See kaʔ on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 苦 /*kʰˤaʔ/ (B-S), /*kʰaːʔ/ (ZS) (\"bitter; a bitter plant\"); /*kʰˤa-s/ (B-S, unlisted), /*kʰaːs/ (ZS) (\"difficult, hardship\"); 肝 (gān) /*s.kˤar/ (B-S); /*kaːn/ (ZS) (\"liver\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 苦 (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/), 肝 (kɑn)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">khó</i> (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">gan</i> (“liver”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 苦 (kǔ, /kʰu²¹⁴/), 肝 (gān) (gān, /kan⁵⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཁ་བ",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”), དཀ་བ (dak ba, “difficult”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*khaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zom",
"2": "khe"
},
"expansion": "Zou: khe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Zou: khe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-nas-pro",
"2": "*kʰa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Naish: *kʰa\nNaxi: ka (/kʰɑ³³/)\nNarua: kha (/qʰɑ˥/)\nLaze: [Term?] (/kʰɑ˧/)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Naish: *kʰa\nNaxi: ka (/kʰɑ³³/)\nNarua: kha (/qʰɑ˥/)\nLaze: [Term?] (/kʰɑ˧/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nungish:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "raw",
"2": "ka",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Trung/Drung/Dulong: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Boro-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "kaa",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "bika",
"t": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Garo: bika (“liver”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”), Garo: bika (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trp",
"2": "bə-kʰa"
},
"expansion": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "brx",
"2": "bi-kraʔ"
},
"expansion": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "der",
"2": "ci-kā²"
},
"expansion": "Deori: ci-kā²",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Deori: ci-kā²"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ခါး",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "acn",
"2": "kan⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Achang: kan⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Achang: kan⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꈌ (ke, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaf",
"2": "ka³³"
},
"expansion": "Katso: ka³³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Katso: ka³³"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, “bitter, too salty”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ycl",
"2": "kar",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southeastern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ypz",
"2": "ka⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*khaᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "ခၣ်"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "ခၪ"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: ခၪ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: ခၪ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kyu",
"2": "ꤋꤢꤧ꤬"
},
"expansion": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*kak",
"gloss": "difficult, hard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*Ĉ.qɤmᴬ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขม"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขม (kǒm)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂົມ"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂົມ (khom)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขื่น"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂື່ນ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter, astringent, ascerbic"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b-kɑ-n (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-ka-n (Matisoff, 2003; Mortensen, 2012); *ka (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ka (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kɑ (Chou, 1972)\nDerivative: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”).\nCompare Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”) (Thai ขม (kǒm), Lao ຂົມ (khom)); also compare: Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn), Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"cat2": "roots"
},
"expansion": "*kaʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kaʔ",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "liver, heart, bile, bitter",
"word": "m-sin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "mouth, opening, door",
"word": "m-ka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "word, speech, language",
"word": "ka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "salt",
"word": "tsa"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bitter"
],
"id": "en-kaʔ-sit-pro-adj-u-jpUx4B",
"links": [
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 90 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 80 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 90 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bile"
],
"id": "en-kaʔ-sit-pro-adj-uzvl0S1O",
"links": [
[
"bile",
"bile"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"liver"
],
"id": "en-kaʔ-sit-pro-adj-669IqXJX",
"links": [
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kaʔ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Aslian: *kaaʔ (Phillips, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jah Hut: kaʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jahaic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cheq Wong: kiəʔ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jahai: ʔɨkǝʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Senoic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sea",
"2": "kaaq"
},
"expansion": "Semai: kaaq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Semai: kaaq"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tea",
"2": "kaa"
},
"expansion": "Temiar: kaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Temiar: kaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Semelaic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Semaq Beri: ka"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-ban-pro",
"2": "*kaː"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Bahnaric: *kaː",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Bahnaric: *kaː (Sidwell, 2011)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Bahnaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hal",
"2": "ka"
},
"expansion": "Halang: ka",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Halang: ka"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sedang: ka̰"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Bahnaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "ka"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar: ka",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bahnar: ka"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tampuan: kaː"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Bahnaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sre-Mnong"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sre: ka"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mnong: ka"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-kat-pro",
"2": "*ʔakaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Katuic: *ʔakaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Katuic: *ʔakaa (Sidwell, 2005)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pac",
"2": "aca"
},
"expansion": "Pacoh: aca",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pacoh: aca"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "So: ʔakaa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khasic: *kʰa (Sidwell, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kha",
"2": "'kha"
},
