"今昔" meaning in All languages combined

See 今昔 on Wiktionary

Noun [Chinese]

IPA: /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /kɐm⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/ [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Sinological-IPA], /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/, /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/, /kɐm⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/ Chinese transliterations: jīnxī [Mandarin, Pinyin], jīnxí [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄐㄧㄣ ㄒㄧ [Mandarin, bopomofo], ㄐㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˊ [Mandarin, bopomofo], gam¹ sik¹ [Cantonese, Jyutping], jīnxī [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], jinsi [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], chin¹-hsi¹ [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], jīn-syī [Mandarin, Yale], jinshi [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], цзиньси [Mandarin, Palladius], czinʹsi [Mandarin, Palladius], jīnxí [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], jinsí [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], chin¹-hsi² [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], jīn-syí [Mandarin, Yale], jinshyi [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], gam¹ sik¹ [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Jyutping], gām sīk [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Yale], gam¹ sik⁷ [Cantonese, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong, Pinyin], gem¹ xig¹ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization, Guangzhou, Hong-Kong], kim sjek [Middle-Chinese], /*[k]r[ə]m [s]Ak/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*krɯm sjaːɡ/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 今昔
  1. (Classical) last night Tags: Classical
    Sense id: en-今昔-zh-noun-i2S-nVmX Categories (other): Classical Chinese, Chinese antonymous compounds, Chinese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Chinese antonymous compounds: 80 20 Disambiguation of Chinese entries with incorrect language header: 92 8
  2. (literary) the present and the past Tags: literary Synonyms: 古今
    Sense id: en-今昔-zh-noun-PBCjvJPT
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: 今昔之感

Noun [Japanese]

IPA: [kõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑa̠kɯ̟ᵝ] Forms: 今昔 [canonical] (ruby: (こん), (じゃく)), konjaku [romanization], konzyaku [romanization], こんじやく [hiragana, historical]
Head templates: {{ja-noun|こんじゃく|hhira=こんじやく}} 今(こん)昔(じゃく) • (konjaku) ^(←こんじやく (konzyaku)?)
  1. the past and the present

