"生まれ変わる" meaning in All languages combined

See 生まれ変わる on Wiktionary

Verb [Japanese]

IPA: [ɯ̟ma̠ɾe̞ka̠β̞a̠ɾɯ̟]
Etymology: From 生(う)まれ (umare) + 変(か)わる (kawaru). Etymology templates: {{ja-compound|生まれ|うまれ|変わる|かわる}} 生(う)まれ (umare) + 変(か)わる (kawaru) Head templates: {{ja-verb|うまれかわる|hhira=うまれかはる|tr=intrans|type=1}} 生(う)まれ変(か)わる • (umarekawaru) ^(←うまれかはる (umarekafaru)?)intransitive godan (stem 生(う)まれ変(か)わり (umarekawari), past 生(う)まれ変(か)わった (umarekawatta)) Forms: 生まれ変わる [canonical] (ruby: (), ()), umarekawaru [romanization], umarekafaru [romanization], 生まれ変わり [stem] (ruby: (), ()), 生まれ変わった [past] (ruby: (), ()), no-table-tags [table-tags], 生まれ変わら [error-unrecognized-form], うまれかわら [error-unrecognized-form], umarekawara [error-unrecognized-form], 生まれ変わり [error-unrecognized-form], うまれかわり [error-unrecognized-form], umarekawari [error-unrecognized-form], 生まれ変わる [error-unrecognized-form], うまれかわる [error-unrecognized-form], umarekawaru [error-unrecognized-form], 生まれ変われ [error-unrecognized-form], うまれかわれ [error-unrecognized-form], umarekaware [error-unrecognized-form], 生まれ変わられる [passive], うまれかわられる [passive], umarekawarareru [passive], 生まれ変わらせる [causative], 生まれ変わらす [causative], うまれかわらせる [causative], うまれかわらす [causative], umarekawaraseru [causative], umarekawarasu [causative], 生まれ変われる [potential], うまれかわれる [potential], umarekawareru [potential], 生まれ変わろう [volitional], うまれかわろう [volitional], umarekawarō [volitional], 生まれ変わらない [negative], うまれかわらない [negative], umarekawaranai [negative], 生まれ変わらず [continuative, negative], うまれかわらず [continuative, negative], umarekawarazu [continuative, negative], 生まれ変わります [formal], うまれかわります [formal], umarekawarimasu [formal], 生まれ変わった [perfective], うまれかわった [perfective], umarekawatta [perfective], 生まれ変わって [conjunctive], うまれかわって [conjunctive], umarekawatte [conjunctive], 生まれ変われば [conditional, hypothetical], うまれかわれば [conditional, hypothetical], umarekawareba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. to be born again, to be reborn, to be reincarnated Synonyms: 転生する (tensei suru) (ruby: 転生(てんせい))
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "生まれ",
        "2": "うまれ",
        "3": "変わる",
        "4": "かわる"
      },
      "expansion": "生(う)まれ (umare) + 変(か)わる (kawaru)",
      "name": "ja-compound"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From 生(う)まれ (umare) + 変(か)わる (kawaru).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わる",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "生",
          "う"
        ],
        [
          "変",
          "か"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekafaru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わり",
      "roman": "umarekawari",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "生",
          "う"
        ],
        [
          "変",
          "か"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わった",
      "roman": "umarekawatta",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "生",
          "う"
        ],
        [
          "変",
          "か"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-go-ru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わら",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわら",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawara",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わり",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわり",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawari",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変われ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekaware",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaraseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変われる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわれる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わろう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわろう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaranai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarazu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わります",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわります",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わった",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわった",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawatta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わって",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわって",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawatte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変われば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawareba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "うまれかわる",
        "hhira": "うまれかはる",
        "tr": "intrans",
        "type": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "生(う)まれ変(か)わる • (umarekawaru) ^(←うまれかはる (umarekafaru)?)intransitive godan (stem 生(う)まれ変(か)わり (umarekawari), past 生(う)まれ変(か)わった (umarekawatta))",
      "name": "ja-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be born again, to be reborn, to be reincarnated"
      ],
      "id": "en-生まれ変わる-ja-verb-ZnHZdX9N",
      "links": [
        [
          "born",
          "born"
        ],
        [
          "again",
          "again"
        ],
        [
          "reborn",
          "reborn"
        ],
        [
          "reincarnated",
          "reincarnated"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "tensei suru",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "転生",
              "てんせい"
            ]
          ],
          "word": "転生する"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "うまれかわる"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ɯ̟ma̠ɾe̞ka̠β̞a̠ɾɯ̟]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "生まれ変わる"
}
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "生まれ",
        "2": "うまれ",
        "3": "変わる",
        "4": "かわる"
      },
      "expansion": "生(う)まれ (umare) + 変(か)わる (kawaru)",
      "name": "ja-compound"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From 生(う)まれ (umare) + 変(か)わる (kawaru).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わる",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "生",
          "う"
        ],
        [
          "変",
          "か"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekafaru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わり",
      "roman": "umarekawari",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "生",
          "う"
        ],
        [
          "変",
          "か"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わった",
      "roman": "umarekawatta",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "生",
          "う"
        ],
        [
          "変",
          "か"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-go-ru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わら",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわら",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawara",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わり",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわり",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawari",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変われ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekaware",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaraseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変われる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわれる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わろう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわろう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawaranai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わらず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわらず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarazu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わります",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわります",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawarimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わった",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわった",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawatta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変わって",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわって",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawatte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "生まれ変われば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "うまれかわれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "umarekawareba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "うまれかわる",
        "hhira": "うまれかはる",
        "tr": "intrans",
        "type": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "生(う)まれ変(か)わる • (umarekawaru) ^(←うまれかはる (umarekafaru)?)intransitive godan (stem 生(う)まれ変(か)わり (umarekawari), past 生(う)まれ変(か)わった (umarekawatta))",
      "name": "ja-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese compound terms",
        "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Japanese godan verbs",
        "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
        "Japanese intransitive verbs",
        "Japanese lemmas",
        "Japanese links with manual fragments",
        "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
        "Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
        "Japanese terms spelled with わ",
        "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
        "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
        "Japanese verbs",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be born again, to be reborn, to be reincarnated"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "born",
          "born"
        ],
        [
          "again",
          "again"
        ],
        [
          "reborn",
          "reborn"
        ],
        [
          "reincarnated",
          "reincarnated"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "うまれかわる"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ɯ̟ma̠ɾe̞ka̠β̞a̠ɾɯ̟]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "tensei suru",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "転生",
          "てんせい"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "転生する"
    }
  ],
  "word": "生まれ変わる"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 生まれ変わる meaning in All languages combined (6.1kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "生まれ変わる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "生まれ変わる",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.