cinema

借自法語 cinéma，截断自cinématographe（由卢米埃尔兄弟在19世纪90年代造出），源自古希臘語 κίνημα (kínēma, “运动，移动”) + γράφω (gráphō, “书写，记录”)。

The cinema is right across the street from the restaurant.

电影院从饭店过马路就到了。

Despite the critics, he produced excellent cinema.

虽然有批评，但他还是制作过很好的电影。

电影产业，电影业，影视业

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8842，頁號 55:

In the long history of Spanish cinema[…].

在西班牙電影業的漫長歷史中 […] 。

Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers[…].

在电影艺术的历史中，电影制作者...


cartography

/kɐː(ɹ)ˈtɔɡɹəfɪi̯/

/kɐɹˈtɒɡɹəfi/

/kɐː(ɹ)ˈtɔɡɹɘfɪi̯/

/kɑːˈtɒɡɹəfi/

/kɑɹˈtɑɡɹəfi/

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō, “燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 人類所呼吸的物質；空氣

On Wings the Birds through Æther glide, / And Fiſhes cut with Fins the Tide.

1746 February 28, Criticus [pseudonym], “Dialogue on Women”, 出自 [Mark Akenside] 編, The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register, 卷 II, 期 XXV, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁號 389:

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 天空；真空；虛無

Take a snapshot of the conflicts around the world: Sunnis vs. Shiites, Israelis vs. Palestinians, Serbs vs. Kosovars, Indians vs. Pakistanis. They seem to be driven by religious hatred. It’s enough to make you wonder if the animosity would melt away if all religions were suddenly, somehow, to vanish into the ether. But James Carse doesn’t see them as religious conflicts at all. To him, they are battles over rival belief systems, which may or may not have religious overtones.

2008 July 21, Steve Paulson, “Religion is Poetry”, 出自 Salon，於2017-08-30歸檔自原頁面:

In barely the blink of an eye, the perfectly healthy Judy entered a permanent vegetative state. […] What haunted me was the idea that one moment you’re gazing at your 2-year-old in her playroom and the next, you, the mother, have been whisked off into the ether forever.

2009 December, Sandra Tsing Loh, “On Being a Bad Mother: True Confessions”, 出自 The Atlantic, →ISSN，於2018-07-25歸檔自原頁面:

There’s a very real chance that, rather than crumbling into the dust and floating off into the ether, Thanos’s victims [in the film Avengers: Infinity War] were actually sucked up into the Soul Stone.

2018 May 7, Meg Downey, “Marvel’s Comic Soul Stone could Explain the Jump from Infinity War’s Ending to Avengers 4: A Brief History of Crazy Multidimensional Power”, 出自 Polygon，於2018-06-24歸檔自原頁面:

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679 February 28, Thomas Birch, 引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, 出自 Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author, 卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁號 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747, Bryan Robinson, A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, 出自 The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register, 卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁號s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770 November 1, “Investigator” [pseudonym], “Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, 出自 Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave] 編, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, 卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁號 497，列號 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, When the World Screamed:

廣播電視信號傳播的媒介；（想象中）互聯網、數字交流方式存在之處；網絡空間

He held some friendly chat with Pabodie over the ether, and repeated his praise of the really marvelous drills that had helped him make his discovery.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

H. P. Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013 June 14, Jonathan Freedland, “Obama’s Once Hip Brand is Now Tainted [online version: Obama is Like Apple, Google and Facebook: A Once Hip Brand Tainted by Prism]”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 1, London，於2018-09-26歸檔自原頁面，頁號 18:

物體、人、地方周圍產生的一種氣質

The luminous æther of his life was not obſcured by any ſhade dark enough to be denominated a defect.

1793, “[Characters.] An Account of the Late Earl of Mansfield.”, 出自 The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature, 卷 XXXV, London: Printed, by assignment from the executors of the late Mr. James Dodsley, for W. Otridge and Son; [et al.], →OCLC，頁號 274，列號 2:

But the moſt valuable Qualities of the ÆTHER are it's medicinal ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an excellent Remedy in moſt nervous Diſeaſes; particularly in Fits of all ſorts, whether Epileptic, Convulſive, Hyſteric, Hypochondriac, or Paralytic: […]

1759, M[atthew] Turner, An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, Called Æther, [Liverpool]: Printed by John Sadler, →OCLC，頁號 5:

The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.

1971, Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, New York: Popular Library, →ISBN，頁號 4:

M. Malaguti finds that dry chlorine, while acting in the dark upon oxacid æthers, always attacks, and in a uniform manner, the sulphuric æther which is the base of them. […] The action of potash on the compound chloridized æthers is also constant and uniform: the results are always chloride of potassium, acetate of potash, and an organic salt with a base of potash, the acid of which is that which existed in the compound chloridized æther.

1838 March, “Action of Chlorine on Æthers”, 出自 The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 卷 XII (3rd Series), 期 74, London: Printed by R[ichard] and J[ohn] E[dward] Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁號 297:

When chlorine gas is passed in excess through salicylic ether (salicylae of ethyl) heated over a water-bath, a solid substance is formed which is soluble in hot alcohol, and crystallizes, on cooling, in beautiful colourless tables. This compound is bichloruretted salicylic ether, formed from salicylic ether (C₁₈H₁₀O₆) by the substitution of 2 eq. chlorine for 2 eq. hydrogen: its composition is therefore C₁₈H₈Cl₂O₆.

1851, A[uguste André Thomas] Cahours, “[Notices of Papers Contained in the Foreign Journals.] On Anisol and Phenetol”, 出自 Henry Watts 編, The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London, 卷 III, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […]; Paris: J. B. Baillière, […]; Madrid: Bailly Baillière, […], →OCLC，頁號 78:

[…] I allude to the æthers formed by the union of fatty acids with different alcohols. […] With regard to the fatty æthers themselves, I prepared them generally by M. Berthelot's method, by heating the alcohol and the acid for a day at 392°F. in a tube hermetically sealed; the product was mixed with a little æther, and it was digested some time with slaked lime in the water-bath, to separate the free acid from the neutral compound.

1858 October 15, M. Hanhart, “On Some New Æthers of Stearic and Margaric Acids”, 出自 William Francis 編, The Chemical Gazette, or, Journal of Practical Chemistry, in All Its Applications to Pharmacy, Arts and Manufactures, 卷 XVI, 期 CCCLXXXIV, London: Published by Taylor and Francis, […]，頁號 384:


acceleration

正體: 加速度[電機工程]

正體: 加速[電子計算機]

阿拉伯語: تسريع (ar)

希伯來語: תאוצה (he)

日語: 加速度 (ja)

加速度 (zh) (jiāsùdù)

加速度 (zh-min-nan)


antipathy

源自古希臘語 ἀντιπάθεια (antipátheia)，ἀντιπαθής (antipathḗs, “感觉相悖的”)的状态名词，源自ἀντί (antí, “反对”) + πάθος (páthos, “感觉”)的词根。

"Truly I am one very likely to encourage romance in any young lady! Did you ever know me to patronise moonlight walks, or talk even forgivingly of cottages and roses? and have I not a natural antipathy to honeysuckle?"

1831, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Romance and Reality, 卷 3，頁號s 164-165:

Deep antipathy to Hillary Clinton exists within the FBI, multiple bureau sources have told the Guardian, spurring a rapid series of leaks damaging to her campaign just days before the election.

4 November 2016, Spencer Ackerman writing in The Guardian, The FBI is Trumpland': anti-Clinton atmosphere spurred leaking, sources say

The sagebrush belongs to the composite family, and its immediate cousins are widely distributed. They are known as the artemisias, and there are a host of them, many with important uses in the economy of civilization. Artemisia absinthium is popularly known as wormwood; from it comes the bitter, aromatic liquor known as eau or crême d'absinthe. Many of its cousins grow in Asia and Europe, including the mugwort, used by the Germans as a seasoning in cookery; southernwood, used by the British to drive away moths from linen and woolens and to force newly swarmed bees, which have a peculiar antipathy for it, into the hive

June 1917, The National Geographic Magazine Volume 31, No. 6, Our State Flowers/The Sagebrush

Now when the Master-at-arms noticed whence came that greasy fluid streaming before his feet, he must have taken it—to some extent wilfully, perhaps—not for the mere accident it assuredly was, but for the sly escape of a spontaneous feeling on Billy's part more or less answering to the antipathy on his own.

1891, Henry Melville, 章號 13, 出自 Billy Budd:

Oil and water have antipathy.


chromatography

/ˌkɹəʊ.məˈtɒɡɹə.fi/


resurrection

/ɹɛzəˈɹɛkʃən/

/ɹɛzəˈɹɛkʃn̩/


conjugation

/ˌkɒnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

/ˌkɑnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

共轭、变体（活用）、变位法


classification

On those remote pages it is written that animals are divided into (a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e) mermaids, (f) fabulous ones, (g) stray dogs, (h) those that are included in this classification, (i) those that tremble as if they were mad, (j) innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a verfy fine camel's hair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a flower vase, (n) those that resemble flies from a distance.

1937-1952, Jorge Luis Borges, Other Inquisitions:

I’m using mathesis — a universal science of measurement and order …
And there is also taxinomia a principle of 'classification' and ordered tabulation.
Knowledge replaced universal resemblance with finite differences. History was arrested and turned into tables …
Western reason had entered the age of judgement.

1997: Chris Horrocks, Introducing Foucault, page 69 (Totem Books, Icon Books; ISBN 1840460865


want

這個貧困的家庭缺乏食物和住所。

The poor family was in want of food and shelter.


integrity

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹɪti/

Living a lie saps us of integrity and moral cohesion to the point that we can no longer distinguish between the artifice being propped up and the real world.

2023 June 22, Charles Hugh Smith, 2023-2030: Artifice Vs. Doom-Loops:

[简体]:集成度[电子电机工程]

[正體]:積體度[電子電機工程]

正體: 完整性[自由軟體]

简体: 完整性[自由软体]

正體: 完整性[電子計算機]


trance

源自中古英語 traunce，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 transe (“对邪恶降临的恐惧；从生到死的过程”)，源自transir (“因恐惧而僵住；死亡”)，源自拉丁語 trānseō (“穿过”)。

出神，恍惚，无意识，昏迷


vegetable oil

在美國的食品雜貨店，瓶裝標有「vegetable oil」的，通常含有大豆油。


melting point

事情出錯或變得危險的高潮局面


green tea

仿譯自漢語 綠茶／绿茶 (lǜchá)。

同類詞： black tea、white tea


MSG

任一化學性質的游離穀氨酸。


morocco

源自 摩洛哥 的国名 Morocco，即这种皮革的原产地。对比 maroquin 。

French morocco, Levant morocco, Persian morocco

摩洛哥山羊皮革（一种柔软的皮革，用山羊皮制成，曾用于书籍装订）

一種濃烈的麥芽啤酒，古時在昆布蘭釀造。


demagnetization

來自de- + magnetization或來自demagnetize + -ation。


skim milk

(北美, 澳大利亞) 脫脂奶


guava

1555年起有记录，源自西班牙語 guaya，guayaba的变体 ← 阿拉瓦克語 guayabo (“番石榴树”)。

番石榴、芭樂（树、水果名）


ignominy

借自法語 ignominie，源自拉丁語 ignōminia，源自ig- (“不”) + nomen (“名声”)（前缀为in-的同化形式）。

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

Calvin: Our great plan backfired and I'm the one who got soaked! Oh, the shame! The ignominy!

a. 1994, Bill Watterson, Homicidal Psycho Jungle Cat, Andrews McMeel, ISBN 0-83621769-1, page 168:

It was tribal, almost relentless and, in the case of the official England band, there was a degree of ignominy, too, for repeatedly playing a tune for which the words go “Fuck the IRA”, something that could lead to a full breakdown of their relationship with the FA.

2014 November 18, Daniel Taylor, “England and Wayne Rooney see off Scotland in their own back yard”, 出自 The Guardian:

The lawyer who shot to ignominy last week with a racist rant at a Manhattan lunch spot apologized Tuesday on social media, where a video of his threat to call immigration agents on Spanish-speaking workers had first gone viral.

2018 May 22, Liz Robbins, Maya Salam, “‘I Am Not Racist’: Lawyer Issues Apology One Week After Rant”, 出自 New York Times:

"I studied to be a diplomat and have been a diplomat for twenty years," Bondarev wrote. "The (Russian foreign) ministry has become my home and family. But I simply cannot any longer share in this bloody, witless and absolutely needless ignominy."

