See πρό on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for πρό meaning in All languages combined (16.6kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pró",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pró",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "*pro-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "*per-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pro"
},
"expansion": "Latin pro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र",
"tr": "prá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र (prá)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fram",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "from"
},
"expansion": "English from",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρός",
"3": "",
"4": "towards"
},
"expansion": "πρός (prós, “towards”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).\nCognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pró",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gen"
},
"expansion": "πρό • (pró) (governs the genitive)",
"name": "grc-preposition"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.435"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.115"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.286"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.693"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.96"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep-KxG8UHGu",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of",
"(with verbs of motion)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with verbs of motion",
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 13 0 21 19 0 0 0 19 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 0 17 17 0 0 0 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.215"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.57"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.156"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.373"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.74"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.110"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.134"
},
{
"text": "438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 18"
},
{
"text": "438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 645"
},
{
"text": "429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 134"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.4"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.42"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.44"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.4.7"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.18"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.36"
},
{
"text": "429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 10"
},
{
"text": "406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 811"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of",
"before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep-ll9F7nG0",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of",
"before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 13 0 21 19 0 0 0 19 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 0 17 17 0 0 0 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.382"
},
{
"text": "175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 3.16"
},
{
"text": "175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 7.29"
},
{
"text": "60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 9.35"
},
{
"text": "64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 8.6.24"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of",
"further on, forward, onward"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep--PoB0y-x",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"forward",
"forward"
],
[
"onward",
"onward"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of",
"further on, forward, onward"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.468"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.351"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.292"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.126"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.80"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.172"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.561"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.12"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.581"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.3"
},
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.56"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53"
},
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.18"
},
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 5.96"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 109"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.75"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4"
},
{
"text": "442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1279"
},
{
"text": "c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 274"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1207"
},
{
"text": "389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 148"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep-KxG8UHGu1",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.524"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.224"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.3"
},
{
"text": "442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 883"
},
{
"text": "428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57A"
},
{
"text": "385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 201D"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.39"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.14"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.6"
},
{
"text": "458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1266"
},
{
"text": "480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 21"
},
{
"text": "389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 126"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.130"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 73"
},
{
"text": "95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.116"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.8"
},
{
"text": "458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1204"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.122"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83"
},
{
"text": "411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 418"
},
{
"text": "385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 173A"
},
{
"text": "458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 462"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.58"
},
{
"text": "436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Against the Sophists 19"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.97"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep-QFkmTXHU",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of time) before"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of time"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 5.52"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Julius Caesar 63"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.147E"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 37"
},
{
"text": "300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Amos 1.1"
},
{
"text": "40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.64"
},
{
"text": "50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 12:1"
},
{
"text": "125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Saturnalia 14"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep-QFkmTXHU1",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of time) before",
"(in later writers, with numerals)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in later writers",
"with numerals",
"of time"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 13 0 21 19 0 0 0 19 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 10 7 11 12 7 6 6 17 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 10 7 11 12 7 6 6 17 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 0 17 17 0 0 0 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140"
},
{
"text": "380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152"
},
{
"text": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36"
},
{
"text": "380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B"
},
{
"text": "428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E"
},
{
"text": "436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10"
},
{
"text": "386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E"
},
{
"text": "467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002"
},
{
"text": "467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927"
},
{
"text": "386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12"
},
{
"text": "400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D"
},
{
"text": "400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B"
},
{
"text": "428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, sooner, rather than"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep-I9JpbPXi",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"sooner",
"sooner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(in other relations)",
"(of preference) before, sooner, rather than"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of preference",
"in other relations"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 13 0 21 19 0 0 0 19 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 0 17 17 0 0 0 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.667"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.734"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 495"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"for, out of, from"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-prep-IoRRsyQe",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(in other relations)",
"(of cause or motive) for, out of, from"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of cause or motive",
"in other relations"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pró/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pró/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πρό"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "prósō",
"word": "πρόσω"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pro-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: pro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: pro-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pró",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pró",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "*pro-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "*per-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pro"
},
"expansion": "Latin pro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र",
"tr": "prá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र (prá)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fram",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "from"
},
"expansion": "English from",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρός",
"3": "",
"4": "towards"
},
"expansion": "πρός (prós, “towards”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).\nCognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pró",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "πρό • (pró)",
"name": "grc-adverb"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 13 0 21 19 0 0 0 19 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 0 17 17 0 0 0 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.799–800"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.360"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.118"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 960"
},
{
"text": "424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 59"
},
{
"text": "525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 682"
},
{
"text": "446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 235"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before, in front, forth, forward"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-adv-tPlL0GyE",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of place) before, in front, forth, forward"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 13 0 21 19 0 0 0 19 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 0 17 17 0 0 0 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.37"
},
{
"text": "750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 32"
},
{
"text": "750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 38"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before, beforehand"
],
