"ใน" meaning in All languages combined

See ใน on Wiktionary

Adjective [Thai]

IPA: /naj˧/ [standard] Forms: nai [romanization]
Etymology: From Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”). Cognate with Lao ໃນ (nai), Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), Zhuang ndaw. Compare Burmese ၌ (hnai.). Etymology templates: {{inh|th|tai-pro|*C̥.daɰᴬ||inside}} Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”), {{cog|lo|ໃນ}} Lao ໃນ (nai), {{cog|khb|ᦺᦓ}} Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), {{cog|shn|ၼႂ်း}} Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), {{cog|blt|ꪻꪙ}} Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, {{cog|aho|𑜃𑜧}} Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), {{cog|za|ndaw}} Zhuang ndaw, {{cog|my|၌}} Burmese ၌ (hnai.) Head templates: {{th-adj|-}} ใน • (nai)
  1. internal; interior; inner. Derived forms: ยางใน (yaang-nai)
    Sense id: en-ใน-th-adj-bW0XRDCB Categories (other): Thai prepositions Disambiguation of Thai prepositions: 26 23 23 28
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Preposition [Thai]

IPA: /naj˧/ [standard] Forms: :Template:Wiktionary:Picture_dictionary [canonical], th:prep-place ใน [canonical], nai [romanization]
Etymology: From Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”). Cognate with Lao ໃນ (nai), Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), Zhuang ndaw. Compare Burmese ၌ (hnai.). Etymology templates: {{inh|th|tai-pro|*C̥.daɰᴬ||inside}} Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”), {{cog|lo|ໃນ}} Lao ໃນ (nai), {{cog|khb|ᦺᦓ}} Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), {{cog|shn|ၼႂ်း}} Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), {{cog|blt|ꪻꪙ}} Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, {{cog|aho|𑜃𑜧}} Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), {{cog|za|ndaw}} Zhuang ndaw, {{cog|my|၌}} Burmese ၌ (hnai.) Head templates: {{th-prep}} ใน • (nai)
  1. in; inside; within; amidst; into.
    Sense id: en-ใน-th-prep-PynZsvou Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Thai entries with incorrect language header, Thai prepositions, Thai terms with redundant script codes Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 25 36 15 25 Disambiguation of Thai entries with incorrect language header: 29 47 12 13 Disambiguation of Thai prepositions: 26 23 23 28 Disambiguation of Thai terms with redundant script codes: 22 58 10 10
  2. (of time) on; at; during.
    Sense id: en-ใน-th-prep-fs1Gg6~8 Categories (other): Thai prepositions Disambiguation of Thai prepositions: 26 23 23 28
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Preposition [Thai]

