"espion" meaning in All languages combined

See espion on Wiktionary

Noun [French]

IPA: /ɛs.pjɔ̃/ Audio: Fr-espion.ogg Forms: espions [plural], espionne [feminine]
Etymology: Inherited from Middle French *espion (attested only in the verb espionner), from Old French espion, spion (“one assigned to observe or spy”). Alternatively, derived from Old French espie (“spy”), under influence of Italian spione (“spy”). According to another theory, French espion is borrowed from Italian spione. The word is ultimately from Frankish *spehō (“spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to look, spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|frm|*espion|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Middle French *espion, {{inh+|fr|frm|*espion}} Inherited from Middle French *espion, {{inh|fr|fro|espion}} Old French espion, {{der|fr|fro|espie||spy}} Old French espie (“spy”), {{der|fr|it|spione||spy}} Italian spione (“spy”), {{m+|fr||espion}} French espion, {{bor|fr|it|spione}} Italian spione, {{der|fr|frk|*spehō|t=spy}} Frankish *spehō (“spy”), {{der|fr|frk|*spehōn|t=to look, spy}} Frankish *spehōn (“to look, spy”), {{der|fr|gem-pro|*spehōną}} Proto-Germanic *spehōną Head templates: {{fr-noun|m|f=+}} espion m (plural espions, feminine espionne)
  1. (espionage) spy (person who secretly watches) Wikipedia link: fr:espion Tags: masculine Categories (topical): Espionage, Occupations Derived forms: logiciel espion Related terms: espionnage, espionner

Noun [Norman]

Forms: espions [plural]
Etymology: Borrowed from French espion. Etymology templates: {{bor|nrf|fr|espion}} French espion Head templates: {{head|nrf|noun|||plural|espions||||||{{{3}}}|f2accel-form=p|g=m|g2=|head=}} espion m (plural espions), {{nrf-noun|m}} espion m (plural espions)
  1. (Jersey) spy Tags: Jersey, masculine Categories (topical): People Synonyms: êpieux
    Sense id: en-espion-nrm-noun-V9SqN3JQ Categories (other): Jersey Norman, Norman entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Noun [Occitan]

