See 波羅蜜 on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "六波羅蜜"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "六波罗蜜"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "Bōrě Bōluómìduō Xīnjīng",
"word": "般若波羅蜜多心經"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "Bōrě Bōluómìduō Xīnjīng",
"word": "般若波罗蜜多心经"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "sa",
"3": "पारमिता"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "波罗蜜",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "波羅蜜",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Buddhism",
"orig": "zh:Buddhism",
"parents": [
"Religion",
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "62 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 25 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 30 4 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"paramita; perfection or culmination of certain virtues"
],
"id": "en-波羅蜜-zh-noun-o7-YCq--",
"links": [
[
"Buddhism",
"Buddhism"
],
[
"paramita",
"paramita"
],
[
"perfection",
"perfection"
],
[
"culmination",
"culmination"
],
[
"virtue",
"virtue"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Buddhism) paramita; perfection or culmination of certain virtues"
],
"topics": [
"Buddhism",
"lifestyle",
"religion"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "bōluómì, “jackfruit”",
"word": "菠蘿蜜 /菠萝蜜"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 菠蘿蜜 /菠萝蜜 (bōluómì, “jackfruit”)"
],
"id": "en-波羅蜜-zh-noun-lj47WnMa",
"links": [
[
"菠蘿蜜",
"菠蘿蜜#Chinese"
],
[
"菠萝蜜",
"菠萝蜜#Chinese"
],
[
"jackfruit",
"jackfruit"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bōluómì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "bo¹ lo⁴ mat⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "pho-lô-bi̍t"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "bōluómì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "boluómì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "po¹-lo²-mi⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "bwō-lwó-mì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "boluomih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "боломи"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "bolomi"
},
{
"ipa": "/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "bō lòh maht"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bo¹ lo⁴ mat⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "bo¹ lo⁴ med⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "pho-lô-bi̍t"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "pho-lô-bi̍t"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "phoiloi'bit"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ bit̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ bit̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "pa la mjit"
},
{
"ipa": "/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ bit̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ bit̚⁴/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "bǐ'àn",
"word": "彼岸"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "bōluómìduō",
"word": "波羅蜜多"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "bōluómìduō",
"word": "波罗蜜多"
}
],
"word": "波羅蜜"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "sa",
"3": "पारमिता"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Alternative reading paramitsu reborrowed from Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波",
"は"
],
[
"羅",
"ら"
],
[
"蜜",
"みつ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波羅蜜",
"ハラミツ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波羅蜜",
"ぱらみつ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波羅蜜",
"パラミツ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "haramitsu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "paramitsu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "はらみつ",
"2": "ハラミツ",
"3": "ぱらみつ",
"4": "パラミツ"
},
"expansion": "波(は)羅(ら)蜜(みつ) or 波羅蜜(ハラミツ) or 波羅蜜(ぱらみつ) or 波羅蜜(パラミツ) • (haramitsu or paramitsu)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"jackfruit"
],
"id": "en-波羅蜜-ja-noun-KQYBCssy",
"links": [
[
"jackfruit",
"jackfruit"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 3 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Fruits",
"orig": "ja:Fruits",
"parents": [
"Foods",
"Plants",
"Eating",
"Food and drink",
"Lifeforms",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"paramita, perfection"
],
"id": "en-波羅蜜-ja-noun-85BUvij8",
"links": [
[
"paramita",
"paramita"
],
[
"perfection",
"perfection"
]
]
}
],
"word": "波羅蜜"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "波羅蜜",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "波羅蜜",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of ba-la-mật (“paramita”)."
