See beygirci on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "بیگیرجی",
"t": "renter of pack horses",
"tr": "beygirci"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish بیگیرجی (beygirci, “renter of pack horses”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "beygir",
"3": "-ci",
"alt2": "-çi",
"gloss1": "pack horse"
},
"expansion": "beygir (“pack horse”) + -çi",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish بیگیرجی (beygirci, “renter of pack horses”), equivalent to beygir (“pack horse”) + -çi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "beygirciyi",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciler",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-v",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirci",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciler",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciyi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciye",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircide",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-v",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciniz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileriniz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircime",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerime",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "beygirciyi",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "beygirciler",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "nom|p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "beygirci (definite accusative beygirciyi, plural beygirciler)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ler"
},
"expansion": "beygirci (definite accusative beygirciyi, plural beygirciler)",
"name": "tr-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "i",
"poss": "1"
},
"name": "tr-infl-noun-v"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish terms suffixed with -ci",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "tr",
"name": "Occupations",
"orig": "tr:Occupations",
"parents": [
"People",
"Work",
"Human",
"Human activity",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"renter of pack horses"
],
"id": "en-beygirci-tr-noun-YZG4YffI",
"links": [
[
"renter",
"renter"
],
[
"pack horse",
"pack horse"
]
]
}
],
"word": "beygirci"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "بیگیرجی",
"t": "renter of pack horses",
"tr": "beygirci"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish بیگیرجی (beygirci, “renter of pack horses”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "beygir",
"3": "-ci",
"alt2": "-çi",
"gloss1": "pack horse"
},
"expansion": "beygir (“pack horse”) + -çi",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish بیگیرجی (beygirci, “renter of pack horses”), equivalent to beygir (“pack horse”) + -çi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "beygirciyi",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciler",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-v",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirci",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciler",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciyi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciye",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircide",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-v",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygirciniz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileriniz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircileri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircime",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerime",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinize",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinden",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircisinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircimizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerimizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircinizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinizin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beygircilerinin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "beygirciyi",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "beygirciler",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "nom|p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "beygirci (definite accusative beygirciyi, plural beygirciler)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ler"
},
"expansion": "beygirci (definite accusative beygirciyi, plural beygirciler)",
"name": "tr-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "i",
"poss": "1"
},
"name": "tr-infl-noun-v"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish nouns",
"Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms suffixed with -ci",
"tr:Occupations"
],
"glosses": [
"renter of pack horses"
],
"links": [
[
"renter",
"renter"
],
[
"pack horse",
"pack horse"
]
]
}
],
"word": "beygirci"
}
Download raw JSONL data for beygirci meaning in All languages combined (9.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-08-20 using wiktextract (8e41825 and f99c758). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.