See gʷʰer- on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*džera"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *džera",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ziej",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ziej, zie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ziej, zie"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*gʷereti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "fo·geir",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰérō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θέρω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr-n̥w-énti (nu-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջեռնում",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*brinnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥náwti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥náwti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घृणोति",
"tr": "ghṛṇóti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti) (root घृ (ghṛ))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰigʰárti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́igʰárti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जिघर्ति",
"tr": "jighárti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (perfect)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*garḗˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰor-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*grāja"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *grāja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *grāja"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ngroh"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ngroh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ngroh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grḗˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grěti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grěti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰeréyō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θερέω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰér-os ~ *gʷʰér-es-os"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰer(H)-</i> (“to boil, ferment”)"
},
"expansion": "(the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*gʷʰér-mn̥ (the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջերմն",
"t": "heat; fever"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bermô",
"t": "yeast, barm",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʷʰér-mō</i>"
},
"expansion": "(< *gʷʰér-mō)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”) (< *gʷʰér-mō) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*fermentom",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic: *fermentom",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʷʰér-men-tom</i>"
},
"expansion": "(< *gʷʰér-men-tom)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic: *fermentom (< *gʷʰér-men-tom)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fermentum",
"t": "fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor"
},
"expansion": "Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰer-mó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*džerma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *džerma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *džerma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "zjarr"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: zjarr",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: zjarr, zjarm, ζηᾶρμ, (perhaps) zjarrë"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջերմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰermós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θερμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "θερμός"
},
"expansion": "Greek: θερμός (thermós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: θερμός (thermós)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpg",
"2": "Γέρμη"
},
"expansion": "Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰór-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*gʷoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros\nProto-Brythonic: *gwor\nMiddle Breton: gor\nWelsh: gôr\nMiddle Irish: gor\nIrish: gor",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros\nProto-Brythonic: *gwor\nMiddle Breton: gor\nWelsh: gôr\nMiddle Irish: gor\nIrish: gor"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰor-mó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*garmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "gorme"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: gorme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: gorme (warm, heat), gormapada"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*warmaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *warmaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*formos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *formos\nLatin: formus",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *formos\nLatin: formus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰarmás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰarmás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घर्म",
"tr": "gharmá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*garmáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *garmáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *garmáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northeastern Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"tr": "garma-"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northwestern Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "germ"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish: germ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Kurdish: germ"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ckb",
"2": "گەرم"
},
"expansion": "Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southwestern Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "گرم",
"tr": "garm"
},
"expansion": "Persian: گرم (garm)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: گرم (garm)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰor-nó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "gorn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: gorn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: gorn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰr̥-nó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gurnas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gъrnъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ, *gъrno (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥nás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥nás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घृण",
"tr": "ghṛṇá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*ɣʷornos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "furnus",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin: furnus, fornus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: furnus, fornus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"warm, hot"
],
"id": "en-gʷʰer--ine-pro-root-e79M5Rv3",
"links": [
[
"warm",
"warm"
],
[
"hot",
"hot"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Oleg Trubachyov"
]
}
],
"word": "gʷʰer-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*džera"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *džera",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ziej",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ziej, zie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ziej, zie"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*gʷereti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "fo·geir",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰérō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θέρω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr-n̥w-énti (nu-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջեռնում",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*brinnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥náwti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥náwti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घृणोति",
"tr": "ghṛṇóti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti) (root घृ (ghṛ))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰigʰárti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́igʰárti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जिघर्ति",
"tr": "jighárti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (perfect)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*garḗˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰor-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*grāja"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *grāja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *grāja"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ngroh"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ngroh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ngroh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grḗˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grěti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grěti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰeréyō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θερέω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰér-os ~ *gʷʰér-es-os"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰer(H)-</i> (“to boil, ferment”)"
},
"expansion": "(the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*gʷʰér-mn̥ (the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջերմն",
"t": "heat; fever"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bermô",
"t": "yeast, barm",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʷʰér-mō</i>"
},
"expansion": "(< *gʷʰér-mō)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”) (< *gʷʰér-mō) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*fermentom",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic: *fermentom",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʷʰér-men-tom</i>"
},
"expansion": "(< *gʷʰér-men-tom)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic: *fermentom (< *gʷʰér-men-tom)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fermentum",
"t": "fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor"
},
"expansion": "Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰer-mó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*džerma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *džerma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *džerma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "zjarr"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: zjarr",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: zjarr, zjarm, ζηᾶρμ, (perhaps) zjarrë"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջերմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)\nArmenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰermós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θερμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "θερμός"
},
"expansion": "Greek: θερμός (thermós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: θερμός (thermós)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpg",
"2": "Γέρμη"
},
"expansion": "Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰór-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*gʷoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros\nProto-Brythonic: *gwor\nMiddle Breton: gor\nWelsh: gôr\nMiddle Irish: gor\nIrish: gor",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros\nProto-Brythonic: *gwor\nMiddle Breton: gor\nWelsh: gôr\nMiddle Irish: gor\nIrish: gor"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰor-mó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*garmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "gorme"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: gorme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: gorme (warm, heat), gormapada"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*warmaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *warmaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*formos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *formos\nLatin: formus",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *formos\nLatin: formus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰarmás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰarmás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घर्म",
"tr": "gharmá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*garmáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *garmáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *garmáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northeastern Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"tr": "garma-"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northwestern Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "germ"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish: germ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Kurdish: germ"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ckb",
"2": "گەرم"
},
"expansion": "Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southwestern Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "گرم",
"tr": "garm"
},
"expansion": "Persian: گرم (garm)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: گرم (garm)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰor-nó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "gorn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: gorn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: gorn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰr̥-nó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gurnas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gъrnъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ, *gъrno (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥nás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥nás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घृण",
"tr": "ghṛṇá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*ɣʷornos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "furnus",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin: furnus, fornus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: furnus, fornus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"glosses": [
"warm, hot"
],
"links": [
[
"warm",
"warm"
],
[
"hot",
"hot"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Oleg Trubachyov"
]
}
],
"word": "gʷʰer-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gʷʰer- meaning in All languages combined (14.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.