"謦" meaning in All languages combined

See 謦 on Wiktionary

Character [Chinese]

IPA: /t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /kʰɪŋ³⁵/ [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Sinological-IPA], /hɪŋ³³/ [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Sinological-IPA], /t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴/, /kʰɪŋ³⁵/, /hɪŋ³³/ Chinese transliterations: qǐng [Mandarin, Pinyin], qing³ [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄑㄧㄥˇ [Mandarin, bopomofo], king² [Cantonese, Jyutping], hing³ [Cantonese, Jyutping], qǐng [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], cǐng [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], chʻing³ [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], chǐng [Mandarin, Yale], chiing [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], цин [Mandarin, Palladius], cin [Mandarin, Palladius], king² [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Jyutping], hing³ [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Jyutping], kíng [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Yale], hing [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Yale], king² [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Pinyin], hing³ [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Pinyin], king² [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong], hing³ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong], khengX [Middle-Chinese], /*[C.qʰ]ˤeŋʔ/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*kʰeːŋʔ/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang], /*kʰeːŋs/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{head|zh|hanzi}} 謦
  1. Only used in 謦欬 (qǐngkài).

Character [Japanese]

  1. coughing Tags: Hyōgai, kanji
    Sense id: en-謦-ja-character-c0E-OCZt Categories (other): Japanese hyōgai kanji, Japanese kanji, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys

Character [Korean]

Forms: gyeong [romanization], [hangeul], gyeong [revised], kyŏng [McCune-Reischauer], kyeng [Yale]
Head templates: {{head|ko|hanja|sc=Kore|sort=경|tr=gyeong}} 謦 • (gyeong), {{ko-hanja|eumhun=|hangeul=경|mr=kyŏng|rv=gyeong|y=kyeng}} 謦 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)
  1. Tags: no-gloss

Character [Translingual]

Forms: 149 [radical], 言+11 [radical], 18 [strokes], 土水卜一口 [cangjie-input], 4760₁ [four-corner], ⿱殸言 [composition]
Head templates: {{Han char|as=11|canj=GEYMR|four=47601|ids=⿱殸言|rad=言|rn=149|sn=18}} 謦 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+11, 18 strokes, cangjie input 土水卜一口 (GEYMR), four-corner 4760₁, composition ⿱殸言)
  1. to speak softly
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "149",
      "tags": [
        "radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "言+11",
      "tags": [
        "radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "18",
      "tags": [
        "strokes"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "土水卜一口",
      "roman": "GEYMR",
      "tags": [
        "cangjie-input"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "4760₁",
      "tags": [
        "four-corner"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "⿱殸言",
      "tags": [
        "composition"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "as": "11",
        "canj": "GEYMR",
        "four": "47601",
        "ids": "⿱殸言",
        "rad": "言",
        "rn": "149",
        "sn": "18"
      },
      "expansion": "謦 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+11, 18 strokes, cangjie input 土水卜一口 (GEYMR), four-corner 4760₁, composition ⿱殸言)",
      "name": "Han char"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Translingual",
  "lang_code": "mul",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Translingual Han characters with definition lines",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Translingual terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Translingual terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to speak softly"
      ],
      "id": "en-謦-mul-character-teEnMu4s",
      "raw_tags": [
        "han"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "hanzi"
      },
      "expansion": "謦",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Cantonese hanzi",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese hanzi",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Mandarin hanzi",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Chinese hanzi",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Chinese hanzi",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Only used in 謦欬 (qǐngkài)."
      ],
      "id": "en-謦-zh-character-f45-5RsE",
      "links": [
        [
          "謦欬",
          "謦欬#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄑㄧㄥˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "cǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chʻing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chiing"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "цин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "cin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰɪŋ³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɪŋ³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khengX"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[C.qʰ]ˤeŋʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*kʰeːŋʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*kʰeːŋs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰɪŋ³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɪŋ³³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[C.qʰ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*kʰeːŋʔ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*kʰeːŋs/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}

