hate

源自中古英語 hate (名词)，可能源自古英語 hatian (“恨”，动词)和/或古諾爾斯語 hatr (“恨”，名词)。与中古英語 hete、hæte、heate (“恨”)产生合并，它们源自古英語 hete，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz (“仇恨”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂d- (“强烈情感”)。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 haat、荷蘭語 haat、德語 Hass、挪威語及瑞典語 hat。
动词源自中古英語 haten，源自古英語 hatian (“恨，仇视”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hatēn，源自原始日耳曼語 *hatāną (“恨”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz，源自上面的同一词根。

hates (third-person singular present)
hating (present participle)
hated (past participle)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

一般作状态动词，罕用进行时态。见:Category:英語狀態動詞。

People who hate broccoli may have super-sensitive taste buds.


wait

源自中古英語 waiten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 waiter、waitier（对比法語 guetter←古法語 gaitier、guaitier)，源自古法蘭克語 *wahtwēn (“看守，守卫”)，派生自古法蘭克語 *wahtu (“看守”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wahtwō (“看守”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“鲜，快乐”)。同源词有古高地德語 wahtēn (“看守，守卫”)、德國低地德語 wachten (“等”)、荷蘭語 wachten (“等”)、法語 guetter (“守候”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 wachtje (“等”)、西弗里斯蘭語 wachtsje (“等”)、北弗里斯蘭語 wachtjen (“待命”)。详见watch。
很大程度上取代了本土词古英語 bīdan。

waits (third-person singular present)
waiting (present participle)
waited (past participle)

await

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

to wait one’s turn

The Court had assembled, to wait events, in the huge antechamber known as the Œil de Boeuf.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 30:

Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee, / And everlasting anguish be thy portion.

1714，Nicholas Rowe，The Tragedy of Jane Shore:


mine

源自中古英語，源自古法語 mine，源自晚期拉丁語 mina，源自高盧語（對比威爾士語 mwyn、愛爾蘭語 mianach (“礦石”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *mēnis (“礦石；金屬”)。

mines (third-person singular present)
mining (present participle)
mined (past participle)

Crater of Diamonds State Park is the only place in the world where visitors can mine their own diamonds.

钻石坑州立公园是世界上唯一一个允许游客亲自开采钻石的地方。

We had to slow our advance after the enemy mined the road ahead of us.

敌人在我们前面的道路上埋设了地雷，我们不得不放慢前进的速度。

用地雷裝置損壞（車輛或船隻）


beg

源自中古英語 beggen，古英語 *becgan、*bedcan、*bedican的同化形，bedecian (“乞求，懇求”)的中略形，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *bedagô (“請求者；乞丐”)，源自*bedą、*bedō (“祈禱；請求”)。與北弗里斯蘭語 bēdagi (“祈禱”)、哥特語 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa，“乞丐”)、古英語 biddan (“要求”)有關。參見bid、bead；也見書面挪威語 be (“乞求，要求”)。

begs (third-person singular present)
begging (present participle)
begged (past participle)

本詞是連接動詞，後接 to + 動詞不定式。

I beg your pardon. I didn’t mean to cause offence.

請您原諒我。我不是要冒犯您的。

He begged her to go to the prom with him.

[約瑟]求耶穌的身體。

But that same day came Sam Tewkesbury to the Why Not? about nightfall, and begged a glass of rum, being, as he said, 'all of a shake' …

1898, J. Meade Falkner, Moonfleet Chapter 5

請求被指定為監護人，或請求為某人指定監護人

Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards.


blind

源自中古英語 blynd，源自古英語 blind，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blind，源自原始日耳曼語 *blindaz。

blinds (third-person singular present)
blinding (present participle)
blinded (past participle)

The light was so bright that for a moment he was blinded.

光太亮，一下子晃住了他的眼。

Don't wave that pencil in my face - do you want to blind me?

别拿着那铅笔在我面前晃，想让我瞎吗？

A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is […] a much greater.

May 9, 1686 (date of preaching), Robert South, The Fatal Imposture and Force of Words (sermon)


funnel

源自中古英語 funell、fonel，可能经由古法語 *founel（对比中古法語 fonel、古奧克語 fonilh、enfounilh），源自拉丁語 fundibulum、infundibulum (“漏斗”)，源自infundere (“倒入”)；in (“内”) + fundere (“倾倒”)，对比布列塔尼語 founilh (“漏斗”)、威爾士語 ffynel (“气孔，烟囱”)。参见fuse。

funnels (third-person singular present)
funnelling (present participle)
funneling (present participle)
funnelled (past participle)
funneled (past participle)

导向，引导到 （资金，资源，感情等）

Our taxes are being funnelled into pointless government initiatives.

Like so many others, I was awestruck by the first season, which captured a moment in time and successfully funnelled its rage outwards at a world in which women are indeed silenced, controlled and killed by men.

2018年June16日，Fiona Sturges，“Cattleprods! Severed tongues! Torture porn! Why I’ve stopped watching the Handmaid’s Tale”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2020-02-05:

用漏斗喝 （常指聚会上活跃氛围的活动）

The first time he did it was to this freshman Kevin Ryers and we all just burst out laughing, watching Kevin try to funnel a beer.

2013，Jonathan Caren，The Recommendation，頁 31:


impregnate

較早的形式作 impregn，源自中古法語 imprégner，源自古法語 enpreignier。

impregnates (third-person singular present)
impregnating (present participle)
impregnated (past participle)

I was impregnated at a clinic but don't know who the sperm donor is.

我在診所受孕，但不知道精子捐贈者是誰。

The queen at their head, the representative of the future, has not yet been impregnated. Their entire destiny depends on the ensuing nuptial flight.

1903 [1901]，Maurice Maeterlinck，譯者 Alfred Sutro, The Life of the Bee，New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company，頁 264:

使滲入，浸透，浸漬；用物質填滿孔隙或空間

It takes a little time for the personal fatty acids to impregnate new shoes or boots, but from the scent point of view leather is a sponge, and the personal scent is left.

1937，Hugh Bertie Campbell Pollard，The mystery of scent，頁 121:


legend

源自中古英語 legende，源自古法語 legende，源自中世紀拉丁語 legenda (“传说，故事，尤指圣人的故事”)，源自拉丁語 legenda (“应该一读的东西”)，源自lego (“阅读”)。

legends (third-person singular present)
legending (present participle)
legended (past participle)

(我們能否查找並添加Bishop Hall引用過本詞的語句？)


windshield

windshields (third-person singular present)
windshielding (present participle)
windshielded (past participle)


ooze

* （名词） 中古英語 wose (“汁，液”)，源自古英語 wōs (“汁，液，沫”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wōsą（对比中古低地德語 wose (“渣滓”)、古高地德語 wasal (“雨”)、古瑞典語 os, oos），源自原始印歐語 *wóseh₂ (“汁，液”)（对比梵語 वसा (vásā，“油脂”)）。
* （动词） 中古英語 wosen，源自古英語 wōsan，见上。

oozes (third-person singular present)
oozing (present participle)
oozed (past participle)

散发，显露 （某种特质）

"Good servants are so hard to find," Chesna said, oozing arrogance.

1989，Robert R. McCammon，The Wolf's Hour，Open Road Integrated Media, 出版於 2011, →ISBN:

There are no two ways about it: a Berardi dress oozes sex appeal from its very seams.

1999，Tamsin Blanchard，Antonio Berardi: Sex and Sensibility，Watson-Guptill Publications, →ISBN，頁 16:

Newcastle had failed to penetrate a typically organised Stoke backline in the opening stages but, once Cabaye and then Cisse breached their defence, Newcastle oozed confidence and controlled the game with a swagger expected of a top-four team.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:


peak

早期形式peake、peek、peke，源自中古英語 *peke、*pek（可考作peked，是piked的变体），变换自pike、pyke、pyk (“尖端”)，源自古英語 pīc、piic (“针，尖刺，顶端，锥”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *pīkaz (“顶”)。同源词有荷蘭語 piek (“顶峰”)、丹麥語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、瑞典語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、挪威語 pik (“尖端，顶峰”)。还见pike。

peaks (third-person singular present)
peaking (present participle)
peaked (past participle)

将...拉至垂直 （挽钩）


turmoil

未知。首个记录见于1520年，可能源自古法語 tremouille (“磨粉机的漏斗”)。

turmoils (third-person singular present)
turmoiling (present participle)
turmoiled (past participle)


engulf

engulfs (third-person singular present)
engulfing (present participle)
engulfed (past participle)

Desperation engulfed her after her daughter's death.

她女儿死后，她陷入了绝望中。

Shaken by the biggest challenge to their authority in years, Brazil’s leaders made conciliatory gestures on Tuesday to try to defuse the protests engulfing the nation’s cities.

2013年June18日，Simon Romero，“Protests Widen as Brazilians Chide Leaders”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-06-21:

The blank spaces of Mallarmé, the silence of Maesterlinck, the inaniloquous repetitive babblings of Gertrude Stein are the abyss which threatens to engulf creative effort if it continues in this direction.

Only Noah and his family survived when the Flood engulfed the world.

大洪水吞噬整个世界时，只有诺亚和他的家庭存活下来了。


pulley

源自中古英語 puly、poley，源自古法語 poulie、polie (“滑轮”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 polidia，该复数形式被错误当作中性词polidium的阴性形式，源自古希臘語 πολίδιον (polídion，“小支点”)，πόλος (pólos，“支点，轴”)的指小词，源自原始印歐語 *kʷel- (“转”)。民间词源理论将其与pull (“拉”，动词)错误地关联起来。

pulleys (third-person singular present)
pulleying (present participle)
pulleyed (past participle)


bright

源自中古英語 brighten (“照亮；变亮；破晓；（比喻义）净化，纯化；解释，阐明”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 beorhtian (“照亮，照耀；发声清晰洪亮”) [以及其他形式]，可能源自beorht (“明亮的”，形容词)（详见词源 1） + -ian (从形容词和名词构成动词的后缀)。该词之后的使用可能亦直接派生自形容词。

brights (third-person singular present)
brighting (present participle)
brighted (past participle)

embrighten

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

enliven

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

delight

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

gladden

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

please

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

brighten

（变得符合形容词的多个义项）

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

Toward Mid-day he [the Sun] brighteth the Air into a chearful Saphir, and guildeth the Borders of the very Clouds with a coſtly limbus.

1686，J[ohn] Goad，“The Sun, the Great Light, Justly Admired. […]”, in Astro-meteorologica, or, Aphorisms and Large Significant Discourses of the Natures and Influences of the Cœlestial Bodies; […]，第2nd版, London: […] O[badiah] B[lagrave] and sold by John Sprint, […], 出版於 1699, →OCLC, book I, § 2，頁 14:


music

源自中古英語 musik、musike，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 musik、musike、古法語 musique，及它们的来源拉丁語 mūsica，源自古希臘語 μουσική (mousikḗ)，源自古希臘語 Μοῦσα (Moûsa，“缪斯”)，古希腊的艺术女神。词形分析作muse + -ic (“与...有关的”)。取代了日耳曼语系本土词古英語 drēam，其与英語 dream同源。

musics (third-person singular present)
musicking (present participle)
musicked (past participle)


abdicate

* 首次記錄於1541年。
* 派生自拉丁語 abdicātus (“放棄的”)，abdicō (“放棄，拒絕”) 的完成被動分詞，源自ab (“離開”) + dicō (“宣告、表明”)，類似於dīcō (“說”)。

abdicates (third-person singular present)
abdicating (present participle)
abdicated (past participle)

否認某人並將其驅逐出家庭；聲明和……斷絕關係；剝奪繼承權（16世紀中期至19世紀早期）

正式將自己從某處脫離 （16世紀中期至17世紀晚期）

廢黜、廢位 （17世紀早期至18世紀晚期）

去除；拋棄；放棄 （16世紀中期至17世紀晚期）

betray and abdicate the due right both of ourselves and successors

投降、放棄或交出（主權等）；不再擔任或履行高級職位、身分 （首次記錄於17世紀）

to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy

The cross-bearers abdicated their service.

