See οἶστρος on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for οἶστρος meaning in All languages combined (10.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "oestrus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: oestrus\n→ Catalan: estre\n→ English: oestrus, estrus\n→ French: œstre\n→ Romanian: estru\n→ Italian: estro\n→ Middle French: oestrus\n→ Piedmontese: estro\n→ Portuguese: estro\n→ Spanish: estro\n→ Translingual: Oestrus",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: oestrus\n→ Catalan: estre\n→ English: oestrus, estrus\n→ French: œstre\n→ Romanian: estru\n→ Italian: estro\n→ Middle French: oestrus\n→ Piedmontese: estro\n→ Portuguese: estro\n→ Spanish: estro\n→ Translingual: Oestrus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "οίστρος"
},
"expansion": "Greek: οίστρος (oístros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: οίστρος (oístros)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁eys-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ira",
"3": "",
"4": "anger"
},
"expansion": "Latin ira (“anger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "aistra",
"3": "",
"4": "violent passion"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "anger"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma, “anger”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-, used to form words denoting passion; see also Latin ira (“anger”), Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”), Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma, “anger”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "oîstros",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "οἴστρου",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ὁ οἶστρος",
"roman": "ho oîstros",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ οἴστρω",
"roman": "tṑ oístrō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἱ οἶστροι",
"roman": "hoi oîstroi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ οἴστρου",
"roman": "toû oístrou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν οἴστροιν",
"roman": "toîn oístroin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν οἴστρων",
"roman": "tôn oístrōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ οἴστρῳ",
"roman": "tôi oístrōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν οἴστροιν",
"roman": "toîn oístroin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς οἴστροις",
"roman": "toîs oístrois",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸν οἶστρον",
"roman": "tòn oîstron",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ οἴστρω",
"roman": "tṑ oístrō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοὺς οἴστρους",
"roman": "toùs oístrous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "οἶστρε",
"roman": "oîstre",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἴστρω",
"roman": "oístrō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἶστροι",
"roman": "oîstroi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "οἴστρου",
"2": "m",
"3": "second"
},
"expansion": "οἶστρος • (oîstros) m (genitive οἴστρου); second declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "οἶστρος",
"2": "ου"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "oîma",
"word": "οἶμα"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 24 3 13 22 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 31 7 7 13 7 7",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Insects",
"orig": "grc:Insects",
"parents": [
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.31,8"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gadfly, breese",
"an insect which infests tuna"
],
"id": "en-οἶστρος-grc-noun-uJC815IK",
"links": [
[
"gadfly",
"gadfly"
],
[
"breese",
"breese"
],
[
"tuna",
"tuna"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 33 3 11 18 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 35 3 11 20 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 4 19 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 5 18 18 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 31 3 12 19 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 24 3 13 22 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 31 7 7 13 7 7",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Insects",
"orig": "grc:Insects",
"parents": [
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 8.3,5"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gadfly, breese",
"a small insectivorous bird, perhaps the willow warbler"
],
"id": "en-οἶστρος-grc-noun-uAC0fvMF",
"links": [
[
"gadfly",
"gadfly"
],
[
"breese",
"breese"
],
[
"willow warbler",
"willow warbler"
]
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.300"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gadfly, breese"
],
"id": "en-οἶστρος-grc-noun-fqrzsjsq",
"links": [
[
"gadfly",
"gadfly"
],
[
"breese",
"breese"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 14 4 19 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 5 18 18 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 24 3 13 22 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1254"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad",
"the smart of pain, agony"
],
"id": "en-οἶστρος-grc-noun-0uqh9kI7",
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
],
[
"smart",
"smart"
],
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"agony",
"agony"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad",
"(absolute) the smart of pain, agony"
],
"tags": [
"absolute",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 14 4 19 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 5 18 18 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 24 3 13 22 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 31 7 7 13 7 7",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Insects",
"orig": "grc:Insects",
"parents": [
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.93"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad",
"any vehement desire, mad desire, insane passion"
],
"id": "en-οἶστρος-grc-noun-6T~gd3Tb",
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
],
[
"vehement",
"vehement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad",
"any vehement desire, mad desire, insane passion"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 14 4 19 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 5 18 18 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 24 3 13 22 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Sopocles, Antigone 1002"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad",
"madness, frenzy"
],
"id": "en-οἶστρος-grc-noun-FtEt2W0w",
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
],
[
"madness",
"madness"
],
[
"frenzy",