2022 May 23, “Russian diplomat in Switzerland says he resigns over Ukraine invasion”, 出自 Reuters，於2022-05-26歸檔自原頁面, Europe:


differentiation

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


culmination

借自法語 culmination，源自culminer，或源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus + -tion。词形分析作culminate + -ion


azure

源自中古英語 asure，源自古法語 azur，派生自阿拉伯語 لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward, “青金石”)，l 被误解为法语冠词 l’ 而被删去。阿拉伯语词源自古典波斯語 لاجورد (lājward, “青金石”)，源自巴达克山处Lajward地区的名字。
对比意大利語 azzurro及西班牙語 azul。

天青色，蔚蓝色；天青色染料

In robes of azure.

1815, William Wordsworth, Extracts from An Evening Walk:

For our blues we have the azures and ceruleans, lapis lazulis, the light and dusty, the powder blues, the deeps: royal, sapphire, navy, and marine […]

2014, William H. Gass, On Being Blue: A Philosophical Inquiry，頁號 59:

azure：

In Bb [Glover's Roll], the conventional letter B is used to indicate azure in most items.

azure (纹章学)：

Not like those steps / On heaven's azure.

1667, John Milton, “Book I”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

琉璃灰蝶属（Celastrina）的蝴蝶

澳灰蝶属（Ogyris）的蝴蝶


broccoli

1699年來自意大利語 broccoli，為broccolo (“甘藍芽，頭”)的複數，brocco (“幼芽，嫩芽”)的指小（也是brocade的源頭），來自拉丁語 broccus (“尖的，鋒利的，突出的；有獠牙的”)，可能是高盧語的源頭，與原始凱爾特語 *brokkos (“獾”)或原始凱爾特語 *brozdos (“頂端，尖端”)相關（對照蘇格蘭蓋爾語 brog (“鋒利的器具，鑽子”)、威爾士語 procio (“刺，戳”)、古英語 brord (“尖端，尖”)）。更多請見brochure、brad。

You can also get oriental broccolis such as kailaan and nabana, which are easy to grow and really tasty.

2010, Sven Wombwell, Allotment Gardening For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons (ISBN 9780470664483), Growing Oriental Leaf Vegetables:

Examples of leafy vegetables are broccoli, spinach, celery, and chicory.

2013, Anselm Anyoha, MD, How Broccoli-Head Lost Thirty Pounds: A Handbook for Healthy Living, iUniverse (ISBN 9781475987584), page 83:

I be smokin' broccoli, mama told me eat my veggies

抽支大麻爺最愛，老媽叫我吃蔬菜

2014, “Kodak Black”, 出自 Heart Of The Projects, 演出者 Skrilla:

All I want is cottage, roll a cigar full of broccoli

鄉村小屋要一間，捲起大麻吸口菸


sustainable development

（農業、生態學）可持續發展，永續發展；顧及現今和後代生活的需求，以長遠的角度提供要經濟、社會與環境利益的發展。


fidelity

15世纪，源自中古英語 [具體何詞?]，源自中古法語 fidélité，源自拉丁語 fidēlitās，源自fidēlis (“忠实的”)，源自fidēs (“忠诚”)（英语faith），源自原始印歐語 *bʰidʰ-，*bʰeydʰ- (“命令；托付”)（英语bide）的零母音形式。fealty的同源對似詞。

the fidelity of the civil servants

（对伴侣的）忠诚，一心一意

By placing them closer to the source, we can reduce the number of messages in the system and this in turn is likely to improve the fidelity of the system.

2003, Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth International Conference on Very Large Databases, Berlin, Germany, 9-12 September, 2003，頁號 58:


beryl

繼承自中古英語 beryl，來自古法語 beril，來自拉丁語 bērillus、bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos, “綠柱石”)，來自普拉克里特諸語言，來自梵語 वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)。

The sunset had been magnificent, and the Thames was floating in dark radiance; the waves wearing that transparent clearness, which gives more the idea of melted beryl, than aught else: every little circle in the water had that trembling light which characterises precious stones.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Fête”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 57:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012 March 30, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 100, 期 2，頁號 128:

The crown was set with six beryls of excellent size and color.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl …

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 1:16:

beryl：


beryl

繼承自古波蘭語 beryl，來自法語 béryl，來自拉丁語 bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos)。


e-mail

email的另一種拼寫法


Aaron's rod

/ˈɜːɹ.ənz ɹɒd/

/ˈæɹ.ənz ɹɒd/

/ˈæɹ.ənz ɹɑd/

/ˈɜəɹ.ənz ɹɑd/

/ˈɜɹ.ənz ɹɑd/

亞倫杖裝飾(裝飾著嫩葉、渦卷或纏繞的蛇的裝飾板條)


francium

來自法語 francium，來自France + -ium（來自玛格丽特·佩里出生的國家）。

/ˈfɹɑːnsɪəm/

Notice that franciums are balanced without even thinking in moles, atoms, or whatever.

1999, Peter J. Krieger, Understanding Chemical Principles: A Learning Companion (page 56)

(a) Radons and poloniums are compared, (b) poloniums and astatines are compared and (c) radons and franciums are compared.

2007, Carl J. Gross, Witold Nazarewicz, Krzysztof P. Rykaczewski, The 4th International Conference on Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses (page 180)


internal migration

國內遷移。發生在國家內或領土邊界的人口遷移，經常是為了在一個比較有利的區域中尋找更好工作機會。 (Source: ISEP)


illumination

借自中古法語 illumination，源自晚期拉丁語 illuminatio，源自拉丁語 illumino。


rye

源自中古英語 rie, reighe ← 古英語 ryġe ← 原始西日耳曼語 *rugi ← 原始日耳曼語 *rugiz ← 原始印歐語 *rúgʰis。
日耳曼語族內同源詞包括荷蘭語, 西弗里斯蘭語 rogge, 低地德語 Rogg, 德語 Roggen, 古諾爾斯語 rugr (丹麥語 rug, 瑞典語 råg)；非日耳曼語族同源詞包括俄語 рожь (rožʹ), 拉脫維亞語 rudzi。


tundra

冻原。介於從最北方終年積雪長有樹木的山脈，到南極洲邊緣及其周邊島嶼，能生長某些植被（地衣、苔蘚、莎草和矮灌木）的地區（來源： MGH）


lichen

地衣类。由真菌和藻類共生一起形成的共同體。生長於樹幹、石壁、屋簷、花園的路徑上，它們呈脆性的斑塊狀或呈密毛形態。由於沒有真正的根，它們由空氣、降水中獲得所需物質。地衣在污染監測，特別是二氧化硫，具有重要的作用。一旦污染達到不同的臨界濃度，部分的種類就會消失，這是因為它們對污染物具有高度敏感性。 (Source: WRIGHT)


indium

铟(化學元素，原子序為49，化學符號為In)


isotropy

down this road, as they watched, came a wagon, then a couple of riders, then a coach and another wagon, in daylight which slowly lost its stark isotropy and was flowed into by clouds and chimney smoke and even episodes of weather

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage 2007, page 478,


tomato

源自西班牙語 tomate，來自古典納瓦特爾語 tomatl，來自原始納瓦語 *tomatl。對照tomatillo。

[tʰə̥ˈmɑːtʰəʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmɐːtʰɐʉ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾoʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾə]

'mater

美國南部，阿帕拉契，非正式

→ 印度斯坦語:
** 印地語: टमाटर

分體詞： lycopene

In common parlance tomatoes are vegetables, as the Supreme Court observed long ago [see Nix v. Hedden 149 U.S. 304, 307, 13 S.Ct. 881, 882, 37 L.Ed. 745 (1893)], although botanically speaking they are actually a fruit. [26 Encyclopedia Americana 832 (Int'l. ed. 1981)]. Regardless of classification, people have been enjoying tomatoes for centuries; even Mr. Pickwick, as Dickens relates, ate his chops in "tomata" sauce.

1990, JSG Trading Corp. v. Tray-Wrap, Inc., 917 F.2d 75 (2d Cir. 1990)

tomato：

Lookit the legs on that hot tomato!

When she left the room, I asked Robert, “Who's the tomato?” “Marisa. She's from Mexico.” He had a telltale smile on his face.

2008, Denny Durbin, Lazy Enchiladas: Redefining Success: Tasty Lessons on Love, Life, & Relationships, Bodega Publishing (ISBN 9780980207248), page 13:

“Who's the tomato?” a cop said as Evie walked past. “Her? She's the stiff's niece,” another cop answered. Evie flinched to hear Will discussed like that. “You wanna clam up?” Malloy barked and the officers fell silent.

2020, Libba Bray, The King of Crows, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers (ISBN 9780316532624)


tofu

借自日語 豆腐(とうふ) (tōfu)，來自中古漢語 豆腐 (dəuᴴ bɨo^X)。dubu的同源對似詞。

同類詞： tempeh

First, marinate the tofu. In a bowl, whisk the kecap manis, chilli sauce, and sesame oil together. Cut the tofu into strips about 1cm thick, mix gently (so it doesn't break) with the marinade and leave in the fridge for half an hour.

首先将豆腐腌制一下。在碗里加入甜酱油、辣椒酱和芝麻油，并搅拌在一起。将豆腐切成约1厘米厚的条，与腌料轻轻混合（以免破裂），然后放入冰箱半小时。

2012 May 8, Yotam Ottolenghi, Sami Tamimi, Ottolenghi: The Cookbook, Random House, →ISBN，頁號 79:

因缺少對應字體而顯示成方塊的字符（像是_□或𐕪）


argon

源自古希臘語 ἀργόν (argón)，ἀργός (argós, “怠惰的，懶散的”)，因該氣體的惰性而得名。


hate

源自中古英語 hate (名词)，可能源自古英語 hatian (“恨”, 动词)和/或古諾爾斯語 hatr (“恨”, 名词)。与中古英語 hete、hæte、heate (“恨”)产生合并，它们源自古英語 hete，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz (“仇恨”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂d- (“强烈情感”)。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 haat、荷蘭語 haat、德語 Hass、挪威語及瑞典語 hat。
动词源自中古英語 haten，源自古英語 hatian (“恨，仇视”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hatēn，源自原始日耳曼語 *hatāną (“恨”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz，源自上面的同一词根。

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

One of my pet hates is traffic wardens.

我最讨厌的人之一就是交通督导员。

He gave me a look filled with pure hate.

他了我一眼，眼里充满仇恨。

There was a lot of hate in the comments on my vlog about Lady Gaga from her fans.

我做的Lady Gaga视频博客的评论区都是骂我的。


los

繼承自古波蘭語 los。lotto的同源對似詞。


memory

The memory of the righteous will be a blessing, but the name of the wicked will rot.

義人的記念被稱讚；惡人的名字必朽爛。

:Template:計算機內存，存儲器，記憶體，記憶器


kappa

古典借詞，源自古希臘語 κάππα (káppa)，源自原始閃米特語 *kapp- (“手掌，手”)。kaph的同源對似詞。

衡量期權合約價格對標的資產波動性變化的敏感度的指標


mineralogy

/ˌmɪnəˈɹɒlədʒi/

/ˌmɪnəˈɹɑlədʒi/


legend

源自中古英語 legende，源自古法語 legende，源自中世紀拉丁語 legenda (“传说，故事，尤指圣人的故事”)，源自拉丁語 legenda (“应该一读的东西”)，源自lego (“阅读”)。

inscription

（钱币、勋章或纹章盾牌上的）刻字，铭文

The legend of Troy was discovered to have a historical basis.

特洛伊传奇被发现是有历史依据的。

the legend of Robin Hood

The 1984 Rose Bowl prank has spawned many legends. Here's the real story.

1984年的玫瑰碗恶作剧催生了很多夸张的说法。下面讲讲真实的经过。

故事： （间谍所使用的伪造的）过去，背景

According to his legend, he once worked for the Red Cross, spreading humanitarian aid in Africa.

根据他的背景，他曾在红十字会工作，在非洲提供人道援助。

人物： （神话中的）传奇人物

Achilles is a legend in Greek culture.

阿基琉斯在希腊神话中是一名传奇人物。

人物： 传奇 救星，恩人

Michael Jordan stands as a legend in basketball.

迈克尔·乔丹在篮球界是一个传奇。

I've lost my pen! —Here mate, borrow mine. —You legend.

我找不到我的笔了！ —拿去，借我的吧。—你真是救了我一命。

According to the legend on the map, that building is a school.

根据地图上的图例，那个建筑是一个学校。

（钱币、勋章或纹章盾牌上的）刻字，铭文

与诗歌故事关联起来的音乐


fauna

源自新拉丁語 fauna，來自拉丁語 Fauna，和Faunus (“森林和牧人之神”)相關；與古希臘語 θαῦνον (thaûnon, “野生動物、野獸”)、θώς (thṓs, “胡狼，野狗；豹”)、弗里吉亞語 δάος (dáos, “狼”)同族。

faunae (plural)
faunas (plural)
faunæ (plural)

動物相 （自18世紀晚期）

the fauna of China

Japanese waters also support a rich and diverse shark fauna, including the smallest known shark Squaliolus laticaudus, and the bizarre goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN，頁號 199:


grief

源自中古英語 greef、gref，源自古法語 grief (“严重的，重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)，源自拉丁語 gravis (“重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)。grave的同源對似詞。

麻烦，困扰，折磨 （自13世纪初叶）

The neighbour's teenage give me grief every time they see me.