1776，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:

He abdicates all right to be his own governor.

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:

The understanding abdicates its functions.

1856，James Anthony Froude，History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth:


abduce

派生自拉丁語 abdūcō (“帶走”)，源自ab (“從；離開”) + dūcō (“帶領”)。

abduces (third-person singular present)
abducing (present participle)
abduced (past participle)

牽引；導走；帶走；收回；引向不同的部位；將肢體移出，遠離身體中央 （16世紀中期）

If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate.

得出結論（尤其在元分析中）；推斷 （20世紀初期）


abduct

派生自拉丁語 abductus，abduco (“帶走”)的完成被動分詞，源自 ab (“遠離”) + duco (“帶領”)。
* (生理學)： abduction 的逆構詞。

abducts (third-person singular present)
abducting (present participle)
abducted (past participle)

誘拐；劫持；綁架 （17世紀早期）

That same night he had by force abducted the president and the secretary of the club, and had taken them, much against their will upon a voyage in the wonderful air-ship, the “Albatross,” which he had constructed.

1904，Jules Verne，章號 16, in The Master of the World:

to abduct children

使外展 （17世紀早期）


slump

可能源自，对比丹麥語 slumpe (“碰巧遇到”)、挪威語 slumpe (“碰巧发生”)、瑞典語 slumpa (“变卖”)。亦对比德語 schlumpen (“跟踪；拖湿；马虎”)。

slumps (third-person singular present)
slumping (present participle)
slumped (past participle)


sod

sods (third-person singular present)
sodding (present participle)
sodded (past participle)

Sod him!, Sod it!, Sod that bastard!

他那个混蛋！，我肏！，让那个杂种去死！


honey

來自中古英語 hony, honi，來自古英語 huniġ，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hunag，來自原始日耳曼語 *hunagą（對照西弗里斯蘭語 hunich、德語 Honig），來自早期*hunangą（對比瑞典語 honung），來自原始印歐語 *kn̥h₂onk-o-s，來自*kn̥h₂ónks。和中古威爾士語 canecon (“金”)、拉丁語 canicae 複 (“糠”)、吐火羅語B kronkśe (“蜂”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 qengjë (“蜂巢”)、古希臘語 κνῆκος (knêkos，“紅花”)、北庫爾德語 şan (“蜂巢”)、北盧里語 گونج (gonj，“蜂”)同源。

hunny (alternative)
honeys (third-person singular present)
honeying (present participle)
honeyed (past participle)


veneer

源自德語 Furnier，源自furnieren (“覆盖”)，源自法語 fournir (“布置；达成”)，源自中古法語 fornir，源自古法語 fornir、furnir (“布置”)，源自早期古法蘭克語 frumjan (“提供”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *frumjaną (“使...更进一步”)。同源词有古高地德語 frumjan、frummen (“达成，执行，提供”)、古英語 fremian (“执行”)。详见furnish。

veneers (third-person singular present)
veneering (present participle)
veneered (past participle)

to veneer a piece of furniture with mahogany

The stateroom walls are veneered with finely figured English chestnut with the skirting and mouldings in English walnut.

1947 January and February，“South African Royal Train”, in Railway Magazine，頁 36:


madam

源自中古英語 madame，源自古法語 madame，源自ma (“我的”) + dame (“贵妇；夫人”)，源自晚期古典拉丁語 mea domina。Madonna 的同源對似詞。

madams (third-person singular present)
madaming (present participle)
madamed (past participle)

Don’t madam me, — I can’t bear none of your lip service. I’m a plain-spoken woman, that’s what I am, and I like other people’s tongues to be as plain as mine.

He bowed to me, he madamed me, he was throughout as gentlemanlike and respectful as I had ever found him when we met at Old Harbour House or in Old Harbour Town.

1905，William Clark Russell，The Yarn of Old Harbour Town，頁 208:

"I don't care," she said. "They'll be dead in a few minutes if you'll just do your job. Stop madaming me and get to work."

1988，Gahan Wilson，Eddy Deco's Last Caper，頁 123:


sugarcoat

源自 sugar + coat；比喻義來自給藥片裹上糖，以掩蓋其不好味道的做法（sugarcoating the pill）。

sugarcoats (third-person singular present)
sugarcoating (present participle)
sugarcoated (past participle)

/ˈʃʊɡɚˌkoʊt/

/ˈʃʊɡəˌkəʊt/

candy-coat

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

gild

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

gild the pill

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

sugarcoat the pill

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

There's no way to sugarcoat the loss of the space shuttle; it was an unmitigated disaster.

航天飞机的损失是无法掩盖的；这是一场彻头彻尾的灾难。

I went to the unheard-of trouble of re-writing the letter and saying the same harsh things softly, so as to sugarcoat the anguish and make it a little more endurable […]

我付出了前所未有的努力，重写了这封信，并温和地说出了同样严厉的话，以掩盖痛苦，使其更容易忍受{ […]

1876年November1日，Mark Twain，“Letter to Mr. Burrough, of St. Louis”, in The Letters Of Mark Twain,，卷 3:

[…] And I don't think we can sugarcoat both the human toll that is unfolding in Ukraine, but also how it is reordering the international architecture in ways that we haven't seen in decades.

[…] 我认为，我们无法掩盖乌克兰事件造成的人员伤亡，以及它如何以几十年来未曾见过的方式改变国际格局。

2022年March23日，Barack Obama，片头起2:52, in Centennial Celebration Conversation with President Barack Obama and Yo-Yo Ma，Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 經由 YouTube:

"The insurgents killed them all?"
"Very likely." Scout's expression was kindly, but he was apparently not the sort to sugarcoat things. Then again, maybe he had simply read her receptivity well.

2023年October12日，HarryBlank，“Fire in the Hole”, in SCP Foundation，存檔自the original on 2024-09-02:


chisel

源自中古英語 chisel、chesel，源自古諾曼語 chisel, cisel，源自cisoir（后缀改变），源自晚期拉丁語 cīsōrium (“裁切工具”)，源自拉丁語 caedere (“剪”)。

chisels (third-person singular present)
chiseling (present participle)
chiselling (present participle)
chiseled (past participle)
chiselled (past participle)

She chiselled a sculpture out of the block of wood.

她把一块木头凿成了一个雕像。

从...骗得，从...骗到


chlorinate

chlorinates (third-person singular present)
chlorinating (present participle)
chlorinated (past participle)

加氯（如加到水中消毒，或加到含金物质以提取其中的金）


catapult

源自中古法語 catapulte，源自拉丁語 catapulta，源自古希臘語 καταπέλτης (katapéltēs)，源自κατά (katá，“（向下）朝，向”) + πάλλω (pállō，“在投掷物丢出前使其偏向”)。

catapults (third-person singular present)
catapulting (present participle)
catapulted (past participle)

The candidate selection for running mate has catapulted her to the national scene.

竞选伙伴的候选人提名使她一跃站上了国家级别的舞台。

England will not be catapulted among the favourites for Euro 2012 as a result of this win, but no victory against Spain is earned easily and it is right they take great heart from their efforts as they now prepare to play Sweden at Wembley on Tuesday.

2011年November12日，“International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, in BBC Sport:


cellar

繼承自中古英語 celer, seler，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 celer, 古法語 celier（現代cellier），來自晚期拉丁語 cellārium，來自拉丁語 cella。cellarium 的同源對似詞。

cellars (third-person singular present)
cellaring (present participle)
cellared (past participle)

Mr. VandenBerghe says he’s cellared such memorable bottles as the Batch 1 Adam from Hair of the Dog, a 14-year-old ale from Portland, Ore., that’s 10 percent alcohol, and the Trappistes Rochefort 10, a Quadrupel Belgian ale that peaks around age 10.

2008年June25日，Lucy Burningham，“Beer Lovers Make Room for Brews Worth a Wait”, in New York Times:


confide

源自中古蘇格蘭語 confide、confyde (“相信”)，源自拉丁語 confīdere (“相信，信任”)，，源自con- (“一起”) + fidēre (“信任”)。17世纪初叶首次出现于英语中。faith和fidelity 的同源對似詞。

confides (third-person singular present)
confiding (present participle)
confided (past participle)

I confide this mission to you alone.

After several drinks, I confided my problems to the barman.

酒过三巡，我把我的秘密告诉了酒吧店员。

She confided that her marriage had been in trouble for some time.

她透露说她的婚姻已经出问题挺久了。

One student had been so afraid to come out to our meetings that he would secretly meet me in the bookshelves of the library and confide about the miseries of being gay, closeted, and a a virgin.

1977年December10日，Mark N. Silber，“Gays On Campus — One Story”, in Gay Community News，卷 5, 號 23，頁 15:


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle 的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

cringes (third-person singular present)
cringing (present participle)
cringed (past participle)

将...拉近(身体部位)；皱起(脸)

对...点头哈腰；（点头哈腰地）陪同


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd 的同源對似詞。

cruds (third-person singular present)
crudding (present participle)
crudded (past participle)

The covered cardboard boxes held and the packings in the crates suffered no further crudding.

2011，Henry Z. Kister，Distillation Troubleshooting，頁 203:


convene

借自中古法語 convenir，源自拉丁語 convenio、convenire (“集合”)。

convenes (third-person singular present)
convening (present participle)
convened (past participle)


culminate

自1647年起可考，源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus，culminare (“给...加冕”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 culmen (“顶点”)，早期形式columen (“顶峰”)，源自原始意大利語 *kolamen，源自原始印歐語词根*kol-, *kelH- (“展现；顶”)，其亦派生出英語 hill和holm。

culminates (third-person singular present)
culminating (present participle)
culminated (past participle)

peak

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

以...告终，以...收场

The announcement by Tony Windsor and Rob Oakeshott in Canberra culminated more than a fortnight of intensive political horse-trading.

2010年September7日，“By the skin of her teeth”, in The Economist:


cupcake

cupcakes (third-person singular present)
cupcaking (present participle)
cupcaked (past participle)

“I have thought of nothing but you for many days.” / Leticia actually blushed. “You cupcaking me?”

「我已經好幾天只想著你了。」 / Leticia 居然臉紅了。「你在跟我調情嗎？」

2016，Janey Mack，章號 35, in Choked Up，New York, N.Y.: Kensington Books, →ISBN，頁s 247–248:

“Quit cupcaking me, sugar.” / She was sure she was imagining the warmth in his deep, crinkly eyes, but her belly did a flip and high-fived her heart, as though she truly had succeeded in making him like her.

「別再跟我調情了，甜心。」/她確信自己正在想像他深邃、皺紋滿布的眼睛裡的溫暖，但她的肚子卻翻了個身，在心裡擊掌，彷彿她真的成功讓他喜歡上了她。

2016，Pippa Grant writing as Jamie Farrell，Sugared (Misfit Brides; 4), →ISBN:

Juan winks at her. "Sorry about my language. The shock paralyzed my thinking and tongue." / She smiles brightly. "No worries. I'm a nurse. I've heard it all." / Is Juan cupcaking the She-Ra, Princess of Power?

