"ცხინვალი" meaning in All languages combined

See ცხინვალი on Wiktionary

Proper name [Georgian]

IPA: /t͡sxinvali/, [t͡sʰχinʷali] Forms: cxinvali [romanization]
Etymology: First attested in the 14th century. From Middle Georgian, from Old Georgian ქრცხილვანი (krcxilvani), from ქრცხილი (krcxili, “hornbeam”) + -ოვანი (-ovani, adjectival suffix), ultimately from Proto-Kartvelian *krcxeml- (“hornbeam”). The earliest form was probably *ქრცხილოვანი (*krcxilovani), *ქრცხილოანი (*krcxiloani). In the 15th century it developed into კრცხილვანი (ḳrcxilvani) (the ქ (k) → კ (ḳ) development is regular in Middle Georgian). Due to metathesis of the consonants and due to natural drift in the language, the first two consonants of the root (*კ (*ḳ) and *რ (*r)) were lost, while *ლ (*l) was replaced with the more convenient *ნ (*n) (and vice versa. The same development is seen in Old Georgian ჟილვანი (žilvani) → ჟინვალი (žinvali)). In all forms of the term the root is *ქრცხილ- (*krcxil-) (or later *კრცხილ- (*ḳrcxil-)), suffixed with -ოვანი (-ovani, “having certain characteristics or qualities”), where ო (o) is lost due to phonetic contraction. Old Georgian ქრცხილა (krcxila) (modern რცხილა (rcxila, “hornbeam”)) was the name of a certain type of an endemic tree (of genus Carpinus) commonly found in this region. Thus, the literal meaning of the toponym can be viewed as "the land of hornbeams". Etymology templates: {{der|ka|ka-mid|-}} Middle Georgian, {{der|ka|oge|ქრცხილვანი}} Old Georgian ქრცხილვანი (krcxilvani), {{m|oge|ქრცხილი|gloss=hornbeam}} ქრცხილი (krcxili, “hornbeam”), {{m|ka|-ოვანი|pos=adjectival suffix}} -ოვანი (-ovani, adjectival suffix), {{der|ka|ccs-pro|*krcxeml-|t=hornbeam}} Proto-Kartvelian *krcxeml- (“hornbeam”), {{m|oge||*ქრცხილოვანი}} *ქრცხილოვანი (*krcxilovani), {{m|oge||*ქრცხილოანი}} *ქრცხილოანი (*krcxiloani), {{m|ka|კრცხილვანი}} კრცხილვანი (ḳrcxilvani), {{m|ka||ქ}} ქ (k), {{m|ka||კ}} კ (ḳ), {{m|ka||*კ}} *კ (*ḳ), {{m|ka||*რ}} *რ (*r), {{m|ka||*ლ}} *ლ (*l), {{m|ka||*ნ}} *ნ (*n), {{m|oge|ჟილვანი}} ჟილვანი (žilvani), {{m|ka|ჟინვალი}} ჟინვალი (žinvali), {{m|oge||*ქრცხილ-}} *ქრცხილ- (*krcxil-), {{m|oge||*კრცხილ-}} *კრცხილ- (*ḳrcxil-), {{m|ka|-ოვანი|gloss=having certain characteristics or qualities}} -ოვანი (-ovani, “having certain characteristics or qualities”), {{m|ka||ო}} ო (o), {{m|ka|ქრცხილა}} ქრცხილა (krcxila), {{m|ka|რცხილა|gloss=hornbeam}} რცხილა (rcxila, “hornbeam”), {{taxfmt|Carpinus|genus}} Carpinus Head templates: {{ka-proper noun}} ცხინვალი • (cxinvali)
  1. Tskhinvali (the capital city of South Ossetia, a de-facto independent country internationally recognized as part of the country of Georgia) Wikipedia link: Drift (linguistics) Categories (place): Cities in Georgia, Cities in South Ossetia, National capitals, Places in Georgia, Places in South Ossetia
    Sense id: en-ცხინვალი-ka-name-Nay91iYg Categories (other): Georgian entries with incorrect language header, Georgian terms with redundant script codes

Download JSON data for ცხინვალი meaning in All languages combined (7.4kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "Ցխինվալ",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Armenian: Ցխինվալ (Cʻxinval)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Armenian: Ցխինվալ (Cʻxinval)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "Tskhinvali",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: Tskhinvali",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: Tskhinvali"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "os",
            "2": "Цхинвал",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ossetian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ossetian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "Цхинвал",
            "alts": "1",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Russian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Russian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ka-mid",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Georgian",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "oge",
        "3": "ქრცხილვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Georgian ქრცხილვანი (krcxilvani)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "ქრცხილი",
        "gloss": "hornbeam"
      },
      "expansion": "ქრცხილი (krcxili, “hornbeam”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "-ოვანი",
        "pos": "adjectival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-ოვანი (-ovani, adjectival suffix)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ccs-pro",
        "3": "*krcxeml-",
        "t": "hornbeam"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *krcxeml- (“hornbeam”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ქრცხილოვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "*ქრცხილოვანი (*krcxilovani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ქრცხილოანი"
      },
      "expansion": "*ქრცხილოანი (*krcxiloani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "კრცხილვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "კრცხილვანი (ḳrcxilvani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "ქ"
      },
      "expansion": "ქ (k)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "კ"
      },
      "expansion": "კ (ḳ)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*კ"
      },
      "expansion": "*კ (*ḳ)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*რ"
      },
      "expansion": "*რ (*r)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ლ"
      },
      "expansion": "*ლ (*l)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ნ"
      },
      "expansion": "*ნ (*n)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "ჟილვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "ჟილვანი (žilvani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ჟინვალი"
