"haubica" meaning in All languages combined

See haubica on Wiktionary

Noun [Polish]

IPA: /xawˈbi.t͡sa/
Rhymes: -it͡sa Etymology: Borrowed from German Haubitze. Doublet of hufnica. Etymology templates: {{dercat|pl|gmh|zlw-ocs}}, {{glossary|loanword|Borrowed}} Borrowed, {{bor|pl|de|Haubitze|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} German Haubitze, {{bor+|pl|de|Haubitze}} Borrowed from German Haubitze, {{dbt|pl|hufnica}} Doublet of hufnica Head templates: {{pl-noun|f|adj=haubiczny}} haubica f (related adjective haubiczny) Inflection templates: {{pl-decl-noun-f}} Forms: haubiczny [adjective], no-table-tags [table-tags], haubica [nominative, singular], haubice [nominative, plural], haubicy [genitive, singular], haubic [genitive, plural], haubicy [dative, singular], haubicom [dative, plural], haubicę [accusative, singular], haubice [accusative, plural], haubicą [instrumental, singular], haubicami [instrumental, plural], haubicy [locative, singular], haubicach [locative, plural], haubico [singular, vocative], haubice [plural, vocative]
  1. howitzer (cannon that combines certain characteristics of field guns and mortars, delivering projectiles with medium velocities, usually with relatively high trajectories; normally, a cannon with a tube length of 20 to 30 calibers) Tags: feminine Categories (topical): Artillery

Noun [Serbo-Croatian]

IPA: /xǎubit͡sa/
Etymology: From German Haubitze, from Czech houfnice. Etymology templates: {{der|sh|de|Haubitze}} German Haubitze, {{der|sh|cs|houfnice}} Czech houfnice Head templates: {{sh-noun|g=f|head=hàubica}} hàubica f (Cyrillic spelling ха̀убица) Inflection templates: {{sh-decl-noun|haubica|haubice|haubice|haubica|haubici|haubicama|haubicu|haubice|haubice / haubico|haubice|haubici|haubicama|haubicom|haubicama}} Forms: hàubica [canonical, feminine], ха̀убица [Cyrillic], no-table-tags [table-tags], haubica [nominative, singular], haubice [nominative, plural], haubice [genitive, singular], haubica [genitive, plural], haubici [dative, singular], haubicama [dative, plural], haubicu [accusative, singular], haubice [accusative, plural], haubice [singular, vocative], haubico [singular, vocative], haubice [plural, vocative], haubici [locative, singular], haubicama [locative, plural], haubicom [instrumental, singular], haubicama [instrumental, plural]
  1. howitzer Categories (topical): Artillery
    Sense id: en-haubica-sh-noun-RRJGVRvt Categories (other): Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header