Juan 朝她眨了眨眼睛。「對不起，我說錯話了。驚嚇麻痺了我的思維和舌頭。」 / 她燦爛地笑了。 「不用擔心，我是名護士，我什麼都聽過。」/ Juan 在和神力女超人希瑞調情嗎？

2018，Carlos Bayne，Napkin Nights: The Crunk Chronicles，[Morrisville, N.C.]: [Lulu.com], →ISBN, Chronicle VII, Chapter 2，頁 131:

把杯子蛋糕壓碎在……上；用杯子蛋糕覆蓋……

After waving and smiling a quick farewell, I turned back on my way out of the lunchroom – and ran smack into Rusty Kuznevoy, flattening his chocolate cupcake against his chest.[…]Rusty saw the smirk, and I appeared to be snickering at the toughest kid in fourth grade seconds after cupcaking him.[…]Maybe he’d forgotten all about being cupcaked?[…]I recalled my vow of supremacy from last year, the one I’d made just before I cupcaked Rusty, and I reasoned that my science project could also bring me some redemption for the events of yesterday.

在揮手微笑道別之後，我回頭走出午餐室──正好撞上 Rusty Kuznevoy，把他的巧克力杯子蛋糕壓在胸口上。 […] Rusty 看見了我的傻笑，而我在用杯子蛋糕砸了他之後，似乎還在對這個四年級最強悍的孩子冷笑。也許他忘記了被杯子蛋糕砸的一切？ […] 我想起了去年的誓言，那是我在用杯子蛋糕砸 Rusty 之前立下的誓言，我想我的科學專案也可以為我昨天的事帶來一些救贖。

2008，T. David Lee，108th Street，New York, N.Y.: Eloquent Books, →ISBN，頁s 60, 61, 169, and 199:

So Colin crouched down, allowing her to smash a slightly used cupcake against his nose.[…]Avery took the aprons from him, carefully folding them so more crumbs wouldn’t fall to the already cupcaked snow.

Colin 蹲下來，讓她把一個用過的小蛋糕砸在他的鼻子上。 […] Avery 從他手中接過圍裙，小心翼翼地折好，以免更多的碎屑掉到被杯子蛋糕砸了的雪地上。

2016，Rachel Hauck，A Royal Christmas Wedding (The Royal Wedding Series)，Zondervan，頁s 92–93:

She grabs another cupcake and quickly smushes it into the side of my face. I put down the camcorder and get her back. We’re now decorated in pink and white frosting. “I want a selfie of us,” she says. I pick up the camera and record us, cupcaked faces squeezed together, as we crack up.

她抓起另一個杯子蛋糕，迅速地把它抹到我的臉上。我放下攝影機，把她帶回來。我們現在用粉紅色和白色的糖霜裝飾。「我想要一張我們的自拍照，」她說。我拿起相機記錄我們，被杯子蛋糕砸了的臉擠在一起，我們開懷大笑。

2016，Christina Hoag，Girl on the Brink，Fire and Ice, →ISBN，頁 11:

Got any diabetes jokes you can share with readers? “I never got bullied the same as other kids—my house never got egged. It got cupcaked.” —Geoff Grant (Las Vegas, Nevada)

有什麼糖尿病的笑話可以分享給讀者嗎？「我從來沒有像其他孩子那樣被欺負過——我家從來沒有被雞蛋扔過。它被杯子蛋糕砸過。」——Geoff Grant（內華達州拉斯維加斯）

2016，Brian King，The Laughing Cure，Skyhorse Publishing, →ISBN:

“[…]That was after I cupcaked him.” Dead silence greeted her. It ticked on for a few seconds as Nicolette yanked her cupcake-covered T-shirt off and tossed it onto her bathroom floor. “Are you there?” “Yes. I’m trying to figure out if I had a brain aneurysm or if I heard you right,” returned Clara. “Clara!” Nicolette squeaked. “I need your advice right now.” “On what part? The bringing-home-a-guy-to-have-sex-with or the Viking-cake bit?” “Not a Viking cake. A Viking covered in cake—erm, cupcake,” stressed Nicolette.

「……那是在我把杯子蛋糕砸到他身上之後」。迎接她的是死一般的寂靜。沉默了幾秒鐘後，妮可萊特把她那件沾滿蛋糕的T恤扯了下來，扔到了浴室的地板上。「你還在嗎？」「在，我正在想我是得了腦動脈瘤還是沒聽錯。」克拉拉回道。「克拉拉！」妮可萊特尖叫。「我現在需要你的建議。」「哪方面？帶男人回家做愛的部分還是維京蛋糕那部分？」「不是維京蛋糕。是被蛋糕上覆蓋的維京人，呃，是杯子蛋糕。」妮可兒強調。

2018，Mandy M. Roth，Act of Brotherhood (Paranormal Security®= and Intelligence® (Psi-Ops®) an Immortal Ops® World Novel)，Raven Happy Hour, →ISBN:

“I cupcaked her.” “You did what?” “I cupcaked her. It was red velvet. I should’ve used a vanilla one, but I already picked a red velvet one.” “A cupcake.” “They had cupcakes for the birthday party. There was juice, too, but I didn’t have any. It had chunks.” “I don’t understand. What does that mean, you cupcaked her?” “You know, like I mashed a cupcake on her. In her face. Like at weddings and stuff.”

「我把杯子蛋糕砸在她身上了。」「你做了什麼？」「我把杯子蛋糕砸在她身上了。是紅絲絨味的。我應該用香草味的，但我已經選了紅絲絨的。」「一個杯子蛋糕。」「他們為生日派對準備了杯子蛋糕。也有果汁，但我沒喝。果汁裡有果肉。」「我不明白。你說把杯子蛋糕砸在她身上是什麼意思？」「你知道的，就像婚禮上那樣，把杯子蛋糕砸在她臉上。」

2018，Alex Grecian，The Saint of Wolves and Butchers，G. P. Putnam’s Sons, →ISBN:

The 28th straight win to open the season was greeted with cupcakes purchased by parents who made the spring break trip to Hawaii. “We cupcaked Murph’s face,” catcher Reagan Dykes said. “He didn’t seem too happy about that.” Confirmed. “I ran away from them too,” Murphy said. “I got one in the earhole. I smelled the frosting for like 12 hours.”

為了迎接開季的第28場連勝，春假期間前往夏威夷的家長們特意購買了杯子蛋糕。「我們把杯子蛋糕砸在 Murphy 的臉上。」捕手 Reagan Dykes 說。「他看起來不太高興。」Murphy 證實了這點。「我也從他們身邊跑開了。」Murphy 說。「我的耳朵裡進了一塊。我好像聞了12個小時的糖霜味。」

2019年March21日，Michael Casagrande，“The story behind Alabama softball’s record 31-0 start”, in AL.com:

“Being an independent coach sure, I cupcaked my schedule,” said McGuire.

「作為一名獨立教練，當然，我輕鬆安排了我的時間表。」McGuire 說。

1981年January28日，Mike Fish，“College basketball — the power’s at…: UCLA rules, but ACC top conference”, in The Kansas City Times，頁 D-3:

After John Garr popped out, Jeff Ward cupcaked a ball to short for a forceout and Black scored.

在 John Garr 出局後，Jeff Ward 輕鬆地將球傳到游擊手位置進行封殺，Black 得分。

1988年July19日，Jack Oakley，“Modified battle is for 2nd”, in The Register，卷 110, 期 221，頁 2B:

A&M also tackles Louisiana State and Tulsa and further cupcaked its campaign by arranging a game with Division I-AA Middle Tennessee State so it would have a sixth home game, moving Southwestern Louisiana back a year.

A&M 還與路易斯安那州立大學和塔爾薩大學交手，並藉由安排與I-AA 級中田納西州立大學的比賽進一步鞏固了自己的優勢，這樣它就有了第六個主場，而將西南路易斯安那州立大學的主場延後了一年。

1995年April15日，Kirk Bohls，“A mere 56 years later, Aggies will take 2nd title”, in Austin American-Statesman，頁 C1:

The Tigers have cupcaked their way to a 10-0 start against giant killers like Arkansas State, Monmouth and Charleston Southern.

老虎隊在對陣阿肯色州立大學、蒙茅斯大學和查爾斯頓南方大學這些強隊時，輕鬆地以10勝0敗的成績開局。

2006年December12日，Keith Jarrett，“Great record might not help Tigers”, in Asheville Citizen-Times，卷 137, 期 346，頁 E4:

“I cupcaked the bitch!”

2014年August28日，Seth Stevenson，“Who’d Pay £600M to Watch This?”, in The Independent，期 8,701，頁 38:

“Competitively, I want to play yesterday. I know if I had to go out there and lace ’em up and everything was on the line, like, I’m doing it 100%. … Not that I’m cupcaking it or anything but you have to be a little smarter, take care of your body.”

「從競技角度來說，我昨天就想上場。我知道我如果得要上場打敗他們，一切都岌岌可危，我會100%投入……並不是說我在輕鬆應對什麼，但你必須更聰明，照顧好自己的身體。」

2022年February14日，“Suns G Landry Shamet out through All-Star break with ankle injury”, in Arizona Sports:

被蛋糕般的裝飾（如褶邊）覆蓋或充滿

Maeve joined them in happy admiration of the baby girl, who had just been christened with the name Genesis and was cupcaked for the occasion with endless bits of lace frill.

Maeve 加入了他們，對這個剛被命名為「創世紀」的女嬰感到高興，為了這個場合，她身上覆蓋著無盡的蕾絲褶邊裝飾。

1997，Lawrence J. Taylor，The Road to Mexico，Tucson, Ariz.: The University of Arizona Press, →ISBN，頁 34:

By nine o’clock that night the snow had begun to fall even harder. Brendon stood on the corner of 87ᵗʰ Street and Stony Island Avenue beneath a green canvas awning now cupcaked with a layer of white.

那天晚上九點鐘，雪開始下得更大了。布倫登站在87街和石島大道的街角，站在一個綠色帆布遮陽篷下，遮陽篷現在覆蓋著一層如蛋糕般的白雪。

2015，Joe Kilgore，A Farmhouse in the Rain，Winchester, Washington: Top Hat Books, 出版於 2016:

It was no longer light, but I still could make out the front yard, which was cupcaked in snow.

雖然已經不再是白天，但我仍然能看出前院，院子裡覆蓋著一層如蛋糕般的積雪。

2016 March，Catherine Lowell，The Madwoman Upstairs，Touchstone, →ISBN，頁 271:

Ahead in the dim dawn rose the white cupcaked dome of the Capitol.

在昏暗的黎明中，前方矗立著白色的國會大廈圓頂，覆蓋著一層'如蛋糕般的白雪。

2016 December，David Poyer，Onslaught: The War with China—The Opening Battle，New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN，頁 18:

It seemed like a beautiful moment as the billowy fabric cupcaked around her lower half.

當蓬鬆的布料在她的下半身周圍散開時，那一刻看起來非常美麗。

2017年May4日，Stephanie Haney，“The terrifying moment a bride nearly drowns as she gets stuck under her wedding dress after jumping into water before FIVE people come to her rescue”, in MailOnline:

So—we offered a cup cake a day for life to anybody who would find us a better word than the word “market.”[…]She wrote to say that the Farmers Market defies description and asks why we don’t just keep on referring to it as the original Farmers Market and send the cup cakes to some home for under cup-caked children.

所以——我們提供終生每天一個杯子蛋糕，給任何能幫我們找到比「市場」更好詞語的人。 […] 她寫信說農夫市場無法用語言形容，並問我們為什麼不繼續稱其為原來的農夫市場，並將杯子蛋糕送給那些缺少杯子蛋糕的孩子們。

1942年March10日，Fred Beck，“Farmers Market Bulletin”, in Los Angeles Times，卷 LXI，頁 2:

Winnie Ellis “cupcaked” her Decorative Stitchery group and Paul Barnett baked enough of her special bran muffins for all of the Meals on Wheels recipients.