邻居家的那个十几岁的小孩每次见我都来惹我麻烦。

悲痛，哀伤，伤心 （自14世纪初叶）

She was worn out from so much grief.

The betrayal caused Jeff grief.

那次背叛让Jeff伤心不已。

Surely, he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 53:4:


physiognomy

繼承自中古英語 phisonomie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 phisenomie、中古法語 phisonomie等词，最终源自晚期拉丁語 physiognomia，源自古希臘語 φυσιογνωμονία (phusiognōmonía, “面相学”)，源自φύσις (phúsis, “形体，外观”) + γνώμων (gnṓmōn, “知道的人，观察的人；解释者，辨别者”)。
中古英語 phisonomie按规则本应发展为*physnomy /ˈfɪznəmi/（这样的词形常见于早期现代英语，比如莎士比亚著作《终成眷属》内的fisnomie）。现代拼写和发音是因为半接触影响。

fisnomie, fisnomy, phisnomy, physnomie, physnomy, visnomie, visnomy

the physiognomy of a plant; of a meteor


pollution

污染。指對任何介質之生物、熱、物理或放射性質的間接或直接改變，以致對人體健康或任何生命物種的健康、安全、福祉產生某種危害或潛在危害。


pyrope

來自拉丁語 pyrōpus，來自古希臘語 πῦρ (pûr) + ὤψ (ṓps)。


radiation damage

放射线破坏、辐射损伤、輻射損害。由於暴露於離子化輻射所造成的有機體驅體上或遺傳基因上的傷害。 (根源: GUNN)


raw material

原料。一種天然的，未被加工的或經過部分加工的作為加工工藝給料的物質。 (Source: MGH)


regeneration

再生。化工上可以指以適當方法从活性炭，離子交換樹脂和濾床等物質，去除有機物、金屬和固體等物，使更新或重新利用。


reflection

/ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/

反射。物理学上可以指波或粒子從投射的表面折返。


ooze

* （名词） 中古英語 wose (“汁，液”)，源自古英語 wōs (“汁，液，沫”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wōsą（对比中古低地德語 wose (“渣滓”)、古高地德語 wasal (“雨”)、古瑞典語 os, oos），源自原始印歐語 *wóseh₂ (“汁，液”)（对比梵語 वसा (vásā, “油脂”)）。
* （动词） 中古英語 wosen，源自古英語 wōsan，见上。


card

長方形的紙條或塑料條；卡；板


rock crystal

[…] I have for Trials sake taken Lumps of Rock Crystal, and Heating them Red hot in a Crucible, I found according to my Expectation, that being Quench’d in Fair water, even those that remain’d in seemingly entire Lumps, exchang’d their Translucency for Whiteness […]

1664, Robert Boyle, Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, London: Henry Herringman, Chapter 1, p. 114,

[…] I saw his Body, in Episcopal Robes, lying upon the Altar in a Shrine of Rock-Crystal.

1718, Joseph Addison, Remarks on Several Part of Italy, London: J. Tonson, pp. 22-23,

[…] there in the laboratory we beheld a larger edition of the little mechanism which we had seen vanish from before our eyes. Parts were of nickel, parts of ivory, parts had certainly been filed or sawn out of rock crystal.

1895, H. G. Wells, The Time Machine, New York: Henry Holt, Chapter 1, p. 24,

I wondered whether I ought to speak to Brideshead, but that grim, rock-crystal mask forbade all confidence.

1945, Evelyn Waugh, Brideshead Revisited, Boston: Little, Brown, Chapter 5, p. 131,

At New Year he had given Anne a present of silver forks with handles of rock crystal.

2009, Hilary Mantel, Wolf Hall, London: Fourth Estate, Part 4, Chapter 1, p. 296,


language

/ˈlæŋɡwɪd͡ʒ/

[ˈleɪŋɡwɪd͡ʒ]


wood

標準英音，澳大利亞，通用美式

標準英音，澳大利亞，通用美式


remote control

A single slice of this could leave you supine in front of the Queen's speech without even the wherewithal to reach for the remote control.

2011 December 15, Felicity Cloake, “How to cook the perfect nut roast”, 出自 Guardian:

The bomb was detonated by remote control.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


reconnaissance

The third member, Sergeant Pieter Rousseau, had been with the back-up teams at the Hub; he was an expert on space reconnaissance instrumentation, but on this trip he would have to depend on his own eyes and a small portable telescope.

1973, Arthur C. Clarke, Rendezvous with Rama


ablution

繼承自中古英語 ablucioun (“淨化不潔”)，派生自古法語 ablution和晚期拉丁語 ablūtiō (“洗去”)，源自abluō (“洗掉”)，源自ab- (“遠離”) + lavō (“洗”)。


abjuration

首見於1439年，繼承自中古英語 abjuracioun，派生自拉丁語 abiūrātiō (“棄絕、放棄”)，源自ab (“遠離”) + iūrō (“發誓或宣誓”)，派生自iūs (“法律、權利、義務”)。對照法語 abjuration。

/ˌæb.d͡ʒʊˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/

/ˌæb.d͡ʒəˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/

/ˌæb.d͡ʒʊɹˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/


table salt

通常與化學家稱為鹽的化合物作區別。


building

來自中古英語 bildyng、buildyng、buyldyng、byldyng、bulding、beldyng，等同於build + -ing。

The building of the bridge will be completed in a couple of weeks.

這座橋幾星期內就能建好。

One particularly damaging, but often ignored, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on schools[…]as children, teachers or school buildings become the targets of attacks. Parents fear sending their children to school. Girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence.

冲突对教育产生的一个特别有害但往往被忽视的影响是，对学校的袭击激增 […] ，因为儿童、教师或学校建筑成为袭击的目标。家长们害怕送他们的孩子去学校。女孩特别容易遭受性暴力。

2013 July 19, Mark Tran, “Denied an education by war”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 6，頁號 1:

My sister lives in that apartment building.

我姊妹住在那棟公寓樓裡。


zirconium

新拉丁語造词法，源自zircon。

鋯(化學元素，原子序為40，化學符號為Zr)


ablactation

繼承自中古英語 ablactacioun，派生自晚期拉丁語 ablactatio, ablactō (“使斷奶”)，源自ab (“沒有”) + lacto (“哺乳”)，源自lac (“奶”)；等價於ab- + lactation。


abdication

首次記錄於1552年。派生自中古法語 abdication，派生自拉丁語 abdicātiō (“放棄、廢棄”)，源自abdicō。

斷絕或剝奪孩子的繼承權的行為（16世紀中期至17世紀中期）

退位；放棄高級職位、或信任的行為 （首次記錄於17世紀初期）

自願放棄主權 （首次記錄於17世紀晚期）

abdication of the throne, government, power, authority

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

放棄財產權益或法律上的要求 （僅記錄於18世紀中期）

退位；被廢黜 （僅記錄於17世紀中期）


acclamation

* 首見於1541年。
* 借自拉丁語 acclāmātiō, acclāmātiōnis (“呼喊、驚嘆、讚許”)，源自acclamo (“大喊、大叫”)，源自ad (“向著”) + clamo (“大叫”)。
* 對照法語 acclamation。


sepiolite

源自拉丁語 sepia (“墨魚”) + -lite，因形似而得名。


standardization

The FCC says it decided to attempt standardization of VHF receivers after getting "thousands of complaints" from disgruntled boatmen who found their sets brought in mostly a lot of garble and static.

1976, Boating (volume 40, numbers 1-2, page 152)


abbreviation

首見於1400–50年。來自中古英語 abbreviacioun，來自中古法語 abreviation，來自晚期拉丁語 abbreviātiō，來自拉丁語 ad + breviō (“縮短”)，來自brevis (“短的”)。
形態上abbreviate + -ion。相當於ab- + brevi- + -ation。

abbreviature; abridgement; abstract; compend; compression; condensation; contraction; curtailment; epitome; reduction; shortcut; summary

amplification; dilation; enlargement; expansion; expatiation; extension; production

:Template:樂（樂譜上的）省略號


acquisition

源自中古英语 ← 古法语acquisicion ← 拉丁语acquisītiō、acquirere；相当于：acquire + -ition。

獲得，收購，探測，截獲，擷取，采集，捕获

（信號）獲得，探測，目標顯示


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。

as an huge rockie clift, / Whose false foundation waues haue washt away, / With dreadfull poyse is from the mayneland rift, / […] So downe he fell […]

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book I, Canto XII”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


action

来自中古英語 accion，来自古法語 aucion，acciun，来自拉丁語 āctiō (“做的行為”)，来自āctus + 动作后缀-iō，agere (“做，行動”)的被動完成分詞，源自原始印歐語 *h₂éǵeti；另见act、active。


termination

Long indeed did that morning appear to Francesca—the longer as her anxiety was unexpressed; for it certainly does shorten a period of waiting not a little to spend it in talking over its various probabilities of termination, wondering what will happen, while we are consoled by the strong sympathy we excite in the listener.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XIV, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 111:

1. Some adjectives of the third declension have three terminations in the nominative singular,—one for each gender; some two,—one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter; and some, only one for all genders.

2. Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations.

1849, E. A. Andrews, A First Latin Book; Or Progressive Lessons in Reading and Writing Latin, 2nd版, Boston，頁號 52 & 69:

[O]n this idea, in naming the bases of potash and soda, it will be proper to adopt the termination which, by common consent, has been applied to other newly discovered metals... Potasium and sodium are the names...

1808, Humphry Davy, The Bakerian Lecture, on some new Phenomena of chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalis, and on the Exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general Nature of alkaline Bodies, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Part 1, p. 32.


daffodil

中古英語 affodill (“熊葱”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 affodillus，源自拉丁語 asphodelus，源自古希臘語 ἀσφόδελος (asphódelos)，源自前希臘語。起头的d-可能是源自荷兰语冠词de affodil。（对比adder、apron、newt、nickname、orange和umpire）

daffodil：


subdivision

Work on one subdivision at a time.

同一建商或地區所建造的房子。

They're putting in a new subdivision out past Black Ranch Road.

他們要在 Black Ranch 路另一邊建一個新樓盤。

... By the 1970s, cattle rustling had fallen by the wayside, as tractors replaced carabaos and industrial estates and residential subdivisions supplanted rice fields as the mainstays of Cavite's suburban northern towns.

1999, Vicente L. Rafael, Figures of Criminality in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Colonial Vietnam, SEAP Publications (ISBN 9780877277248), page 81:

As the farms give way to the residential subdivisions and industrial estates, the centuries-old traditional Filipino houses, slightly raised above grounds and standing on stilts, are abandoned in the quest for more living space.

2014, Rodelio B. Carating, Raymundo G. Galanta, Clarita D. Bacatio, The Soils of the Philippines, Springer Science & Business (ISBN 9789401786829), page 51:


accord

* 首见于13世纪晚期。
* 来自中古英語 accorden，acorden，借自古法語 acorder（对比现代法语accord和accorder），来自通俗拉丁語 *accordō, accordāre (“心連心”)，来自拉丁語 ad + cor (“心”)。相當於ac- + -cord-。
* 动词首见于12世纪早期。


vermiculite

來自拉丁語 vermiculus (“小蠕蟲”)，因為它的纖維性質和加熱時膨脹成蠕蟲狀的特性。


level

源自中古英語 level，源自古法語 livel、liveau m（后作nivel）、niveau，源自拉丁語 libella f (“平衡，水平”)，libra f (“平衡，水平”)的指小词。参见libra、librate。libella和niveau的同源對似詞。
动词源自中古英語 levelen，其派生自名词。

Hand me the level so I can tell if this is correctly installed.

把水平仪递给我一下，我要看看装对了没有。

（相对于某参考面的）高度；层级

By the end of the day, we'd dug down to the level of the old basement floor.

到晚上，我们挖到了旧地下室那一层。

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra–wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.

2013 May 17, George Monbiot, “Money just makes the rich suffer”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 188, 期 23，頁號 19:

The sound level is much too high; this hurts my ears. We've reached a new level of success.

音量太高了，吵的我耳朵痛。 我们的成功达到了新的高度。

She achieved a high level of distinction.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

It took me weeks to get to level seven. Watch out for the next level; the bad guys there are really overpowered.

我玩了好几个星期才玩到第七关。 小心下一关，那里的敌人很厉害。

My half-orc barbarian reached fifth level before he was squashed by a troll.

我的半兽原始人升到了五级，然后就被一个巨魔拍死了。

Take the elevator and get off at the promenade level.

坐电梯到步行大道那一层。

The troops grow mutinous—the revenue fails—

The boldest turn their backs upon themselves!