      },
      "expansion": "ჟინვალი (žinvali)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ქრცხილ-"
      },
      "expansion": "*ქრცხილ- (*krcxil-)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*კრცხილ-"
      },
      "expansion": "*კრცხილ- (*ḳrcxil-)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "-ოვანი",
        "gloss": "having certain characteristics or qualities"
      },
      "expansion": "-ოვანი (-ovani, “having certain characteristics or qualities”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "ო"
      },
      "expansion": "ო (o)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ქრცხილა"
      },
      "expansion": "ქრცხილა (krcxila)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "რცხილა",
        "gloss": "hornbeam"
      },
      "expansion": "რცხილა (rcxila, “hornbeam”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Carpinus",
        "2": "genus"
      },
      "expansion": "Carpinus",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "First attested in the 14th century.\nFrom Middle Georgian, from Old Georgian ქრცხილვანი (krcxilvani), from ქრცხილი (krcxili, “hornbeam”) + -ოვანი (-ovani, adjectival suffix), ultimately from Proto-Kartvelian *krcxeml- (“hornbeam”).\nThe earliest form was probably *ქრცხილოვანი (*krcxilovani), *ქრცხილოანი (*krcxiloani). In the 15th century it developed into კრცხილვანი (ḳrcxilvani) (the ქ (k) → კ (ḳ) development is regular in Middle Georgian). Due to metathesis of the consonants and due to natural drift in the language, the first two consonants of the root (*კ (*ḳ) and *რ (*r)) were lost, while *ლ (*l) was replaced with the more convenient *ნ (*n) (and vice versa. The same development is seen in Old Georgian ჟილვანი (žilvani) → ჟინვალი (žinvali)).\nIn all forms of the term the root is *ქრცხილ- (*krcxil-) (or later *კრცხილ- (*ḳrcxil-)), suffixed with -ოვანი (-ovani, “having certain characteristics or qualities”), where ო (o) is lost due to phonetic contraction. Old Georgian ქრცხილა (krcxila) (modern რცხილა (rcxila, “hornbeam”)) was the name of a certain type of an endemic tree (of genus Carpinus) commonly found in this region. Thus, the literal meaning of the toponym can be viewed as \"the land of hornbeams\".",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cxinvali",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ცხინვალი • (cxinvali)",
      "name": "ka-proper noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ცხინ‧ვა‧ლი"
  ],
  "lang": "Georgian",
  "lang_code": "ka",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Georgian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Georgian terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "ka",
          "name": "Cities in Georgia",
          "orig": "ka:Cities in Georgia",
          "parents": [
            "Cities",
            "Places",
            "Polities",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "ka",
          "name": "Cities in South Ossetia",
          "orig": "ka:Cities in South Ossetia",
          "parents": [
            "Cities",
            "Places",
            "Polities",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "ka",
          "name": "National capitals",
          "orig": "ka:National capitals",
          "parents": [
            "Capital cities",
            "Cities",
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "ka",
          "name": "Places in Georgia",
          "orig": "ka:Places in Georgia",
          "parents": [
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "ka",
          "name": "Places in South Ossetia",
          "orig": "ka:Places in South Ossetia",
          "parents": [
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Tskhinvali (the capital city of South Ossetia, a de-facto independent country internationally recognized as part of the country of Georgia)"
      ],
      "id": "en-ცხინვალი-ka-name-Nay91iYg",
      "links": [
        [
          "Tskhinvali",
          "Tskhinvali#English"
        ],
        [
          "capital city",
          "capital city"
        ],
        [
          "South Ossetia",
          "South Ossetia"
        ],
        [
          "Georgia",
          "Georgia"
        ]
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Drift (linguistics)"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sxinvali/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[t͡sʰχinʷali]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ცხინვალი"
}
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "Ցխինվալ",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Armenian: Ցխինվալ (Cʻxinval)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Armenian: Ցխինվալ (Cʻxinval)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "Tskhinvali",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: Tskhinvali",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: Tskhinvali"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "os",
            "2": "Цхинвал",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ossetian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ossetian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "Цхинвал",
            "alts": "1",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Russian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Russian: Цхинвал (Cxinval)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ka-mid",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Georgian",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "oge",
        "3": "ქრცხილვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Georgian ქრცხილვანი (krcxilvani)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "ქრცხილი",