Winnie Ellis 給她的裝飾刺繡小組送了杯子蛋糕，而 Paul Barnett 烘焙了足夠的特製麥麩鬆餅，供所有上門送餐服務的接受者享用。

1975年September11日，Kerrville Mountain Sun，卷 94, 期 48, Kerrville, Tex.，頁 six:

“We grew up here and love this community so anything that we can do to give back we will. We have taken cupcakes to the hospital, outreach groups, the SPCA and even the RCMP and firefighters have been cupcaked,” said [Raj] Singh, noting that they would even like to set up a scholarship for local students.

「我們在這裡長大，熱愛這個社區，所以我們會盡力回饋。我們把杯子蛋糕送到醫院、外展團體、SPCA，甚至皇家加拿大騎警和消防隊員也收到了杯子蛋糕，」[Raj] Singh 說，他指出他們甚至想為當地學生設立獎學金。

2008年December21日，Kristi Patton，“Pair display a sweet taste for business”, in Penticton Western News，卷 42, 期 153, Penticton, B.C.，頁 9，列 5:

Kenny started “You’ve Been Cupcaked” three years ago after she earned a following creating cakes and cupcakes for family members.

凱妮在三年前創辦了「你已收到杯子蛋糕」這個活動，在那之前，她因為為家人製作蛋糕和杯子蛋糕而贏得了追隨者。

2011年June19日，Stephanie A. O’Connell，“A baker’s delight, and that’s just icing on the cake”, in Record-Journal，144th year, 期 170, Meriden, Conn.，頁 E4:


commute

借自拉丁語 commūtō。

commutes (third-person singular present)
commuting (present participle)
commuted (past participle)

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

to commute tithes into rentcharges for a sum

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

to commute daily fares for a season ticket

to commute the daily toll for a year's pass

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

His prison sentence was commuted to probation.

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium


countermine

countermines (third-person singular present)
countermining (present participle)
countermined (past participle)

[…]so Fritz could sleep easily in his trench, so far as mines were concerned; and Fritz, confident in his Herr Professors, altogether neglected any attempt to counter-mine.

1923，Frank Fox，“The Man-Made Earthquake”, in Charles Francis Horne, The Great Events of the Great War，卷 5:


compliment

借自法語 compliment，借自意大利語 complimento，借自西班牙語 cumplimiento，源自cumplir (“顺从，遵守，完成”)。complement 的同源對似詞。取代了本土的古英語词ġeswǣsnes。

compliments (third-person singular present)
complimenting (present participle)
complimented (past participle)


cower

源自中古英語 couren、cowre，源自中古低地德語 kûren (“潜伏；游荡”)或北日耳曼語支（冰島語 kúra (“打盹”)）。同源词包括德語 kauern (“蹲伏”)、荷蘭語 koeren (“蹲守”)、塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 kutriti (“躺着缩成一团”)、瑞典語 kura (“蜷缩”)。与coward无关，其源自拉丁语。

cowers (third-person singular present)
cowering (present participle)
cowered (past participle)

使...蜷缩；吓住，恐吓...并使其屈服

This done, their doubts will vanish, and they will stand confronted by an object lesson which must have the effect either to arouse them to a determination to banish despotism from the land, or cower them into submission and servitude.

1895，Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industry of Kansas:

My spirit will cower them and make them wish they had never risen up against me.

2007，DJ Birmingham，The Queen's Tale: The Struggle for the Survival of Ireland，頁 170:

A vicious Mafia threat intended to cower him—but the chief doesn't cower.


cowgirl

cowgirls (third-person singular present)
cowgirling (present participle)
cowgirled (past participle)

Once recovered I cowgirled him to a torturously slow climax, having him begging for release as I took him to the edge […]

2016，Angela Goodnight，My Life, My Loves: True, Explicit Autobiography:


coy

源自中古英語 coy，源自古法語 coi，早期形式quei (“安静的”)，源自拉丁語 quiētus (“在休息的”)。quiet 的同源對似詞。

coys (third-person singular present)
coying (present participle)
coyed (past participle)

Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, / While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

For now there are ſprung up a wiſer generation in this kind, who have the Art to coy the fonder ſort into their nets

1635，Edward Rainbowe，Labour Forbidden, and Commanded. A Sermon Preached at S^(t.) Pauls^([sic]) Church, September 28. 1634.，London: Nicholas Vavasour，頁 29:


debilitate

拉丁語 debilitatus，debilitare (“使...变弱”)的过去分词，源自形容词debilis (“弱的”)，源自de- + habilis (“能够...的”)。

debilitates (third-person singular present)
debilitating (present participle)
debilitated (past participle)

enervate

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

enfeeble

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

weaken

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

The American Dream suffered a debilitating effect after the subprime crisis.

美国梦在次贷危机后经历了一次衰落。

Twice, they found themselves behind, seemingly on their way out, and on both occasions they absolutely refused to let their lack of numbers debilitate them.

2015年March12日，Daniel Taylor，“Chelsea out of Champions League after Thiago Silva sends 10-man PSG through on away goals”, in The Guardian (London):


debride

借自法語 débrider (“解脫，放開韁繩”)。

debrides (third-person singular present)
debriding (present participle)
debrided (past participle)


decaffeinate

decaffeinates (third-person singular present)
decaffeinating (present participle)
decaffeinated (past participle)


decal

decals (third-person singular present)
decaling (present participle)
decalling (present participle)
decaled (past participle)
decalled (past participle)


daunt

源自中古英語 daunten，源自古法語 danter，源自拉丁語 domitō (“驯服”，动词)，拉丁語 domō (“驯服，征服”，动词)的反复态，源自原始意大利語 *domaō，源自原始印歐語 *demh₂- (“驯”)。dompt 的同源對似詞。

daunts (third-person singular present)
daunting (present participle)
daunted (past participle)

吓倒，使...气馁，威吓

Death I'll meet, my soul no terrors daunting, / Take the life for which thy heart is panting, / Spare not thou, though he spare, his life granting, / Or let death end us both at a blow.

[1865?]，Eugène Scribe，譯者 Charles Lamb Kenney, L’Africaine. An Opera in Five Acts, […] The Music by Giacomo Meyerbeer. Translated into English […]，London: Published and sold by Chappell & Co., […], Boosey & Co., […], →OCLC, Act III，頁 34:

No, I shall not disgrace the Cause, I shall not grieve my comrades by weak surrender! I will fight and struggle, and not be daunted by threat or torture.

1912，Alexander Berkman，章號 17, in Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:

Ah, I have changed, I do not know / Why lonely hours affect me so. / In days of yore, this were not wont, / No loneliness my soul could daunt.

1913，Paul Laurence Dunbar，“A Lost Dream”, in The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar:


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。

demises (third-person singular present)
demising (present participle)
demised (past participle)


demote

demotes (third-person singular present)
demoting (present participle)
demoted (past participle)

James was demoted from branch manager to assistant manager due to his poor discipline.

James由于不守纪律，被从副经理降职成了分店经理。

In 1036, shortly after arriving at Yi-ling, Ou-yang Hsiu sent a lengthy letter to his friend, Yin Shu, who had been demoted at the same time as Ou-yang Hsiu and sent to Ying-chou (modern Chung-hsiang, Hupeh).

1984，Ronald C. Egan，The Literary Works of Ou-yang Hsiu (1007-72)，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 93:


decolonize

decolonizes (third-person singular present)
decolonizing (present participle)
decolonized (past participle)

A paternal government would attempt to decolonize American literature, by forbidding the re-publication of foreign works, and offering premiums to those of home production.

父親式的政府會試圖透過禁止重新出版外國作品、並為本土作品提供獎勵的方式來使美國文學非殖民化。

1860，James Parton，Life of Andrew Jackson: In Three Volumes，頁 84:

扭轉殖民帶來的影響，恢復一個群體的自治權

Across Ukraine, officials are starting projects to, as they say, “decolonize” their cities. Streets and subway stops whose names evoke the history of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union are under scrutiny by a population eager to rid itself of traces of the nation that invaded in late February.

2022年June7日，Erika Solomon，“Goodbye, Tchaikovsky and Tolstoy: Ukrainians look to ‘decolonize’ their streets.”, in The New York Times:

The arrival of Trump in the White House gave a new urgency to the idea that museums needed to “decolonize” their collections, atone for their past elitism, and become overtly political institutions rather than mere warehouses of valuable objects.

2022年October3日，Helen Lewis，“The Guggenheim’s Scapegoat”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN:


denizen

源自中古英語 denisein，源自古法語 denzein，源自deinz (“内部”) + -ein，源自晚期拉丁語 deintus (“自内部”)，其衍生出法語 dans。

denizens (third-person singular present)
denizening (present participle)
denizened (past participle)

给...授予公民身份，归化

He was denizened to Ireland after fleeing his home country.

他逃离祖国后归化到了爱尔兰。

[The Horse-Chessnut] was first brought from Constantinople to Vienna, thence into Italy, and so France; but to Ʋs from the Levant more immediately, and flourishes so well, and grows so goodly a Tree in compe[te]nt time, that by this alone, we might have ample encouragement to Denizen other strangers amongst us.

1664, John Evelyn, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber, London: 1670, Chapter 7, “Of the Chesnut,” p. 42,

Poor Refugies at first, they purchase here:

1693, John Dryden (translator), The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis, London: Jacob Tonson, The Third Satyr, p. 38,

There were a few islets in the sand […] 。 These were at once denizened by the Calotropis, Argemone, Tamarix, Gnaphalium luteoalbum and two other species […] 。

1849, Joseph Dalton Hooker, “Extracts from the Private Letters of Dr. J. D. Hooker, written during a Botanical Mission to India” in William Jackson Hooker (editor), Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve, Volume 1, p. 85,


deprave

源自中古英語 depraven，源自古法語 depraver，源自拉丁語 dēprāvāre (“扭曲的，腐败的”)，源自de- + pravus (“扭曲的，邪恶的”)。

depraves (third-person singular present)
depraving (present participle)
depraved (past participle)

使...恶化，使...腐败


depredate

晚期拉丁語 depraedari、depraedat-，源自 de- + praedari (“掠奪”)。

depredates (third-person singular present)
depredating (present participle)
depredated (past participle)

It makes the substance of the body […] less apt to be consumed and depredated by the spirits.

它使身體的物質 […] 不易被精神消耗和浪費。

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:


degas

degases (third-person singular present)
degasses (third-person singular present)
degassing (present participle)
degassed (past participle)


dishevel

dishevels (third-person singular present)
disheveling (present participle)
dishevelling (present participle)
disheveled (past participle)
dishevelled (past participle)

使...凌乱，弄乱 （衣服，头发等）

With garments rent, and haire discheueled, / Wringing her hands, and making piteous mone;

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 12:

Like the fair flower dishevell'd in the wind.

[...] the natural finish seems much less likely to show up the stains of travel which might soon dishevel the golden ochre or dark blue—especially the latter—[...].

1964 April，G. Freeman Allen，“The BRB shows traders the Liner train prototypes”, in Modern Railways，頁 262:


devitalize

devitalizes (third-person singular present)
devitalizing (present participle)
devitalized (past participle)

同類詞：dispirit、kill

近義詞：deanimate

Noncrushing surgical clamps avoid devitalizing the cells of arterial walls.

非挤压性手术钳可避免动脉壁细胞失活。

Economic stress has devitalized some shopping malls in the web era.

网络时代的经济压力使得一些商场失去活力。

Not so long ago a Scotsman is reported to have exhumed the body of his daughter and burnt her heart, as he thought she was devitalising her remaining brother and sister and making them ill.

