puppy"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian kuče (“puppy”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Morphologically from kuce (“female dog”) + -ēns.\nKarulis, however, considers this to be the primary term and kuce its derivative. From Proto-Indo-European *kew- : *kū̆- (“to swell; to bend (over)”), whence also Latvian kukt (“to hunch one's back”). Development of meaning \"round\" > \"such that rolls around; clumsy,\" from the initial sense also dialectal kucens (“fabric/knitting that has been rolled into a ball”), compare also dialectal kučka (“female dog; a roll, tumble [placing one's head down and rolling over]”).\nThe development of the sense \"puppy\" has been gradual: in the 17th century recorded as meaning \"kitten\" as well.\nUp to mid 1930's the standard form was kucens. Viewing this term as a diminutive, the term kuce was reverse derived. The latter is absent from G. Mancelis' dictionary, the term kuņa is listed for the sense \"female dog,\" in G. Elgers' dictionary kuca is listed along kuņa, kuce is not to be found in any 18th century dictionaries, nor K. Valdemārs' dictionary from the 19th century. J. Neikens & K. Ulmanis' dictionary lists kuca as a \"rare word.\"\nAlternative theories on the origin of kuce:\n#kuce has been the primary form and kucēns its derivative, cf. Lithuanian kùcė (“sheep [child talk]; female dog”), kùcas, kùcinas (“a small dog, small horse; male sheep”)\n#kuce is of the same origin as Latvian kaukt (“to howl”), cf. also Bulgarian куче (kuče, “dog”) [also Serbo-Croatian kuče (“puppy”), however, both of these are considered borrowings from Hungarian kutya]\n#the term is based on the exclamation kuc! to call dogs (Berneker, Fraenkel, Endzelīns), however, Lithuanian kùc! is a call for pigs and kucà — for sheep.\nEndzelīns also considers the possibility that kuce is a borrowing, Būga considers the origin of this term unclear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "declension-1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1st declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēns",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēniem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēniem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kucēns m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "1st"
},
"expansion": "kucēns m (1st declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kucēn",
"2": "s",
"3": "1st"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kucēn",
"2": "s",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "0"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kucēns",
"10": "kucēniem",
"11": "kucēnā",
"12": "kucēnos",
"13": "kucēn",
"14": "kucēni",
"2": "kucēni",
"3": "kucēnu",
"4": "kucēnus",
"5": "kucēna",
"6": "kucēnu",
"7": "kucēnam",
"8": "kucēniem",
"9": "kucēnu",
"type": "1st declension",
"x": "0"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "kuce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "suns"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a bitch with her puppies",
"text": "kuce ar kucēniem",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"baby dog, puppy"
],
"id": "en-kucēns-lv-noun-gVbh9rfw",
"links": [
[
"baby",
"baby"
],
[
"dog",
"dog"
],
[
"puppy",
"puppy"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms suffixed with -ēns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 62",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Baby animals",
"orig": "lv:Baby animals",
"parents": [
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 73",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Dogs",
"orig": "lv:Dogs",
"parents": [
"Canids",
"Carnivores",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "fox puppies",
"text": "lapsas kucēni",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the (female) wolf gave birth to puppies",
"text": "vilcenei atskrējuši kucēni",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"baby or young member of other canid species"
],
"id": "en-kucēns-lv-noun-OdUrQhWB",
"links": [
[
"baby",
"baby"
],
[
"young",
"young"
],
[
"member",
"member"
],
[
"canid",
"canid"
],
[
"species",
"species"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "šunelis"
}
],
"word": "kucēns"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"Latvian first declension nouns",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian masculine nouns",
"Latvian nouns",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latvian terms suffixed with -ēns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"lv:Baby animals",
"lv:Dogs"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kuce",
"3": "ēns",
"gloss1": "female dog"
},
"expansion": "kuce (“female dog”) + -ēns",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kew- : *kū̆-",
"t": "to swell; to bend (over)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kew- : *kū̆- (“to swell; to bend (over)”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukt",
"t": "to hunch one's back"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kukt (“to hunch one's back”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kùcė",
"t": "sheep child talk; female dog"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kùcė (“sheep [child talk]; female dog”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kaukt",
"t": "to howl"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kaukt (“to howl”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "куче",
"t": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian куче (kuče, “dog”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kuče",
"t": "puppy"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian kuče (“puppy”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Morphologically from kuce (“female dog”) + -ēns.\nKarulis, however, considers this to be the primary term and kuce its derivative. From Proto-Indo-European *kew- : *kū̆- (“to swell; to bend (over)”), whence also Latvian kukt (“to hunch one's back”). Development of meaning \"round\" > \"such that rolls around; clumsy,\" from the initial sense also dialectal kucens (“fabric/knitting that has been rolled into a ball”), compare also dialectal kučka (“female dog; a roll, tumble [placing one's head down and rolling over]”).\nThe development of the sense \"puppy\" has been gradual: in the 17th century recorded as meaning \"kitten\" as well.\nUp to mid 1930's the standard form was kucens. Viewing this term as a diminutive, the term kuce was reverse derived. The latter is absent from G. Mancelis' dictionary, the term kuņa is listed for the sense \"female dog,\" in G. Elgers' dictionary kuca is listed along kuņa, kuce is not to be found in any 18th century dictionaries, nor K. Valdemārs' dictionary from the 19th century. J. Neikens & K. Ulmanis' dictionary lists kuca as a \"rare word.\"\nAlternative theories on the origin of kuce:\n#kuce has been the primary form and kucēns its derivative, cf. Lithuanian kùcė (“sheep [child talk]; female dog”), kùcas, kùcinas (“a small dog, small horse; male sheep”)\n#kuce is of the same origin as Latvian kaukt (“to howl”), cf. also Bulgarian куче (kuče, “dog”) [also Serbo-Croatian kuče (“puppy”), however, both of these are considered borrowings from Hungarian kutya]\n#the term is based on the exclamation kuc! to call dogs (Berneker, Fraenkel, Endzelīns), however, Lithuanian kùc! is a call for pigs and kucà — for sheep.\nEndzelīns also considers the possibility that kuce is a borrowing, Būga considers the origin of this term unclear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "declension-1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1st declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēns",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēniem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēniem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēnos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kucēni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kucēns m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "1st"
},
"expansion": "kucēns m (1st declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kucēn",
"2": "s",
"3": "1st"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kucēn",
"2": "s",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "0"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kucēns",
"10": "kucēniem",
"11": "kucēnā",
"12": "kucēnos",
"13": "kucēn",
"14": "kucēni",
"2": "kucēni",
"3": "kucēnu",
"4": "kucēnus",
"5": "kucēna",
"6": "kucēnu",
"7": "kucēnam",
"8": "kucēniem",
"9": "kucēnu",
"type": "1st declension",
"x": "0"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "kuce"
},
{
"word": "suns"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a bitch with her puppies",
"text": "kuce ar kucēniem",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"baby dog, puppy"
],
"links": [
[
"baby",
"baby"
],
[
"dog",
"dog"
],
[
"puppy",
"puppy"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "fox puppies",
"text": "lapsas kucēni",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the (female) wolf gave birth to puppies",
"text": "vilcenei atskrējuši kucēni",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"baby or young member of other canid species"
],
"links": [
[
"baby",
"baby"
],
[
"young",
"young"
],
[
"member",
"member"
],
[
"canid",
"canid"
],
[
"species",
"species"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "šunelis"
}
],
"word": "kucēns"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kucēns meaning in All languages combined (6.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.