See fortition on Wiktionary
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"2": "fortis",
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],
"etymology_text": "From fortis + -ition; compare lenition.",
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{
"text": "1988, Sylvia Moosmüller, Sociophonology, Peter Auer, Aldo di Luzio (editors), Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, page 76,\nThe two process types following from these assumptions, lenition processes, aiming at articulatory ease at the expense of perception, and fortition processes, resulting in articulatory difficulty in favor of better perception, were further modified by Dressler & Drachman (1977), as lenitions need not necessarily impede perception; similarly fortitions need not necessarily result in articulatory difficulty."
},
{
"ref": "2007, Raymond Hickey, Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms, page 62:",
"text": "In order to distinguish between the two kinds of voiceless final stops the terms 'final devoicing' and 'fortition after sonorants' are used here. Although fortition after sonorants is quite well attested for present-day contact English and in general Irish English, the significance of fent, spent, trent in terms of interference is slight as fortition after /n/ is common in mainland varieties of Middle English as well. Especially in late Middle English many instances of a preterite in /d/ after /n/ changing to /t/ with simultaneous loss of the preterite ending are recorded.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "2009, Anna Balas, “Why can Poles perceive Sprite but not Coca-Cola? A Natural Phonological account”, in Paul Boersma, Silke Hamann, editors, Phonology in Perception, Phonology & Phonetics: 15, page 37:",
"text": "Donegan (1985: 37–38) offers the following description of fortitions and lenitions. Fortitions are listener-oriented processes, which increase phonetic properties of phonemes. They strengthen the properties of an individual segment by emphasizing certain phonetic features, sometimes at the expense of other features within the segment.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"text": "2011, Matthew Gordon, 39: Stress: Phonotactic and Phonetic Evidence, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume II: Suprasegmental and Prosodic Phonology, page 924,\nTypically, stressed syllables trigger qualitative fortition and/or lengthening, whereas unstressed syllables are associated with lenition and/or shortening."
}
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"A sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis."
],
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"(phonetics, phonology) A sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis."
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{
"_dis1": "98 2",
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"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"word": "erősödés"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"word": "mássalhangzó-erősödés"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"word": "fortíció"
},
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"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortição"
},
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"code": "es",
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"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortición"
}
]
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{
"ref": "1790, Edmund Burke, “Relections on the Revolution in France”, in Thomas Haviland Burke, editor, Opinions on Reform, published 1831, page 17:",
"text": "No rotation; no appointment by lot; no mode of election operating in the spirit of fortition or rotation, can be generally good in a government conversant in extensive objects.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard."
],
"id": "en-fortition-en-noun-bydeoDyu",
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"(obsolete) Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard."
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"ipa": "/fɔɹˈtɪʃən/"
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{
"text": "1988, Sylvia Moosmüller, Sociophonology, Peter Auer, Aldo di Luzio (editors), Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, page 76,\nThe two process types following from these assumptions, lenition processes, aiming at articulatory ease at the expense of perception, and fortition processes, resulting in articulatory difficulty in favor of better perception, were further modified by Dressler & Drachman (1977), as lenitions need not necessarily impede perception; similarly fortitions need not necessarily result in articulatory difficulty."
},
{
"ref": "2007, Raymond Hickey, Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms, page 62:",
"text": "In order to distinguish between the two kinds of voiceless final stops the terms 'final devoicing' and 'fortition after sonorants' are used here. Although fortition after sonorants is quite well attested for present-day contact English and in general Irish English, the significance of fent, spent, trent in terms of interference is slight as fortition after /n/ is common in mainland varieties of Middle English as well. Especially in late Middle English many instances of a preterite in /d/ after /n/ changing to /t/ with simultaneous loss of the preterite ending are recorded.",
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"text": "Donegan (1985: 37–38) offers the following description of fortitions and lenitions. Fortitions are listener-oriented processes, which increase phonetic properties of phonemes. They strengthen the properties of an individual segment by emphasizing certain phonetic features, sometimes at the expense of other features within the segment.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "2011, Matthew Gordon, 39: Stress: Phonotactic and Phonetic Evidence, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume II: Suprasegmental and Prosodic Phonology, page 924,\nTypically, stressed syllables trigger qualitative fortition and/or lengthening, whereas unstressed syllables are associated with lenition and/or shortening."
}
],
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"A sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis."
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"(phonetics, phonology) A sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis."
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"ref": "1790, Edmund Burke, “Relections on the Revolution in France”, in Thomas Haviland Burke, editor, Opinions on Reform, published 1831, page 17:",
"text": "No rotation; no appointment by lot; no mode of election operating in the spirit of fortition or rotation, can be generally good in a government conversant in extensive objects.",
"type": "quote"
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],
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"Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard."
],
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"sounds": [
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"ipa": "/fɔɹˈtɪʃən/"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"word": "erősödés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"word": "mássalhangzó-erősödés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"word": "fortíció"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortição"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "phonetics, phonology: a sound change in which a consonant becomes more fortis",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortición"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fortition"
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"word": "fortition"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fortition meaning in All languages combined (5.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (65a6e81 and 0dbea76). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.