据报道，不久前，一名苏格兰人挖出了他女儿的尸体并烧毁了她的心脏，因为他认为她正在使她剩下的兄弟姐妹失去活力并使他们生病。

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 126:


divulge

拉丁語 divulgare，源自di- (“widely”) + vulgare (“公布，发行”)。

divulges (third-person singular present)
divulging (present participle)
divulged (past participle)

disclose

将...公之于众，将...泄露给

将...公之于众，将...泄露给

I will never divulge that secret to anyone.

我不会把那个秘密告诉其他人。

In an interview with The Economist last year, he insisted his attack on the CPP had nothing to do with his views on global warming, which he would not divulge.

2016, December 8, The Economist, The president-elect's EPA head may not believe in climate change

Here then is a letter from a young man whose name I must not reveal, but whom I will designate as D. F., and whose address I must not divulge, but will simply indicate as Q. Street, West.

1910, Stephen Leacock, Literary Lapses, "How to Avoid Getting Married"


dilapidate

源自拉丁語 dilapidātus，dilapidō (“用石头摧毁”)的过去分词，源自dis- (程度加强前缀) + lapidō (“用石头砸”)，源自lapis (“石头”)。

dilapidates (third-person singular present)
dilapidating (present participle)
dilapidated (past participle)

In the last days of autumn he had whitewashed the chalet, painted the doors, windows, and veranda, repaired the roof and interior, and improved the place so much that the landlord had warned him that the rent would be raised at the expiration of his twelvemonth's tenancy, remarking that a tenant could not reasonably expect to have a pretty, rain-tight dwelling-house for the same money as a hardly habitable ruin. Smilash had immediately promised to dilapidate it to its former state at the end of the year.

1883, George Bernard Shaw, An Unsocial Socialist, chapter VI

The patrimony of the bishopric of Oxon was much dilapidated.


dovetail

鴿子尾巴
榫頭
類似燕尾榫的線
名詞衍生自dove + tail。動詞衍生自名詞。

dovetails (third-person singular present)
dovetailing (present participle)
dovetailed (past participle)
dove-tail (alternative)

In house-building it is further forbidden [by Sultan Muhammed Shah] to dovetail or make the ends of the timbers (e.g. of the roof) fit accurately together, and also to build two verandahs, one on each side of the house, with their floors on a level with the floor of the main building; if two verandahs are used, the floor of one must be lower than that of the main building (kelek anak).

1900，Walter William Skeat，“Man and His Place in the Universe”, in Malay Magic: Being an Introduction to the Folklore and Popular Religion of the Malay Peninsula，London: Macmillan and Co.; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, footnote 1，頁 33:

The executive board dovetailed its decision neatly with the prior projects the company had taken up.

Through my new project, I dovetail my interests in botany and programming.

Close contacts are also maintained between the chief operating officers of the railways and the movement and transport officers of the Service departments to dovetail railway transport into the schemes of the fighting forces.

1943 March–April，John R. Hind，“The British Railways at War”, in The Railway Magazine，Sutton, London: IPC Transport Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 95:

I felt that through the combined study of psychology and linguistics I would find out how children learned language, and that I would be able to dovetail this knowledge into my business career in Japan.

1988，Kenji Hakuta，“Why Bilinguals?”, in The Development of Language and Language Researchers: Essays in Honor of Roger Brown，Hillsdale, N.J., Hove, East Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, →ISBN，頁 299:

將算法或子程序交織，使其能夠同時運作

However, we can construct a single master algorithm M that DPExact learns from unknown distribution D by simply dovetailing the algorithms A. The precise way in which we dovetail the algorithms depends on whether our goal is time or query efficiency.

2002，Nader H. Bshouty, Jeffrey C. Jackson, Christino Tamon，“Exploring Learnability between Exact and PAC”, in Computational Learning Theory: 15th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, COLT 2002, Sydney, Australia, July 8–10, 2002: Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNAI); 2375; Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)，Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 248:


dumbfound

dumbfounds (third-person singular present)
dumbfounding (present participle)
dumbfounded (past participle)

使...愣住，使...怔住


dunk

源自賓夕法尼亞德語 dunke，源自中古高地德語 dunken，源自古高地德語 dunkōn (“蘸，浸”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *þunkōn (“弄湿”)，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *þunkōną，源自原始印歐語 *teng- (“湿”)。
同源词包括德語 tunken (“浸”)、拉丁語 tingō (“弄湿”)、古希臘語 τέγγω (téngō，“弄湿”)。与taint、tincture、tint有关。

dunks (third-person singular present)
dunking (present participle)
dunked (past participle)

I like to dunk my donut in my apple cider.

我喜欢把甜甜圈蘸到苹果酒里。

Parents shouldn't just dunk their kids in front of the TV.

父母不应该随便把小孩丢在电视机前。

The center spun quickly and dunked the ball with authority.

中锋快速转身来了一记强势的灌篮。


diphthongize

diphthongizes (third-person singular present)
diphthongizing (present participle)
diphthongized (past participle)

雙元音化；藉由插入或刪除元音使……變成雙元音

同類詞：monophthongize


diplomate

diplomates (third-person singular present)
diplomating (present participle)
diplomated (past participle)


disburden

disburdens (third-person singular present)
disburdening (present participle)
disburdened (past participle)


discombobulate

discombobulates (third-person singular present)
discombobulating (present participle)
discombobulated (past participle)

befuddle

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

perplex

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

confuse

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

Can't you and I pretend to quarrel? A personal assault by you on me will wake these people up and discombobulate Goldsmith. Say the word—only don't hit too hard.

1895，John Kendrick Bangs，“Story-tellers' Night”, in A House-Boat on the Styx，New York: Harper & Brothers, 出版於 1901，頁 132:

The notes zigzag in his pieces and discombobulate the ear, just as in 12-tone works.

1999年December13日，Anthony Tommasini，“MUSIC REVIEW; Plenty Of Zigzags, But Hold The Angst”, in The New York Times，頁 E3:

First, distract target. Then block his blind jab. Counter with cross to left cheek. Discombobulate. Dazed, he'll attempt wild haymaker. Employ elbow block.

2009年December25日，Michael Robert Johnson, Anthony Peckham, Simon Kinberg，片头起17:18, in Sherlock Holmes，spoken by Sherlock Holmes (Robert Downey Jr.):


easternize

easternizes (third-person singular present)
easternizing (present participle)
easternized (past participle)

"It would suit me very well," he tells her, "if, at this point, I could easternize your Western eyes, your Western heart."

2007年January14日，Liesl Schillinger，“Siberian Fields”, in New York Times:


encroach

源自中古英語 encrochen，源自古法語 encrochier (“占领”)，源自古法語 en- + croc (“钩子”)，源自日耳曼語族。详见crook。

encroaches (third-person singular present)
encroaching (present participle)
encroached (past participle)


engender

源自中古法語 engendrer，源自拉丁語 ingenerāre，源自in- + generāre (“产生”)。

engenders (third-person singular present)
engendering (present participle)
engendered (past participle)

成为...的父亲（指男性）；怀有，孕育（指女性） （14-19世纪）

产下，生下 （生物） （自14世纪）

Like all interesting literary figures, he is full of tacit as well as of uttered reference to the conditions that engendered him […]。

1891, Henry James, "James Russell Lowell", Essays in London and Elsewhere, p.60:

造成，导致；创造 （某种情况，结果，特质） （自14世纪）

Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart managed to engender "Better Be Good to Me" and "I Must Love You," but they were neither lyrically nor musically up to standards of their Garrick Gaieties or A Connecticut Yankee.

1928, "New Plays in Manhattan", Time, 8 Oct.:

Manufacturing is not simply about brute or emergency economics. It's also about a sense of involvement and achievement engendered by shaping and crafting useful, interesting, well-designed things.

2009, Jonathan Glancey, "The art of industry", The Guardian, 21 Dec.:


enjoin

源自中古英語 enjoinen，源自古法語 enjoindre (“加入”)，源自拉丁語 iniungo (“依附”)，由in- (“进入，在...之上”)和iungo构成的复合词。

enjoins (third-person singular present)
enjoining (present participle)
enjoined (past participle)

to confirm these days of Purim in their times appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had enjoined them […]

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Esther 9:31:

At some landmark in the jungle the beater halted, pointed to the ground as a sign that this spot would do, and put his finger on his lips to enjoin silence.

1934，George Orwell，章號 14, in Burmese Days:

They [the Noahide laws] also enjoin the establishment of a just system of laws and courts.

2001，David L. Lieber, Jules Harlow，Etz Hayim: Torah and Commentary，頁 15:

In 1983, BLM was enjoined by court order from using any herbicides in its Medford, Oregon District. Subsequent court action in 1984 enjoined BLM from the use of herbicides throughout Oregon and the U.S. Forest Service was similarly enjoined throughout Region 6 (Pacific Northwest).

1989，U.S. Department of the Interior，章號 1, in Western Oregon Program-Management of Competing Vegetation: Proposed Record of Decision，Bureau of Land Management，頁 9:

the judicial power of the United States had no power to enjoin the executive branch of the government from the execution of a constitutional duty or of a constitutional law

1826，James Kent，Commentaries on American Law:


exude

拉丁語 exudare、exsudare (“流汗”)，源自ex- (“出”) + sudare (“流汗”)，源自sudor (“汗”)。

exudes (third-person singular present)
exuding (present participle)
exuded (past participle)

There are five hundred and fifty-five trees, and they exude the sweetest odours

1870, William Henry Wilkins, The Romance of Isabel


enrapture

enraptures (third-person singular present)
enrapturing (present participle)
enraptured (past participle)

/ɪnˈɹæpt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

/ɛnˈɹæpt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

使...欣喜，使...陶醉

Her song enraptured the audience with vivid images of the Scandinavian landscapes.

她的歌曲让观众陶醉于斯堪的纳维亚的景色中。


enrich

enriches (third-person singular present)
enriching (present participle)
enriched (past participle)


enshrine

enshrines (third-person singular present)
enshrining (present participle)
enshrined (past participle)

A Phœnix, gaz'd by all, as that ſole Bird / When, to enſhrine his reliques in the Sun’s / Bright temple, to Ægyptian Theb's he flies.

1667，John Milton，“Book V”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 272–274:

At the centre of Muhammad's achievement was the extraordinary poetry which enshrined his revelations.

2009，Diarmaid MacCulloch，A History of Christianity，Penguin, 出版於 2010，頁 256:


eke out

源自弃用词eke (“添加，使...增加”) + out。

ekes out (third-person singular present)
eking out (present participle)
eked out (past participle)

The old man eked out his pension by selling vegetables from his garden.

老人靠卖花园里的蔬菜来让自己的养老金多一些。

Now the reaſons why they teach the calves to drink ſo ſoon are various. [...] Secondly, the goodwife ſaves milk by this way of drinking, for ſhe quickly ekes out the milk with pottage, &c.

1694年September28日，John Houghton, compiler，“A Letter from a Lancashire Friend about Breeding Cattle. […]”, in Husbandry and Trade Improv’d: Being a Collection of Many Valuable Materials Relating to Corn, Cattle, Coals, Hops, Wool, &c. […] In Three Volumes，期 CXIII, London: Prin[t]ed for Woo[d]man and Lyon […], 出版於 1727, →OCLC，頁 303:

[T]he author [William Belsham] ekes out his volume with a great many extraneous details, which relate to a ſubſequent period; [...] The whole work is ſingularly confuſed and deſultory: and, indeed, the plan which the author adopts, is altogether incompatible with that unity and coherence which is eſſential to hiſtory.