Download JSON data for 今昔 meaning in All languages combined (5.9kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "今昔之感"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zh",
            "2": "今昔"
          },
          "expansion": "今昔",
          "name": "lang"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "-",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Japanese:",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "今%昔",
            "2": "こん%じゃく",
            "gloss": ""
          },
          "expansion": "今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)",
          "name": "ja-r"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "今昔",
            "2": "こん%じゃく",
            "3": "",
            "4": "",
            "5": "",
            "6": "",
            "h": "今昔",
            "j2": "",
            "j2t": "",
            "j3": "",
            "j3t": "",
            "j4": "",
            "j4t": "",
            "jdesc": "",
            "jje2": "",
            "jje2t": "",
            "jje3": "",
            "jje3t": "",
            "jje4": "",
            "jje4t": "",
            "jjedesc": "",
            "jjet": "",
            "jt": "",
            "k2": "",
            "k2t": "",
            "k3": "",
            "k3t": "",
            "k4": "",
            "k4t": "",
            "kdesc": "",
            "kt": "",
            "o": "今昔",
            "o2": "",
            "o2t": "",
            "o3": "",
            "o3t": "",
            "o4": "",
            "o4t": "",
            "odesc": "",
            "ot": "",
            "s": "今%昔",
            "v": "今昔",
            "v2": "",
            "v2t": "",
            "v3": "",
            "v3t": "",
            "v4": "",
            "v4t": "",
            "vdesc": "",
            "vt": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (今昔):\n* → Japanese: 今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)",
          "name": "CJKV/code"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "",
            "2": "こん%じゃく",
            "j": "今%昔"
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (今昔):\n* → Japanese: 今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)",
          "name": "CJKV"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sino-Xenic (今昔):\n* → Japanese: 今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "今昔",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Classical Chinese",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "80 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese antonymous compounds",
          "parents": [
            "Antonymous compounds",
            "Antonym",
            "Dvandva compounds",
            "Compound terms",
            "Terms by etymology"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "92 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "last night"
      ],
      "id": "en-今昔-zh-noun-i2S-nVmX",
      "links": [
        [
          "last",
          "last"
        ],
        [
          "night",
          "night"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Classical) last night"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "the present and the past"
      ],
      "id": "en-今昔-zh-noun-PBCjvJPT",
      "links": [
        [
          "present",
          "present"
        ],
        [
          "past",
          "past"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) the present and the past"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "古今"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxī"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄣ ㄒㄧ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gam¹ sik¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxī"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinsi"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chin¹-hsi¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīn-syī"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinshi"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "цзиньси"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "czinʹsi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinsí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chin¹-hsi²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīn-syí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinshyi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gam¹ sik¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gām sīk"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gam¹ sik⁷"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gem¹ xig¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kim sjek"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[k]r[ə]m [s]Ak/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*krɯm sjaːɡ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[k]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ə]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[s]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*krɯm sjaːɡ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "今昔"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "今昔",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "今",
          "こん"
        ],
        [
          "昔",
          "じゃく"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "konjaku",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "konzyaku",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "こんじやく",
      "roman": "konzyaku",
      "tags": [
        "hiragana",
        "historical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "こんじゃく",
        "hhira": "こんじやく"
      },
      "expansion": "今(こん)昔(じゃく) • (konjaku) ^(←こんじやく (konzyaku)?)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the past and the present"
      ],
      "id": "en-今昔-ja-noun-8zRUn3jK",
      "links": [
        [
          "past",
          "past"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "present"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "こんじゃく"
    },
    {
      "other": "こんじゃく"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "今昔"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese antonymous compounds",
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Middle Chinese lemmas",
    "Old Chinese lemmas"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "今昔之感"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zh",
            "2": "今昔"
          },
          "expansion": "今昔",
          "name": "lang"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "-",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Japanese:",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "今%昔",
            "2": "こん%じゃく",
            "gloss": ""
          },
          "expansion": "今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)",
          "name": "ja-r"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "今昔",
            "2": "こん%じゃく",
            "3": "",
            "4": "",
            "5": "",
            "6": "",
            "h": "今昔",
            "j2": "",
            "j2t": "",
            "j3": "",
            "j3t": "",
            "j4": "",
            "j4t": "",
            "jdesc": "",
            "jje2": "",
            "jje2t": "",
            "jje3": "",
            "jje3t": "",
            "jje4": "",
            "jje4t": "",
            "jjedesc": "",
            "jjet": "",
            "jt": "",
            "k2": "",
            "k2t": "",
            "k3": "",
            "k3t": "",
            "k4": "",
            "k4t": "",
            "kdesc": "",
            "kt": "",
            "o": "今昔",
            "o2": "",
            "o2t": "",
            "o3": "",
            "o3t": "",
            "o4": "",
            "o4t": "",
            "odesc": "",
            "ot": "",
            "s": "今%昔",
            "v": "今昔",
            "v2": "",
            "v2t": "",
            "v3": "",
            "v3t": "",
            "v4": "",
            "v4t": "",
            "vdesc": "",
            "vt": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (今昔):\n* → Japanese: 今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)",
          "name": "CJKV/code"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "",
            "2": "こん%じゃく",
            "j": "今%昔"
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (今昔):\n* → Japanese: 今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)",
          "name": "CJKV"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sino-Xenic (今昔):\n* → Japanese: 今(こん)昔(じゃく) (konjaku)"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "今昔",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Classical Chinese"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "last night"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "last",
          "last"
        ],
        [
          "night",
          "night"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Classical) last night"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese literary terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the present and the past"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "present",
          "present"
        ],
        [
          "past",
          "past"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) the present and the past"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "古今"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxī"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄣ ㄒㄧ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gam¹ sik¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxī"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinsi"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chin¹-hsi¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīn-syī"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinshi"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "цзиньси"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "czinʹsi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīnxí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinsí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chin¹-hsi²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīn-syí"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jinshyi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gam¹ sik¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gām sīk"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gam¹ sik⁷"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gem¹ xig¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou",
        "Hong-Kong",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kim sjek"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[k]r[ə]m [s]Ak/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*krɯm sjaːɡ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[k]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ə]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[s]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*krɯm sjaːɡ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "今昔"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "今昔",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "今",
          "こん"
        ],
        [
          "昔",
          "じゃく"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "konjaku",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "konzyaku",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "こんじやく",
      "roman": "konzyaku",
      "tags": [
        "hiragana",
        "historical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "こんじゃく",
        "hhira": "こんじやく"
      },
      "expansion": "今(こん)昔(じゃく) • (konjaku) ^(←こんじやく (konzyaku)?)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Japanese lemmas",
        "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Japanese nouns",
        "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
        "Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
        "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
        "Japanese terms written with two Han script characters"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the past and the present"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "past",
          "past"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "present"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "こんじゃく"
    },
    {
      "other": "こんじゃく"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "今昔"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.