See drub on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "*drob"
},
"expansion": "Middle English *drob",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drōb"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drōb",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drōbī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drōbī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drōbuz",
"t": "turbid"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drōbuz (“turbid”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English *drob, drof, from Old English *drōb, drōf (“turbid; dreggy; dirty”), from Proto-West Germanic *drōbī, from Proto-Germanic *drōbuz (“turbid”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drubs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "drub (usually uncountable, plural drubs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 1 29 20 27",
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"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
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{
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{
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"name": "Terms with French translations",
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{
"_dis": "23 3 26 20 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "29 3 23 21 25",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 23 23 29",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 3 24 21 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norman translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 3 27 20 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 26 20 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 3 26 21 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
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}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "drubly"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Carbonaceous shale; small coal; slate, dross, or rubbish in coal."
],
"id": "en-drub-en-noun-fRCbvkfX",
"links": [
[
"Carbonaceous",
"carbonaceous"
],
[
"shale",
"shale"
],
[
"coal",
"coal"
],
[
"slate",
"slate"
],
[
"dross",
"dross"
],
[
"rubbish",
"rubbish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal, Northern England) Carbonaceous shale; small coal; slate, dross, or rubbish in coal."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"dialectal",
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹʌb/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-drub.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/dɹʊb/",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌb"
}
],
"word": "drub"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "drubber"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "drubbing"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "ضَرَبَ",
"3": "",
"4": "to beat, to hit"
},
"expansion": "Arabic ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba, “to beat, to hit”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "drepen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English drepen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drepan",
"t": "to strike"
},
"expansion": "Old English drepan (“to strike”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drepan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drepan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drepaną",
"4": "",
"5": "to beat, bump, strike, slay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to beat, bump, strike, slay”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrebʰ-",
"4": "*dʰreb⁽ʰ⁾-",
"t": "to strike, crush, kill"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb⁽ʰ⁾- (“to strike, crush, kill”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "drubba",
"3": "",
"4": "to fall over"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian drubba (“to fall over”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "drop",
"3": "",
"4": "a blow, beat"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian drop (“a blow, beat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "treffan",
"3": "",
"4": "to hit"
},
"expansion": "Old High German treffan (“to hit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "drepa",
"3": "",
"4": "to strike, slay, kill"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drepa (“to strike, slay, kill”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1625, of uncertain origin:\n* Perhaps from Arabic ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba, “to beat, to hit”),\n* or perhaps originally from a dialectal word (Kent) drab, variant of drop, dryp, drib (“to beat”), from Middle English drepen (preterit drop, drap, drape (“struck, killed”)) from Old English drepan (“to strike”), from Proto-West Germanic *drepan, from Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to beat, bump, strike, slay”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb⁽ʰ⁾- (“to strike, crush, kill”).\n* Linguist Guus Kroonen suggests that it reflects the Proto-Germanic verb *drubbōną, iterative to *drabaną (“to hit, hew”), as found in Norwegian drubba (“to fall over”).\nAkin to Old Frisian drop (“a blow, beat”), Old High German treffan (“to hit”), Old Norse drepa (“to strike, slay, kill”). Compare also dub. More at drape.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drubs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drubbing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drubbed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "drubbed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "drub (third-person singular simple present drubs, present participle drubbing, simple past and past participle drubbed)",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "transitive"
},
"expansion": "(transitive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To beat (someone or something) with a stick."
],
"id": "en-drub-en-verb-KqRzsEoZ",
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
],
[
"stick",
"stick"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḍaraba",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "ضَرَبَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "banke"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "prygle"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "tæske"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "bastoni"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "bâtonner"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "fustiger"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "prügeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "greasáil"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "gread"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "bastonare"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "fustigare"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "battuo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "fustigo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "quétilyi"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "pryle"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "drepe"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolotítʹ",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "колоти́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "prygla"
}
]
},
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"_dis": "22 3 26 20 29",
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"_dis": "25 3 26 21 25",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"To defeat someone soundly; to annihilate or crush."
],
"id": "en-drub-en-verb-CXJ940lZ",
"links": [
[
"defeat",
"defeat"
],
[
"annihilate",
"annihilate"
],
[
"crush",
"crush"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
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],
"glosses": [
"To forcefully teach something."
],
"id": "en-drub-en-verb-wM~BnUWq",
"links": [
[
"teach",
"teach"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
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{
"_dis": "23 3 23 21 30",
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{
"_dis": "22 3 23 23 29",
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{
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{
"_dis": "25 3 26 21 25",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"To criticize harshly; to excoriate."