1805 July，“Art. XIV. History of Great Britain. By William Belsham. Vol. XI. and XII. London, 1805. 8vo. [book review]”, in The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal，卷 VI, 期 XII, Edinburgh: Printed by D. Willison, […], for Archibald Constable & Co. […], and Longman Hurst Rees and Orme, […], →OCLC，頁 428:

He eked out a living selling vegetables from the garden.

他靠卖花园里的蔬菜勉强度日。

[…]stylistically raw work known as outsider art that was frequently made by Southern blacks and whites who eked out livings as farmers or repairmen.

2001年October23日，Roberta Smith，“Howard Finster, Folk Artist and Preacher, Dies at 84”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

But before too long, the rations that Parivash was ekeing out to feed them fell short and the tension that sprang from so many families piled in together overflowed.

2011，Kamin Mohammadi，“Displaced”, in The Cypress Tree: A Love Letter to Iran，London: Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN; 第paperback版, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, →ISBN，頁 197:

British tycoon Richard Branson stole the show here Wednesday, announcing that he and his family would be on Virgin Galactic's first trip into space, as Airbus and Boeing eked out more plane orders.

2012年July12日，Ben Perry，“Branson’s spaceship steals the spotlight at airshow”, in Yahoo! News，存檔自the original on 2020-04-26:

Her stomach growled at the prospect of eating roast rabbit for breakfast; the last time she had eaten meat had been three days ago. Since then, they had been ekeing out the last dusty contents of a sack of oats, watered down and cooked to make a sloppy gruel.

2013，Meriel Fuller，章號 1, in The Knight’s Fugitive Lady (Harlequin Historical; 370)，Don Mills, Ont.: Harlequin Enterprises, →ISBN，頁 7:


elude

源自拉丁語 ēlūdō (“逃过”)，源自ē (“外”，ex的短形式) + lūdō (“玩耍；欺骗”)。

eludes (third-person singular present)
eluding (present participle)
eluded (past participle)

（尤指用手段，技巧） 逃避，逃过

Thus the observation of human blindness and weakness is the result of all philosophy, and meets us at every turn, in spite of our endeavours to elude or avoid it.

1748，David Hume，Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral.，London: Oxford University Press, 出版於 1973, § 26:

It leaves City still searching for the Champions League, the trophy that has always eluded them

2021年May29日，Phil McNulty，“Manchester City 0-1 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

Podolski gave Walcott a chance to further embellish Arsenal's first-half performance when he eluded James Perch and slipped the ball through to the striker.

2012年December29日，Paul Doyle，“Arsenal's Theo Walcott hits hat-trick in thrilling victory over Newcastle”, in The Guardian:

不能被...理解，对...来说无法理解

I get algebra, but calculus eludes me.

我会代数，但不会微积分。

The solution of that brainteaser eludes me and the name of the author eludes my memory too.

那道谜题的答案我忘了，它的作者我也忘了。


emblazon

emblazons (third-person singular present)
emblazoning (present participle)
emblazoned (past participle)

The route passes over low-lying land, the only item of note being the Cerebos salt works at Greatham, where one may catch a glimpse of the smart black diesel locomotive emblazoned with the firm's name writ large.

1959 August，K. Hoole，“The Middlesbrough — Newcastle route of the N.E.R.”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 359:

在...上雕刻，在...上刻印

The benefactor's image is emblazoned on our memory.

恩人的样子刻在了我们的心中。

Welcome to QAnon, sometimes referred to as “the Storm.” It’s a conspiracy theory that’s swept social media and is starting to break into the mainstream, with Trump rally attendees in Florida on July 31 holding signs and wearing T-shirts emblazoned with “We are Q” and the conspiracy theory’s main catchphrase, “Where we go one, we go all.”

2018年August2日，Jane Coaston，“#QAnon, the scarily popular pro-Trump conspiracy theory, explained”, in Vox:


emcee

MC (“主持人”)的發音拼寫。

emcees (third-person singular present)
emceeing (present participle)
emceed (past participle)

担任...的主持人，主持

Alan Lomax was emceeing the blues workshop and was turned off by the Paul Butterfield Jug Band and implied as much on stage.

1965 August，Mississippi Phil Ochs，“The Newport Fuzz Festival”, in The Realist，期 61, retrieved 2022-11-13，頁 11:


emulsify

emulsifies (third-person singular present)
emulsifying (present participle)
emulsified (past participle)


emulsionize

emulsionizes (third-person singular present)
emulsionizing (present participle)
emulsionized (past participle)


wince

源自中古英語 wincen、winchen，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 *wenchir、古諾曼語 *wenchier（对比古法語 guenchir），源自古法蘭克語 *wenkjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankjan。参见德語 winken。

winces (third-person singular present)
wincing (present participle)
winced (past participle)

对...使用绞车 （如用来洗衣服，染染料等）


windscreen

windscreens (third-person singular present)
windscreening (present participle)
windscreened (past participle)


wobble

源自早期形式wabble，可能源自低地德語 wabbeln (“晃动”)。对比荷蘭語 wiebelen和wobbelen (“晃动”)、古諾爾斯語 vafla (“盘旋；踉跄”)。

wobbles (third-person singular present)
wobbling (present participle)
wobbled (past participle)

The boy wobbled the girl's bike.

男孩让女孩的自行车摇来摇去。


whack

不详，原为苏格兰英语。可能是拟声词，但对比中古英語 thakken ← 古英語 þaccian（其因与本词异文合并而派生出thwack）。

whacks (third-person singular present)
whacking (present participle)
whacked (past participle)

to whack the spoils of a robbery

When the sewer-hunters consider they have searched long enough […] the gang […] count out the money they have picked up, and proceed to dispose of the old metal, bones, rope, &c.; this done, they then, as they term it, “whack” the whole lot; that is, they divide it equally among all hands.

1851, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, London: G. Newbold, Volume 2, p. 152,


vampire

源自法語 vampire，源自德語 Vampir，经由匈牙利语源自某斯拉夫語族单词，可能是塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 вампир (vàmpīr)，其为不可考词*upir的一个理论变体，源自原始斯拉夫語 *ǫpyrь，对比参考俄語 упы́рь (upýrʹ)、波蘭語 upiór、波蘭語 wąpierz等。oupire 的同源對似詞。

vampires (third-person singular present)
vampiring (present participle)
vampired (past participle)


vassal

源自中古英語 vassal，源自古法語 vassal，源自中世紀拉丁語 vassallus (“男仆，佣人”)，源自拉丁語 vassus (“佣人”)，源自高盧語 *wassos (“少年，乡绅”)，源自原始凱爾特語 *wastos (“佣人”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 foss和威爾士語 gwas）。

vassals (third-person singular present)
vassalling (present participle)
vassalled (past participle)

将...视为附庸；使...变成附庸；奴役

让...从属于，让...隶属于


vaticinate

源自拉丁語 vāticinātus，vāticinor (“預言，預示”) 的完成時被動分詞。

vaticinates (third-person singular present)
vaticinating (present participle)
vaticinated (past participle)

With a slow step, and tears in her eyes, Mrs. Glentworth, vaticinating trouble of some kind, proceeded to cut the string and break the seal of her pacquet.

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 LI, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 27:


viewport

viewports (third-person singular present)
viewporting (present participle)
viewported (past participle)

調整（圖像或區域）以與視角適配

Some general ideas on clipping, viewporting, and windowing can be found in Rogers and Adams.

Viewporting is an operation that takes the portion of the picture that has been mapped into the square region delimited by -1,+1,-1,+1 and further maps it into a rectangular subregion of the screen (a viewport).

1980，MTS, the Michigan Terminal System，卷 17，頁 42:

The main thing I want you to take away from this chapter is knowing where to start and creating a very simple viewported web site using nothing more than an extra <meta> tag and simple HTML.

2012，Scott Preston，Learn HTML5 and JavaScript for iOS:


undulate

借自晚期拉丁語 undulātus (“起伏的，荡漾的”)，源自不可考的*undula (“小波浪”)，拉丁語 unda (“波浪”)。

undulates (third-person singular present)
undulating (present participle)
undulated (past participle)

使...（像波浪一样）起伏，使...荡漾


unclamp

unclamps (third-person singular present)
unclamping (present participle)
unclamped (past participle)


underpin

underpins (third-person singular present)
underpinning (present participle)
underpinned (past participle)

underlie

支持，支撑，是...的根本

corroborate

支持，支撑，是...的根本

You should underpin the mine roof to prevent further collapse.

你需要支撑矿井的顶部防止进一步塌方。

支持，支撑，是...的根本

Public confidence in politicians must underpin our democracy.

Since Rupert Murdoch famously bet the farm on Premier League football to rescue Sky TV in 1991, it has been the catnip that has underpinned subscriber loyalty and, even in a far more complicated media landscape, is seen as so vital as to be worth almost any price.

2016年October24日，Owen Gibson，“Is the unthinkable happening – are people finally switching the football off?”, in The Guardian，London:

The operator said the results were underpinned by a 16% increase in Q3 sales from North America.

2019年November6日，“Eurostar reports another increase in passengers”, in Rail，頁 25:


facsimile

源自拉丁語 fac simile (“使...像”)，源自fac (“使”)（facere (“使”)的命令形） + simile（similis (“像的”)的中性形式）。

facsimiles (third-person singular present)
facsimileing (present participle)
facsimiling (present participle)
facsimiled (past participle)
facsimilied (past participle)


flagellate

詞源樹
拉丁語 flagellum
拉丁語 -ō
拉丁語 flagellō
拉丁語 -tus
拉丁語 flagellātuslbor.
英語 flagellate
古典借詞，源自拉丁語 flagellō (“鞭打，捶打”) 及其分詞 flagellātus。

flagellates (third-person singular present)
flagellating (present participle)
flagellated (past participle)

Red welts rising from a flagellated back

背部被鞭打后出现红色伤痕

1976年December11日，David Holland，“A Conversation With Maitresse”, in Gay Community News，卷 4, 號 24，頁 13:

The gigantic egg sits, and the frantic and tiny sperm flagellates its tail to cross vast distances on its quest for dissolution in the huge egg.

巨大的卵子静静地坐着，微小的精子疯狂地挥动着尾巴，长途跋涉，寻求在巨大的卵子中溶解。

1981，William Irwin Thompson，The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture，London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，頁 63:


feed

繼承自中古英語 feden，繼承自古英語 fēdan (“喂食”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *fōdijan，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *fōdijaną (“喂养”)，源自原始印歐語 *peh₂- (“守卫，放牧，喂食”)。同源詞包括西弗里斯蘭語 fiede (“滋养、喂养”)、荷蘭語 voeden (“喂养”)、丹麥語 føde (“生產；喂养”)、瑞典語 föda (“生產；喂养”)、冰島語 fæða (“喂养”)、拉丁語 pāscō (“喂养、滋养”)。參見 food、fodder。

feeds (third-person singular present)
feeding (present participle)
fed (past participle)

give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime

Feed the dog every evening.

If thine enemy hunger, feed him.

你的仇敵若餓了，就給他吃。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 12:20:

把東西交給機器處理；給料

Feed the paper gently into the document shredder.

将纸张轻轻送入文档碎纸机。

We got interesting results after feeding the computer with the new data.

在向计算机输入新数据后，我们得到了有趣的结果。

Morrison then played a pivotal role in West Brom's equaliser, powering through the middle and feeding Tchoyi, whose low, teasing right-wing cross was poked in by Thomas at the far post

2010年December28日，Kevin Darlin，“West Brom 1-3 Blackburn”, in BBC:


undertake

源自中古英語 undertaken，等价于under- + take（仿undernim）。

undertakes (third-person singular present)
undertaking (present participle)
undertook (past)
undertaken (past participle)

This said, he sat; and expectation held
His look suspense, awaiting who appeared
To second, or oppose, or undertake
The perilous attempt.

