See kânum on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "yes",
"word": "kēna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "akk",
"2": "sem-pro",
"3": "*kawan-",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Semitic *kawan- (“to be”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "كَانَ",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Arabic كَانَ (kāna, “to be”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hbo",
"2": "נָכוֹן",
"t": "to be set up, established",
"tr": "nɔḵón"
},
"expansion": "Biblical Hebrew נָכוֹן (nɔḵón, “to be set up, established”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Semitic *kawan- (“to be”). Cognate with Arabic كَانَ (kāna, “to be”) and Biblical Hebrew נָכוֹן (nɔḵón, “to be set up, established”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ikân",
"tags": [
"durative"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūn",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūn",
"tags": [
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "kūn",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "akk-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kânum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kāinum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "kīnum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "akân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "akūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lukūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"masculine",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "taktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"masculine",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takunnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"feminine",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "taktūnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takūnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kūnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ikân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "likūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nikân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "niktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nikūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "i nikūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "takunnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "taktūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "takūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikunnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "likūnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikunnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "likūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "This table gives Old Babylonian inflection. For conjugation in other dialects",
"source": "conjugation"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "G",
"2": "a-u",
"dur": "ikân",
"imp": "kūn",
"perf": "iktūn",
"pret": "ikūn",
"vadj": "kīnum"
},
"expansion": "kânum (G, a-u, durative ikân, perfect iktūn, preterite ikūn, imperative kūn)",
"name": "akk-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"class": "a-u",
"root": "k-a-n",
"stem": "G"
},
"name": "akk-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Akkadian",
"lang_code": "akk",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 27 17 12 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 22 13 13 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Akkadian terms attested from Old Akkadian on",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 21 26 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 22 20 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "If a man’s garment does not stay firm on his body and\nmoves around a lot, that man […]",
"ref": "c. 1900–1600 BCE, Franz Köcher, A. Leo Oppenheim, editors, AfO 18, 062-080 (omen text; clay tablet), published 1958, CDLI P491487, archived from the original on 2022-11-26, column 2, lines 8–9:",
"roman": "DIŠ LU₂ ṣu₂‐ba‐at‐su₂ i‐na pa‐ag‐ri‐šu la i‐ka‐an‐ma\nma‐ga‐al it‐ta‐na‐aš‐ḫa-aṭ LU₂ šu‐u₂ x x x [x]",
"text": "𒁹 𒇽 𒍪𒁀𒀜𒍪𒄿𒈾𒉺𒀝𒊑𒋗𒆷𒄿𒅗𒀭𒈠\n𒈠𒂵𒀠 𒀉𒋫𒈾𒀸𒄩𒀜𒇽𒋗𒌑",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "If Jupiter stands still in the evening, enemy kings will make peace.",
"ref": "722 BCE – 705 BCE, “CT 54 057”, in Manfried Dietrich, editor, Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets, volume 54, published 1979, →OCLC, plate 26; republished as “SAA 10 160”, in Simo Parpola, editor, State Archives of Assyria, volume 13 (priestly letter; clay tablet), Helsinki, 1993, CDLI P237220, line 11:",
"roman": "DIŠ MUL.SAG.ME.GAR ina še-er-ti ik-tu-un LUGAL-MEŠ KUR₂-MEŠ SILIM-MEŠ",
"text": "𒁹 𒀯𒊕𒈨𒃻 𒀸 𒊺𒅕𒋾 𒅅𒌅𒌦 𒈗𒈨𒌍 𒉽𒈨𒌍 𒁲𒈨𒌍",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to stay in place, remain stationary"
],
"id": "en-kânum-akk-verb-Fh8zPezi",
"links": [
[
"stationary",
"stationary"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 27 17 12 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 21 26 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 22 20 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to remain steadfast and secure"
],
"id": "en-kânum-akk-verb-gwp0x423",
"links": [
[
"steadfast",
"steadfast"
],
[
"secure",
"secure"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 27 17 12 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 21 26 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 22 20 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to endure"
],
"id": "en-kânum-akk-verb-aCOLF~kH",
"links": [
[
"endure",
"endure"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 27 17 12 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 21 26 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 22 20 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be true"
],
"id": "en-kânum-akk-verb--~jPC7Zc",
"links": [
[
"true",
"true"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 27 17 12 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 21 26 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 22 20 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be loyal"
],
"id": "en-kânum-akk-verb-SmyoUWsX",
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkaː.num/",
"note": "Old Babylonian"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "non-mimated",
"word": "kânu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Old Akkadian",
"word": "kuānum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "Assyrian",
"word": "kuānu"
}
],
"word": "kânum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Akkadian G-stem verbs",
"Akkadian class a-u verbs",
"Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"Akkadian lemmas",
"Akkadian terms attested from Old Akkadian on",
"Akkadian terms derived from Proto-Semitic",
"Akkadian terms inherited from Proto-Semitic",
"Akkadian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Akkadian verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "yes",