"id": "en-πρό-grc-adv-GcVClzcE",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of time) before, beforehand"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of time"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pró/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pró/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πρό"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 1-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek adverbs",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek oxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek prepositions",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
"Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pró",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pró",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "*pro-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "*per-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pro"
},
"expansion": "Latin pro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र",
"tr": "prá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र (prá)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fram",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "from"
},
"expansion": "English from",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρός",
"3": "",
"4": "towards"
},
"expansion": "πρός (prós, “towards”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).\nCognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pró",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gen"
},
"expansion": "πρό • (pró) (governs the genitive)",
"name": "grc-preposition"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.435"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.115"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.286"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.693"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.96"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of",
"(with verbs of motion)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with verbs of motion",
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.215"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.57"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.156"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.373"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.74"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.110"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.134"
},
{
"text": "438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 18"
},
{
"text": "438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 645"
},
{
"text": "429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 134"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.4"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.42"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.44"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.4.7"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.18"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.36"
},
{
"text": "429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 10"
},
{
"text": "406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 811"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of",
"before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of",
"before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.382"
},
{
"text": "175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 3.16"
},
{
"text": "175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 7.29"
},
{
"text": "60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 9.35"
},
{
"text": "64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 8.6.24"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of",
"further on, forward, onward"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"forward",
"forward"
],
[
"onward",
"onward"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of",
"further on, forward, onward"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.468"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.351"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.292"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.126"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.80"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.172"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.561"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.12"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.581"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.3"
},
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.56"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53"
},
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.18"
},
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 5.96"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 109"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.75"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4"
},
{
"text": "442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1279"
},
{
"text": "c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 274"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1207"
},
{
"text": "389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 148"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, in front of"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of place) before, in front of"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.524"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.224"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.3"
},
{
"text": "442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 883"
},
{
"text": "428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57A"
},
{
"text": "385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 201D"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.39"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.14"
},
{
"text": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.6"
},
{
"text": "458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1266"
},
{
"text": "480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 21"
},
{
"text": "389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 126"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.130"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 73"
},
{
"text": "95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.116"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.8"
},
{
"text": "458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1204"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.122"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83"
},
{
"text": "411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 418"
},
{
"text": "385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 173A"
},
{
"text": "458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 462"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.58"
},
{
"text": "436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Against the Sophists 19"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.97"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of time) before"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of time"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 5.52"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Julius Caesar 63"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.147E"
},
{
"text": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 37"
},
{
"text": "300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Amos 1.1"
},
{
"text": "40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.64"
},
{
"text": "50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 12:1"
},
{
"text": "125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Saturnalia 14"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(of time) before",
"(in later writers, with numerals)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in later writers",
"with numerals",
"of time"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140"
},
{
"text": "380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152"
},
{
"text": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36"
},
{
"text": "380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B"
},
{
"text": "428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E"
},
{
"text": "436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10"
},
{
"text": "386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E"
},
{
"text": "467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002"
},
{
"text": "467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927"
},
{
"text": "386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12"
},
{
"text": "400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D"
},
{
"text": "400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B"
},
{
"text": "428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85"
},
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"before, sooner, rather than"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"sooner",
"sooner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(in other relations)",
"(of preference) before, sooner, rather than"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of preference",
"in other relations"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.667"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.734"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 495"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before",
"for, out of, from"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"before",
"(in other relations)",
"(of cause or motive) for, out of, from"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of cause or motive",
"in other relations"
],
"tags": [
"with-genitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pró/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pró/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πρό"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 1-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek adverbs",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek oxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek prepositions",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
"Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "prósō",
"word": "πρόσω"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pro-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: pro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: pro-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pró",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pró",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "*pro-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "*per-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pro"
},
"expansion": "Latin pro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र",
"tr": "prá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र (prá)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fram",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "from"
},
"expansion": "English from",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρός",
"3": "",
"4": "towards"
},
"expansion": "πρός (prós, “towards”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).\nCognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pró",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "πρό • (pró)",
"name": "grc-adverb"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.799–800"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.360"
},
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.118"
},
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 960"
},
{
"text": "424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 59"
},
{
"text": "525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 682"
},
{
"text": "446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 235"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before, in front, forth, forward"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of place) before, in front, forth, forward"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of place"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.37"
},
{
"text": "750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 32"
},
{
"text": "750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 38"
}
],
"glosses": [
"before, beforehand"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of time) before, beforehand"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of time"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pró/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pró/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/pro/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πρό"
}
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''before, in front of'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"πρό"
],
"section": "Ancient Greek",
"subsection": "preposition",
"title": "πρό",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.