1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:

The most common level of the colour variable is red. The other levels are blue and green.

“颜色”变量最常用的值是“红色”，也能用“蓝色”和“绿色”。


spittle

源自方言spattle（与spit (noun)有关）源自古英語 spātl，后者与spǣtan有关（源自spit (verb)）。


veneer

源自德語 Furnier，源自furnieren (“覆盖”)，源自法語 fournir (“布置；达成”)，源自中古法語 fornir，源自古法語 fornir、furnir (“布置”)，源自早期古法蘭克語 frumjan (“提供”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *frumjaną (“使...更进一步”)。同源词有古高地德語 frumjan、frummen (“达成，执行，提供”)、古英語 fremian (“执行”)。详见furnish。

（覆盖在粗糙材质上的装饰性质的）精制薄层

Compartment and corridor partitions are of blockboard, with appropriate decorative veneers to suit the varied interior decoration.

1951 May, “British Railways Standard Coaches”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號s 327-328:

A very neat old woman, still in her good outdoor coat and best beehive hat, was sitting at a polished mahogany table on whose surface there were several scored scratches so deep that a triangular piece of the veneer had come cleanly away, […].

1963, Margery Allingham, “Foreword”, 出自 The China Governess:

（掩饰内心想法或本性的）表面，伪装

“Yalda,” Dabashi says, “has managed to survive the centuries because it has been gently recodified with a Muslim veneer.”

2014 December 5, “Joy From the World”, 出自 The New York Times Magazine, retrieved 2014-12-06:


vert

源自中古英語 vert，源自古法語 vert，源自拉丁語 viridis。 virid的同源對似詞。

vert：

（可用来给鹿作掩护的）绿色灌木丛

“I understand thee,” said the King, “and the Holy Clerk shall have a grant of vert and venison in my woods of Warncliffe.”


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”, 字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (plural)
Christmasses (plural)

Do you celebrate Christmas?

This Christmas we’ll open presents, then go to grandma’s for dinner.

这个圣诞节我们先拆礼物，然后去奶奶那里吃晚饭。

Be gladde, lordes, bothe more and lasse, / For this hath ordeyned our stewarde / To chere you all this christmasse / The bores heed with mustarde.

（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）]

[[15th century] (date written), “A Caroll Bringyng in the Bores Heed”, 出自 :Template:noitalicChristmasse Carolles:Template:noitalic, London: […] Wynkyn de Worde, 出版於 1521, →OCLC; republished in Joseph Ames, Typographical Antiquities: Being a Historical Account of Printing in England: […], London: […] W[illiam] Faden, and sold by J. Robinson, […], 1749, →OCLC，頁號 96，列號 2:

The lord chancellor holds his fittings in this hall, and in former days, like the Temple, it had its revels and great Chriſtmaſſes. […] The account of the great feaſt in the hall of the Inner Temple, by the ſerjeants, in 1555, is extremely worth conſulting: and alſo of the hoſpitable Chriſtmaſſes of old times.

1798 July, “Account of Lincoln’s Inn: With a Perspective View of the Hall and Chapel”, 出自 The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure; […], 卷 CIII, London: […] W[illiam] Bent, […], →OCLC，頁號 42，列號 2:

“Lawk!” says our old granddam, who has taken the liberty of looking over our manuscript while we were gone to mix a glass of water and something. “Lawk!” says she, “how can you write such stuff? Christmas, indeed! you’ve no Christmas now. Do you call this Christmas? It’s more like a vapour bath. Such weather! Lawk, how times are changed! the Christmasses I remember! the good, old-fashioned Christmasses, when there was snow on the ground six feet deep, and poor people were starved to death by dozens, and you couldn’t go out without having your fingers frost-bitten, and coals were at six shillings a hundred, and canals froze up so that you couldn’t get your goods, and the roads all impassable, and daren’t ask a few friends to merrymake for fear of losing three or four of ’em going home in snow-drifts, and—oh, those were Christmasses! we shall never see such times again!”

1840 January, Sylvanus Swanquill [pseudonym; John Hewitt], “Merry Christmas and Happy New Year”, 出自 The New Sporting Magazine, 卷 XVIII, 期 105, London: Walter Spiers, […], →OCLC，頁號 53:

Reader have your Christmasses hitherto been marked with happiness? Thank God for it. […] Then mamma died—and later in your college days, dear Herbert, when you were both as tall as men, but as fond of play as ever—and we used to spend such happy Christmasses, till our dear father died, / “That was our first sad winter, the one which followed his death, for you remember how sadly we all missed him, and we were still in mourning—but the next one was a happy day, for Lawry was so full of spirits—and that was our last happy Christmas. Herbert darling, Lawrence has left the last impression of happiness on my memory—he, who has since broken up our domestic peace, and for a long time spoilt our Christmasses—Heaven bless him![…]”

1859, [Florence] Marryatt, 章號 XXIX, 出自 Temper. A Novel., New York, N.Y.: Dick & Fitzgerald, […], →OCLC，頁號 205:

I'm dreaming of a white Christmas / With every Christmas card I write / May your days be merry and bright / And may all your Christmases be white

1942 July 30, Irving Berlin （作曲作詞）, “White Christmas”, 演出者 Bing Crosby, New York, N.Y.: Decca Records, →OCLC:

Have yourself a merry little Christmas / Let your heart be light / Next year all our troubles will be out of sight

1943 (date written), “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas”, 出自 Ralph Blane 作詞, Hugo Martin 作曲, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas: 源自the M.G.M. Picture Meet Me in St. Louis, 演出者 Judy Garland, New York, N.Y.: Leo Feist, 出版於 1944, →OCLC:

The last time I saw her was a week before Christmas, 1980. We took down a fat branch of berried Megginch holly, which we stuck in a pot for a Christmas tree, hung with silver balls and glitters. Aunt Victoria looked at it, smiled and unexpectedly said, “Christmas.” Surely she was sitting there dreaming of Christmasses long past: Christmas in the South China Sea, the Christmas lights of Hong Kong, hot Christmasses so long ago in the Anchises under the Southern Cross stars, or even longer ago of Christmasses at Megginch, singing carols round the lighted Christmas tree in the hall, while Queen Victoria’s goddaughter in her starched white dress and bronze shoes had worn the sparkling pendant given her by the great Queen.

1994, Cherry Drummond, The Remarkable Life of Victoria Drummond, Marine Engineer, London: The Institute of Marine Engineers, →ISBN，頁號 354:

I don't want a lot for Christmas / There is just one thing I need / I don't care about the presents / Underneath the Christmas tree / I just want you for my own / More than you could ever know / Make my wish come true / All I want for Christmas is you

1994 October 29, Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff （作曲作詞）, “All I Want for Christmas Is You”, 出自 Merry Christmas, 演出者 Mariah Carey, New York, N.Y.: Columbia Records, →OCLC:


tuff

來自法語 tuffe、tuf，來自意大利語 tufo，來自拉丁語 tōfus。

This is what makes an ignimbrite; the general term for this kind of volcaniclastic rock is ‘tuff’.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society 2011, p. 9n:


cacodyl

古希臘語 κακώδης (kakṓdēs, “恶臭气味”)

二甲基胂基，二甲胂基（(CH₃)₂As-）


calligraphy

:出自法语 calligraphie，出自古希腊语 καλλιγραφία (kalligraphía, "漂亮的书写")。 κάλλος (kállos, "漂亮") + γράφω (gráphō, "画画").

(不可数) 书法，笔法。

(可数) 美观的笔迹，墨宝。


Fichte

繼承自中古高地德語 viehte、古高地德語 fiuhta，來自原始西日耳曼語 *fiuhtijā。


calculus

正體: 微積分[電子計算機]


chinoiserie

/ʃiːnwɑːzəˈɹiː/


同性戀

ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄌㄧㄢˋ

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-nan-czhu, dang5 sên3 luang3.ogg

ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄌㄧㄢˋ

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɪŋ³³ lyːn³⁵/

/tʰuŋ¹¹ ɕin⁵⁵ li̯en⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ luan²⁴/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ luan²⁴/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ luan¹³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ luan²⁴/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ luan²³/

/taŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lueŋ²¹³/, /taŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ luaŋ²¹³/

維基詞典羅馬化 (上海話

/doŋ²² ɕin⁵⁵ li²¹/

同性愛

どうせいあい, dōseiai


cacophony

源自法語 cacophonie，源自古希臘語 κακοφωνία (kakophōnía)，源自κακός (kakós, “坏的”) + φωνή (phōnḗ, “声音”)。

Not more unutterable could have been the chaos of hellish sound if the pit itself had opened to release the agony of the damned, for in one inconceivable cacophony was centered all the supernal terror and unnatural despair of animate nature.

1921-1922, H. P. Lovecraft, Herbert West: Reanimator,

A blistering start from the Scots served to steady the ship amid a cacophony that defied the quarter-full national stadium.

2021 June 14, Scott Mullen, “Scotland 0-2 Czech Republic”, 出自 BBC Sport:


honey

來自中古英語 hony, honi，來自古英語 huniġ，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hunag，來自原始日耳曼語 *hunagą（對照西弗里斯蘭語 hunich、德語 Honig），來自早期*hunangą（對比瑞典語 honung），來自原始印歐語 *kn̥h₂onk-o-s，來自*kn̥h₂ónks。和中古威爾士語 canecon (“金”)、拉丁語 canicae 複 (“糠”)、吐火羅語B kronkśe (“蜂”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 qengjë (“蜂巢”)、古希臘語 κνῆκος (knêkos, “紅花”)、北庫爾德語 şan (“蜂巢”)、北盧里語 گونج (gonj, “蜂”)同源。

The physical properties of the different honeys, color, granulation, aroma, flavor, etc., are indicated in the table only in a very general way.

1908, United States. Bureau of Chemistry, Bulletin, 期s 110-114:

If two of the California honeys, western hyssop and fleabane, having a positive polarization at 200 C. are disregarded, then the remaining...

1949, Roy A. Grout 編, The Hive and the Honey Bee:

Eucalyptus honeys could be characterized based on seven volatile compounds, whereas lavender honeys had only five...

2011, Stephen Taylor, Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 卷 62:

Man, there are some fine honeys here tonight!

夥計，今晚這裡有好幾個性感尤物會來呢！


chicanery

源自法語 chicanerie (“欺诈”)，源自chicaner，借自中古低地德語 schicken，最终源自原始西日耳曼語 *skikkijan，源自原始日耳曼語 *skikkijaną。与德語 schicken (“派遣”)、中古英語 skekken (“发行，发布”)有关。

They do not always find manors, got by rapine or chicanery, insensibly to melt away, as the poets will have it ; or that all gold glides, like thawing snow, from the thief’s hand that grasps it.

1823, Charles Lamb, “Popular Fallacies”, 出自 Elia, new版, London: Edward Moxon, 出版於 1835, →ISBN，頁號 241:

Having survived “The Long Night,” Daenerys will now be turning her attention back to the problem that originally vexed her: Cersei Lannister. It will be interesting to see how the show tries to raise the stakes of an internecine squabble between competing monarchs when compared to an existential threat to humanity’s very existence, but this series has always excelled when it goes deep on the machinations of political chicanery.

2019 April 28, Alex McLevy, “Game Of Thrones Suffers the Fog of War in the Battle against the Dead (Newbies)”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2021-05-31歸檔自原頁面:

（律师的）不诚实行为，欺骗行为


camouflage

借自法語 camouflage，源自camoufler (“掩盖，伪装”)，（因camouflet (“扑到脸上的烟”)）变换自意大利語 camuffare (“裹住头”)，源自ca-（源自意大利語 capo (“头”)）+ muffare (“蒙住，裹住”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 muffula, muffla (“暖手筒”)。该中世纪拉丁语词亦派生出英語 muffle。其源自古法蘭克語 *molfell (“皮制软衣物”)，源自*mol (“软化的，穿旧的”)（与古高地德語 molawēn (“软化”)、中古高地德語 molwic (“软的”)同源）+ *fell (“皮”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)；或者，另一词源理论追溯回古法蘭克語 *muffël (“暖手筒，包裹物”)，其为由*mauwa (“袖子，包裹物”)←原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“袖子”) + *fell (“皮”)←原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)构成的复合词。

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

保护色，保护图案，保护形状

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 101, 期 3，頁號s 206-7:


carnelian

來自cornelian，其紅色的外型，受到拉丁語 carneus (“多肉的”)的影響下，而被命名為此名稱。


catenation

正體: 連接；結合[電子計算機]


cavitation

/ˌkævɪˈteɪʃən/


civet

來自法語 civette，來自意大利語 zibetto，來自中世紀拉丁語 zibethum，來自阿拉伯語 زَبَاد (zabād)。

斑臭鼬屬（Spilogale）動物。


chinchilla

/t͡ʃɪnˈt͡ʃɪlə/

It's important to put a lot of thought into owning a chinchilla since they have a considerably long lifespan of 10 to 20 years.