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 417-420:


fresco

源自意大利語 fresco，源自中世紀拉丁語 friscus，源自原始日耳曼語 *friskaz。fresh 的同源對似詞。

frescoes (third-person singular present)
frescoing (present participle)
frescoed (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fresco.wav


flaunt

源自北日耳曼語支。可能与挪威語 flanta (“炫耀，四处走”)、冰島語 flana (“四处走，匆匆忙忙”)和法語 flâner (“四处走，晃荡”)有关。
还有说法称，其可能与瑞典語 flankt (“松垮地”)（对比英語 flaunt-a-flaunt）有关，其源自flanka (“摇晃”)，其为flakka (“摇摆”)的鼻音化变体，与中古英語 flacken (“来回走，颤动”)有关。还见flack。

flaunts (third-person singular present)
flaunting (present participle)
flaunted (past participle)

She’s always flaunting her designer clothes.

Never one to miss an opportunity to flaunt his wealth, Khashoggi let his yacht be used for the 1983 Bond film Never Say Never Again.

2017年June7日，Adam Lusher，“Adnan Khashoggi: the 'whoremonger' whose arms deals funded a playboy life of decadence and 'pleasure wives'”, in The Independent，London:


unleash

unleashes (third-person singular present)
unleashing (present participle)
unleashed (past participle)

He unleashed his dog in the park.

他在公園撒開了自己的狗。


falter

源自中古英語 falteren (“蹒跚，踉跄”)，之后词源不详。可能源自某北日耳曼語支语言，比如古諾爾斯語 faltrask (“被妨碍”)。也可能是fold的反复态，但从d变换为t不寻常。

falters (third-person singular present)
faltering (present participle)
faltered (past participle)

结巴地说，用颤抖的声音说，口齿不清地说

And here he faltered forth his last farewell.

1807, Lord Byron, Childish Recollections

With faltering speech and visage incomposed.

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


frolic

源自荷蘭語 vrolijk (“欢喜的”)，源自中古荷蘭語 vrolijc，源自古荷蘭語 frōlīk，源自原始日耳曼語 *frawalīkaz。对比德語 fröhlich (“开心的，快乐的”)。
前一个元素，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *frawaz并与中古英語 frow (“匆忙的”)同源；之后的元素，最终源自*-līkaz并与-ly、-like同源。

frolics (third-person singular present)
frolicking (present participle)
frolicked (past participle)


forestall

源自中古英語 forestallen (“防止，阻碍，奇袭，堵截”)，源自forestalle (“阻碍，堵截”)，源自古英語 foresteall (“妨碍司法；奇袭”)，源自fore- (“前面”) + steall (“摆放，放置”)，等价于fore- + stall。

forestalls (third-person singular present)
forestalling (present participle)
forestalled (past participle)

Fred forestalled disaster by his prompt action.

Fred迅速行动防止了灾难发生。

In French, an aspirated h forestalls elision.

法语中，有嘘音h时不省略元音。


foretell

约1300年，源自中古英語 foretellen，等价于fore- + tell。

foretells (third-person singular present)
foretelling (present participle)
foretold (past participle)

Prodigies, foretelling the future eminence and lustre of his character.

1741，Conyers Middleton，The Life of Cicero:

给...预言，告诉...预言

[…] there came to him a Person named Saul, whom Samuel had never before seen; but God made him know it was the same he had foretold him of.

1739，Edward Button，Rudiments of Ancient History:


fumble

晚期中古英語，源自低地德語 fommeln或者荷蘭語 fommelen。
或者可能源自某斯堪的纳维亚/北日耳曼語支语言，对比古諾爾斯語 fálma、瑞典語 fumla、丹麥語 fumle、德語 fummeln。
两者最终可能都是表示这一动作的拟声词。或者，源自原始印歐語 *pal- (“摇”)，参见拉丁語 palpo (“轻触”)，及原始西日耳曼語 *fōlijan (“感受”)。

fumbles (third-person singular present)
fumbling (present participle)
fumbled (past participle)

摸索，笨拙地擺弄，慌張地擺弄

Waiting for the interview, he fumbled with his tie.

等着面试时他在慌张地摆弄他的领带。

He fumbled the key into the lock.

他慌慌张张地把钥匙插到锁里。

He fumbled for his keys.

He fumbled his way to the light-switch.

to fumble for an excuse

My understanding stutters, and my memory fumbles.

1711年August12日，Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield，letter to Dr. Chevenix:

Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.

1800，Wordsworth，Written in Germany on one of the coldest days of the century:

Henderson's best strike on goal saw goalkeeper Kingson uncomfortably fumble his measured shot around the post.

2010年December28日，Owen Phillips，“Sunderland 0 - 2 Blackpool”, in BBC:


flabbergast

不详，可能是一方言词（萨福克郡），源自flabby或flap (“打击”) + aghast。该词可能与苏格兰英語 flabrigast (“夸口”)或flabrigastit (“筋疲力竭”)有关。
名词派生自动词。

flabbergasts (third-person singular present)
flabbergasting (present participle)
flabbergasted (past)
flabbergasted (past participle)
flabbergast (past participle)

flabbergaster

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

He was flabbergasted to find that his work had been done for him before he began.

他发现他的活在他开始做之前就已经做好了的时候目瞪口呆。

Her stupidity flabbergasts me, and I have to force myself to keep a straight face while she explains her beliefs.

她的愚蠢真是惊到我了，她在解释她那些信念的时候我得憋着我的表情。

I love to flabbergast the little-minded by shattering their preconceptions about my nationality and gender.

我特别喜欢粉碎掉那些对我的民族和性别的偏见，让那些心胸狭隘的人大吃一惊。

The oddity of the situation was so flabbergasting I couldn’t react in time for anyone to see it.

反常的势态令我大吃一惊，让我没有时间作出反应让别人看到。

Now we are flabbergaſted and bored from morning to night—in the ſenate, at Cox's muſeum, at Ranelagh, and even at church.

1772，“Observator” [pseudonym]，“On New Words; from the Same [Town and Country Magazine]”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XV, London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, […], 出版於 1773, →OCLC，頁 191，列 1:

They flabagast good manners and good morals, and only show that one of the parties is vex'd and disappinted.^([sic])

1834，Jack Downing [pseudonym; Seba Smith]，章號 XXV, in The Life of Andrew Jackson, President of the United States，Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by T. K. Greenbank, →OCLC，頁 183:

Now, there are assertions, not dissimilar in their power of benumbing and flabbergasting one, but yet within the bounds of sane and perfectly orderly plausibility, for which our language wants a name. Paradox is too hackneyed a term. They ought to be called Buckleisms. When a man makes an assertion clean in the teeth of all previous belief, and makes it coolly, fluently, without proof, and yet as if contradiction were impossible—that is a Buckleism.

1861 August，[David Masson]，“Mr. Buckle’s Doctrine as to the Scotch and Their History”, in Macmillan’s Magazine，卷 IV, 期 22, Cambridge, London: Macmillan and Co. […], →OCLC, part II (The Weasel-wars of Scotland and the Scottish Reformation)，頁 316，列 1:

Skates that are not quite a fit, my dear Smith, / May flabberghast even a chap of your pith.

1887年January29日，“The ‘Emergency-Man’”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 XCII, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁 54，列 1:

At this I was rendered completely flabaghast—for, although the allegation was undeniably correct, I had confidently hoped that my friend Ram was unaware of the fact, or would at least have the ordinary mother-wit to refrain from blurting it out!

1896年August22日，[F. Anstey] [pseudonym; Thomas Anstey Guthrie]，“Jottings and Tittlings. (By Baboo Hurry Bungsho Jabberjee, B.A.) No. XXI. Mr. Jabberjee Halloos before He is Quite Out of the Woods”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 CXI, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁s 88–89，列 2:

He [Franklin Delano Roosevelt] loved to flabbergast his associates by announcing some startling new policy without consulting any of them.

1956，John T[homas] Flynn，“The Rabbits Go Back in the Hat”, in The Roosevelt Myth，第revised版, New York, N.Y.: Devin-Adair Publishing Company, →OCLC; reprinted Auburn, Ala.: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008, →OCLC, book 1 (Trial—and Error)，頁s 50–51:

The idea may surprise you, but I intend that it shall flabbergast the poor foolish Englishmen mured up behind those pine and redwood logs. Flabbergast 'em, I say!

2008，Harry Turtledove，The United States of Atlantis: A Novel of Alternate History，New York, N.Y.: Roc/New American Library, →ISBN，頁 240:

Then the most unbelievable thing happened, totally flabbergasting every student in the class.

2012，Tara M. Tamasi，Ms. O’Brien’s Class，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 226:


flout

可能是源自中古英語 flouten (“吹笛子”)，对比荷蘭語 fluiten。

flouts (third-person singular present)
flouting (present participle)
flouted (past participle)

嘲笑，轻视，违抗 （法律，规则等）

The manoeuvres of Microsoft and HP appear to comply with the letter of the regulations, even if they flout their spirit.

2012, The Economist, Sep 29th 2012 issue, Tax alchemy: Tech's avoidance


flunk

变换自funk，或可能是flinch + funk 組成的混成詞。

flunks (third-person singular present)
flunking (present participle)
flunked (past participle)

He flunked math, again.

Unsatisfied with Fred's progress, the teacher flunked him.

老师不满意Fred的进展，给了他不及格。


fickle

源自中古英語 fikelen，源自fikel (“浮躁的”)，见前文。与低地德語 fikkelen (“欺骗，奉承”)、德語 ficklen、ficheln (“欺骗，奉承”)同源。

fickles (third-person singular present)
fickling (present participle)
fickled (past participle)

使...困惑，使...迷惑


fluoridate

fluoridates (third-person singular present)
fluoridating (present participle)
fluoridated (past participle)

給……添加氟化物（尤其是加到飲用水中，以防止蛀牙）


fluorinate

fluorinates (third-person singular present)
fluorinating (present participle)
fluorinated (past participle)


gaslight

源自英国戏剧家和小说家Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962)所著舞台剧《煤气灯下》及其在1940年和1944年的电影改编。剧中的丈夫通过改变生活环境的一些小细节，如煤气灯的亮度，来使其妻子和其他人认为其妻子丧失了心智。详见英语维基百科。

gaslights (third-person singular present)
gaslighting (present participle)
gaslighted (past participle)
gaslit (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav

head-game

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

该词较为模糊的用法包括形容无意的煤气灯效应，甚至广义的撒谎、误导、失之偏颇、奚落等，导致其原严格的词义失去了恶意色彩。详见英语维基百科文章中关于该词过度泛用的介绍。

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

Sylvia is a beautiful woman whose business-partner husband is "gaslighting" her. (That means he's trying to drive her crazy.)

1962, "The Journal Pre-Views Tonight's TV." Jersey Journal [Jersey City, NJ]. February 12, 1962: 12 col 6, describing the plot of the episode "Who Is Sylvia" of the television show Surfside 6:

[The men of McHale's Navy] decide to "gaslight" the already befuddled captain, to convince him he is going insane.

1963, "TV Scout." Daily Press [Utica, NY]. November 18, 1963: 24 col 2, describing the plot of the episode "The August Teahouse of Quint McHale" of McHale's Navy:

"You're gaslighting me, for chrissakes."

1964, in an argument between the characters Jenny and Charley in William Goldman's novel Boys and Girls Together, page 564:

I came home before he could gaslight me like Boyer did Bergman in the movie.

1967, Stan Freberg (comedian), on his "most excruciating experience with a producer" as interviewed in Humphrey, Hal. "'Dramatic' Role Played By Freberg." The Oregonian [Portland, OR]. February 11, 1967: II 3 col 3.