Download JSON data for haubica meaning in All languages combined (7.2kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "га́убица",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Belarusian: га́убица (háubica)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Belarusian: га́убица (háubica)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "га́убица",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Russian: га́убица (gáubica)\n→ Bulgarian: га́убица (gáubica)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Russian: га́убица (gáubica)\n→ Bulgarian: га́убица (gáubica)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "га́убиця",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ukrainian: га́убиця (háubycja)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ukrainian: га́убиця (háubycja)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "zlw-ocs"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Haubitze",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "German Haubitze",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Haubitze"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from German Haubitze",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "hufnica"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of hufnica",
      "name": "dbt"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Haubitze. Doublet of hufnica.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "haubiczny",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubica",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubic",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicę",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicą",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubico",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "adj": "haubiczny"
      },
      "expansion": "haubica f (related adjective haubiczny)",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "hau‧bi‧ca"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Artillery",
          "orig": "pl:Artillery",
          "parents": [
            "Weapons",
            "Hunting",
            "Military",
            "Tools",
            "Human activity",
            "Society",
            "Technology",
            "Human behaviour",
            "All topics",
            "Human",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "howitzer (cannon that combines certain characteristics of field guns and mortars, delivering projectiles with medium velocities, usually with relatively high trajectories; normally, a cannon with a tube length of 20 to 30 calibers)"
      ],
      "id": "en-haubica-pl-noun-6oJcz8hX",
      "links": [
        [
          "howitzer",
          "howitzer"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/xawˈbi.t͡sa/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-it͡sa"
    }
  ],
  "word": "haubica"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sh",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Haubitze"
      },
      "expansion": "German Haubitze",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sh",
        "2": "cs",
        "3": "houfnice"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech houfnice",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From German Haubitze, from Czech houfnice.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hàubica",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ха̀убица",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sh-decl-noun\n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubica",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubica",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubici",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubico",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubici",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "g": "f",
        "head": "hàubica"
      },
      "expansion": "hàubica f (Cyrillic spelling ха̀убица)",
      "name": "sh-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ha‧u‧bi‧ca"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "haubica",
        "10": "haubice",
        "11": "haubici",
        "12": "haubicama",
        "13": "haubicom",
        "14": "haubicama",
        "2": "haubice",
        "3": "haubice",
        "4": "haubica",
        "5": "haubici",
        "6": "haubicama",
        "7": "haubicu",
        "8": "haubice",
        "9": "haubice / haubico"
      },
      "name": "sh-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
  "lang_code": "sh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "sh",
          "name": "Artillery",
          "orig": "sh:Artillery",
          "parents": [
            "Weapons",
            "Hunting",
            "Military",
            "Tools",
            "Human activity",
            "Society",
            "Technology",
            "Human behaviour",
            "All topics",
            "Human",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "howitzer"
      ],
      "id": "en-haubica-sh-noun-RRJGVRvt",
      "links": [
        [
          "howitzer",
          "howitzer"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/xǎubit͡sa/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "haubica"
}
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "га́убица",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Belarusian: га́убица (háubica)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Belarusian: га́убица (háubica)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "га́убица",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Russian: га́убица (gáubica)\n→ Bulgarian: га́убица (gáubica)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Russian: га́убица (gáubica)\n→ Bulgarian: га́убица (gáubica)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "га́убиця",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ukrainian: га́убиця (háubycja)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ukrainian: га́убиця (háubycja)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "zlw-ocs"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Haubitze",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "German Haubitze",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Haubitze"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from German Haubitze",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "hufnica"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of hufnica",
      "name": "dbt"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Haubitze. Doublet of hufnica.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "haubiczny",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubica",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubic",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicę",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicą",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubico",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "adj": "haubiczny"
      },
      "expansion": "haubica f (related adjective haubiczny)",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "hau‧bi‧ca"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish 3-syllable words",
        "Polish doublets",
        "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
        "Polish feminine nouns",
        "Polish lemmas",
        "Polish links with manual fragments",
        "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Polish nouns",
        "Polish terms borrowed from German",
        "Polish terms derived from German",
        "Polish terms derived from Middle High German",
        "Polish terms derived from Old Czech",
        "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Polish terms with audio links",
        "Rhymes:Polish/it͡sa",
        "Rhymes:Polish/it͡sa/3 syllables",
        "pl:Artillery"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "howitzer (cannon that combines certain characteristics of field guns and mortars, delivering projectiles with medium velocities, usually with relatively high trajectories; normally, a cannon with a tube length of 20 to 30 calibers)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "howitzer",
          "howitzer"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/xawˈbi.t͡sa/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-it͡sa"
    }
  ],
  "word": "haubica"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sh",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Haubitze"
      },
      "expansion": "German Haubitze",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sh",
        "2": "cs",
        "3": "houfnice"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech houfnice",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From German Haubitze, from Czech houfnice.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hàubica",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ха̀убица",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sh-decl-noun\n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubica",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubica",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubici",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubico",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubice",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubici",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haubicama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "g": "f",
        "head": "hàubica"
      },
      "expansion": "hàubica f (Cyrillic spelling ха̀убица)",
      "name": "sh-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ha‧u‧bi‧ca"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "haubica",
        "10": "haubice",
        "11": "haubici",
        "12": "haubicama",
        "13": "haubicom",
        "14": "haubicama",
        "2": "haubice",
        "3": "haubice",
        "4": "haubica",
        "5": "haubici",
        "6": "haubicama",
        "7": "haubicu",
        "8": "haubice",
        "9": "haubice / haubico"
      },
      "name": "sh-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
  "lang_code": "sh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Serbo-Croatian feminine nouns",
        "Serbo-Croatian lemmas",
        "Serbo-Croatian nouns",
        "Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Czech",
        "Serbo-Croatian terms derived from German",
        "Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "sh:Artillery"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "howitzer"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "howitzer",
          "howitzer"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/xǎubit͡sa/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "haubica"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.