See hrugjaz on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hrugjabainą"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrugi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrugi\nOld English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg\nMiddle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge\nScots: rig\nEnglish: ridge, rig (Northern)\nOld Frisian: *hregg, hreg\nNorth Frisian: reg\nSaterland Frisian: Rääch\nWest Frisian: rêch\nOld Saxon: hruggi\nMiddle Low German: rügge\nGerman Low German: Rügge, Rügg\nPlautdietsch: Rigjen\nOld Dutch: ruggi\nMiddle Dutch: rugge\nDutch: rug\nAfrikaans: rug\nJersey Dutch: rœx\nNegerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege\nLimburgish: rögk\nWest Flemish: rik, rugge\nOld High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi\nMiddle High German: rücke",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrugi\nOld English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg\nMiddle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge\nScots: rig\nEnglish: ridge, rig (Northern)\nOld Frisian: *hregg, hreg\nNorth Frisian: reg\nSaterland Frisian: Rääch\nWest Frisian: rêch\nOld Saxon: hruggi\nMiddle Low German: rügge\nGerman Low German: Rügge, Rügg\nPlautdietsch: Rigjen\nOld Dutch: ruggi\nMiddle Dutch: rugge\nDutch: rug\nAfrikaans: rug\nJersey Dutch: rœx\nNegerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege\nLimburgish: rögk\nWest Flemish: rik, rugge\nOld High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi\nMiddle High German: rücke"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hryggr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hryggr\nIcelandic: hryggur\nFaroese: ryggur\nNorn: rygg\nNorwegian: rygg\nJamtish: rygg\nElfdalian: rygg\nOld Swedish: rygger\nSwedish: rygg\nOld Danish: ryg\nDanish: ryg\nGutnish: rygg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hryggr\nIcelandic: hryggur\nFaroese: ryggur\nNorn: rygg\nNorwegian: rygg\nJamtish: rygg\nElfdalian: rygg\nOld Swedish: rygger\nSwedish: rygg\nOld Danish: ryg\nDanish: ryg\nGutnish: rygg"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)krewk-",
"t": "heap, hill; back, spine?"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (“heap, hill; back, spine?”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "crux",
"t": "cross (frame, symbol)"
},
"expansion": "Latin crux (“cross (frame, symbol)”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin. Appears to stem from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (“heap, hill; back, spine?”), with potential cognates listed at Latin crux (“cross (frame, symbol)”), though this is highly speculative. Whether the hypothetical root is a derivative of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”) is far from clear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrugjaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"back"
],
"id": "en-hrugjaz-gem-pro-noun-PEgjRvN1",
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spine"
],
"id": "en-hrugjaz-gem-pro-noun-8N0ZDBPE",
"links": [
[
"spine",
"spine"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 14 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ridge"
],
"id": "en-hrugjaz-gem-pro-noun-QJ42RFb6",
"links": [
[
"ridge",
"ridge"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxruɣ.jɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "hrugjaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic ja-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hrugjabainą"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrugi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrugi\nOld English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg\nMiddle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge\nScots: rig\nEnglish: ridge, rig (Northern)\nOld Frisian: *hregg, hreg\nNorth Frisian: reg\nSaterland Frisian: Rääch\nWest Frisian: rêch\nOld Saxon: hruggi\nMiddle Low German: rügge\nGerman Low German: Rügge, Rügg\nPlautdietsch: Rigjen\nOld Dutch: ruggi\nMiddle Dutch: rugge\nDutch: rug\nAfrikaans: rug\nJersey Dutch: rœx\nNegerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege\nLimburgish: rögk\nWest Flemish: rik, rugge\nOld High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi\nMiddle High German: rücke",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrugi\nOld English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg\nMiddle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge\nScots: rig\nEnglish: ridge, rig (Northern)\nOld Frisian: *hregg, hreg\nNorth Frisian: reg\nSaterland Frisian: Rääch\nWest Frisian: rêch\nOld Saxon: hruggi\nMiddle Low German: rügge\nGerman Low German: Rügge, Rügg\nPlautdietsch: Rigjen\nOld Dutch: ruggi\nMiddle Dutch: rugge\nDutch: rug\nAfrikaans: rug\nJersey Dutch: rœx\nNegerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege\nLimburgish: rögk\nWest Flemish: rik, rugge\nOld High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi\nMiddle High German: rücke"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hryggr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hryggr\nIcelandic: hryggur\nFaroese: ryggur\nNorn: rygg\nNorwegian: rygg\nJamtish: rygg\nElfdalian: rygg\nOld Swedish: rygger\nSwedish: rygg\nOld Danish: ryg\nDanish: ryg\nGutnish: rygg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hryggr\nIcelandic: hryggur\nFaroese: ryggur\nNorn: rygg\nNorwegian: rygg\nJamtish: rygg\nElfdalian: rygg\nOld Swedish: rygger\nSwedish: rygg\nOld Danish: ryg\nDanish: ryg\nGutnish: rygg"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)krewk-",
"t": "heap, hill; back, spine?"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (“heap, hill; back, spine?”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "crux",
"t": "cross (frame, symbol)"
},
"expansion": "Latin crux (“cross (frame, symbol)”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin. Appears to stem from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (“heap, hill; back, spine?”), with potential cognates listed at Latin crux (“cross (frame, symbol)”), though this is highly speculative. Whether the hypothetical root is a derivative of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”) is far from clear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrugjamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrugjaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"back"
],
"links": [
[
"back",
"back"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spine"
],
"links": [
[
"spine",
"spine"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ridge"
],
"links": [
[
"ridge",
"ridge"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxruɣ.jɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "hrugjaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hrugjaz meaning in All languages combined (4.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (4eaa824 and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.