Chinchillas are most widely known for their exceptional fur coat.

2004, Jamie Huggins, Chinchillas - from Pets to Profession，頁號 3:

Chinchillas inhabit high elevations (3,000–5,000m) of the Chilean Andes Mountains. The chinchillas kept as pet or research animals in North America are all descendents^([sic]) of 13 founders wild caught in 1927.

2008, Jeff Wyatt, “Chapter 17: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Other Mammals”, 出自 Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals，頁號 469:

Chinchillas are long-lived rodents that are native to South America, primarily Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The chinchilla is a hystricomorph (hedgehoglike) rodent closely related to guinea pigs, porcupines, and agoutis (Hrapkiewicz et al., 1998).

2009, Ron E. Banks, Julie M. Sharp, Sonia D. Doss, Deborah A. Vanderford, Exotic Small Mammal Care and Husbandry，頁號 125:

一种白毛绿瞳的波斯猫变种


consecration

/ˌkɒnsɪˈkɹeɪʃən/


congo

congou的另一種寫法：工夫茶


codeposition

[简体]:共淀积[电子电机工程]

[正體]:共澱積[電子電機工程]


consternation

"Out!" exclaimed her husband, with something like genuine consternation in his voice.

Their audience had been listening in increasing consternation.

2003, Terrance Dicks, Barry Letts, 章號 17, 出自 Deadly Reunion:

It was probably worth four millennia of consternation and regret.

February 27, 2006, Chuck Klosterman, “Invention's New Mother”, 出自 Esquire:


contribution

正體： 貢獻［電子計算機］


washout

wash out 的動詞派生詞。

washaway

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠

No. 21C9 was in need of a boiler washout and though she was carefully and assiduously fired and use made of the fire-irons during the run, it was not possible to maintain steam, which often fell as low as 210 lb.

1944 March–April, E. S. Waterhouse, “Two Footplate Rides on ‘Merchant Navy’ Locomotives”, 出自 The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 88:

In recent months, as we have already reported, boiler washouts of Stratford's "Britannia" Pacifics have been carried out at Norwich, owing to the better staff situation at the latter shed, […]

1959 April, “Motive Power Miscellany: Eastern Region”, 出自 Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 224:

The cistern was fitted with washouts and air-valves.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠 洪水造成的铁路或路面缺口

同類詞： slipout

In a message to NR [National Rail] staff on August 14, Haines said: "It's not just Scotland impacted by extreme wet weather. This week we have seen, and will continue to see, heavy rain fall. This has caused washouts and landslips across the length and breadth of Great Britain."

2020 August 26, “Network News: [Grant] Shapps Orders Rapid Review of Flash Flood Resilience from NR”, 出自 Rail, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 9:

The Austin picnic was a washout, rained all day.

1939, The Railroad Telegrapher, 卷 56, Peoria, Ill.: Order of Railroad Telegraphers, →OCLC，頁號 779:

Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout [title]

2011 March 28, “Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout”, 出自 ABC News, Sydney, N.S.W.，2023-03-03歸檔自原頁面:

[Joe] Biden failed to flip crucial toss-up states such as Florida and Ohio and pull off the blue washout his supporters had been touting.

2020 November 5, Jack Elsom, “‘We were told this was going to be a landslide!’ Piers Morgan blames the Democrats and Joe Biden’s lacklustre campaign for closer than predicted presidential race”, 出自 Daily Mail, London: DMG Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，2020-11-19歸檔自原頁面:

With the ex-president [Donald Trump] facing heat for the GOP's midterm washout, there is conflict on if he should hold off next week's event [subtitle]

2022 November 11, Hugo Lowell, “Rift in Trump’s inner circle over 2024 presidential campaign announcement”, 出自 Katharine Viner 編, 衛報, 倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC，2023-05-16歸檔自原頁面:

As an actor he was a complete washout, so he went back to accounting.

他的表演生涯很失败，所以他又干回了会计。

（空气作用下）机翼的扭曲

没能完成训练任务的飞行员

冲洗；冲洗液；冲洗出的物体

a bladder washout


casino

源自意大利語 casino，casa (“房子”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 casa (“小屋，棚屋”)。

casinos (plural)
casinoes (plural)
casini (plural)

A bid by Donald Trump to build Sydney’s first casino was rejected 30 years ago after police expressed concerns about his links to the mafia.

2017, Christopher Knauss, The Guardian, 16 August:

小房子；度假屋 （尤指在意大利的）

Quirini [was] knowing in the belles Lettres, & highly skilled in making his Casino comfortable to all the Wits & Blues as we now call them in London.

1786, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 3 July:

I felt it strange, and regretted it, that so amiable a man should have contracted such dissolute habits, and at this very time, instead of living respectably with his charming Countess, had Baccelli, the superannuated dancing courtesan, in a casino in the neighbourhood.

1792, James Boswell, in Danziger & Brady (eds.), Boswell: The Great Biographer (Journals 1789–1795), Yale 1989, p. 163:


cutlery

源自中古英語 cotellerie、cutleri (“刀匠的工艺品”)，源自古法語 coutelerie（现代法語 coutellerie）。

a cutlery set

This cutlery comes from Normandy, France.


comicality

In this, his forte, he has been less put forward than could have been desired; but when he did appear, his comicalities were infinite, and never failed to convulse the audience with laughter.

1822, The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal (page 249)


contention

源自中古英語 contencion，借自古法語 contencion，源自拉丁語 contentio, contentionem，源自contendō（过去分词contentus），等价于contend + -tion（类似于attention）。

It is my contention that state lotteries are taxes on stupid people.

我的看法是州彩票是向蠢人征的税。

（系统的各组件或其用户对有限资源的）竞争


complexity

简体: 复杂性[信息科技]

正體: 複雜性[計算機]

正體: 複雜性[電子計算機]


composition

/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

正體： 編製；合成；組版［電子計算機］


coumarin

來自coumarou (“tonka bean, Dipteryx odorata (syn. Coumarouna odorata)”) + -in。


credibility

正體: 可信度[電子計算機]


conspiracy

源自中古英語 conspiracie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 conspiracie，源自拉丁語 cōnspīrātiō。conspiration的同源對似詞。

Conspiracies, like all other exercises of human ingenuity, are of very different kinds. The gloomy plots arranged in old Italian halls...

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 卷 3，頁號 23:

Modern political religions may reject Christianity, but they cannot do without demonology. The Jacobins, the Bolsheviks and the Nazis all believed in vast conspiracies against them, as do radical Islamists today. It is never the flaws of human nature that stand in the way of Utopia. It is the workings of evil forces.

2007, John Gray, Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia:

Indeed, as I sat, forlorn, never having found my particular conspiracy of lemurs (how about that for a name for a group of lemurs? The name lemur itself comes from the Latin for “spirits of the dead”) …

2018 February 8, Jeffrey T. Laitman, “The Search for the Intersection of Form and Function: Looking for Clues into What Has Determined How, Why, and When Animals Came to Move the Way They Do”, 出自 The Anatomical Record, 卷 301, 期 3, →DOI:

The Oregon Zoo welcomed two red-ruffed lemurs this week, bringing the total number in the conspiracy — the name for a group of lemurs — to seven.

2018 November 9, “Red alert: New lemurs join zoo conspiracy”, 出自 Oregon Zoo, retrieved 2019-11-05:

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


creativity

正體: 創造力[電子計算機]


complacency

晚期中古英語 complacence，源自晚期拉丁語 complacentia。对比法語 complaisance。

[…] looking at Mr. George Osborne's pale interesting countenance, and those beautiful black, curling, shining whiskers, which the young gentleman himself regarded with no ordinary complacency, she thought in her little heart that in His Majesty's army, or in the wide world, there never was such a face or such a hero.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, 章號 5, 出自 Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

自满产生的消极，不思进取


kibble

不详，约1790年出现动词用法，系什罗普郡方言。可能是chip的变体或派生自词源2。

粗磨的产物，（尤指）饲料

The pope had already signaled his kids-over-kibbles stance in a 2014 interview with the Rome daily Il Messaggero. When asked whether some in society valued pets more than children, he said that it was a reality that reflected a “sign of cultural degeneration.”

2022 January 6, Elisabetta Povoledo, “Pope Scolds Couples Who Choose Pets Over Kids”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


deaeration

/diːeəˈɹeɪʃən/


couture

It was the branding of these products, rather than the couture itself, that would become the foundation of the industry, generating huge global sales by the last quarter of the century.

2007, Cally Blackman, 100 Years of Fashion Illustration, →ISBN，頁號 166:


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd的同源對似詞。

Crud is caked in the crevices of her jewellery. All of it needs cleaning.

2018, Tsitsi Dangarembga, This Mournable Body, Faber & Faber (2020)，頁號 30:

（核反应堆冷却液内的）杂质

（难以通过的）厚而潮湿的雪


decorum

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 decōrum。


concurrence

The time came when they ceased to cry and began to think; by the way, if Georgiana had not, from a concurrence of circumstances, been enabled to eat her breakfast, this operation of the mind could not have been engaged in without further injury, for she was, indeed, weak and exhausted;...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXIV, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 11:

This book owes its existence to a concurrence of accidents.

1862, John Hill Burton, The Book-hunter, etc., Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood & Sons, Advertisement:


coitus

源自拉丁語 coitus。

Wolowitz: Hang on. There really is a lady here?
Leonard: Uh-huh.
Wolowitz: And you want us out because you’re anticipating coitus?
Leonard: No, she’s just a friend.
Wolowitz: So she’s available for coitus?
Leonard: No, she’s – –

2006 October 2nd, Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, The Big Bang Theory, “Pilot”, screenplay (revised first draft), act one, scene A (page 26):


dedication

/ˌdɛdɪˈkeɪʃən/

正體: 專屬[電子計算機]


deportation

/diːˌpɔːˈteɪʃən/


denomination

/dɪˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃən/


demeanor

源自中古英語 demenure，源自中古英語 demenen, demeinen (“处理”, 动词)，源自古法語 demener (“引导”)，源自de- + mener (“引领，引导”)，源自拉丁語 *mināre (“驱动，驱使”)和minor (“丢出，伸出”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-demeanor.wav

举动，动作，行为 （显现某人特点的身体语言，表情等）

The man's demeanor made others suspicious of his intentions.

那个人的行为让人怀疑起他的目的。

A confident demeanor is crucial for persuading others.

要说服他人就应该有自信的神态。

At this present (saith he) certeine princes of Britaine, procuring by ambassadors and dutifull demeanors the amitie of the emperour Augustus, haue offered in the capitoll vnto the gods presents or gifts, and haue ordeined the whole Ile in a manner to be appertinent, proper, and familiar to the Romans.

a. 1587, Raphael Holinshed, 引 Strabo, Historie of England, Book III:

Demeanors that are apologetic and overly polite are inherently contradictory to demeanors that exhibit fear and anger.

1993, “Interrogation: The Kinesics Technique”, 出自 John J. Fay 編, Encyclopedia of Security Management, →ISBN，頁號 418:


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。

Earth looked her loveliest to receive my sweet sister's gentle dust; but all was harsh and sullen as her own nature when Lady Avonleigh's haughty ashes returned to their original element. Immediately after her demise, her son went abroad, and I accompanied him.

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 卷 2，頁號 124:

The lack of funding ultimately led to the project's demise.

项目最终因缺乏融资而告吹。


clout

源自中古英語 clout，源自古英語 clūt，源自原始日耳曼語 *klūtaz，源自原始印歐語 *gelewdos，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“积”)。词义“（尤指政治上的）影响力”源自芝加哥方言，后传播普及。
同源词包括古諾爾斯語 klútr (“方头巾”)、瑞典語 klut、丹麥語 klud、中古高地德語 klōz (“块”)，其派生出德語 Kloß，及俄语方言глуда (gluda)。参见cleat。

Having relinquished his clout in City Council to run for a place on the county board, and having lost stature by reason of his failure to win the presidency, Duffy was in no position to seek the party chairmanship for himself

1975, Len O'Connor, Clout--Mayor Daley and His City，頁號 74:

The chopped mushrooms add depth to both the Waitrose and the Go-Go Vegan recipe, but what gives the latter some real clout on the flavour front is a teaspoon of Marmite.

2011 December 15, Felicity Cloake, “How to cook the perfect nut roast”, 出自 Guardian:

It's funny how they judge you when they see you made a change / I poured another four just to take away the pain / My friends weren't my friends, they was ^([sic]) looking for some clout / I had what they wanted so they always came around

2017, Kimetrius Foose (Lil Skies), Myron Goedhart （作曲作詞）, “Fake”, 演出者 Lil Skies:

Rowan, like most teenagers on the internet, wasn’t after fame or money, though he made a decent amount — at one point $10,000 a month and more, he said. What Rowan wanted was clout. On the internet, clout is a social currency that can be used to obtain just about anything. Rack up enough while you’re young, and doors everywhere begin to open.

