See kaluga on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "калуга",
"3": "Калуга",
"der2": "1",
"pos2": "proper name"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: калуга (kaluga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, proper name)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: калуга (kaluga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, proper name)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "*калю́га",
"qq": "< *kaľuga"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: *калю́га (*kaljúha) (< *kaľuga)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: *калю́га (*kaljúha) (< *kaľuga)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "калю́га"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: калю́га (kaljúha)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: калю́га (kaljúha)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "калю́га",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: калю́га (kaljúha) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: калю́га (kaljúha) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "калу́га",
"3": "Калуга",
"der2": "1",
"pos2": "toponym",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Russian: калу́га (kalúga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, toponym) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: калу́га (kalúga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, toponym) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "калу́га",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: калу́га (kalúga) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: калу́га (kalúga) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка̀љуга",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка̀љуга",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка̀љуга"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kàljuga",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kàljuga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kàljuga"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "*kaluha",
"3": "Kaluha",
"der2": "1",
"pos2": "proper name"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: *kaluha, ⇒ Kaluha (proper name)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: *kaluha, ⇒ Kaluha (proper name)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kaluha",
"3": "kałuha",
"qq2": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kaluha, kałuha (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kaluha, kałuha (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "kaluga",
"3": "kalëga"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: kaluga, kalëga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: kaluga, kalëga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kaługa",
"3": "kaluga",
"qq": "archaic, dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kaługa, kaluga (archaic, dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kaługa, kaluga (archaic, dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*kalъ",
"3": "*-uga",
"t1": "mud, dirt"
},
"expansion": "*kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-uga",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-uga. Related to *kaľuža and *kaluža.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kaluga",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugami",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaluga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "69 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-uga",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"puddle"
],
"id": "en-kaluga-sla-pro-noun-K4zPGQAN",
"links": [
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"swamp, bog, quagmire"
],
"id": "en-kaluga-sla-pro-noun-gwUR2Asm",
"links": [
[
"swamp",
"swamp"
],
[
"bog",
"bog"
],
[
"quagmire",
"quagmire"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oleg Trubachyov"
],
"word": "kaluga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "kalugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kaluga (plural kalugas)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Acipenseriform fish",
"orig": "en:Acipenseriform fish",
"parents": [
"Fish",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Huso dauricus, a sturgeon of the Amur river basin in northeast China and southeast Russia."
],
"id": "en-kaluga-en-noun-rVw9u9MF",
"links": [
[
"Amur",
"Amur"
]
]
}
],
"word": "kaluga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "kalugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kaluga (plural kalugas)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Acipenseriform fish"
],
"glosses": [
"Huso dauricus, a sturgeon of the Amur river basin in northeast China and southeast Russia."
],
"links": [
[
"Amur",
"Amur"
]
]
}
],
"word": "kaluga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-uga",
"sla-pro:Landforms",
"sla-pro:Water"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "калуга",
"3": "Калуга",
"der2": "1",
"pos2": "proper name"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: калуга (kaluga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, proper name)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: калуга (kaluga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, proper name)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "*калю́га",
"qq": "< *kaľuga"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: *калю́га (*kaljúha) (< *kaľuga)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: *калю́га (*kaljúha) (< *kaľuga)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "калю́га"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: калю́га (kaljúha)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: калю́га (kaljúha)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "калю́га",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: калю́га (kaljúha) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: калю́га (kaljúha) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "калу́га",
"3": "Калуга",
"der2": "1",
"pos2": "toponym",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Russian: калу́га (kalúga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, toponym) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: калу́га (kalúga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, toponym) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "калу́га",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: калу́га (kalúga) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: калу́га (kalúga) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка̀љуга",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка̀љуга",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка̀љуга"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kàljuga",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kàljuga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kàljuga"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "*kaluha",
"3": "Kaluha",
"der2": "1",
"pos2": "proper name"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: *kaluha, ⇒ Kaluha (proper name)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: *kaluha, ⇒ Kaluha (proper name)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kaluha",
"3": "kałuha",
"qq2": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kaluha, kałuha (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kaluha, kałuha (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "kaluga",
"3": "kalëga"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: kaluga, kalëga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: kaluga, kalëga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kaługa",
"3": "kaluga",
"qq": "archaic, dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kaługa, kaluga (archaic, dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kaługa, kaluga (archaic, dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*kalъ",
"3": "*-uga",
"t1": "mud, dirt"
},
"expansion": "*kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-uga",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-uga. Related to *kaľuža and *kaluža.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kaluga",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugami",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaludzě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalugy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaluga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"puddle"
],
"links": [
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"swamp, bog, quagmire"
],
"links": [
[
"swamp",
"swamp"
],
[
"bog",
"bog"
],
[
"quagmire",
"quagmire"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oleg Trubachyov"
],
"word": "kaluga"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kaluga meaning in All languages combined (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (eaedd02 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.