See covariance on Wiktionary
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{
"ref": "2005, Steven J. Janke, Frederick Tinsley, Introduction to Linear Models and Statistical Inference, Wiley, page 133:",
"text": "The covariance of X and Y is the expected value of the product of two random variables, X − E(X) and Y − E(Y).[…]If two random variables tend to act like opposites, one is high when the other is low and vice versa, then the covariance will be negative. If two random variables tend to be high and low at the same time, then the covariance will be positive. In fact, the covariance measures the extent of a linear relationship between the two random variables.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A statistical measure defined as scriptstyle operatorname Cov(X,Y)= operatorname E((X-μ)(Y-ν)) given two real-valued random variables X and Y, with expected values scriptstyle E(X),=,μ and scriptstyle E(Y),=,ν."
],
"links": [
[
"statistics",
"statistics"
],
[
"statistical",
"statistical"
],
[
"measure",
"measure"
],
[
"real",
"real number"
],
[
"random variable",
"random variable"
],
[
"expected value",
"expected value"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(statistics) A statistical measure defined as scriptstyle operatorname Cov(X,Y)= operatorname E((X-μ)(Y-ν)) given two real-valued random variables X and Y, with expected values scriptstyle E(X),=,μ and scriptstyle E(Y),=,ν."
],
"topics": [
"mathematics",
"sciences",
"statistics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Object-oriented programming"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Coordinate term: contravariance"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Benjamin J. Evans, David Flanagan, Java in a Nutshell, O'Reilly, →ISBN, page 149:",
"text": "As we will see in Chapter 8, we see both covariance and contravariance throughout the Java Collections. They largely exist to ensure that the generics just “do the right thing” and behave in a manner that should not surprise the developer.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The conversion of data types from wider to narrower in certain situations."
],
"links": [
[
"object-oriented programming",
"object-oriented programming"
],
[
"conversion",
"conversion"
],
[
"data type",
"data type"
]
],
"qualifier": "object-oriented programming",
"raw_glosses": [
"(object-oriented programming) The conversion of data types from wider to narrower in certain situations."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəʊˈvɛː.ɹi.əns/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/koʊˈvæɹ.i.əns/",
"note": "without the Mary–marry–merry merger",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoʊˈvɛɹ.i.əns/",
"note": "US, Mary–marry–merry merger"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-covariance.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Grendelkhan-covariance.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Grendelkhan-covariance.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/kəʉˈveː.ɹi.əns/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "kobariantza"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covariància"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "協方差"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiéfāngchā",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "协方差"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "共變異數"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gòngbiànyìshù",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "共变异数"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kovariance"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covariantie"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "kunvarianco"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "kovarianssi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covariance"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kovarianz"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "sahaprasraṇ",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "सहप्रसरण"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "kovariansi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covarianza"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "kovariasiä",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "ковариация"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "kovariatsiya",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "ковариация"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kowariancja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covariância"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covarianță"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kovariácija",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ковариа́ция"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covariación"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covarianza"
},
{
"code": "su",
"lang": "Sundanese",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "kovarian"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "kaalig"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "statistical measure",
"word": "kovaryans"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"word": "協變"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiébiàn",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"word": "协变"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"word": "kovarianssi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "covariance"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kovarianz"
},
{
"alt": "きょうへんせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kyōhensei",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"word": "共変性"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "kovarianttyq",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"word": "коварианттық"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "kovarianttylyq",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"word": "коварианттылық"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kovariantnostʹ",
"sense": "object-oriented programming",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ковариантность"
}
],
"word": "covariance"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 3-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine nouns",
"French lemmas",
"French nouns",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "covariances",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "covariance f (plural covariances)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"fr:Statistics"
],
"glosses": [
"covariance"
],
"links": [
[
"statistics",
"statistics"
],
[
"covariance",
"covariance#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(statistics) covariance"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"mathematics",
"sciences",
"statistics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"fr:Object-oriented programming"
],
"glosses": [
"covariance"
],
"links": [
[
"object-oriented programming",
"object-oriented programming"
],
[
"covariance",
"covariance#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "object-oriented programming",
"raw_glosses": [
"(object-oriented programming) covariance"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ.va.ʁjɑ̃s/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-covariance.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-covariance.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-covariance.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-covariance.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-covariance.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "covariance"
}
Download raw JSONL data for covariance meaning in All languages combined (10.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.