"dūnā" meaning in All languages combined

See dūnā on Wiktionary

Noun [Proto-West Germanic]

Etymology: Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications. Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of "hill, fortified hill" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū. Etymology templates: {{root|gmw-pro|ine-pro|*dʰewh₂-}}, {{root|gmw-pro|ine-pro|*dewh₂-}}, {{unc|gmw-pro|Uncertain}} Uncertain, {{unk|gmw-pro|title=disputed}} disputed, {{der|gmw-pro|gem-pro|*dūnaz|t=accumulation, pile, heap, mound}} Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”), {{cog|non|dúnn|t=pile, heap, assembly}} Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”), {{der|gmw-pro|gem-pro|-}} Proto-Germanic, {{der|gmw-pro|ine-pro|*dʰewh₂-|t=smoke, dust, haze}} Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”), {{bor|gmw-pro|cel-pro|*dūnom|t=stronghold, rampart}} Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), {{cog|cel-bry}} Brythonic, {{cog|cel-bry-pro|*din}} Proto-Brythonic *din Head templates: {{head|gmw-pro|noun|g=f}} *dūnā f Inflection templates: {{gmw-infl-noun-on}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], dūnā [nominative, singular], dūnōn [nominative, plural], dūnōn [accusative, singular], dūnōn [accusative, plural], dūnōn [genitive, singular], dūnōnō [genitive, plural], dūnōn [dative, singular], dūnōm [dative, plural], dūnum [dative, plural], dūnōn [instrumental, singular], dūnōm [instrumental, plural], dūnum [instrumental, plural]
  1. sand dune Tags: feminine, reconstruction
    Sense id: en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-iwGL65v5 Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 46 54 Disambiguation of Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 46 54
  2. hill Tags: feminine, reconstruction
    Sense id: en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-93~Lsh3e Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 46 54 Disambiguation of Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 46 54
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: dūn [masculine], dūnu [feminine], dūnō [masculine]
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "dūn",
            "g": "f,m"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: dūn f or m",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: dūn f or m"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "dune",
            "3": "doun"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: dune, doun",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: dune, doun"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "dune",
            "3": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "English: dune, down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: dune, down"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "doun",
            "3": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: doun, down"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "*dūna",
            "3": "*dūn",
            "g": "f",
            "g2": "m"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gml",
            "2": "dûne",
            "3": "dunne",
            "4": "don",
            "5": "done",
            "6": "donne",
            "g2": "f",
            "g5": "m"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nds-de",
            "2": "Düne",
            "3": "Düün"
          },
          "expansion": "German Low German: Düne, Düün",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German Low German: Düne, Düün"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Düne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Düne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Düne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "dyn",
            "3": "dyne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "no",
            "2": "dyne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian: dyne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian: dyne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "dyne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Danish: dyne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Danish: dyne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "dūn",
            "3": "dūno",
            "g2": "?"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "dûne",
            "g": "f,n"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "duin",
            "g": "f"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "dūne",
            "3": "*dūn",
            "bor": "1",
            "g": "f",
            "g2": "n"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "also possibly borrowed from Low German"
          },
          "expansion": "(also possibly borrowed from Low German)",
          "name": "gl"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "stq",
            "2": "Dúune",
            "3": "Duune",
            "g2": "f"
          },
          "expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fy",
            "2": "dún",
            "g": "n"
          },
          "expansion": "West Frisian: dún n",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Frisian: dún n"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "dune",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: dune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: dune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frm",
            "2": "dune"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle French: dune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle French: dune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fr",
            "2": "dune"
          },
          "expansion": "French: dune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "French: dune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "*tūna",
            "3": "dūna",
            "g2": "f"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dewh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "Uncertain"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "title": "disputed"
      },
      "expansion": "disputed",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*dūnaz",
        "t": "accumulation, pile, heap, mound"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "dúnn",
        "t": "pile, heap, assembly"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-",
        "t": "smoke, dust, haze"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*dūnom",
        "t": "stronghold, rampart"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry"
      },
      "expansion": "Brythonic",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry-pro",
        "2": "*din"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *din",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.\nAlternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of \"hill, fortified hill\" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ōn-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*dūnā f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "sand dune"
      ],
      "id": "en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-iwGL65v5",
      "links": [
        [
          "sand dune",
          "sand dune"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hill"
      ],
      "id": "en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-93~Lsh3e",
      "links": [
        [
          "hill",
          "hill"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "dūn"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "dūnu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "dūnō"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dūnā"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-West Germanic feminine nouns",
    "Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-West Germanic nouns",
    "Proto-West Germanic terms borrowed from Proto-Celtic",
    "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
    "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dewh₂-",
    "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-",
    "Proto-West Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Proto-West Germanic ōn-stem nouns"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "dūn",
            "g": "f,m"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: dūn f or m",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: dūn f or m"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "dune",
            "3": "doun"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: dune, doun",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: dune, doun"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "dune",
            "3": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "English: dune, down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: dune, down"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "doun",
            "3": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: doun, down"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "*dūna",
            "3": "*dūn",
            "g": "f",
            "g2": "m"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gml",
            "2": "dûne",
            "3": "dunne",
            "4": "don",
            "5": "done",
            "6": "donne",
            "g2": "f",
            "g5": "m"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nds-de",
            "2": "Düne",
            "3": "Düün"
          },
          "expansion": "German Low German: Düne, Düün",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German Low German: Düne, Düün"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Düne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Düne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Düne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "dyn",
            "3": "dyne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "no",
            "2": "dyne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian: dyne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian: dyne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "dyne",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Danish: dyne",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Danish: dyne"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "dūn",
            "3": "dūno",
            "g2": "?"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "dûne",
            "g": "f,n"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "duin",
            "g": "f"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "dūne",
            "3": "*dūn",
            "bor": "1",
            "g": "f",
            "g2": "n"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "also possibly borrowed from Low German"
          },
          "expansion": "(also possibly borrowed from Low German)",
          "name": "gl"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "stq",
            "2": "Dúune",
            "3": "Duune",
            "g2": "f"
          },
          "expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fy",
            "2": "dún",
            "g": "n"
          },
          "expansion": "West Frisian: dún n",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Frisian: dún n"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "dune",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: dune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: dune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frm",
            "2": "dune"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle French: dune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle French: dune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fr",
            "2": "dune"
          },
          "expansion": "French: dune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "French: dune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "*tūna",
            "3": "dūna",
            "g2": "f"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dewh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "Uncertain"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "title": "disputed"
      },
      "expansion": "disputed",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*dūnaz",
        "t": "accumulation, pile, heap, mound"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "dúnn",
        "t": "pile, heap, assembly"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-",
        "t": "smoke, dust, haze"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*dūnom",
        "t": "stronghold, rampart"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry"
      },
      "expansion": "Brythonic",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry-pro",
        "2": "*din"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *din",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.\nAlternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of \"hill, fortified hill\" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ōn-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*dūnā f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "gmw-pro:Landforms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "sand dune"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sand dune",
          "sand dune"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "hill"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hill",
          "hill"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "dūn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "dūnu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "dūnō"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dūnā"
}

Download raw JSONL data for dūnā meaning in All languages combined (8.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.