"expansion": "Khasi: 'kha",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khasi: 'kha/dohkha"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lyngngam: əkʰa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pnar: dəkʰa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khmeric:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "កា"
},
"expansion": "Khmer: កា (kaa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khmer: កា (kaa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-khm-pro",
"2": "*kaʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Khmuic: *kaʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Khmuic: *kaʔ (Sidwell, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khmu: kaʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ksingmul: kaː"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "O’du: kaː"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mangic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bolyu: qɔ⁵³"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zng",
"2": "ʔaː¹"
},
"expansion": "Mang: ʔaː¹",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mang: ʔaː¹"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Monic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "က",
"tr": "kaˀ"
},
"expansion": "Mon: က (kaˀ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mon: က (kaˀ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nicobaric: *kaːʔ (Sidwell, 2018)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caq",
"2": "kāḵ"
},
"expansion": "Car Nicobarese: kāḵ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Car Nicobarese: kāḵ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Nicobaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nancowry: kā"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pal-pro",
"2": "*kaʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Palaungic: *kaʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Palaungic: *kaʔ (Sidwell, 2015)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lawa:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lwl",
"2": "กะ"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Lawa: กะ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Eastern Lawa: กะ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lcp",
"2": "กะ"
},
"expansion": "Western Lawa: กะ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Lawa: กะ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Palaung:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shwe:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sam-Loong: ကာ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Plang:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "La Gang: káh"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Man Noi: káʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Riang: kaʔ¹"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-vie-pro",
"2": "*ʔa-kaːʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic: *ʔa-kaːʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Vietic: *ʔa-kaːʔ (Ferlus, 2007) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Austroasiatic: *kaʔ (Sidwell, 2024, #AA009)\n* Proto-Mon-Khmer: *kaʔ (Shorto, 2006)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kaʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Austroasiatic",
"lang_code": "aav-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Austroasiatic/kaʔ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Austroasiatic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fish"
],
"id": "en-kaʔ-aav-pro-noun-tHSpmicF",
"links": [
[
"fish",
"fish"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kaʔ"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ctz",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "kaʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Zacatepec Chatino",
"lang_code": "ctz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Zacatepec Chatino entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wood"
],
"id": "en-kaʔ-ctz-noun-mfeFXreJ",
"links": [
[
"wood",
"wood"
]
]
}
],
"word": "kaʔ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Aslian: *kaaʔ (Phillips, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jah Hut: kaʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jahaic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cheq Wong: kiəʔ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jahai: ʔɨkǝʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Senoic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sea",
"2": "kaaq"
},
"expansion": "Semai: kaaq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Semai: kaaq"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tea",
"2": "kaa"
},
"expansion": "Temiar: kaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Temiar: kaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Semelaic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Semaq Beri: ka"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-ban-pro",
"2": "*kaː"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Bahnaric: *kaː",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Bahnaric: *kaː (Sidwell, 2011)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Bahnaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hal",
"2": "ka"
},
"expansion": "Halang: ka",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Halang: ka"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sedang: ka̰"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Bahnaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "ka"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar: ka",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bahnar: ka"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tampuan: kaː"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Bahnaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sre-Mnong"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sre: ka"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mnong: ka"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-kat-pro",
"2": "*ʔakaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Katuic: *ʔakaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Katuic: *ʔakaa (Sidwell, 2005)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pac",
"2": "aca"
},
"expansion": "Pacoh: aca",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pacoh: aca"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "So: ʔakaa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khasic: *kʰa (Sidwell, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kha",
"2": "'kha"
},
"expansion": "Khasi: 'kha",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khasi: 'kha/dohkha"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lyngngam: əkʰa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pnar: dəkʰa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khmeric:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "កា"
},
"expansion": "Khmer: កា (kaa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khmer: កា (kaa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-khm-pro",
"2": "*kaʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Khmuic: *kaʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Khmuic: *kaʔ (Sidwell, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khmu: kaʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ksingmul: kaː"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "O’du: kaː"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mangic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bolyu: qɔ⁵³"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zng",
"2": "ʔaː¹"
},
"expansion": "Mang: ʔaː¹",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mang: ʔaː¹"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Monic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "က",
"tr": "kaˀ"
},
"expansion": "Mon: က (kaˀ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mon: က (kaˀ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nicobaric: *kaːʔ (Sidwell, 2018)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caq",
"2": "kāḵ"
},