        "gloss": "hornbeam"
      },
      "expansion": "ქრცხილი (krcxili, “hornbeam”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "-ოვანი",
        "pos": "adjectival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-ოვანი (-ovani, adjectival suffix)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ccs-pro",
        "3": "*krcxeml-",
        "t": "hornbeam"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *krcxeml- (“hornbeam”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ქრცხილოვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "*ქრცხილოვანი (*krcxilovani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ქრცხილოანი"
      },
      "expansion": "*ქრცხილოანი (*krcxiloani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "კრცხილვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "კრცხილვანი (ḳrcxilvani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "ქ"
      },
      "expansion": "ქ (k)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "კ"
      },
      "expansion": "კ (ḳ)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*კ"
      },
      "expansion": "*კ (*ḳ)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*რ"
      },
      "expansion": "*რ (*r)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ლ"
      },
      "expansion": "*ლ (*l)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ნ"
      },
      "expansion": "*ნ (*n)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "ჟილვანი"
      },
      "expansion": "ჟილვანი (žilvani)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ჟინვალი"
      },
      "expansion": "ჟინვალი (žinvali)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ქრცხილ-"
      },
      "expansion": "*ქრცხილ- (*krcxil-)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*კრცხილ-"
      },
      "expansion": "*კრცხილ- (*ḳrcxil-)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "-ოვანი",
        "gloss": "having certain characteristics or qualities"
      },
      "expansion": "-ოვანი (-ovani, “having certain characteristics or qualities”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "",
        "3": "ო"
      },
      "expansion": "ო (o)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "ქრცხილა"
      },
      "expansion": "ქრცხილა (krcxila)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ka",
        "2": "რცხილა",
        "gloss": "hornbeam"
      },
      "expansion": "რცხილა (rcxila, “hornbeam”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Carpinus",
        "2": "genus"
      },
      "expansion": "Carpinus",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "First attested in the 14th century.\nFrom Middle Georgian, from Old Georgian ქრცხილვანი (krcxilvani), from ქრცხილი (krcxili, “hornbeam”) + -ოვანი (-ovani, adjectival suffix), ultimately from Proto-Kartvelian *krcxeml- (“hornbeam”).\nThe earliest form was probably *ქრცხილოვანი (*krcxilovani), *ქრცხილოანი (*krcxiloani). In the 15th century it developed into კრცხილვანი (ḳrcxilvani) (the ქ (k) → კ (ḳ) development is regular in Middle Georgian). Due to metathesis of the consonants and due to natural drift in the language, the first two consonants of the root (*კ (*ḳ) and *რ (*r)) were lost, while *ლ (*l) was replaced with the more convenient *ნ (*n) (and vice versa. The same development is seen in Old Georgian ჟილვანი (žilvani) → ჟინვალი (žinvali)).\nIn all forms of the term the root is *ქრცხილ- (*krcxil-) (or later *კრცხილ- (*ḳrcxil-)), suffixed with -ოვანი (-ovani, “having certain characteristics or qualities”), where ო (o) is lost due to phonetic contraction. Old Georgian ქრცხილა (krcxila) (modern რცხილა (rcxila, “hornbeam”)) was the name of a certain type of an endemic tree (of genus Carpinus) commonly found in this region. Thus, the literal meaning of the toponym can be viewed as \"the land of hornbeams\".",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cxinvali",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ცხინვალი • (cxinvali)",
      "name": "ka-proper noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ცხინ‧ვა‧ლი"
  ],
  "lang": "Georgian",
  "lang_code": "ka",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Georgian 3-syllable words",
        "Georgian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Georgian lemmas",
        "Georgian proper nouns",
        "Georgian terms derived from Middle Georgian",
        "Georgian terms derived from Old Georgian",
        "Georgian terms derived from Proto-Kartvelian",
        "Georgian terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Georgian terms with redundant script codes",
        "ka:Cities in Georgia",
        "ka:Cities in South Ossetia",
        "ka:National capitals",
        "ka:Places in Georgia",
        "ka:Places in South Ossetia"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Tskhinvali (the capital city of South Ossetia, a de-facto independent country internationally recognized as part of the country of Georgia)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Tskhinvali",
          "Tskhinvali#English"
        ],
        [
          "capital city",
          "capital city"
        ],
        [
          "South Ossetia",
          "South Ossetia"
        ],
        [
          "Georgia",
          "Georgia"
        ]
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Drift (linguistics)"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sxinvali/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[t͡sʰχinʷali]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ცხინვალი"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e268c0e and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.