"word": "kēna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "akk",
"2": "sem-pro",
"3": "*kawan-",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Semitic *kawan- (“to be”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "كَانَ",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Arabic كَانَ (kāna, “to be”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hbo",
"2": "נָכוֹן",
"t": "to be set up, established",
"tr": "nɔḵón"
},
"expansion": "Biblical Hebrew נָכוֹן (nɔḵón, “to be set up, established”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Semitic *kawan- (“to be”). Cognate with Arabic كَانَ (kāna, “to be”) and Biblical Hebrew נָכוֹן (nɔḵón, “to be set up, established”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ikân",
"tags": [
"durative"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūn",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūn",
"tags": [
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "kūn",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "akk-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kânum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kāinum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "kīnum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "akân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "akūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lukūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"masculine",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "taktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"masculine",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takunnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"feminine",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "taktūnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "takūnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kūnī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ikân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "likūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nikân",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "niktūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nikūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "i nikūn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "takunnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "taktūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "takūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikunnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "likūnū",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikunnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"durative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "iktūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ikūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "likūnā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "This table gives Old Babylonian inflection. For conjugation in other dialects",
"source": "conjugation"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "G",
"2": "a-u",
"dur": "ikân",
"imp": "kūn",
"perf": "iktūn",
"pret": "ikūn",
"vadj": "kīnum"
},
"expansion": "kânum (G, a-u, durative ikân, perfect iktūn, preterite ikūn, imperative kūn)",
"name": "akk-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"class": "a-u",
"root": "k-a-n",
"stem": "G"
},
"name": "akk-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Akkadian",
"lang_code": "akk",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Akkadian terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "If a man’s garment does not stay firm on his body and\nmoves around a lot, that man […]",
"ref": "c. 1900–1600 BCE, Franz Köcher, A. Leo Oppenheim, editors, AfO 18, 062-080 (omen text; clay tablet), published 1958, CDLI P491487, archived from the original on 2022-11-26, column 2, lines 8–9:",
"roman": "DIŠ LU₂ ṣu₂‐ba‐at‐su₂ i‐na pa‐ag‐ri‐šu la i‐ka‐an‐ma\nma‐ga‐al it‐ta‐na‐aš‐ḫa-aṭ LU₂ šu‐u₂ x x x [x]",
"text": "𒁹 𒇽 𒍪𒁀𒀜𒍪𒄿𒈾𒉺𒀝𒊑𒋗𒆷𒄿𒅗𒀭𒈠\n𒈠𒂵𒀠 𒀉𒋫𒈾𒀸𒄩𒀜𒇽𒋗𒌑",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "If Jupiter stands still in the evening, enemy kings will make peace.",
"ref": "722 BCE – 705 BCE, “CT 54 057”, in Manfried Dietrich, editor, Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets, volume 54, published 1979, →OCLC, plate 26; republished as “SAA 10 160”, in Simo Parpola, editor, State Archives of Assyria, volume 13 (priestly letter; clay tablet), Helsinki, 1993, CDLI P237220, line 11:",
"roman": "DIŠ MUL.SAG.ME.GAR ina še-er-ti ik-tu-un LUGAL-MEŠ KUR₂-MEŠ SILIM-MEŠ",
"text": "𒁹 𒀯𒊕𒈨𒃻 𒀸 𒊺𒅕𒋾 𒅅𒌅𒌦 𒈗𒈨𒌍 𒉽𒈨𒌍 𒁲𒈨𒌍",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to stay in place, remain stationary"
],
"links": [
[
"stationary",
"stationary"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to remain steadfast and secure"
],
"links": [
[
"steadfast",
"steadfast"
],
[
"secure",
"secure"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to endure"
],
"links": [
[
"endure",
"endure"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be true"
],
"links": [
[
"true",
"true"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be loyal"
],
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkaː.num/",
"note": "Old Babylonian"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "non-mimated",
"word": "kânu"
},
{
"roman": "Old Akkadian",
"word": "kuānum"
},
{
"english": "Assyrian",
"word": "kuānu"
}
],
"word": "kânum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kânum meaning in All languages combined (7.2kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: G",
"path": [
"kânum"
],
"section": "Akkadian",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "kânum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: a-u",
"path": [
"kânum"
],
"section": "Akkadian",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "kânum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: from Old Akkadian on",
"path": [
"kânum"
],
"section": "Akkadian",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "kânum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2522",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Akkadian]; cleaned text: This table gives Old Babylonian inflection. For conjugation in other dialects, see Appendix:Akkadian dialectal conjugation., style: font-size:85%; text-align:left////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
"path": [
"kânum"
],
"section": "Akkadian",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "kânum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for This table gives Old Babylonian inflection. For conjugation in other dialects",
"path": [
"kânum"
],
"section": "Akkadian",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "kânum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for dummy-ignored-text-cell",
"path": [
"kânum"
],
"section": "Akkadian",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "kânum",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.