Audio: LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav Forms: espions [plural], espiona [feminine], espionas [feminine, plural]
Head templates: {{head|oc|nouns|g=m|g2=|head=|sort=}} espion m, {{oc-noun|m|f=espiona}} espion m (plural espions, feminine espiona, feminine plural espionas)
  1. spy Tags: masculine Related terms: espionar
    Sense id: en-espion-oc-noun-V9SqN3JQ Categories (other): Occitan entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Inflected forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "eu",
            "2": "espioi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Basque: espioi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Basque: espioi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Spion",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Spion",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "or directly from Italian"
          },
          "expansion": "(or directly from Italian)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Spion (or directly from Italian)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nrf",
            "2": "espion",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norman: espion",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norman: espion"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pt",
            "2": "espião",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Portuguese: espião",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Portuguese: espião"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tr",
            "2": "ispiyon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Turkish: ispiyon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Turkish: ispiyon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "*espion",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French *espion",
      "name": "inh"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "*espion"
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      "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French *espion",
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    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "espion"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French espion",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "espie",
        "4": "",
        "5": "spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French espie (“spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "spione",
        "4": "",
        "5": "spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian spione (“spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "",
        "3": "espion"
      },
      "expansion": "French espion",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "spione"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian spione",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehō",
        "t": "spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehō (“spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehōn",
        "t": "to look, spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehōn (“to look, spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*spehōną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *spehōną",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French *espion (attested only in the verb espionner), from Old French espion, spion (“one assigned to observe or spy”).\nAlternatively, derived from Old French espie (“spy”), under influence of Italian spione (“spy”).\nAccording to another theory, French espion is borrowed from Italian spione. The word is ultimately from Frankish *spehō (“spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to look, spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną.",
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    {
      "form": "espions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espionne",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
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  "head_templates": [
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    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
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      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
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            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w"
        },
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          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "fr",
          "name": "Espionage",
          "orig": "fr:Espionage",
          "parents": [
            "Deception",
            "Secrecy",
            "Security",
            "Ethics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Society",
            "Philosophy",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "fr",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "fr:Occupations",
          "parents": [
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            "Work",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "logiciel espion"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "spy (person who secretly watches)"
      ],
      "id": "en-espion-fr-noun-swS7rT1W",
      "links": [
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          "espionage"
        ],
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          "spy",
          "spy"
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        "(espionage) spy (person who secretly watches)"
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "espionnage"
        },
        {
          "word": "espionner"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "espionage",
        "government",
        "military",
        "politics",
        "war"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "fr:espion"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɛs.pjɔ̃/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-espion.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg/Fr-espion.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "espion"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
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      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "espion"
      },
      "expansion": "French espion",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espion.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "{{{3}}}",
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        "3": "",
        "4": "",
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        "6": "espions",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "f2accel-form": "p",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
      "name": "nrf-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norman",
  "lang_code": "nrm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Jersey Norman",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "nrf",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "nrf:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "spy"
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      "id": "en-espion-nrm-noun-V9SqN3JQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "spy",
          "spy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jersey) spy"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "êpieux"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jersey",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "espion"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiona",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espionas",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {
        "1": "oc",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "espion m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "f": "espiona"
      },
      "expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espiona, feminine plural espionas)",
      "name": "oc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Occitan",
  "lang_code": "oc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "spy"
      ],
      "id": "en-espion-oc-noun-V9SqN3JQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "spy",
          "spy"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "espionar"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav.mp3",
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    }
  ],
  "word": "espion"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "logiciel espion"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "eu",
            "2": "espioi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Basque: espioi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Basque: espioi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Spion",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Spion",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "or directly from Italian"
          },
          "expansion": "(or directly from Italian)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Spion (or directly from Italian)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nrf",
            "2": "espion",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norman: espion",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norman: espion"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pt",
            "2": "espião",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Portuguese: espião",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Portuguese: espião"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tr",
            "2": "ispiyon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Turkish: ispiyon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Turkish: ispiyon"
    }
  ],
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      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
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        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
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        "4": "",
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        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
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      "expansion": "Middle French *espion",
      "name": "inh"
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    {
      "args": {
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        "3": "*espion"
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      "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French *espion",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "espion"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French espion",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "espie",
        "4": "",
        "5": "spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French espie (“spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "spione",
        "4": "",
        "5": "spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian spione (“spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "",
        "3": "espion"
      },
      "expansion": "French espion",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "spione"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian spione",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehō",
        "t": "spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehō (“spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehōn",
        "t": "to look, spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehōn (“to look, spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*spehōną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *spehōną",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French *espion (attested only in the verb espionner), from Old French espion, spion (“one assigned to observe or spy”).\nAlternatively, derived from Old French espie (“spy”), under influence of Italian spione (“spy”).\nAccording to another theory, French espion is borrowed from Italian spione. The word is ultimately from Frankish *spehō (“spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to look, spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espionne",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {
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    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "espionnage"
    },
    {
      "word": "espionner"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
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        "French countable nouns",
        "French entries with incorrect language header",
        "French lemmas",
        "French masculine nouns",
        "French nouns",
        "French terms borrowed from Italian",
        "French terms derived from Frankish",
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        "French terms derived from Middle French",
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        "French terms inherited from Old French",
        "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "fr:Espionage",
        "fr:Occupations"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "spy (person who secretly watches)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "espionage",
          "espionage"
        ],
        [
          "spy",
          "spy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(espionage) spy (person who secretly watches)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "espionage",
        "government",
        "military",
        "politics",
        "war"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "fr:espion"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɛs.pjɔ̃/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-espion.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg/Fr-espion.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "espion"
}

{
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      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "espion"
      },
      "expansion": "French espion",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espion.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "{{{3}}}",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "plural",
        "6": "espions",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "f2accel-form": "p",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
      "name": "nrf-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norman",
  "lang_code": "nrm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Jersey Norman",
        "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
        "Norman lemmas",
        "Norman masculine nouns",
        "Norman nouns",
        "Norman terms borrowed from French",
        "Norman terms derived from French",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "nrf:People"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "spy"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "spy",
          "spy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jersey) spy"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jersey",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "êpieux"
    }
  ],
  "word": "espion"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiona",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espionas",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oc",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "espion m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "f": "espiona"
      },
      "expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espiona, feminine plural espionas)",
      "name": "oc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Occitan",
  "lang_code": "oc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "espionar"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Occitan countable nouns",
        "Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
        "Occitan lemmas",
        "Occitan masculine nouns",
        "Occitan nouns",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "spy"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "spy",
          "spy"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "espion"
}

Download raw JSONL data for espion meaning in All languages combined (6.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.