See b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) meaning in All languages combined (9.3kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "苦"
},
"expansion": "苦",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "肝"
},
"expansion": "肝 (gān)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 苦 /*kʰˤaʔ/ (B-S), /*kʰaːʔ/ (ZS) (\"bitter; a bitter plant\"); /*kʰˤa-s/ (B-S, unlisted), /*kʰaːs/ (ZS) (\"difficult, hardship\"); 肝 (gān) /*s.kˤar/ (B-S); /*kaːn/ (ZS) (\"liver\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "苦",
"tr": "kʰuoX, kʰuoH/"
},
"expansion": "苦 (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "肝",
"tr": "kɑn"
},
"expansion": "肝 (kɑn)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 苦 (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/), 肝 (kɑn)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "khó",
"3": "",
"4": "hard, difficult; delicate"
},
"expansion": "khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">khó</i> (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "gan",
"3": "",
"4": "liver"
},
"expansion": "gan (“liver”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">gan</i> (“liver”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "苦"
},
"expansion": "苦",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "肝"
},
"expansion": "肝 (gān)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Beijing: 苦 (kǔ, /kʰu²¹⁴/), 肝 (gān) (gān, /kan⁵⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཁ་བ",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "དཀ་བ",
"3": "",
"4": "difficult"
},
"expansion": "དཀ་བ (dak ba, “difficult”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”), དཀ་བ (dak ba, “difficult”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*khaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zom",
"2": "khe"
},
"expansion": "Zou: khe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Zou: khe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nxq",
"2": "ka",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Naxi: ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Naxi: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nungish:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "raw",
"2": "ka",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "duu",
"2": "ka",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Trung/Drung/Dulong: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "kaa",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "bika",
"t": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Garo: bika (“liver”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”), Garo: bika (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trp",
"2": "bə-kʰa"
},
"expansion": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "brx",
"2": "bi-kraʔ"
},
"expansion": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Deori"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "der",
"2": "ci-kā²"
},
"expansion": "Deori: ci-kā²",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Deori: ci-kā²"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ခါး",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "acn",
"2": "kan⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Achang: kan⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Achang: kan⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꈌ",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "ꈌ (ke, “bitter”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꈌ (ke, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaf",
"2": "ka³³"
},
"expansion": "Katso: ka³³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Katso: ka³³"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lis",
"2": "ꓘꓪꓽ",
"t": "bitter, too salty"
},
"expansion": "ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, “bitter, too salty”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, “bitter, too salty”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ycl",
"2": "kar",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southeastern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ypz",
"2": "ka⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*khaᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "ခၣ်"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "ခၪ"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: ခၪ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: ခၪ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kyu",
"2": "ꤋꤢꤧ꤬"
},
"expansion": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*kak",
"gloss": "difficult, hard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*Ĉ.qɤmᴬ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขม"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขม (kǒm)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂົມ"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂົມ (khom)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขื่น"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂື່ນ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter, astringent, ascerbic"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b-kɑ-n (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-ka-n (Matisoff, 2003; Mortensen, 2012); *ka (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ka (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kɑ (Chou, 1972)\nDerivative: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”).\nCompare Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”) (Thai ขม (kǒm), Lao ຂົມ (khom)); also compare: Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn), Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "b-ka-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "n/m/ŋ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"cat2": "roots",
"head": "*b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)"
},
"expansion": "*b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "liver, heart, bile, bitter",
"word": "m-sin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "mouth, opening, door",
"word": "m-ka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "word, speech, language",
"word": "ka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "salt",
"word": "tsa"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bitter"
],
"id": "en-b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)-sit-pro-adj-u-jpUx4B",
"links": [
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 80 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 86 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 91 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bile"
],
"id": "en-b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)-sit-pro-adj-uzvl0S1O",
"links": [
[
"bile",
"bile"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"liver"
],
"id": "en-b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)-sit-pro-adj-669IqXJX",
"links": [
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan adjectives",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"sit-pro:Anatomy",
