See उपहार on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hi",
"2": "sa",
"3": "उपहार"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Sanskrit उपहार (upahāra)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Sanskrit उपहार (upahāra).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "uphār",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "اپہار",
"tags": [
"Urdu"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "hi-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cons-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"direct",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"direct",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारों",
"roman": "uphārõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारो",
"roman": "uphāro",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"ur": "اپہار"
},
"expansion": "उपहार • (uphār) m (Urdu spelling اپہار)",
"name": "hi-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "<M>"
},
"name": "hi-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hindi entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "49 3 1 9 2 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 2 1 11 2 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I gave her a beautiful watch as a birthday present.",
"roman": "ma͠ine use ek sundar ghaṛī janmadin ke uphār mẽ dī.",
"text": "मैंने उसे एक सुन्दर घड़ी जन्मदिन के उपहार में दी।"
}
],
"glosses": [
"present, gift"
],
"id": "en-उपहार-hi-noun-h68PIE3H",
"links": [
[
"present",
"present"
],
[
"gift",
"gift"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "भेंट"
},
{
"word": "तोहफ़ा"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʊ.pʰɑːɾ/",
"tags": [
"Delhi"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊ.pʰäːɾ]",
"tags": [
"Delhi"
]
}
],
"word": "उपहार"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Compound"
},
"expansion": "Compound",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "उप-",
"3": "हार",
"t1": "towards, near",
"t2": "carrying"
},
"expansion": "Compound of उप- (upa-, “towards, near”) + हार (hāra, “carrying”)",
"name": "com+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हर",
"t": "bearing, taking"
},
"expansion": "Vṛddhi derivative of हर (hara, “bearing, taking”)",
"name": "vrd"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compound of उप- (upa-, “towards, near”) + हार (hāra, “carrying”), the latter a Vṛddhi derivative of हर (hara, “bearing, taking”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upahāra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sa-decl-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारः",
"roman": "upahāraḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारौ",
"roman": "upahārau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारा1",
"roman": "upahārā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराः",
"roman": "upahārāḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारासः1",
"roman": "upahārāsaḥ1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "upahāra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारौ",
"roman": "upahārau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारा1",
"roman": "upahārā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराः",
"roman": "upahārāḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारासः1",
"roman": "upahārāsaḥ1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारम्",
"roman": "upahāram",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारौ",
"roman": "upahārau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारा1",
"roman": "upahārā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारान्",
"roman": "upahārān",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेण",
"roman": "upahāreṇa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराभ्याम्",
"roman": "upahārābhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारैः",
"roman": "upahāraiḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेभिः1",
"roman": "upahārebhiḥ1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराय",
"roman": "upahārāya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराभ्याम्",
"roman": "upahārābhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेभ्यः",
"roman": "upahārebhyaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारात्",
"roman": "upahārāt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराभ्याम्",
"roman": "upahārābhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेभ्यः",
"roman": "upahārebhyaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारस्य",
"roman": "upahārasya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारयोः",
"roman": "upahārayoḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराणाम्",
"roman": "upahārāṇām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारे",
"roman": "upahāre",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारयोः",
"roman": "upahārayoḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेषु",
"roman": "upahāreṣu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "उपहार • (upahāra) stem, m",
"name": "sa-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sa-decl-noun-m"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"offering, oblation (to a deity)"
],
"id": "en-उपहार-sa-noun-q7goZULg",
"links": [
[
"offering",
"offering"
],
[
"oblation",
"oblation"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"complimentary gift, present (to a king or superior)"
],
"id": "en-उपहार-sa-noun-whm5yAwn",
"links": [
[
"complimentary",
"complimentary"
],
[
"gift",
"gift"
],
[
"present",
"present"
],
[
"king",
"king"
],
[
"superior",
"superior"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 2 1 11 2 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a particular kind of alliance (purchased through a gift)"
],
"id": "en-उपहार-sa-noun-CgwaqBmo",
"links": [
[
"particular",
"particular"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"alliance",
"alliance"
],
[
"purchase",
"purchase"
],
[
"through",
"through"
],
[
"gift",
"gift"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"food (distributed to guests etc.)"
