"製本" meaning in All languages combined

See 製本 on Wiktionary

Noun [Japanese]

IPA: [se̞ːhõ̞ɴ] Forms: 製本 [canonical] (ruby: (せい), (ほん)), seihon [romanization]
Head templates: {{ja-noun|せいほん}} 製(せい)本(ほん) • (seihon)
  1. book binding, bookmaking
    Sense id: en-製本-ja-noun-cPW96Tiu Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 76 24 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 86 14 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 56 44 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 86 14 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 63 37 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 83 17

Verb [Japanese]

IPA: [se̞ːhõ̞ɴ]
Forms: 製本する [canonical] (ruby: (せい), (ほん)), seihon suru [romanization], 製本し [stem] (ruby: (せい), (ほん)), 製本した [past] (ruby: (せい), (ほん)), no-table-tags [table-tags], 製本し [error-unrecognized-form], せいほんし [error-unrecognized-form], seihon shi [error-unrecognized-form], 製本する [error-unrecognized-form], せいほんする [error-unrecognized-form], seihon suru [error-unrecognized-form], 製本すれ [error-unrecognized-form], せいほんすれ [error-unrecognized-form], seihon sure [error-unrecognized-form], 製本せよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], 製本しろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], せいほんせよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], せいほんしろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], seihon seyo [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], seihon shiro [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], 製本される [passive], せいほんされる [passive], seihon sareru [passive], 製本させる [causative], 製本さす [causative], せいほんさせる [causative], せいほんさす [causative], seihon saseru [causative], seihon sasu [causative], 製本できる [potential], せいほんできる [potential], seihon dekiru [potential], 製本しよう [volitional], せいほんしよう [volitional], seihon shiyō [volitional], 製本しない [negative], せいほんしない [negative], seihon shinai [negative], 製本せず [continuative, negative], せいほんせず [continuative, negative], seihon sezu [continuative, negative], 製本します [formal], せいほんします [formal], seihon shimasu [formal], 製本した [perfective], せいほんした [perfective], seihon shita [perfective], 製本して [conjunctive], せいほんして [conjunctive], seihon shite [conjunctive], 製本すれば [conditional, hypothetical], せいほんすれば [conditional, hypothetical], seihon sureba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. bind a book
    Sense id: en-製本-ja-verb-25ClRhLJ
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "製本",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "せいほん"
      },
      "expansion": "製(せい)本(ほん) • (seihon)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "76 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "86 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "56 44",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "86 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "63 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "83 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "book binding, bookmaking"
      ],
      "id": "en-製本-ja-noun-cPW96Tiu",
      "links": [
        [
          "binding",
          "binding"
        ],
        [
          "bookmaking",
          "bookmaking"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[se̞ːhõ̞ɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "製本"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "製本する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本し",
      "roman": "seihon shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本した",
      "roman": "seihon shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "bind a book"
      ],
      "id": "en-製本-ja-verb-25ClRhLJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "bind",
          "bind"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[se̞ːhõ̞ɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "製本"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese transitive verbs",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "製本",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "せいほん"
      },
      "expansion": "製(せい)本(ほん) • (seihon)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "book binding, bookmaking"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "binding",
          "binding"
        ],
        [
          "bookmaking",
          "bookmaking"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[se̞ːhõ̞ɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "製本"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese transitive verbs",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "製本する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本し",
      "roman": "seihon shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本した",
      "roman": "seihon shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "製",
          "せい"
        ],
        [
          "本",
          "ほん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "製本すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "せいほんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "seihon sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "bind a book"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bind",
          "bind"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[se̞ːhõ̞ɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "製本"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 製本 meaning in All languages combined (6.3kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "製本"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "製本",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "製本"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "製本",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "製本"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "製本",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "製本"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "製本",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "製本"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "製本",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "製本"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "製本",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "製本"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "製本",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.