2019 November 29, Taylor Lorenz, “Here’s What’s Happening in the American Teenage Bedroom”, 出自 New York Times:

‘Such a clout on the ear as you gave me… But I soon taught you.’

1910, Katherine Mansfield, Frau Brenchenmacher Attends A Wedding:

'... allowed Boston to score all of its runs on homers, including a pair of clouts by Jacoby Ellsbury ...'

2011 August 17, Michael Vega, “Triple double”, 出自 The Boston Globe，頁號 C1:

靶心 （可能是因为以前是用一块白布或钉头来表示）

When a new-hatched savage running wild about his native woodlands in a grass clout, followed by the nibbling goats, as if he were a green sapling; even then, in Queequeg’s ambitious soul, lurked a strong desire to see something more of Christendom than a specimen whaler or two.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 12:

We condol’d with each other, and observ’d how wretchedly we look’d, all naked, except a small Clout about our Middles […]

1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London，頁號 74:

The Byzantines, wrote Robert of Clari, hooted and jeered from the battlements, "and let down their clouts and showed them their backsides."

1980, Colin Thubron, Seafarers: The Venetians，頁號 33:

垫片 （装在轴承等物上防止磨损的铁片）

Clouts were thin and flat pieces of iron, used it appears to strengthen the box of the wheel; perhaps also for nailing on such other parts of the cart as were particularly exposed to wear.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 卷 1，頁號 546:

And whan sche of this bille hath taken heede, / Sche rente it al to cloutes atte laste / And into the privy softely it caste.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, 出自 The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne] 編, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC，行號s 707-709:


dereliction

源自拉丁語 dērelictiō (“忽视，遗弃”)，源自dērelinquō (“忽视，遗弃”)，源自dē- + re- + linquō (“离开”)。

The new soldier did not clean his cabin and was scolded for dereliction and disobedience.

新兵没有清理自己的隔间，被骂渎职，违抗命令。

What he did was a terrible dereliction of duty.

他犯了很严重的玩忽职守。

And his final act—leaving the Watch to accompany Tormund and the Wildlings back into the woods North of the wall—no longer seems like a dereliction of duty. It’s the recovery of duty, found by a man who feels he betrayed his queen, who thinks there’s no longer a place for him in these lands.

2019 May 19, Alex McLevy, “The final Game Of Thrones brings a pensive but simple meditation about stories (newbies)”, 出自 The A.V. Club:

After years of unsympathetic commercial use and dereliction, nothing of note remained inside, which accordingly has been reconfigured with modern amenities such as underfloor heating.

2021 December 15, Robin Leleux, “Awards honour the best restoration projects: The Network Rail Community Award: Saltash and Stow”, 出自 RAIL, 期 946，頁號 58:


decoction

源自古法語 decoccion、decoction，源自拉丁語 decoctiō，源自decoquō (“将...煮稠”)，源自de- + coquō (“烹煮”)。

（煎熬而成的）浓汁，精华；煎汁

[I]nſtead of Honey, Rob of Elder, Conſerve of Roſes, or Syrup of Violets; Glyſters, Pedilavia of emollient Decoctions with Nitre; or Elder, Vinegar, or Focus's of the ſame, applied with Sponges behind the Ears, to the Armpits, Groins, Hams, &c. or with Barley-water and a little Roſe-vinegar.

1749, [Thomas Short], “[Of the Symptoms of Fevers, and Their Cure.] 10th, Of Feverish Heat”, 出自 A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c. in Sundry Places and Different Times; More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years. Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (Especially Human) Bodies, and Vegetables. In Two Volumes, 卷 II, Printed for T[homas] Longman, in Paternoster-Row, and A[ndrew] Millar, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁號s 512–513:

The transition is a keen one, I assure you, from a schoolmaster to a sailor, and requires a strong decoction of Seneca and the Stoics to enable you to grin and bear it.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 1:

Poley offered a hot decoction of blackberries, saying: Peace?

1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man In Deptford:

Witches and devils no longer threaten you and me. We don’t mind living next door to the harmless lady with her herb garden and decoction still, her black cat and red hair.

Even the fixed principles of vegetables, at least some of them, are injured by long decoction. The extractive matter, for instance, gradually absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and is converted into a substance nearly insipid and inert.

1804, The Medical and Physical Journal (page 563)


deterioration

源自法語 détérioration；在詞法上為deteriorate + -ion。

/dɪˌtɪəɹɪəˈɹeɪʃən/

/dɪˌtɪəɹɪˈeɪʃən/

The Queen may be celebrating her jubilee but the Queen's English Society, which has railed against the misuse and deterioration of the English language, is to fold.

2012 June 4, Lewis Smith, “Queen’s English Society says enuf is enough, innit?: Society formed 40 years ago to protect language against poor spelling and grammar closes because too few people care”, 出自 The Guardian, London，於2016-03-10歸檔自原頁面:

"The quantum sensors will provide highly accurate measurements that will help to detect the rate of change of the track and subsequently, any deteriorations which might lead to faults."

2020 November 18, “Network News: Researchers team up on navigation data system”, 出自 Rail，頁號 23:


divination

/ˌdɪvɨˈneɪʃən/

The Neo-Platonic Theory of Divination

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


dissent

A system that suppresses dissent is fault-intolerant, ignorant and fragile.

2013 June 28, Charles Hugh Smith, Why Centralization Leads to Collapse:


diffraction

/dɪˈfɹækʃən/


dissimulation

繼承自中古英語 dissimulacioun，來自古法語 dissimulation，來自拉丁語 dissimulātiō；等同於dissimule + -ation。

Perhaps it was best to tell Ethel at once: if ever she went into society at all, she would inevitably hear of it, and her own concealment would have the appearance of a dissimulation,—the furthest from her thoughts.

1837, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Ethel Churchill, 卷 2，頁號 233:


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk.

他怯生生地瞥了一眼桌上乱七八糟的东西。

There was so much cringe in that episode!


dispersal

For a time, Okeh picked up the disk for national dispersal.

1990, Wayne Jancik, The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, →ISBN，頁號 145:

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, […]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 101, 期 3:

Problems of control in dispersals and in other prisons necessarily instigated a multiplicity of working theories to explain the difficulties […]

2012, D. Drake, Prisons, Punishment and the Pursuit of Security:


dotage

dote + -age，源自中古英語 doten (“溺爱；老糊涂”)。

"More care!" said the old man. […] There were in his face marks of deep and anxious thought which convinced me that he could not be, as I had been at first inclined to suppose, in a state of dotage or imbecility.

1841, Charles Dickens, 章號 1, 出自 The Old Curiosity Shop:


defenestration

來自新拉丁語 defenestratio，來自dē (“自；外”) + fenestra (“窗戶”) + -atio (表示動作或過程的後綴)；對照中古法語 défenestrer (現代法語 défenestrer)、défenestration、意大利語 defenestrazione、德語 Fenstersturz。動詞defenestrate是後來形成的。

把人拋出窗外 （自西元17世紀）

The "Defenestration" at Prague (A.D. 1618). [...] The imperial Austrian Councillors are thrown out of the window of the castle of Hradschin by the enraged Bohemian Deputies [...]

1905, Rossiter Johnson 編, The Great Events by Famous Historians; a Comprehensive and Readable Account of the World’s History, […], 卷s XI (A.D. 1609–1660), New York, N.Y.: National Alumni, →OCLC，頁號s 62–75:

The Third Defenestration of Prague occurred on 10 March 1948. During the closing stages of the communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, Jan Masaryk, the popular foreign minister and son of Tomáš Masaryk, fell – or more likely was pushed – out of a window.

1996, Adrian [G. V.] Hyde-Price, “East Central Europe: A Brief History”, 出自 The International Politics of East Central Europe, Manchester, New York, N.Y.: Manchester University Press, →ISBN, footnote 41，頁號 40:

On September 11, 2001 when NYC's Twin Towers were impacted [...] some occupants trapped above the inferno facing certain death instead jumped from windows to their certain death (self defenestration).

2004, Paul Dehn Carleton, “Notes and References”, 出自 Concepts: A ProtoTheist Quest for Science-minded Skeptics of Catholic, and Other Christian, Jewish & Muslim Backgrounds, Pontiac, Mich.: Carleton House, →ISBN, footnote 15，頁號 359:

高調地將某人從組織中除名

Be that as it may, his defenestration was coldly abrupt, and in his place, the Football Association resurrected a veteran manager and former England star in Joe Mercer for seven games.

2005 September 4, The Sunday Times, London:

With Rishi Sunak and Sajid Javid gone from the cabinet, it could all be over for Boris Johnson – although quite how long it will take his enemies to finish him off is not at all clear and his defenestration does not look immediate.

2022 July 5, Andrew Sparrow, “As Sunak and Javid quit cabinet, is it all over for Boris Johnson?”, 出自 The Guardian:

將微軟視窗操作系統從計算機中移除，以安裝替代系統的行為

Defenestration might be an option too. May I recommend Linux?

1998 November 1, “Dorian Bliss”, “He’s dead, Jim”, 出自 rec.humor.oracle.d (Usenet), message-ID <363DA726.C27FA5F@spamfree.land>:

It's defenestration day in Redmond today. A clearly stunned Microsoft did what it could to pretend that Judge Jackson's findings of fact were "just one step", as [Bill] Gates put said in the prepared statement that he read at a press conference last night, but it was hopeless.

1999 November 6, Graham Lea, “Stunned MS vows to fight on for freedom: ‘Integrity, partnership, quality … giving’ – (takes out onion)”, 出自 The Register，於2014-08-19歸檔自原頁面:

No defenestration here. Ask questions about all aspects of Windows programming, get help on Microsoft technologies covered in Apress books, or provide feedback on any Apress Windows book.

2002, John Kilburn, Palm Programming in Basic, Berkeley, Calif.: Apress, →ISBN，頁號 392:

What's needed is defenestration – throwing out the Windows mindset along with Microsoft's licenses and software – but that's not as simple as changing a boot CD or even migrating a whole raft of servers. What's involved is fundamental change both in how IT operates and in what it does.

2004 February 12, Paul Murphy, “What does Linux cost?”, 出自 LinuxInsider: Linux News & Information from around the World，於2016-03-11歸檔自原頁面:

Traditionally, the verb defenestrate means to throw out of a window. But as Australian companies take their first timid steps towards installing non-proprietary software on corporate desktops, defenestration is starting to be linked to the throwing out of Windows software.

2005 December 1, D. Braue, P. Gray, L. Colquhoun, J.-V. Douglas, “Leaders of the pack”, 出自 MIS Asia: Managing Information Strategies，於2007-10-07歸檔自原頁面:


disco

〈可数，稍陈旧〉discotheque的缩简；跳舞的夜店。

〈不可数〉迪斯科（音乐）；的士高（音乐）


dither

didder的变体，源自中古英語 dideren (“发抖”)。对比中古英語 bididren、bididdren (“诱导，误导”)，源自古英語 bedidrian、bedyderian (“诱导，误导”)。
另，可能与*titeren的表达性质的浊化有关，源自原始日耳曼語 *titrōną。若如此，它则是teeter的同源對似詞，同源词有古高地德語 zittarōn（德語 zittern）和古諾爾斯語 titra（法羅語 titra、冰島語 titra）。或者可能是一个无关的叠词拟声词。

Everyone was in a dither; either in it or about to get in it or just climbing out of it. Naturally, the Madam was not in a dither. Dither was a foreign concept to her.

2002, Thomas P. Glynn, A Child's Christmas In Chicago，頁號 59:


aba

源自阿拉伯語 عَبَاءَة (ʕabāʔa)。對照abaya。

阿巴原色粗呢（山羊或骆驼毛织物）

阿拉伯式寬鬆無袖服裝，由上述材料或絲綢製成（首次使用於19世紀早期）

'A pale mauve abba such as you buy in the East.'

1934, Agatha Christie, 章號 5, 出自 Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, 出版於 2017，頁號 110:

Here Nessim would sit night after night in the winter, dressed in his old rust-coloured abba, staring gravely at Betelgeuse, or hovering over books of calculations for all the world like a medieval soothsayer.

阿拉伯式斗篷，一種由上述材料製成的外衣，形式非常簡單，是沙漠中的阿拉伯人所穿的，形式如插圖所示，由兩種寬度不同的材料縫合在一起，形成一個大約 4 x 9 英尺的長方形。


earthenware

/ˈəːθ(ə)nwɛː/

同類詞： stoneware

earthenware bowl


dukedom

源自近代中古英語 dukdom、dukedom；等價於 duke + -dom。


duckweed

來自duck + weed。據說是因常被鴨子或水禽食用而得名。對照中古英語 dokemete (字面意思是“鴨子食物”)。

But his face was a face of such happiness that, had you seen it, you would have understood indeed how that he had died happy, never knowing that cool and streaming silver for the duckweed in the pond.


downtime

停机时间，故障时间 （因电脑故障等而浪费的时间）

同類詞： idle time、uptime

A short internet outage might sound like a trifling matter[…]but for many, the pervasiveness of the so-called “internet of things” meant downtime at Amazon affected their physical life as well as their digital one.

