See dūnā on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dūnā meaning in All languages combined (8.2kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "dūn",
"g": "f,m"
},
"expansion": "Old English: dūn f or m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: dūn f or m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dune",
"3": "doun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: dune, doun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: dune, doun"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dune",
"3": "down"
},
"expansion": "English: dune, down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: dune, down"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "doun",
"3": "down"
},
"expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: doun, down"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*dūna",
"3": "*dūn",
"g": "f",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "dûne",
"3": "dunne",
"4": "don",
"5": "done",
"6": "donne",
"g2": "f",
"g5": "m"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Düne",
"3": "Düün"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Düne, Düün",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Düne, Düün"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Düne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Düne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Düne"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dyn",
"3": "dyne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "dyne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian: dyne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: dyne"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "dūn",
"3": "dūno",
"g2": "?"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "dûne",
"g": "f,n"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "duin",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "dūne",
"3": "*dūn",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "also possibly borrowed from Low German"
},
"expansion": "(also possibly borrowed from Low German)",
"name": "gl"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Dúune",
"3": "Duune",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dún",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: dún n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: dún n"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "dune",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: dune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: dune"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "dune"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: dune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: dune"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "dune"
},
"expansion": "French: dune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: dune"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*tūna",
"3": "dūna",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "Uncertain"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"title": "disputed"
},
"expansion": "disputed",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dūnaz",
"t": "accumulation, pile, heap, mound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dúnn",
"t": "pile, heap, assembly"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dū-",
"t": "to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy"
},
"expansion": "*dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "smoke, dust, haze"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "stronghold, rampart"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*din"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *din",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.\nAlternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of \"hill, fortified hill\" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*dūnā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "99 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sand dune"
],
"id": "en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-iwGL65v5",
"links": [
[
"sand dune",
"sand dune"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"id": "en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-93~Lsh3e",
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dūn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dūnu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dūnō"
}
],
"word": "dūnā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms borrowed from Proto-Celtic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dewh₂-",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-",
"Proto-West Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-West Germanic ōn-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "dūn",
"g": "f,m"
},
"expansion": "Old English: dūn f or m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: dūn f or m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dune",
"3": "doun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: dune, doun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: dune, doun"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dune",
"3": "down"
},
"expansion": "English: dune, down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: dune, down"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "doun",
"3": "down"
},
"expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: doun, down"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*dūna",
"3": "*dūn",
"g": "f",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "dûne",
"3": "dunne",
"4": "don",
"5": "done",
"6": "donne",
"g2": "f",
"g5": "m"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Düne",
"3": "Düün"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Düne, Düün",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Düne, Düün"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Düne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Düne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Düne"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dyn",
"3": "dyne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: dyn, dyne"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "dyne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian: dyne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: dyne"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "dūn",
"3": "dūno",
"g2": "?"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "dûne",
"g": "f,n"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: dûne f or n"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "duin",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: duin f\nAfrikaans: duin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "dūne",
"3": "*dūn",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "also possibly borrowed from Low German"
},
"expansion": "(also possibly borrowed from Low German)",
"name": "gl"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Dúune",
"3": "Duune",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dún",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: dún n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: dún n"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "dune",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: dune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: dune"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "dune"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: dune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: dune"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "dune"
},
"expansion": "French: dune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: dune"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*tūna",
"3": "dūna",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *tūna, dūna f"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "Uncertain"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"title": "disputed"
},
"expansion": "disputed",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dūnaz",
"t": "accumulation, pile, heap, mound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dúnn",
"t": "pile, heap, assembly"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dū-",
"t": "to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy"
},
"expansion": "*dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "smoke, dust, haze"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "stronghold, rampart"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*din"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *din",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.\nAlternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of \"hill, fortified hill\" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*dūnā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Landforms"
],
"glosses": [
"sand dune"
],
"links": [
[
"sand dune",
"sand dune"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dūnu"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dūnō"
}
],
"word": "dūnā"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.