"sit-pro:Taste"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "苦"
},
"expansion": "苦",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "肝"
},
"expansion": "肝 (gān)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 苦 /*kʰˤaʔ/ (B-S), /*kʰaːʔ/ (ZS) (\"bitter; a bitter plant\"); /*kʰˤa-s/ (B-S, unlisted), /*kʰaːs/ (ZS) (\"difficult, hardship\"); 肝 (gān) /*s.kˤar/ (B-S); /*kaːn/ (ZS) (\"liver\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "苦",
"tr": "kʰuoX, kʰuoH/"
},
"expansion": "苦 (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "肝",
"tr": "kɑn"
},
"expansion": "肝 (kɑn)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 苦 (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/), 肝 (kɑn)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "khó",
"3": "",
"4": "hard, difficult; delicate"
},
"expansion": "khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">khó</i> (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "gan",
"3": "",
"4": "liver"
},
"expansion": "gan (“liver”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Vietnamese",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">gan</i> (“liver”)"
},
"expansion": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "苦"
},
"expansion": "苦",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "肝"
},
"expansion": "肝 (gān)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Beijing: 苦 (kǔ, /kʰu²¹⁴/), 肝 (gān) (gān, /kan⁵⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཁ་བ",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "དཀ་བ",
"3": "",
"4": "difficult"
},
"expansion": "དཀ་བ (dak ba, “difficult”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”), དཀ་བ (dak ba, “difficult”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*khaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zom",
"2": "khe"
},
"expansion": "Zou: khe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Zou: khe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nxq",
"2": "ka",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Naxi: ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Naxi: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nungish:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "raw",
"2": "ka",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Rawang: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "duu",
"2": "ka",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "ka (“bitter”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Trung/Drung/Dulong: ka (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "kaa",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "bika",
"t": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Garo: bika (“liver”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Garo: kaa (“bitter”), Garo: bika (“liver”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trp",
"2": "bə-kʰa"
},
"expansion": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kokborok: bə-kʰa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "brx",
"2": "bi-kraʔ"
},
"expansion": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Deori"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "der",
"2": "ci-kā²"
},
"expansion": "Deori: ci-kā²",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Deori: ci-kā²"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ခါး",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "acn",
"2": "kan⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Achang: kan⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Achang: kan⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꈌ",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "ꈌ (ke, “bitter”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꈌ (ke, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaf",
"2": "ka³³"
},
"expansion": "Katso: ka³³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Katso: ka³³"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lis",
"2": "ꓘꓪꓽ",
"t": "bitter, too salty"
},
"expansion": "ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, “bitter, too salty”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Lisu (Northern): ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, “bitter, too salty”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ycl",
"2": "kar",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southeastern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ypz",
"2": "ka⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phuza: ka⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*khaᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "ခၣ်"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: ခၣ် (khà)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "ခၪ"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: ခၪ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: ခၪ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kyu",
"2": "ꤋꤢꤧ꤬"
},
"expansion": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Kayah: ꤋꤢꤧ꤬ (hkàe)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*kak",
"gloss": "difficult, hard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*Ĉ.qɤmᴬ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขม"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขม (kǒm)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂົມ"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂົມ (khom)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ขื่น"
},
"expansion": "Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ຂື່ນ",
"3": "",
"4": "bitter, astringent, ascerbic"
},
"expansion": "Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b-kɑ-n (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-ka-n (Matisoff, 2003; Mortensen, 2012); *ka (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ka (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kɑ (Chou, 1972)\nDerivative: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”).\nCompare Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”) (Thai ขม (kǒm), Lao ຂົມ (khom)); also compare: Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn), Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "b-ka-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "n/m/ŋ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"cat2": "roots",
"head": "*b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)"
},
"expansion": "*b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"english": "liver, heart, bile, bitter",
"word": "m-sin"
},
{
"english": "mouth, opening, door",
"word": "m-ka"
},
{
"english": "word, speech, language",
"word": "ka"
},
{
"english": "salt",
"word": "tsa"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bitter"
],
"links": [
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bile"
],
"links": [
[
"bile",
"bile"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"liver"
],
"links": [
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.