"expansion": "Car Nicobarese: kāḵ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Car Nicobarese: kāḵ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Nicobaric:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nancowry: kā"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pal-pro",
"2": "*kaʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Palaungic: *kaʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Palaungic: *kaʔ (Sidwell, 2015)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lawa:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lwl",
"2": "กะ"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Lawa: กะ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Eastern Lawa: กะ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lcp",
"2": "กะ"
},
"expansion": "Western Lawa: กะ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Lawa: กะ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Palaung:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shwe:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sam-Loong: ကာ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Plang:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "La Gang: káh"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Man Noi: káʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Riang: kaʔ¹"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-vie-pro",
"2": "*ʔa-kaːʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic: *ʔa-kaːʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Vietic: *ʔa-kaːʔ (Ferlus, 2007) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Austroasiatic: *kaʔ (Sidwell, 2024, #AA009)\n* Proto-Mon-Khmer: *kaʔ (Shorto, 2006)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kaʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Austroasiatic",
"lang_code": "aav-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Austroasiatic/kaʔ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Austroasiatic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Austroasiatic lemmas",
"Proto-Austroasiatic nouns",
"aav-pro:Animals",
"aav-pro:Fish"
],
"glosses": [
"fish"
],
"links": [
[
"fish",
"fish"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kaʔ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan adjectives",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"sit-pro:Anatomy",
"sit-pro:Taste"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 苦 /*kʰˤaʔ/ (B-S), /*kʰaːʔ/ (ZS) (\"bitter; a bitter plant\"); /*kʰˤa-s/ (B-S, unlisted), /*kʰaːs/ (ZS) (\"difficult, hardship\"); 肝 (gān) /*s.kˤar/ (B-S); /*kaːn/ (ZS) (\"liver\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 苦 (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/), 肝 (kɑn)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">khó</i> (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">gan</i> (“liver”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 苦 (kǔ, /kʰu²¹⁴/), 肝 (gān) (gān, /kan⁵⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཁ་བ",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”), དཀ་བ (dak ba, “difficult”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*khaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zom",
"2": "khe"
},
"expansion": "Zou: khe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Zou: khe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-nas-pro",
"2": "*kʰa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Naish: *kʰa\nNaxi: ka (/kʰɑ³³/)\nNarua: kha (/qʰɑ˥/)\nLaze: [Term?] (/kʰɑ˧/)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Naish: *kʰa\nNaxi: ka (/kʰɑ³³/)\nNarua: kha (/qʰɑ˥/)\nLaze: [Term?] (/kʰɑ˧/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nungish:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "raw",
"2": "ka",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Trung/Drung/Dulong: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Boro-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "kaa",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "bika",
"t": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Garo: bika (“liver”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”), Garo: bika (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trp",
"2": "bə-kʰa"
},
"expansion": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "brx",
"2": "bi-kraʔ"
},
"expansion": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "der",
"2": "ci-kā²"
},
"expansion": "Deori: ci-kā²",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Deori: ci-kā²"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ခါး",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "acn",
"2": "kan⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Achang: kan⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Achang: kan⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꈌ (ke, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaf",
"2": "ka³³"
},
"expansion": "Katso: ka³³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Katso: ka³³"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, “bitter, too salty”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ycl",
"2": "kar",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southeastern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ypz",
"2": "ka⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*khaᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "ခၣ်"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "ခၪ"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: ခၪ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: ခၪ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kyu",
"2": "ꤋꤢꤧ꤬"
},
"expansion": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*kak",
"gloss": "difficult, hard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*Ĉ.qɤmᴬ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขม"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขม (kǒm)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂົມ"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂົມ (khom)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขื่น"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂື່ນ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter, astringent, ascerbic"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b-kɑ-n (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-ka-n (Matisoff, 2003; Mortensen, 2012); *ka (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ka (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kɑ (Chou, 1972)\nDerivative: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”).\nCompare Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”) (Thai ขม (kǒm), Lao ຂົມ (khom)); also compare: Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn), Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"cat2": "roots"
},
"expansion": "*kaʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kaʔ",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"english": "liver, heart, bile, bitter",
"word": "m-sin"
},
{
"english": "mouth, opening, door",
"word": "m-ka"
},
{
"english": "word, speech, language",
"word": "ka"
},
{
"english": "salt",
"word": "tsa"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bitter"
],
"links": [
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bile"
],
"links": [
[
"bile",
"bile"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"liver"
],
"links": [
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kaʔ"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ctz",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "kaʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Zacatepec Chatino",
"lang_code": "ctz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Zacatepec Chatino entries with incorrect language header",
"Zacatepec Chatino lemmas",
"Zacatepec Chatino nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"wood"
],
"links": [
[
"wood",
"wood"
]
]
}
],
"word": "kaʔ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kaʔ meaning in All languages combined (13.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-01 using wiktextract (c3cc510 and 1d3fdbf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.