See cytokine on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cyto-"
},
"expansion": "cyto-",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κίνησις",
"4": "",
"5": "movement"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From cyto- + Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cytokines",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cytokine (plural cytokines)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with cyto-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Chinese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Immunology",
"orig": "en:Immunology",
"parents": [
"Medicine",
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Proteins",
"orig": "en:Proteins",
"parents": [
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Body parts",
"Organic compounds",
"Biology",
"Chemistry",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Matter",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Medicine",
"Nature",
"Fundamental",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "adipokine"
},
{
"word": "anticytokine"
},
{
"word": "chemocytokine"
},
{
"word": "cytokinase"
},
{
"word": "cytokine cascade"
},
{
"word": "cytokinemia"
},
{
"word": "cytokine release syndrome"
},
{
"word": "cytokine storm"
},
{
"word": "cytokinic"
},
{
"word": "cytokinome"
},
{
"word": "immunocytokine"
},
{
"word": "intracytokine"
},
{
"word": "kinoid"
},
{
"word": "lymphokine"
},
{
"word": "multicytokine"
},
{
"word": "myocytokine"
},
{
"word": "myokine"
},
{
"word": "noncytokine"
},
{
"word": "polycytokine"
},
{
"word": "precytokine"
},
{
"word": "procytokine"
},
{
"word": "virokine"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1975 July 14, Bigazzi PE, Yoshida T, Ward PA, Cohen S., “Production of Lymphokine-Like Factors (Cytokines) by Simian Virus 40-Infected and Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cell”, in The American Journal of Pathology, volume 80, number 1, page 69:",
"text": "Thus, in the case of viral infection, mechanisms of resistance would be threefold, namely, interferon production, the immune response, including both antibody and lymphokine production, and the generation of lymphokine-like substances by the infected cells themselves. These latter substances have been defined as cytokines.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1991, Maxine Gowen, Cytokines and Bone Metabolism, page 26:",
"text": "A fundamental feature expressed by the vast majority of cytokines is a profound immunomodulatory activity.\nMany cytokines, presently available in pure recombinant form, modify bone cell metabolism.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Victor R. Preedy, Ross Hunter, editors, Preface: Cytokines, page v:",
"text": "The cytokines are generally considered to be a group of peptides secreted by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, lymphocytes and T cells, although the same peptides may also be secreted by non-immune cells such as neurological tissues and adipocytes.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Errol B. De Souza, editor, Preface: Neurobiology of Cytokines: Methods in Neurosciences, volume 16, page xiii:",
"text": "The cytokines provide a classic example of products of the immune system which alter brain and endocrine activities. A variety of cytokines, including interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α, have been traditionally associated with peripheral control of the immune system, inflammation, and acute phase response.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015 July 6, “NK Cells of Kidney Transplant Recipients Display an Activated Phenotype that Is Influenced by Immunosuppression and Pathological Staging”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:",
"text": "Surprisingly, mTOR inhibitors displayed little inhibitory efficacy regarding receptor modulation and cytokine production which may be clinically relevant in terms of the risk of underimmunosuppression with this class of drugs.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system."
],
"id": "en-cytokine-en-noun-qNa~1I6j",
"links": [
[
"biochemistry",
"biochemistry"
],
[
"immunology",
"immunology"
],
[
"regulatory",
"regulatory"
],
[
"protein",
"protein"
],
[
"regulate",
"regulate"
],
[
"immune system",
"immune system"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system."
],
"topics": [
"biochemistry",
"biology",
"chemistry",
"immunology",
"medicine",
"microbiology",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "細胞因子"
},
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "xìbāoyīnzǐ",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "细胞因子"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "cytokine"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "sytokiini"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "cytokine"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "Zytokin"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kytokíni",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κυτοκίνη"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "citokin"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "citochina"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "citocina"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "citokin"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "citocina"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "cytokin"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"cytokine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsa͜ɪˌɾəˌka͜ɪn/"
}
],
"word": "cytokine"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "adipokine"
},
{
"word": "anticytokine"
},
{
"word": "chemocytokine"
},
{
"word": "cytokinase"
},
{
"word": "cytokine cascade"
},
{
"word": "cytokinemia"
},
{
"word": "cytokine release syndrome"
},
{
"word": "cytokine storm"
},
{
"word": "cytokinic"
},
{
"word": "cytokinome"
},
{
"word": "immunocytokine"
},
{
"word": "intracytokine"
},
{
"word": "kinoid"
},
{
"word": "lymphokine"
},
{
"word": "multicytokine"
},
{
"word": "myocytokine"
},
{
"word": "myokine"
},
{
"word": "noncytokine"
},
{
"word": "polycytokine"
},
{
"word": "precytokine"
},
{
"word": "procytokine"
},
{
"word": "virokine"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cyto-"
},
"expansion": "cyto-",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κίνησις",
"4": "",
"5": "movement"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From cyto- + Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cytokines",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cytokine (plural cytokines)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms prefixed with cyto-",
"English terms with quotations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Chinese translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"en:Immunology",
"en:Proteins"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1975 July 14, Bigazzi PE, Yoshida T, Ward PA, Cohen S., “Production of Lymphokine-Like Factors (Cytokines) by Simian Virus 40-Infected and Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cell”, in The American Journal of Pathology, volume 80, number 1, page 69:",
"text": "Thus, in the case of viral infection, mechanisms of resistance would be threefold, namely, interferon production, the immune response, including both antibody and lymphokine production, and the generation of lymphokine-like substances by the infected cells themselves. These latter substances have been defined as cytokines.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1991, Maxine Gowen, Cytokines and Bone Metabolism, page 26:",
"text": "A fundamental feature expressed by the vast majority of cytokines is a profound immunomodulatory activity.\nMany cytokines, presently available in pure recombinant form, modify bone cell metabolism.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Victor R. Preedy, Ross Hunter, editors, Preface: Cytokines, page v:",
"text": "The cytokines are generally considered to be a group of peptides secreted by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, lymphocytes and T cells, although the same peptides may also be secreted by non-immune cells such as neurological tissues and adipocytes.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Errol B. De Souza, editor, Preface: Neurobiology of Cytokines: Methods in Neurosciences, volume 16, page xiii:",
"text": "The cytokines provide a classic example of products of the immune system which alter brain and endocrine activities. A variety of cytokines, including interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α, have been traditionally associated with peripheral control of the immune system, inflammation, and acute phase response.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015 July 6, “NK Cells of Kidney Transplant Recipients Display an Activated Phenotype that Is Influenced by Immunosuppression and Pathological Staging”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:",
"text": "Surprisingly, mTOR inhibitors displayed little inhibitory efficacy regarding receptor modulation and cytokine production which may be clinically relevant in terms of the risk of underimmunosuppression with this class of drugs.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system."
],
"links": [
[
"biochemistry",
"biochemistry"
],
[
"immunology",
"immunology"
],
[
"regulatory",
"regulatory"
],
[
"protein",
"protein"
],
[
"regulate",
"regulate"
],
[
"immune system",
"immune system"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system."
],
"topics": [
"biochemistry",
"biology",
"chemistry",
"immunology",
"medicine",
"microbiology",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"wikipedia": [
"cytokine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsa͜ɪˌɾəˌka͜ɪn/"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "細胞因子"
},
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "xìbāoyīnzǐ",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "细胞因子"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "cytokine"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "sytokiini"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "cytokine"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "Zytokin"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kytokíni",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κυτοκίνη"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "citokin"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "citochina"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "citocina"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "citokin"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "citocina"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "any of various small regulatory proteins",
"word": "cytokin"
}
],
"word": "cytokine"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cytokine meaning in All languages combined (6.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.