],
"id": "en-drub-en-verb-0ya13dAS",
"links": [
[
"criticize",
"criticize"
],
[
"excoriate",
"excoriate"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹʌb/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-drub.wav",
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},
{
"ipa": "/dɹʊb/",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌb"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "drub"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English transitive verbs",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌb",
"Rhymes:English/ʌb/1 syllable",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "drubly"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "*drob"
},
"expansion": "Middle English *drob",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drōb"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drōb",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drōbī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drōbī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drōbuz",
"t": "turbid"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drōbuz (“turbid”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English *drob, drof, from Old English *drōb, drōf (“turbid; dreggy; dirty”), from Proto-West Germanic *drōbī, from Proto-Germanic *drōbuz (“turbid”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drubs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "drub (usually uncountable, plural drubs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"Northern England English"
],
"glosses": [
"Carbonaceous shale; small coal; slate, dross, or rubbish in coal."
],
"links": [
[
"Carbonaceous",
"carbonaceous"
],
[
"shale",
"shale"
],
[
"coal",
"coal"
],
[
"slate",
"slate"
],
[
"dross",
"dross"
],
[
"rubbish",
"rubbish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal, Northern England) Carbonaceous shale; small coal; slate, dross, or rubbish in coal."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"dialectal",
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹʌb/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-drub.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹʊb/",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌb"
}
],
"word": "drub"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English transitive verbs",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌb",
"Rhymes:English/ʌb/1 syllable",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "drubber"
},
{
"word": "drubbing"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "ضَرَبَ",
"3": "",
"4": "to beat, to hit"
},
"expansion": "Arabic ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba, “to beat, to hit”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "drepen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English drepen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drepan",
"t": "to strike"
},
"expansion": "Old English drepan (“to strike”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drepan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drepan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drepaną",
"4": "",
"5": "to beat, bump, strike, slay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to beat, bump, strike, slay”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrebʰ-",
"4": "*dʰreb⁽ʰ⁾-",
"t": "to strike, crush, kill"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb⁽ʰ⁾- (“to strike, crush, kill”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "drubba",
"3": "",
"4": "to fall over"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian drubba (“to fall over”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "drop",
"3": "",
"4": "a blow, beat"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian drop (“a blow, beat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "treffan",
"3": "",
"4": "to hit"
},
"expansion": "Old High German treffan (“to hit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "drepa",
"3": "",
"4": "to strike, slay, kill"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drepa (“to strike, slay, kill”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1625, of uncertain origin:\n* Perhaps from Arabic ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba, “to beat, to hit”),\n* or perhaps originally from a dialectal word (Kent) drab, variant of drop, dryp, drib (“to beat”), from Middle English drepen (preterit drop, drap, drape (“struck, killed”)) from Old English drepan (“to strike”), from Proto-West Germanic *drepan, from Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to beat, bump, strike, slay”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb⁽ʰ⁾- (“to strike, crush, kill”).\n* Linguist Guus Kroonen suggests that it reflects the Proto-Germanic verb *drubbōną, iterative to *drabaną (“to hit, hew”), as found in Norwegian drubba (“to fall over”).\nAkin to Old Frisian drop (“a blow, beat”), Old High German treffan (“to hit”), Old Norse drepa (“to strike, slay, kill”). Compare also dub. More at drape.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drubs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drubbing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drubbed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "drubbed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "drub (third-person singular simple present drubs, present participle drubbing, simple past and past participle drubbed)",
"name": "en-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "transitive"
},
"expansion": "(transitive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To beat (someone or something) with a stick."
],
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
],
[
"stick",
"stick"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To defeat someone soundly; to annihilate or crush."
],
"links": [
[
"defeat",
"defeat"
],
[
"annihilate",
"annihilate"
],
[
"crush",
"crush"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To forcefully teach something."
],
"links": [
[
"teach",
"teach"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To criticize harshly; to excoriate."
],
"links": [
[
"criticize",
"criticize"
],
[
"excoriate",
"excoriate"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹʌb/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-drub.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-drub.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹʊb/",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌb"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḍaraba",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "ضَرَبَ"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "banke"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "prygle"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "tæske"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "bastoni"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "bâtonner"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "fustiger"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "prügeln"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "greasáil"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "gread"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "bastonare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "fustigare"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "battuo"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "fustigo"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "quétilyi"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "pryle"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "drepe"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolotítʹ",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "колоти́ть"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to beat with a stick",
"word": "prygla"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "drub"
}
Download raw JSONL data for drub meaning in All languages combined (9.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.