{
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese hyōgai kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "coughing"
      ],
      "id": "en-謦-ja-character-c0E-OCZt",
      "links": [
        [
          "coughing",
          "coughing"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hyōgai",
        "kanji"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "gyeong",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "경",
      "tags": [
        "hangeul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gyeong",
      "tags": [
        "revised"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kyŏng",
      "tags": [
        "McCune-Reischauer"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kyeng",
      "tags": [
        "Yale"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "hanja",
        "sc": "Kore",
        "sort": "경",
        "tr": "gyeong"
      },
      "expansion": "謦 • (gyeong)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "eumhun": "",
        "hangeul": "경",
        "mr": "kyŏng",
        "rv": "gyeong",
        "y": "kyeng"
      },
      "expansion": "謦 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)",
      "name": "ko-hanja"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean hanja",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "id": "en-謦-ko-character-47DEQpj8",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Hanja"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "no-gloss"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}
{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "hanzi"
      },
      "expansion": "謦",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Cantonese hanzi",
        "Cantonese lemmas",
        "Cantonese verbs",
        "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Chinese hanzi",
        "Chinese lemmas",
        "Chinese terms spelled with 謦",
        "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Chinese verbs",
        "Mandarin hanzi",
        "Mandarin lemmas",
        "Mandarin verbs",
        "Middle Chinese hanzi",
        "Middle Chinese lemmas",
        "Middle Chinese verbs",
        "Old Chinese hanzi",
        "Old Chinese lemmas",
        "Old Chinese verbs",
        "Pages with 4 entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Only used in 謦欬 (qǐngkài)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "謦欬",
          "謦欬#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄑㄧㄥˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "cǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chʻing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chǐng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chiing"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "цин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "cin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "king²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hing³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰɪŋ³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɪŋ³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khengX"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[C.qʰ]ˤeŋʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*kʰeːŋʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*kʰeːŋs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰɪŋ³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɪŋ³³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[C.qʰ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*kʰeːŋʔ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*kʰeːŋs/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}

{
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese hyōgai kanji",
        "Japanese kanji",
        "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "coughing"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "coughing",
          "coughing"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hyōgai",
        "kanji"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "gyeong",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "경",
      "tags": [
        "hangeul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gyeong",
      "tags": [
        "revised"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kyŏng",
      "tags": [
        "McCune-Reischauer"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kyeng",
      "tags": [
        "Yale"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "hanja",
        "sc": "Kore",
        "sort": "경",
        "tr": "gyeong"
      },
      "expansion": "謦 • (gyeong)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "eumhun": "",
        "hangeul": "경",
        "mr": "kyŏng",
        "rv": "gyeong",
        "y": "kyeng"
      },
      "expansion": "謦 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)",
      "name": "ko-hanja"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
        "Korean hanja",
        "Korean lemmas",
        "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
        "Pages with 4 entries"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Hanja"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "no-gloss"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "149",
      "tags": [
        "radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "言+11",
      "tags": [
        "radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "18",
      "tags": [
        "strokes"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "土水卜一口",
      "roman": "GEYMR",
      "tags": [
        "cangjie-input"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "4760₁",
      "tags": [
        "four-corner"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "⿱殸言",
      "tags": [
        "composition"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "as": "11",
        "canj": "GEYMR",
        "four": "47601",
        "ids": "⿱殸言",
        "rad": "言",
        "rn": "149",
        "sn": "18"
      },
      "expansion": "謦 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+11, 18 strokes, cangjie input 土水卜一口 (GEYMR), four-corner 4760₁, composition ⿱殸言)",
      "name": "Han char"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Translingual",
  "lang_code": "mul",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Han script characters",
        "Pages with 4 entries",
        "Translingual Han characters with definition lines",
        "Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
        "Translingual lemmas",
        "Translingual symbols",
        "Translingual terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "Translingual terms with redundant script codes"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to speak softly"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "han"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "謦"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 謦 meaning in All languages combined (5.0kB)

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "謦"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "謦",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.