],
"id": "en-波羅蜜-vi-noun-GAiZ5va3",
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"ba-la-mật",
"ba-la-mật#Vietnamese:_波羅蜜"
],
[
"paramita",
"paramita"
]
]
}
],
"word": "波羅蜜"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms borrowed from Sanskrit",
"Chinese terms derived from Sanskrit",
"Chinese terms spelled with 波",
"Chinese terms spelled with 羅",
"Chinese terms spelled with 蜜",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "六波羅蜜"
},
{
"word": "六波罗蜜"
},
{
"roman": "Bōrě Bōluómìduō Xīnjīng",
"word": "般若波羅蜜多心經"
},
{
"roman": "Bōrě Bōluómìduō Xīnjīng",
"word": "般若波罗蜜多心经"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "sa",
"3": "पारमिता"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "波罗蜜",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "波羅蜜",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"zh:Buddhism"
],
"glosses": [
"paramita; perfection or culmination of certain virtues"
],
"links": [
[
"Buddhism",
"Buddhism"
],
[
"paramita",
"paramita"
],
[
"perfection",
"perfection"
],
[
"culmination",
"culmination"
],
[
"virtue",
"virtue"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Buddhism) paramita; perfection or culmination of certain virtues"
],
"topics": [
"Buddhism",
"lifestyle",
"religion"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "bōluómì, “jackfruit”",
"word": "菠蘿蜜 /菠萝蜜"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 菠蘿蜜 /菠萝蜜 (bōluómì, “jackfruit”)"
],
"links": [
[
"菠蘿蜜",
"菠蘿蜜#Chinese"
],
[
"菠萝蜜",
"菠萝蜜#Chinese"
],
[
"jackfruit",
"jackfruit"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bōluómì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "bo¹ lo⁴ mat⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "pho-lô-bi̍t"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "bōluómì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "boluómì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "po¹-lo²-mi⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "bwō-lwó-mì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "boluomih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "боломи"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "bolomi"
},
{
"ipa": "/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "bō lòh maht"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bo¹ lo⁴ mat⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "bo¹ lo⁴ med⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "pho-lô-bi̍t"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "pho-lô-bi̍t"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "phoiloi'bit"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ bit̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ bit̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "pa la mjit"
},
{
"ipa": "/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ bit̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ bit̚⁴/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "bǐ'àn",
"word": "彼岸"
},
{
"roman": "bōluómìduō",
"word": "波羅蜜多"
},
{
"roman": "bōluómìduō",
"word": "波罗蜜多"
}
],
"word": "波羅蜜"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms borrowed from Sanskrit",
"Japanese terms derived from Sanskrit",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 3 kanji",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"ja:Fruits"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "sa",
"3": "पारमिता"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Alternative reading paramitsu reborrowed from Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波",
"は"
],
[
"羅",
"ら"
],
[
"蜜",
"みつ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波羅蜜",
"ハラミツ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波羅蜜",
"ぱらみつ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "波羅蜜",
"ruby": [
[
"波羅蜜",
"パラミツ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "haramitsu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "paramitsu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "はらみつ",
"2": "ハラミツ",
"3": "ぱらみつ",
"4": "パラミツ"
},
"expansion": "波(は)羅(ら)蜜(みつ) or 波羅蜜(ハラミツ) or 波羅蜜(ぱらみつ) or 波羅蜜(パラミツ) • (haramitsu or paramitsu)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"jackfruit"
],
"links": [
[
"jackfruit",
"jackfruit"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"paramita, perfection"
],
"links": [
[
"paramita",
"paramita"
],
[
"perfection",
"perfection"
]
]
}
],
"word": "波羅蜜"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "波羅蜜",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "波羅蜜",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese nouns",
"Vietnamese nouns in Han script"
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of ba-la-mật (“paramita”)."
],
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"ba-la-mật",
"ba-la-mật#Vietnamese:_波羅蜜"
],
[
"paramita",
"paramita"
]
]
}
],
"word": "波羅蜜"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 波羅蜜 meaning in All languages combined (6.3kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <sup> not properly closed",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": "started on line 19, detected on line 19"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </sup>",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ)'",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "linkages/371",
"msg": "unrecognized linkage prefix: (paramita): 彼岸 (bǐ'àn), 波羅蜜多／波罗蜜多 (bōluómìduō) desc=paramita rest=彼岸 (bǐ'àn), 波羅蜜多／波罗蜜多 (bōluómìduō) cls=romanization cls2=other e1=True e2=False",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"波羅蜜"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "波羅蜜",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.