2017 March 1, Alex Hern, “How did an Amazon glitch leave people literally in the dark?”, 出自 The Guardian:

As the world turns inward, trapped inside in various stages of pandemic quarantine, numerous songwriting luminaries (often blessed with their own in-home studios) have tried to use the downtime creatively—from Millennial stars like Taylor Swift and Ariana Grande to longtime veterans like Bruce Springsteen and Elvis Costello.

2020 November 9, Gwen Ihnat, “With McCartney III, Paul McCartney offers lessons from a legendary life”, 出自 The A.V. Club:

I've been working all weekend. I need some downtime.

我整个周末都在工作，我需要休息一下。

But scientists point to an unanticipated side effect: when people keep their brains busy with digital input, they are forfeiting downtime that could allow them to better learn and remember information, or come up with new ideas.

2010 August 24, Matt Richtel, “Digital Devices Deprive Brain of Needed Downtime”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

“‘We need to use the downtime, when things are calm, to prepare for when things get serious in the decades to come,’ he has said. ‘The time we have now is valuable, and we need to make use of it.’”

2021 March 19, James Fallows, 引 Demis Hassabis, “Can Humans Be Replaced by Machines?”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


enhancement

正體: 增強[電子計算機]


entry

正體: 入口；項；項目；登錄[自由軟體]

简体: 入口[自由软体]

正體: 入口，分錄，項，登錄，入口點[電子計算機]


ependymitis

室管膜炎、脑室管膜炎、脑室膜炎


enteritis

enteritides (plural)
enteritises (plural)

腸道（通常是小腸）炎症，可能導致腹瀉。


duty

來自中古英語 duete，中古英語 dewe + 中古英語 -te（借自古法語 -te，來自拉丁語 -tātem，-tās的賓格陽性單數）。類似於due + -ty（-ity的另一種寫法）。

We don't have a duty to keep you here.

我們沒有義務把你留在這裡。

I’m on duty from 6 pm to 6 am.

我從下午6點到早上6點值班。

關稅；消費稅

Take that which is thy duty, and goo thy waye.
#*:: 拿你的走吧！

1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Matthew XX:

my duty to you

1599, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

It [the letter] was written with a plain, unaffected, homely piety that I knew to be genuine, and ended with ‘my duty to my ever darling’—meaning myself.

滿信都是她那質樸的天真和毫不嬌飾的懇切，我深知這都發自她內心；信的結尾語是“問我永遠珍愛的好”——這是說的我。

1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], 出版於 1850, →OCLC:

發動機的效率，尤用於蒸汽抽水機。以一定數量的燃料所做的功來衡量，通常是指1蒲式耳（舊制94磅）或1公噸（英制112磅，美制100磅）煤能夠提升多少磅水到1英尺高。


embroidery

/ɪmˈbɹɔɪdəɹi/


environmentalism

The first is that the present work in no sense represents a relapse toward the old environmentalism which believed it could find the causes of culture in environment.

1939, Alfred L. Kroeber, “Objectives”, 出自 Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, 出版於 1963，頁號 1:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:environmentalism。

環境保護主義的運動或意識形態

The need for environmentalisms engaged with the commons rather than relegated to the individual consumer or tied to the middle-class principles of private property.

2018, Nicole Seymour, Bad Environmentalism，頁號 196:


enmity

源自中古英語 enemyte，源自古法語 enemisté、ennemistié，源自晚期拉丁語、通俗拉丁語 *inimīcitās, *inimīcitātem，源自拉丁語 inimīcus (“敌人”)。同源词有法語 inimitié、葡萄牙語 inimizade、西班牙語 enemistad。等价于enemy + -ity。

** enemyte
** enemytee
** ennemite
** ennemyte
** enymyte

** enemitie
** enemyte
** enemytee
** enimitie
** enimity
** ennemite
** ennemyte
** ennimitie
** inimity

** enmite
** enmitye
** enmyte
** enmytee

Some later Muses from Ionia and Sicily reckoned it safest to weave together both versions and say that that which is both many and one, held together by both enmity and amity.

2005, Plato, 譯者 Lesley Brown, Sophist，頁號 242e:

I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways.

1945 August 17, George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair], 章號 1, 出自 Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


equivocation

/ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃən/

/ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃn̩/

[简体]:疑义度[电子电机工程]

[正體]:疑義度[電子電機工程]

正體: 可疑度[電機工程]

正體: 疑義度，條件訊息量總平均值，雙關[電子計算機]


emf

EMF (“電動勢”)的大小寫替代形式


yakitori

借自日語 焼き鳥 (yakitori)，來自焼き (yaki, “烤”) + 鳥 (tori)。

/jækɪˈtɔəɹi/

We should have the bazaars full of yakitori pitches and geishas in bamboo cages.

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, 出版於 2007，頁號 851:


egress

The window provides an egress in the event of an emergency.

紧急情况下窗口可以当做出口。

Gates of burning adamant, / Barred over us, prohibit all egress.

1667, John Milton, “Book 2”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes. […] She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.

1910, Emerson Hough, 章號 I, 出自 The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

We also found that the only emergency egress from the tram was by smashing the front or rear windscreens, and that emergency lighting had failed when the tram overturned.

2021 December 29, Dominique Louis, “Causal analysis: crashworthiness at Sandilands”, 出自 RAIL, 期 947，頁號 33:

Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means egress components required to provide an approved means of egress from structures and portions thereof.

2003, International Building Code (IBC), Chapter 10 section 1001.1:

复现 （一个天体在经历蚀之后重新出现。）


wacky

源自whack (“猛击”)，意指人因为经常撞脑袋，所以举止怪异。


validation

確認；驗證 [電子計算機]


wayfaring

源自中古英語 wayferande、weyverinde、wayverinde，源自古英語 weġfarende、weġfērende (“跋涉的”)，等价于way + faring。与冰島語 vegfarandi同源。还见wayfare。

旅行；(尤指) 徒步旅行


whisky

:最早出现於18世纪早期。 usque 的另一种词形 < usquebaugh 的简称（对比 whiskybae (旧)）。 源自蘇格蘭蓋爾語 uisge beatha、愛爾蘭語 uisce beatha （“生命之水”）。 对比 aquavit < 拉丁语 aqua vitae （“生命之水”）。


yew

源自中古英語 ew，源自古英語 īw、ēow，源自原始日耳曼語 *īwaz、*īhwaz（對比冰島語 ýr），*īwō的陽性變體（對比荷蘭語 ijf、德語 Eibe），源自原始印歐語 *h₁eyHweh₂。
也見赫梯語 [script needed] (eja, “一種常綠樹”)、威爾士語 yw (“紫杉”)、愛爾蘭語 eo [與古英語 īw、ēow同源]；以及拉特加萊語 īva (“稠李”)、立陶宛語 ievà (“稠李”)、俄語 и́ва (íva, “柳樹”)。

紅豆杉屬/紫杉屬（Taxus）的植物

另可指該屬下某些科的植物： 羅漢松科/竹柏科（Podocarpaceae）植物

另可指該屬下某些科的植物： 三尖杉科（Cephalotaxaceae）植物

To prevent a too great consumption of yew, bowyers were directed to make four bows of witch-hazel, ash or elm, to one of yew, and no person under seventeen years of age, unless possessed of moveables worth forty marks, of the son of parents having an estate of ten pounds per annum might shoot in an yew bow, under a penalty of 6s. 8d.

1786, Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons，頁號 37:


wee-wee

wee的叠词，排尿的拟声词。

小弟弟；亦可指女性外阴。

“I agree he’s gorgeous,” said his friend, “but someone told me he has the smallest wee-wee in New York.”

1978, Andrew Holleran, Dancer from the Dance, New York: New American Library, Chapter 2, p. 45:


vibration

借自法語 vibration，源自拉丁語 vibrātiō (“搖動；揮動”)，源自 vibrō (“搖動；揮動”)；參見 vibrate。
字面上等同於 vibrate + -ion。


verbiage

源自法語 verbiage。英语词可能可以分析作verb (“動詞”) + -age。

A very garrulous person, he approached the counter in a fog of verbiage.

1929, Robert Dean Frisbee, The Book of Puka-Puka (republished by Eland, 2019; p. 39):

bureaucratic verbiage

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

The comparison of coincidences in the verbiage of different languages, and affinity of etymological formation, are interesting subjects of philological investigation.

1846, Margaret Thornley, The True End of Education and the Means Adapted to It:

Use concise military verbiage.

1947, George S. Patton, War as I Knew It:


vandalism

借自法語 vandalisme，等同於vandal + -ism。最早由亨利·格雷瓜尔用來譴責法國大革命期間對藝術品的掠奪與破壞，指的是455年洗劫羅馬的汪达尔人。

As we turned down the street I was appalled by the vandalism: spray paint and smashed windows that were everywhere.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

Bradford once boasted two stations with overall roofs. The pair were swept away in the 1970s in an act of corporate and civic vandalism.

2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, 出自 RAIL, 期 969，頁號 57:


vermouth

借自法語 vermout、vermouth，來字德語 Wermut (“蒿”)。wormwood的同源對似詞。

He gazed around until on the lid of a spinet he spotted a promising collection of bottles, gin, whiskey, vermouth and sherry, mixed with violin bows, a flute, a toppling pile of books, six volumes of Grove's Dictionary mingled with paperback thrillers, a guitar without any strings, a pair of binoculars, a meerschaum pipe and a jar half-full of wasps and apricot jam.

1956, Delano Ames, 章號 14, 出自 Crime out of Mind:

Vermouth originated in the 18th century, when wine growers in the foothills of the French and Italian Alps developed a method of enhancing the taste of sour or uncompromising wines with the infusion of a variety of sweeteners, spices, herbs, roots, seeds, flowers, and peel.

2014, Ray Foley, Bartending For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁號 116:


unfairness

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

That this woman was Chip's little sister, Denise—i.e., was the only attractive young woman on the planet whom he was neither permitted nor inclined to feast his eyes on and imagine having sex with—seemed to him just the latest unfairness in a long morning of unfairnesses.

2001, Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections:


usurpation

來自中古英語 usurpacioun，來自古法語 usurpacion，來自拉丁語 ūsurpātiō。


кохання

коха́ти (koxáty) + -а́ння (-ánnja)。对比白俄羅斯語 каха́нне (kaxánnje)、波蘭語 kochanie。

koxánnja (romanization)
коха́ння
коха́ння (nominative plural)
коха́нь (genitive plural)

Uk-кохання.ogg


foeticide

foetus + -cide 或 foetus + -icide；參見feticide。

feticide的另一種寫法（杀害胎儿、堕胎） （自19世紀）


falsetto

借自意大利語 falsetto，源自falso (“虛假的”)。

/fɔɫˈsɛɾ.oʊ/


fireclay

On the descent the line is often in cuttings; some are high, such as at Scarcroft, where a cut through firestone and fireclay was necessary, and near Bardsey, where the line threads a deep tree-lined gorge.

1961 February, D. Bertram, “The lines to Wetherby and their traffic”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 101:


firelight

He sat on by the cheerful firelight thrown from a bundle of green ash-sticks laid across the dogs; the sticks snapped pleasantly, and hissed out bubbles of sap from their ends.

他坐在壁爐的旁邊，在壁爐裏薪架上，燃燒着一堆綠色的桦樹枝，上面閃耀着歡樂的火苗；樹枝燒得劈劈啪啪地直響，樹枝的端頭燒得冒出了白沫。

1891, Thomas Hardy, 章號 XXXI, 出自 Tess of the d'Urbervilles:


utopia

來自新拉丁語 Ūtopia，名字由托马斯·摩尔1516年的同名著作而來。為古希臘語 οὐ (ou, “不，無”) + τόπος (tópos, “地方，地區”) + -ία (-ía)的新創詞。對照英語 topos和-ia。

As everyone knows, almost all booked passenger and freight trains are diagrammed into rosters for engines and men, and in an operating Utopia everything would work out daily according to plan.

1962 August, G. Freeman Allen, “Traffic control on the Great Northern Line”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 131:

As towns continue to grow, replanting vegetation has become a form of urban utopia and green roofs are spreading fast. Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field.

2013 May 10, Audrey Garric, “Urban canopies let nature bloom”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 188, 期 22，頁號 30:


fatherhood

/ˈfɑ.ðɚˌhʊd/

/ˈfɑːðəˌhʊd/


gargle

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


foundation

源自拉丁語 fundātiō。

The foundation of his institute has been wrought with difficulty.