"frenzy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad",
"madness, frenzy"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 14 4 19 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 5 18 18 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 24 3 13 22 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 862"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad"
],
"id": "en-οἶστρος-grc-noun-Tm3ocpt1",
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ôi̯s.tros/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈis.tros/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ôi̯s.tros/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈis.tros/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "οἶστρος"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek masculine nouns",
"Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Ancient Greek nouns",
"Ancient Greek properispomenon terms",
"Ancient Greek second-declension nouns",
"Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Ancient Greek terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"grc:Insects"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "oestrus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: oestrus\n→ Catalan: estre\n→ English: oestrus, estrus\n→ French: œstre\n→ Romanian: estru\n→ Italian: estro\n→ Middle French: oestrus\n→ Piedmontese: estro\n→ Portuguese: estro\n→ Spanish: estro\n→ Translingual: Oestrus",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: oestrus\n→ Catalan: estre\n→ English: oestrus, estrus\n→ French: œstre\n→ Romanian: estru\n→ Italian: estro\n→ Middle French: oestrus\n→ Piedmontese: estro\n→ Portuguese: estro\n→ Spanish: estro\n→ Translingual: Oestrus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "οίστρος"
},
"expansion": "Greek: οίστρος (oístros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: οίστρος (oístros)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁eys-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ira",
"3": "",
"4": "anger"
},
"expansion": "Latin ira (“anger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "aistra",
"3": "",
"4": "violent passion"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "anger"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma, “anger”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-, used to form words denoting passion; see also Latin ira (“anger”), Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”), Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma, “anger”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "oîstros",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "οἴστρου",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ὁ οἶστρος",
"roman": "ho oîstros",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ οἴστρω",
"roman": "tṑ oístrō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἱ οἶστροι",
"roman": "hoi oîstroi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ οἴστρου",
"roman": "toû oístrou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν οἴστροιν",
"roman": "toîn oístroin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν οἴστρων",
"roman": "tôn oístrōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ οἴστρῳ",
"roman": "tôi oístrōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν οἴστροιν",
"roman": "toîn oístroin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς οἴστροις",
"roman": "toîs oístrois",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸν οἶστρον",
"roman": "tòn oîstron",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ οἴστρω",
"roman": "tṑ oístrō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοὺς οἴστρους",
"roman": "toùs oístrous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "οἶστρε",
"roman": "oîstre",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἴστρω",
"roman": "oístrō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἶστροι",
"roman": "oîstroi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "οἴστρου",
"2": "m",
"3": "second"
},
"expansion": "οἶστρος • (oîstros) m (genitive οἴστρου); second declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "οἶστρος",
"2": "ου"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "oîma",
"word": "οἶμα"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.31,8"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gadfly, breese",
"an insect which infests tuna"
],
"links": [
[
"gadfly",
"gadfly"
],
[
"breese",
"breese"
],
[
"tuna",
"tuna"
]
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 8.3,5"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gadfly, breese",
"a small insectivorous bird, perhaps the willow warbler"
],
"links": [
[
"gadfly",
"gadfly"
],
[
"breese",
"breese"
],
[
"willow warbler",
"willow warbler"
]
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.300"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gadfly, breese"
],
"links": [
[
"gadfly",
"gadfly"
],
[
"breese",
"breese"
]
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1254"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad",
"the smart of pain, agony"
],
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
],
[
"smart",
"smart"
],
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"agony",
"agony"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad",
"(absolute) the smart of pain, agony"
],
"tags": [
"absolute",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.93"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad",
"any vehement desire, mad desire, insane passion"
],
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
],
[
"vehement",
"vehement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad",
"any vehement desire, mad desire, insane passion"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Sopocles, Antigone 1002"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad",
"madness, frenzy"
],
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
],
[
"madness",
"madness"
],
[
"frenzy",
"frenzy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad",
"madness, frenzy"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 862"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sting, anything that drives mad"
],
"links": [
[
"sting",
"sting"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) a sting, anything that drives mad"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ôi̯s.tros/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈis.tros/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ôi̯s.tros/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈys.tros/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈis.tros/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "οἶστρος"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.