],
"id": "en-उपहार-sa-noun-1G3Cz7~0",
"links": [
[
"food",
"food"
],
[
"distribute",
"distribute"
],
[
"guest",
"guest"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 2 1 11 2 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 1 21 6 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 2 26 7 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 4 25 4 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit vrddhi derivatives",
"parents": [
"Vrddhi derivatives",
"Terms by etymology"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a kind of religious service (consisting of laughter, song, dance, muttering हुडुक्, adoration and pious ejaculation)"
],
"id": "en-उपहार-sa-noun-DDUfWap~",
"links": [
[
"religious",
"religious"
],
[
"service",
"service"
],
[
"consist",
"consist"
],
[
"laughter",
"laughter"
],
[
"song",
"song"
],
[
"dance",
"dance"
],
[
"mutter",
"mutter"
],
[
"adoration",
"adoration"
],
[
"pious",
"pious"
],
[
"ejaculation",
"ejaculation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with the Pāśupatas) a kind of religious service (consisting of laughter, song, dance, muttering हुडुक्, adoration and pious ejaculation)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with the Pāśupatas"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐ.ɦɑː.ɾɐ/",
"tags": [
"Vedic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐˈɦɑː.ɾɐ/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Sanskrit"
]
}
],
"word": "उपहार"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hi",
"2": "sa",
"3": "उपहार"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Sanskrit उपहार (upahāra)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Sanskrit उपहार (upahāra).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "uphār",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "اپہار",
"tags": [
"Urdu"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "hi-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cons-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"direct",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"direct",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारों",
"roman": "uphārõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "uphār",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारो",
"roman": "uphāro",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"ur": "اپہار"
},
"expansion": "उपहार • (uphār) m (Urdu spelling اپہار)",
"name": "hi-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "<M>"
},
"name": "hi-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Hindi entries with incorrect language header",
"Hindi lemmas",
"Hindi masculine consonant-stem nouns",
"Hindi masculine nouns",
"Hindi nouns",
"Hindi terms borrowed from Sanskrit",
"Hindi terms derived from Sanskrit",
"Hindi terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Hindi terms with usage examples",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I gave her a beautiful watch as a birthday present.",
"roman": "ma͠ine use ek sundar ghaṛī janmadin ke uphār mẽ dī.",
"text": "मैंने उसे एक सुन्दर घड़ी जन्मदिन के उपहार में दी।"
}
],
"glosses": [
"present, gift"
],
"links": [
[
"present",
"present"
],
[
"gift",
"gift"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "भेंट"
},
{
"word": "तोहफ़ा"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʊ.pʰɑːɾ/",
"tags": [
"Delhi"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊ.pʰäːɾ]",
"tags": [
"Delhi"
]
}
],
"word": "उपहार"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Sanskrit a-stem nouns",
"Sanskrit compound terms",
"Sanskrit entries with incorrect language header",
"Sanskrit lemmas",
"Sanskrit masculine nouns",
"Sanskrit nouns",
"Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script",
"Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Sanskrit terms with redundant transliterations",
"Sanskrit vrddhi derivatives"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Compound"
},
"expansion": "Compound",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "उप-",
"3": "हार",
"t1": "towards, near",
"t2": "carrying"
},
"expansion": "Compound of उप- (upa-, “towards, near”) + हार (hāra, “carrying”)",
"name": "com+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हर",
"t": "bearing, taking"
},
"expansion": "Vṛddhi derivative of हर (hara, “bearing, taking”)",
"name": "vrd"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compound of उप- (upa-, “towards, near”) + हार (hāra, “carrying”), the latter a Vṛddhi derivative of हर (hara, “bearing, taking”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upahāra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sa-decl-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारः",
"roman": "upahāraḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारौ",
"roman": "upahārau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारा1",
"roman": "upahārā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराः",
"roman": "upahārāḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारासः1",
"roman": "upahārāsaḥ1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहार",
"roman": "upahāra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारौ",
"roman": "upahārau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारा1",
"roman": "upahārā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराः",
"roman": "upahārāḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारासः1",
"roman": "upahārāsaḥ1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारम्",
"roman": "upahāram",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारौ",
"roman": "upahārau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारा1",
"roman": "upahārā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारान्",
"roman": "upahārān",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेण",
"roman": "upahāreṇa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराभ्याम्",
"roman": "upahārābhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारैः",
"roman": "upahāraiḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेभिः1",
"roman": "upahārebhiḥ1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराय",
"roman": "upahārāya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराभ्याम्",
"roman": "upahārābhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेभ्यः",
"roman": "upahārebhyaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारात्",
"roman": "upahārāt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराभ्याम्",
"roman": "upahārābhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेभ्यः",
"roman": "upahārebhyaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारस्य",
"roman": "upahārasya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारयोः",
"roman": "upahārayoḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहाराणाम्",
"roman": "upahārāṇām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारे",
"roman": "upahāre",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारयोः",
"roman": "upahārayoḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपहारेषु",
"roman": "upahāreṣu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "उपहार • (upahāra) stem, m",
"name": "sa-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sa-decl-noun-m"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"offering, oblation (to a deity)"
],
"links": [
[
"offering",
"offering"
],
[
"oblation",
"oblation"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"complimentary gift, present (to a king or superior)"
],
"links": [
[
"complimentary",
"complimentary"
],
[
"gift",
"gift"
],
[
"present",
"present"
],
[
"king",
"king"
],
[
"superior",
"superior"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a particular kind of alliance (purchased through a gift)"
],
"links": [
[
"particular",
"particular"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"alliance",
"alliance"
],
[
"purchase",
"purchase"
],
[
"through",
"through"
],
[
"gift",
"gift"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"food (distributed to guests etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"food",
"food"
],
[
"distribute",
"distribute"
],
[
"guest",
"guest"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a kind of religious service (consisting of laughter, song, dance, muttering हुडुक्, adoration and pious ejaculation)"
],
"links": [
[
"religious",
"religious"
],
[
"service",
"service"
],
[
"consist",
"consist"
],
[
"laughter",
"laughter"
],
[
"song",
"song"
],
[
"dance",
"dance"
],
[
"mutter",
"mutter"
],
[
"adoration",
"adoration"
],
[
"pious",
"pious"
],
[
"ejaculation",
"ejaculation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with the Pāśupatas) a kind of religious service (consisting of laughter, song, dance, muttering हुडुक्, adoration and pious ejaculation)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with the Pāśupatas"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐ.ɦɑː.ɾɐ/",
"tags": [
"Vedic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐˈɦɑː.ɾɐ/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Sanskrit"
]
}
],
"word": "उपहार"
}
Download raw JSONL data for उपहार meaning in All languages combined (8.9kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Sanskrit]; cleaned text: Notes",
"path": [
"उपहार"
],
"section": "Sanskrit",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपहार",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.