IPA: /naj˧/ [standard] Forms: nai [romanization]
Etymology: From Old Khmer nai, naiya, naiy, naya, nay (“of; to belong to, to be the property of; belonging, property”). Cognate with Modern Khmer នៃ (nɨy). Etymology templates: {{bor|th|okz|nai}} Old Khmer nai, {{cog|km|នៃ}} Khmer នៃ (nɨy) Head templates: {{th-prep}} ใน • (nai)
  1. (elegant) of; belonging (to). Tags: formal
    Sense id: en-ใน-th-prep-J07nNPbH Categories (other): Thai prepositions Disambiguation of Thai prepositions: 26 23 23 28
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2
{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-pro",
        "3": "*C̥.daɰᴬ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "inside"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ໃນ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ໃນ (nai)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "khb",
        "2": "ᦺᦓ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lü ᦺᦓ (nay)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "shn",
        "2": "ၼႂ်း"
      },
      "expansion": "Shan ၼႂ်း (náue)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "blt",
        "2": "ꪻꪙ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Dam ꪻꪙ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aho",
        "2": "𑜃𑜧"
      },
      "expansion": "Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "za",
        "2": "ndaw"
      },
      "expansion": "Zhuang ndaw",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "my",
        "2": "၌"
      },
      "expansion": "Burmese ၌ (hnai.)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”). Cognate with Lao ໃນ (nai), Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), Zhuang ndaw. Compare Burmese ၌ (hnai.).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": ":Template:Wiktionary:Picture_dictionary",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "th:prep-place ใน",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nai",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ใน • (nai)",
      "name": "th-prep"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "25 36 15 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 47 12 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 23 23 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 58 10 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The milk is in the fridge.",
          "roman": "ná-má-yùu nai dtûu-yen",
          "text": "นมอยู่ในตู้เย็น",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "in; inside; within; amidst; into."
      ],
      "id": "en-ใน-th-prep-PynZsvou",
      "links": [
        [
          "in",
          "in"
        ],
        [
          "inside",
          "inside"
        ],
        [
          "within",
          "within"
        ],
        [
          "amidst",
          "amidst"
        ],
        [
          "into",
          "into"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "26 23 23 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "on; at; during."
      ],
      "id": "en-ใน-th-prep-fs1Gg6~8",
      "links": [
        [
          "on",
          "on"
        ],
        [
          "at",
          "at"
        ],
        [
          "during",
          "during"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of time) on; at; during."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of time"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/naj˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ใน"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-pro",
        "3": "*C̥.daɰᴬ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "inside"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ໃນ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ໃນ (nai)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "khb",
        "2": "ᦺᦓ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lü ᦺᦓ (nay)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "shn",
        "2": "ၼႂ်း"
      },
      "expansion": "Shan ၼႂ်း (náue)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "blt",
        "2": "ꪻꪙ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Dam ꪻꪙ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aho",
        "2": "𑜃𑜧"
      },
      "expansion": "Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "za",
        "2": "ndaw"
      },
      "expansion": "Zhuang ndaw",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "my",
        "2": "၌"
      },
      "expansion": "Burmese ၌ (hnai.)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”). Cognate with Lao ໃນ (nai), Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), Zhuang ndaw. Compare Burmese ၌ (hnai.).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nai",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "ใน • (nai)",
      "name": "th-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "26 23 23 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "yaang-nai",
          "word": "ยางใน"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "internal; interior; inner."
      ],
      "id": "en-ใน-th-adj-bW0XRDCB",
      "links": [
        [
          "internal",
          "internal"
        ],
        [
          "interior",
          "interior"
        ],
        [
          "inner",
          "inner"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/naj˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ใน"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "okz",
        "3": "nai"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Khmer nai",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "នៃ"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer នៃ (nɨy)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Khmer nai, naiya, naiy, naya, nay (“of; to belong to, to be the property of; belonging, property”). Cognate with Modern Khmer នៃ (nɨy).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nai",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ใน • (nai)",
      "name": "th-prep"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "26 23 23 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "of; belonging (to)."
      ],
      "id": "en-ใน-th-prep-J07nNPbH",
      "links": [
        [
          "of",
          "of"
        ],
        [
          "belong",
          "belong"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(elegant) of; belonging (to)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/naj˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ใน"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Rhymes:Thai/aj",
    "Thai 1-syllable words",
    "Thai adjectives",
    "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
    "Thai lemmas",
    "Thai prepositions",
    "Thai terms borrowed from Old Khmer",
    "Thai terms derived from Old Khmer",
    "Thai terms derived from Proto-Tai",
    "Thai terms inherited from Proto-Tai",
    "Thai terms spelled with ใ",
    "Thai terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Thai terms with homophones",
    "Thai terms with redundant script codes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-pro",
        "3": "*C̥.daɰᴬ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "inside"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ໃນ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ໃນ (nai)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "khb",
