"慢心" meaning in All languages combined

See 慢心 on Wiktionary

Noun [Japanese]

IPA: [mã̠ɰ̃ɕĩɴ] Forms: 慢心 [canonical] (ruby: (まん), (しん)), manshin [romanization]
Head templates: {{ja-noun|まんしん}} 慢(まん)心(しん) • (manshin)
  1. conceit, pride
    Sense id: en-慢心-ja-noun-4qeTqkE6 Categories (other): Japanese terms with 2 kanji Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 58 42

Verb [Japanese]

IPA: [mã̠ɰ̃ɕĩɴ]
Forms: 慢心する [canonical] (ruby: (まん), (しん)), manshin suru [romanization], 慢心し [stem] (ruby: (まん), (しん)), 慢心した [past] (ruby: (まん), (しん)), no-table-tags [table-tags], 慢心し [error-unrecognized-form], まんしんし [error-unrecognized-form], manshin shi [error-unrecognized-form], 慢心する [error-unrecognized-form], まんしんする [error-unrecognized-form], manshin suru [error-unrecognized-form], 慢心すれ [error-unrecognized-form], まんしんすれ [error-unrecognized-form], manshin sure [error-unrecognized-form], 慢心せよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], 慢心しろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], まんしんせよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], まんしんしろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], manshin seyo [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], manshin shiro [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], 慢心される [passive], まんしんされる [passive], manshin sareru [passive], 慢心させる [causative], 慢心さす [causative], まんしんさせる [causative], まんしんさす [causative], manshin saseru [causative], manshin sasu [causative], 慢心できる [potential], まんしんできる [potential], manshin dekiru [potential], 慢心しよう [volitional], まんしんしよう [volitional], manshin shiyō [volitional], 慢心しない [negative], まんしんしない [negative], manshin shinai [negative], 慢心せず [continuative, negative], まんしんせず [continuative, negative], manshin sezu [continuative, negative], 慢心します [formal], まんしんします [formal], manshin shimasu [formal], 慢心した [perfective], まんしんした [perfective], manshin shita [perfective], 慢心して [conjunctive], まんしんして [conjunctive], manshin shite [conjunctive], 慢心すれば [conditional, hypothetical], まんしんすれば [conditional, hypothetical], manshin sureba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. be conceited
    Sense id: en-慢心-ja-verb-N7lT~sZ~ Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Pages with 1 entry Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 29 71 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 22 78 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 23 77 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 39 61
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "慢心",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "まんしん"
      },
      "expansion": "慢(まん)心(しん) • (manshin)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "58 42",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "conceit, pride"
      ],
      "id": "en-慢心-ja-noun-4qeTqkE6",
      "links": [
        [
          "conceit",
          "conceit"
        ],
        [
          "pride",
          "pride"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[mã̠ɰ̃ɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "慢心"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "慢心する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心し",
      "roman": "manshin shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心した",
      "roman": "manshin shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "29 71",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 78",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 77",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "39 61",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "be conceited"
      ],
      "id": "en-慢心-ja-verb-N7lT~sZ~",
      "links": [
        [
          "conceited",
          "conceited"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[mã̠ɰ̃ɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "慢心"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese intransitive verbs",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "慢心",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "まんしん"
      },
      "expansion": "慢(まん)心(しん) • (manshin)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "conceit, pride"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "conceit",
          "conceit"
        ],
        [
          "pride",
          "pride"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[mã̠ɰ̃ɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "慢心"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese intransitive verbs",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "慢心する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心し",
      "roman": "manshin shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心した",
      "roman": "manshin shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "慢",
          "まん"
        ],
        [
          "心",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "慢心すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "まんしんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "manshin sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "be conceited"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "conceited",
          "conceited"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[mã̠ɰ̃ɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "慢心"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 慢心 meaning in All languages combined (6.3kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "慢心"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "慢心",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "慢心"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "慢心",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "慢心"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "慢心",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "慢心"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "慢心",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "慢心"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "慢心",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "慢心"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "慢心",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "慢心"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "慢心",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.