See -ô in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ô meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.4kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*-ō",
"id": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -o, -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -o, -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-a",
"qq": "may have merged with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*-ê</i>"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ê)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ê)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-æ"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: -a, -æ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: -a, -æ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-a",
"qq": "non-productive"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: -a (non-productive)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: -a (non-productive)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-e",
"qq": "non-productive"
},
"expansion": "Danish: -e (non-productive)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: -e (non-productive)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍉"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: -𐍉 (-ō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: -𐍉 (-ō)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Possibly a fossilised form of the Proto-Indo-European thematic ablative *-eh₂d, in which case it would reflect earlier *-ôt before word-final -t was lost.",
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ô",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ly. Creates adverbs of manner from adjectives."
],
"id": "en--ô-gem-pro-adv-gem_pro:adverb",
"links": [
[
"-ly",
"-ly"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ê"
}
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:adverb"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔːː/"
}
],
"word": "-ô"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*-ō",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e\nGerman: -e (fossilised)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e\nGerman: -e (fossilised)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-i"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -i",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "merged with *-jô in nominative singular"
},
"expansion": "(merged with *-jô in nominative singular)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -i (merged with *-jô in nominative singular)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-i"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: -i",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: -i"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌰"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: -𐌰 (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: -𐌰 (-a)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": ",",
"name": ","
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-ō. Proto-Germanic masculine n-stems continue Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic n-stems, meaning the vowel grade in the root, the suffix, and the ending alternated throughout the paradigm. Stem ablaut was not preserved in any later Germanic language, but it is indirectly tangible through such pairs as English corn and German Kern (“seed”). Suffix ablaut is clearly visible in the paradigm below, by way of the *ô ~ *a ~ *i alternation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun-n-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-aniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-anų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-inē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun-n-m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-ô",
"10": "-anǫ̂",
"11": "-ammaz",
"12": "-ammiz",
"2": "*-ô",
"3": "*-anų",
"4": "*-iniz",
"5": "*-ini",
"6": "*-inē",
"7": "-aniz",
"8": "-aniz",
"9": "-anunz",
"title": "*-ô (an-stem)"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ô",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base."
],
"id": "en--ô-gem-pro-noun-gem_pro:agent_noun",
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:agent noun"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-jô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔːː/"
}
],
"word": "-ô"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Germanic adverb-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic an-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*-ō",
"id": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -o, -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -o, -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-a",
"qq": "may have merged with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*-ê</i>"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ê)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ê)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-æ"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: -a, -æ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: -a, -æ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-a",
"qq": "non-productive"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: -a (non-productive)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: -a (non-productive)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-e",
"qq": "non-productive"
},
"expansion": "Danish: -e (non-productive)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: -e (non-productive)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍉"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: -𐍉 (-ō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: -𐍉 (-ō)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Possibly a fossilised form of the Proto-Indo-European thematic ablative *-eh₂d, in which case it would reflect earlier *-ôt before word-final -t was lost.",
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ô",
"pos": "adv",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ê"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ly. Creates adverbs of manner from adjectives."
],
"links": [
[
"-ly",
"-ly"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:adverb"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔːː/"
}
],
"word": "-ô"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Germanic an-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*-ō",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e\nGerman: -e (fossilised)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ō\nOld English: -a\nMiddle English: -e (fossilised)\nOld Frisian: -a\nOld Saxon: -o\nMiddle Low German: -e\nOld Dutch: -o\nMiddle Dutch: -e\nOld High German: -o\nMiddle High German: -e\nGerman: -e (fossilised)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-i"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -i",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "merged with *-jô in nominative singular"
},
"expansion": "(merged with *-jô in nominative singular)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -i (merged with *-jô in nominative singular)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-i"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: -i",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: -i"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌰"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: -𐌰 (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: -𐌰 (-a)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": ",",
"name": ","
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-ō. Proto-Germanic masculine n-stems continue Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic n-stems, meaning the vowel grade in the root, the suffix, and the ending alternated throughout the paradigm. Stem ablaut was not preserved in any later Germanic language, but it is indirectly tangible through such pairs as English corn and German Kern (“seed”). Suffix ablaut is clearly visible in the paradigm below, by way of the *ô ~ *a ~ *i alternation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun-n-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-aniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-anų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-inē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun-n-m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-ô",
"10": "-anǫ̂",
"11": "-ammaz",
"12": "-ammiz",
"2": "*-ô",
"3": "*-anų",
"4": "*-iniz",
"5": "*-ini",
"6": "*-inē",
"7": "-aniz",
"8": "-aniz",
"9": "-anunz",
"title": "*-ô (an-stem)"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ô",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base."
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:agent noun"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔːː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-jô"
}
],
"word": "-ô"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (bb24e0f and c7ea76d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.