        "2": "ᦺᦓ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lü ᦺᦓ (nay)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "shn",
        "2": "ၼႂ်း"
      },
      "expansion": "Shan ၼႂ်း (náue)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "blt",
        "2": "ꪻꪙ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Dam ꪻꪙ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aho",
        "2": "𑜃𑜧"
      },
      "expansion": "Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "za",
        "2": "ndaw"
      },
      "expansion": "Zhuang ndaw",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "my",
        "2": "၌"
      },
      "expansion": "Burmese ၌ (hnai.)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”). Cognate with Lao ໃນ (nai), Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), Zhuang ndaw. Compare Burmese ၌ (hnai.).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": ":Template:Wiktionary:Picture_dictionary",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "th:prep-place ใน",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nai",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ใน • (nai)",
      "name": "th-prep"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Thai terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The milk is in the fridge.",
          "roman": "ná-má-yùu nai dtûu-yen",
          "text": "นมอยู่ในตู้เย็น",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "in; inside; within; amidst; into."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "in",
          "in"
        ],
        [
          "inside",
          "inside"
        ],
        [
          "within",
          "within"
        ],
        [
          "amidst",
          "amidst"
        ],
        [
          "into",
          "into"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "on; at; during."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "on",
          "on"
        ],
        [
          "at",
          "at"
        ],
        [
          "during",
          "during"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of time) on; at; during."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of time"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/naj˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ใน"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Rhymes:Thai/aj",
    "Thai 1-syllable words",
    "Thai adjectives",
    "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
    "Thai lemmas",
    "Thai prepositions",
    "Thai terms borrowed from Old Khmer",
    "Thai terms derived from Old Khmer",
    "Thai terms derived from Proto-Tai",
    "Thai terms inherited from Proto-Tai",
    "Thai terms spelled with ใ",
    "Thai terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Thai terms with homophones",
    "Thai terms with redundant script codes"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "yaang-nai",
      "word": "ยางใน"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-pro",
        "3": "*C̥.daɰᴬ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "inside"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ໃນ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ໃນ (nai)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "khb",
        "2": "ᦺᦓ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lü ᦺᦓ (nay)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "shn",
        "2": "ၼႂ်း"
      },
      "expansion": "Shan ၼႂ်း (náue)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "blt",
        "2": "ꪻꪙ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Dam ꪻꪙ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aho",
        "2": "𑜃𑜧"
      },
      "expansion": "Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "za",
        "2": "ndaw"
      },
      "expansion": "Zhuang ndaw",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "my",
        "2": "၌"
      },
      "expansion": "Burmese ၌ (hnai.)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”). Cognate with Lao ໃນ (nai), Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), Zhuang ndaw. Compare Burmese ၌ (hnai.).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nai",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "ใน • (nai)",
      "name": "th-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "internal; interior; inner."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "internal",
          "internal"
        ],
        [
          "interior",
          "interior"
        ],
        [
          "inner",
          "inner"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/naj˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ใน"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Rhymes:Thai/aj",
    "Thai 1-syllable words",
    "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
    "Thai lemmas",
    "Thai prepositions",
    "Thai terms borrowed from Old Khmer",
    "Thai terms derived from Old Khmer",
    "Thai terms spelled with ใ",
    "Thai terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Thai terms with homophones",
    "Thai terms with redundant script codes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "okz",
        "3": "nai"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Khmer nai",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "នៃ"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer នៃ (nɨy)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Khmer nai, naiya, naiy, naya, nay (“of; to belong to, to be the property of; belonging, property”). Cognate with Modern Khmer នៃ (nɨy).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nai",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ใน • (nai)",
      "name": "th-prep"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "of; belonging (to)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "of",
          "of"
        ],
        [
          "belong",
          "belong"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(elegant) of; belonging (to)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/naj˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ใน"
}

Download raw JSONL data for ใน meaning in All languages combined (5.5kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <table> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "ใน"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "ใน",
  "trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 4"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </tr>",
  "path": [
    "ใน"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "ใน",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </table>",
  "path": [
    "ใน"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "ใน",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
  "msg": "suspicious related form tags ['canonical']: ':Template:Wiktionary:Picture_dictionary' in ':Template:Wiktionary:Picture_dictionary/th:prep-place ใน • (nai)'",
  "path": [
    "ใน"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "ใน",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
  "msg": "suspicious related form tags ['canonical']: 'th:prep-place ใน' in ':Template:Wiktionary:Picture_dictionary/th:prep-place ใน • (nai)'",
  "path": [
    "ใน"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "ใน",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.