他研究所的设立遇到了重重阻碍。

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013 July 20, “The attack of the MOOCs”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8845:

The implication is that the Gandhian model of growth is possible, now that Nehru's investment strategy had already laid a strong foundation for economic growth.

2006, K P Yadav, Economic Planning And Restructuring, Sarup & Sons ISBN 9788176256285, page 44

“Marge Gets A Job” opens with the foundation of the Simpson house tilting perilously to one side, making the family homestead look like the suburban equivalent of the Leaning Tower Of Pisa.

2012 May 20, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4, episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992)”, 出自 The Onion AV Club:

The foundations of this construction have been laid out.

这次施工的地基已经打好了。

（设立慈善机构等的）基金

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. is the parent organization of the Wiktionary collaborative project.

维基媒体基金会公司是维基词典协作项目的上层组织。


greengrocery

greengrocer + -y，或greengrocer + grocery組成的混成詞。

When William was twenty-four and Emma was twenty-three, they were married and took over a greengrocery in Stratford.

2004, Patrick McGilligan, Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light:


gonorrhea

源自新拉丁語，源自晚期拉丁語 gonorrhoea，源自古希臘語 γονόρροια (gonórrhoia)，源自γόνος (gónos, “种子，精子”) + ῥοία (rhoía, “流”)（约1526年）。字面分析等同於 gono- + -rrhea。

/ˌɡɒn.əˈɹiː.ə/

/ˌɡɑn.əˈɹi.ə/


gerontocracy

/ˌdʒɛɹənˈtɒkɹəsi/

It would come as no surprise to find that optimum science policy is apt to be developed neither by gerontocracy nor by juvenocracy but, like the community of scientists itself, by age-diversified meritocracy.

1972, Harriet Zuckerman, Robert K. Merton, “Age, Aging, and Age Structure in Science”, 出自 Matilda White Riley, Marilyn Johnson, Anne Foner, Aging and Society, 卷 3 (A Sociology of Age Stratification), New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, →ISBN，頁號 337:

But in his 1996 novel, Holy Fire, [Bruce] Sterling imagines a rather different future: a world ruled by an all-powerful gerontocracy, which appropriates most of the world's wealth to pay for ever more costly life-extension techniques.

1997 March 9, Paul Krugman, “Does Getting Old Cost Society Too Much?”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

He [Koizumi] was what would pass for a political maverick among Japan's faceless gray gerontocracy.

2018, Mikiso Hane, Modern Japan: A Historical Survey, 5th版, Routledge, →ISBN:


fresco

源自意大利語 fresco，源自中世紀拉丁語 friscus，源自原始日耳曼語 *friskaz。fresh的同源對似詞。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fresco.wav


gluttony

古法語 glutonie，源自gloton + -ie ← 拉丁語 glutio。

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 5, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:


hubris

源自古希臘語 ὕβρις (húbris, “傲慢；荒淫无度”)。

[ˈçju̟ːbɹ̠ʷɪs]

One would have thought that even Trump, despite all his hubris and egotism, would know better than to jump feet first into America’s most sensitive issue: racial division.

2017 August 20, “The Observer view on Donald Trump’s presidency”, 出自 The Observer:


gaslight

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav

Open the windows once in awhile and give the air a chance to circulate in and out. In the evening, do not forget that the lamps and gaslights are using up a goodly supply of oxygen also—so freshen things up a little, once in awhile.

1904, Yogi Ramacharaka [pseudonym; William Walker Atkinson], “Fresh Air”, 出自 Hatha Yoga: Or The Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-being […], Chicago, Ill.: Yogi Publication Society […], →OCLC，頁號 222:

A year since I strained my eyes very severely, and have never dared to use them much since by gaslight.

1887, Horatio Alger, Jr., “An Unexpected Engagement”, 出自 Frank Fowler, the Cash Boy (The Alger Series for Boys), New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt, →OCLC，頁號 86:


claret

源自中古英語 claret，源自中古法語 claret，源自中世紀拉丁語 claratum vīnum，源自clārus。
对比tent (“西班牙红酒”)，其亦派生自颜色名。

同類詞： hock、sack、tent

The vesper bell had rung its parting note; the domini were mostly caged in comfortable quarters, discussing the merits of old port; and the merry student had closed his oak, to consecrate the night to friendship, sack, and claret.

The New Sporting Magazine (volume 15, page 23)

CLARET JELLY SANDWICH: Soak one box of gelatine in one cup of cold water, then dissolve in one cup of boiling water, add one cup of sugar and strain. When cold, add the juice of half a lemon, and one cup of claret and set in a cool place. When ready for use, cover thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with the jelly, cover with another slice of buttered bread and cut in strips.

1909, Eva Greene Fuller, The Up-To-Date Sandwich Book: 400 Ways to Make a Sandwich，頁號 155:

claret：

Honey smiled hugely, so that Alex was shown every one of her claret gums.

2002, Zadie Smith, The Autograph Man, Penguin Books (2003)，頁號 243:

Time being called, Johnson rose from his second’s knee with the heart of a lion—the immense size and weight of his opponent seemed lost sight of—not a particle of fear belonged to him; and screwing his courage up to the sticking-place, boldly faced his man, putting all the excellence of his science into action, put in such a tremendous blow on the sensitive plant of Perrins—otherwise his sneezer, or nose—whichever term you like best—that split it all the way down as if cut open with a carving-knife; the claret flowing in torrents; and the Giant floored!

1851, Pierce Egan, Every Gentleman’s Manual: A Lecture on the Art of Self-Defence，頁號 46:

I then gave him a dig on the head with my fist. He squared up, and pouted like an enraged chameleon, looking savagely at me. I gave him another dig, which sent him staggering. He squared again: I gave him another; till at last, as the claret was flowing, he sulked off, and said he would not serve me any more.

1863, John Hanning Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile，頁號 271:

Blooded warrior Paul Ince, with his head bedecked in a bandage – if not quite possessing quite the amount of claret spilled by Terry Butcher in Stockholm in 1989 – enforcing order on a patch of green in Rome to help his country triumph in the face of adversity and clear a path to the World Cup finals of 1998.

2017 October 1, “Bygones: Ince gives blood for the cause as he leads from the front in Rome”, 出自 Yorkshire Post:

You play as one of these Revenants, but there’s no feeding on human blood, as instead the most reliable source of claret comes from things called blood beads, which grow on plants.

2019 September 27, “Code Vein review – it's an anime version of Dark Souls”, 出自 Metro:

He was rejuvenated within a week, thanks to a diet of fresh claret direct from the jugular, while the lawyer slept.

2020 January 2, Roxy Simons, “'How the hell am I supposed to sleep tonight, BBC?': Viewers are left terrified by first episode of Dracula with its decapitated nun and blood-thirsty babies (but some are distracted by vampire's quirky accent)”, 出自 Daily Mail:

DeLuca beat the count but Brook had the stench of claret filling his nostrils and he was close to getting the finish before the bell saved the overmatched 31-year-old.

2020 February 8, Wally Downes Jr, “KELL OF A WIN: Kell Brook enjoys triumphant return in Sheffield as he knocks out Mark DeLuca in the seventh round”, 出自 The Sun:


halation

She was, as you know, to the west-ward of us, and the sunset was making a great flame of red light to the back of her, so that she showed a little blurred and indistinct by reason of the halation of the light, which almost defeated the eye in any attempt to see her rotting spars and standing rigging, submerged, as they were, in the fiery glory of the sunset.

1912, William Hope Hodgson, The Derelict:

照片底片或电视屏幕上的轮状光晕

As the result of a series of experiments on halation carried out with backed and unbacked plates, ordinary film and stripping film, Ernest Marriage concludes that there are two varieties of halation, one due to reflection from the support and the other due to spreading of the light in the film.

1901, E. & H.T. Anthony & Co., Anthony's photographic bulletin for ..., 卷 32，頁號 358:

Halation, properly speaking, is the reflection and diffusion, within the film，源自the lighter areas to the adjacent darker ones.

1917, Photographers' Association of California, Camera craft, 卷 24，頁號 81:

Among other interesting and weighty opinions, which were in general agreement with our contentions, was one by Mr. H. A. Staddon of Goodmayes, a gentleman who had made a particular hobby of fakes in photography. His report is too long and too technical for inclusion, but, under the various headings of composition, dress, development, density, lighting, poise, texture, plate, atmosphere, focus, halation, he goes very completely into the evidence, coming to the final conclusion that when tried by all these tests the chances are not less than 80 per cent. in favour of authenticity.

1922, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Coming of the Fairies:

Halation can be prevented or diminished by using an absorbing layer between the sensitive emulsion and the support (anti-halo undercoat) or on the back of the support (anti-halo backing).

1954, Photography, Theory and Practice, Pitman, page 173,


glee

源自中古英語 gle，源自古英語 glēo、glīġ、glēow、glīw (“开心，欢乐，愉悦，玩乐；音乐；嘲弄”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwą (“欢乐”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰlew- (“开玩笑，享”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 gle、glie、glew (“游戏，玩耍，运动，欢乐，开心，娱乐，音乐，旋律”)、冰島語 glý (“开心，欢乐”)、古希臘語 χλεύη (khleúē, “玩笑，笑话，蔑视”)。中古英语中为诗歌用词，16世纪时被弃用，18世纪被重新起用。

merriment

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

mirth

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gaiety

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gloat

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made.

1968, “Sympathy for the Devil”, 出自 The Rolling Stones 作曲, Beggars Banquet:

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8842，頁號 55:

3人以上独唱的无伴奏歌曲 （不一定曲调欢快）


headroom

正體: 表演者視野[電子計算機]


haughtiness

源自中古英語 hauteynesse、hautenesse，源自中古英語 hautein (“高傲的”)，源自古法語 hautain + 中古英語 -nesse。现代英语中可作haughty + -ness分析。


hiding

参见hide（词源2）。


henotheism

/ˈhɛnəʊˌθiːɪz(ə)m/


gruel

源自中古英語 gruel、gruwel、greuel、growel (“用扁豆等制成的谷物粗粉”)，源自古法語 gruel (“谷物粗粉”→ 法語 gruau)，源自中世紀拉丁語 grutellum，中世紀拉丁語 grutum (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)的指小词，源自某日耳曼語族语言，多半是古英語 grūt (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)或可能是古法蘭克語 *grūt，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *grūtiz (“砂砾”)。对比荷蘭語 gruit、中古低地德語 grūt、中古高地德語 grūz、德語 Grütze (“谷物”)。亦与英語 groats、grit有关。

同類詞： congee、oatmeal、porridge

thin gruel ― （請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


heatstroke

“Youʼre having a heatstroke, do you understand? Weʼve got to get you cooled down.”

2021, Rivers Solomon, Sorrowland, #Merky Books，頁號 170:


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

pub grub

"The rice ration's down to nearly damn-all in the kampongs, but we keep finding dumps of grub in the forest."

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), 出版於 1972，頁號 298:


hereafter

/hɪəˈɹɑːftə/


handicraft

靠工藝品維生的人；製造工藝品的人

his men were all baſe handie craftes, as coblers, and curriers, and tinkers, whereof ſome had barres of yron[…]

1596, Thomas Nashe, The Unfortunate Traueller: or, The Life of Jacke Wilton:

The M[e]chanicks, and handy-crafts were Induſtrious, Thrifty, and the main ſupporters of the Trade of France.

1691, Sam Norris, The English Spy; Or, the Intrigues, Pollicies, and Stratagems of the French King with His Secret Contrivances, for Undermining the Princes of Christendom, Discovered:

"Why, thou knowest, father," he said, smiling, "that we handicrafts best love the folks we live by;[…]

1828 (reprinted 1842), Sir Walter Scott, The Fair Maid of Perth, Schlesinger:


hilarity

源自拉丁語 hilaritas (“开心”)，形容词hilaris，最终源自古希腊语 + 状态名词后缀-tas。

The duck escaped into the children's party, and hilarity ensued.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

Think it not curious if we don't seem to be as sidesplittingly impressed with the hilarities in this picture as its promotion might lead you to expect. Hilarity is in it—hilarity at its best—as would be almost mandatory in any film with Miss Holliday.

1999, Vincent Canby, Janet Maslin, Peter M. Nichols, The New York times guide to the best 1000 movies ever made:

Many other Latin imports have become staples of our diet, like the burrito, which in Spanish means "little donkey." What other food-related hilarities are we missing out on?

2005, Library journal, 卷 130, 期s 8-13，頁號 122:


happenstance

by happenstance

Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, three times is enemy action.

1964, Goldfinger, 角色 James Bond（Sean Connery）:

Dammit, man this is the gift from God / This ain't happenstance

2001, “People Talkin'”, 出自 MTV Unplugged, 演出者 Jay-Z:

the happenstances of life