Just in the nick of time Rachel finds out the truth about her life from Martha. … This is how I wanted to show the gaslighting that had been going on Rachel's entire life.

2016, Tate Taylor (movie director), in the commentary version of The Girl on the Train (2016 film), discussing a train scene seventy-six minutes into the movie:

In fact, political scholars have written a great deal about Trump's gaslighting of the American people on various fronts. For example, Duca (2016) describes Trump's gaslighting as only beginning when he has initially lied or misled about issues—such as falsely claiming that the United States is the highest-taxed country in the world or that crime is on the rise. As Duca puts it: 'The gaslighting part comes in when the fictions are disputed by the media and Trump doubles down on his lies before painting himself as a victim […]'

2021年September28日，Alexander Brown，An Ethics of Political Communication，Routledge, →ISBN:


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

grubs (third-person singular present)
grubbing (present participle)
grubbed (past participle)

挖；将...连根挖起 （常后接up）

to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge

连根挖起树，灌木丛或莎草

They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

1846，Julius Hare，The Mission of the Comforter:


gruel

gruels (third-person singular present)
gruelling (present participle)
grueling (present participle)
gruelled (past participle)
grueled (past participle)

使...筋疲力竭，用尽，用坏


gutter

源自中古英語 gutter、guttur、goter，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 guttere，源自古法語 goutiere（法語 gouttière），最终源自拉丁語 gutta (“滴”)。

gutters (third-person singular present)
guttering (present participle)
guttered (past participle)

把...滑到沟里（保龄球）

给...配备排水沟，沟渠等

The gutter'd-Rockes, and Congregated Sands,

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 2, scene 1]:

使...恶化；强调...变差

The students' performance guttered after the school event.

The patient's state would soon gutter.


huddle

源自中古英語 *hudelen，变化自（因 hudels、hidels (“藏匿处”)，见hiddle）*huderen、hoderen (“盖住；压在一起；簇拥”)，中古英語 huden、hiden (“藏起”)的重复态，等价于hide + -le和/或hide + -er。对比低地德語 huderken (“育雏；养育；照料；哄孩子睡觉”)。

huddles (third-person singular present)
huddling (present participle)
huddled (past participle)

杂乱无章地将...混起来

Huddle up a peace.

1845, John Henry Newman, Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine

This resolution she accordingly executed; and the next morning before the sun, she huddled on her cloaths, and at a very unfashionable, unseasonable, unvisitable hour, went to Lady Bellaston […]

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:


hairbrush

hair-brush (alternative)
hairbrushes (third-person singular present)
hairbrushing (present participle)
hairbrushed (past participle)

Bad feeding, adolescence—always a dangerous period for the male—and the brutality and bestiality in the dormitories made life a hell on earth. An apathy settled on me. I withered. I learned nothing; I did nothing. I was kicked, hounded, caned, flogged, hairbrushed, morning, noon, and night.

1938，C. R. W. Nevinson，Paint and Prejudice，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company，頁s 11–12:

Do you know what it’s like, Brannan, to be flogged and hairbrushed, kicked and cursed every day of your school life? I’m treated worse than a dog and nobody gives a damn—least of all the masters.

2014，Dominic Luke，Nothing Undone Remained，London: Buried River Press，頁 147:


hunch

hunk的齒擦音變體，起源不確定。
或是派生自hump，經由早期中古英語*hunche、*humpchin，來自*hump + -chin, -chen (指小詞後綴)，等同於hump + -kin。“預感，猜測”義據說源自過去賭博時摸駝背能帶來好運的迷信。

hunches (third-person singular present)
hunching (present participle)
hunched (past participle)

slouch

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

stoop

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

lean

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

elbow

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

nudge

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

抬起（肩膀）；向前彎曲（身體）

They stood outside the door hunching themselves against the rain and puffing on their cigarettes.

他們在門外一邊站著，弓著背躲雨，一邊抽著煙。

He hunched up his shoulders and stared down at the ground.

他抬起肩膀，往地下盯著。

Danc[ing] Mast[er]. […] not too fast […] keep you[r] leg[s] straight, […] don’t hunch up your shoulders so;

1672, Edward Ravenscroft, The Citizen Turn’d Gentleman, London: Thomas Dring, Act I, Scene 1, p. 4,

If you hunch your shoulders too long against a storm your shoulders will grow bowed....

1924, Ford Madox Ford, Some Do Not ..., New York: Grosset & Dunlap, Part 2, Chapter 2,

He would hunch his twisted body close and put out his gentle and crooked hand and touch the fawn.

1938, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, New York: Scribner, Chapter 17,

They sat looking out at the dark, at the square of light the kitchen lantern threw on the ground outside the door, with a hunched shadow of Grampa in the middle of it.

1939, John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, New York: Viking, 1958, Chapter 10, p. 142,

隆起，使突出；彎曲（背等）。

[…] thou art all one errour; soul and body.

1679, John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee, Oedipus, London: R. Bentley and M. Magnes, Act I, p. 6,

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

After this, we saw a great Troop of Women upon the High-way to Hell, with their Bags; and their fellows, at their Heels, ever, and anon, hunching, and Justling one Another.

1667, Roger L’Estrange (translator), The Visions of Dom Francisco de Quevedo Villegas, London: H. Herringman, “The Sixth Vision of Hell,” pp. 182-183,

Hickman, a great over-grown, lank-hair’d, chubby boy, who would be hunch’d and punch’d by every-body; and go home, with his finger in his eye, and tell his mother.

1748, Samuel Richardson, Clarissa, London: for the author, Volume 2, Letter 1, p. 8,

He let his eyes scan the faces of all the white teachers, male and female, but would end up with a stare at the colored man sitting there. Finally, he hunched his seat-mate with his elbow and asked what man that was.

1899, Sutton E. Griggs, Imperium in Imperio, Chapter 6,

She hunched me and winked.

1974, Maya Angelou, Gather Together in My Name, New York: Bantam, 1975, Chapter 12, p. 40,

[…] Crunch burst through, pretending to be in Croke Park or somewhere, hunching me away with his shoulder and holding the ghost of other players at bay as he picked up the football.

1986, Billy Roche, Tumbling Down, Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1994, Chapter 6, pp. 102-103,


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

hurls (third-person singular present)
hurling (present participle)
hurled (past participle)

I was standing on the edge of the conning-tower, when a heavy palm suddenly struck me between the shoulders and hurled me forward into space. The drop to the triangular deck forward of the conning-tower might easily have broken a leg for me, or I might have slipped off onto the deck and rolled overboard; but fate was upon my side, as I was only slightly bruised.

1918，Edgar Rice Burroughs，The Land That Time Forgot, Chapter IV:

The Tottenham wing was causing havoc down the right and when he broke past the bemused Sasa Balic once again, Bellamy was millimetres from connecting with his cross as the Liverpool striker hurled himself at the ball.

2011年September2日，“Wales 2-1 Montenegro”, in BBC:

说出 （尖锐或贬低的话）

The gangs hurled abuse at each other.

Tarzan on his part never lost an opportunity to show that he fully reciprocated his foster father's sentiments, and whenever he could safely annoy him or make faces at him or hurl insults upon him from the safety of his mother's arms, or the slender branches of the higher trees, he did so.

1912，Edgar Rice Burroughs，Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 5:

Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, “So! You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days, come down from the cross and save yourself!"

1984，New International Version of the Bible, Mark 15:29-30:

It is Boxing Day in a football ground, and all we can do is sprawl over the plastic, hurling instructions and vague encouragement.

2016，Daniel Gray，Saturday, 3pm: 50 Eternal Delights of Modern Football:

On Nicias a philosopher having his shoes stolen from him, may they, said he, fit his feet that took them away. A wish at the first view very harmless, but there was that in it which poisoned his charity into a malicious revenge. For he himself had hurled or crooked feet, so that in effect he wished the thief to be lame.

1645，Thomas Fuller，Good Thoughts in Bad Times:


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。

hurtles (third-person singular present)
hurtling (present participle)
hurtled (past participle)

fling

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

hurl

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

He hurtled the wad of paper angrily at the trash can and missed by a mile.

他生气地朝垃圾桶丢了一捆纸，但是丢偏了很远。

Soone as thoſe glitterand armes he did eſpye, / That vvith their brightneſſe made that darknes light, / His harmefull club he gan to hurtle hye, / And threaten batteill to the Faery knight; […]

[1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 42，頁 283:

Away, thou east wind, snarling like a scold! / […] / Now, like sheep-shearer, from some mountain fold, / Thou hurtlest air with twisting, fleecy flakes / Of martial snow, that like a tyrant bold, / His pleasure in his neighbour's vineyard takes, / Nor careth for the wreck that everywhere he makes.

1882，Charles Miller，“The Delaying Spring”, in The Three Scholars and Other Poems，Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot, […], →OCLC，頁 58:


halogenate

halogenates (third-person singular present)
halogenating (present participle)
halogenated (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-halogenate.wav


hide

源自中古英語 hiden、huden，源自古英語 hȳdan (“隐藏，保留”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdijan (“隐藏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdijaną (“藏匿”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewdʰ- (“盖，包”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewH- (“盖”)。
动词原为弱变化。钦定版圣经中，过去分词使用了hid和hidden。
同源词包括荷蘭語 huiden、低地德語 (ver)hüden、(ver)hüen (“隐藏，掩盖”)、威爾士語 cuddio (“隐藏”)、拉丁語 custōs、古希臘語 κεύθω (keúthō，“隐藏，掩盖”)、梵語 कुहरम् (kuharam，“洞穴”)。与hut和sky有关。

hides (third-person singular present)
hiding (present participle)
hid (past)
hidden (past participle)
hid (past participle)

The blind man, whom he had not been able to cure with the pomade, had gone back to the hill of Bois-Guillaume, where he told the travellers of the vain attempt of the druggist, to such an extent, that Homais when he went to town hid himself behind the curtains of the "Hirondelle" to avoid meeting him.

1856, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part III Chapter XI, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日，Timothy Garton Ash，“Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 18:

He hides his magazines under the bed.

他把他的杂志藏在床底下。

The politicians were accused of keeping information hidden from the public.

政治家被指责对公众隐瞒信息。


hitch

可能源自中古英語 hicchen、hytchen、icchen (“猛地移动”)，词源不详，其他语言中难以找到同源词。对比itch、hike。

hitches (third-person singular present)
hitching (present participle)
hitched (past participle)

She hitched her jeans up and then tightened her belt.

她把牛仔裤一把扯上来，然后系上皮带。

He hitched the bedroll to his backpack and went camping.

他把铺盖卷固定到背包上，然后去露营了。

Philander went into the next room, which was just a lean-to hitched on to the end of the shanty, and came back with a salt mackerel that dripped brine like a rainstorm. Then he put the coffee pot on the stove and rummaged out a loaf of dry bread and some hardtack.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 8, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

The company has hitched its future to artificial intelligence — whether with its voice-enabled digital assistant or its automated placement of advertising for marketers — as the breakthrough technology to make the next generation of services and devices smarter and more capable.

2020年December3日，Cade Metz，Daisuke Wakabayashi，“Google Researcher Says She Was Fired Over Paper Highlighting Bias in A.I.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


harbinger

harbingers (third-person singular present)
harbingering (present participle)
harbingered (past participle)

/ˈhɑːbɪndʒə/

/ˈhɑɹbɪnd͡ʒəɹ/


holler

hollers (third-person singular present)
hollering (present participle)
hollered (past participle)


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。

hoodwinks (third-person singular present)
hoodwinking (present participle)
hoodwinked (past participle)

用兜帽等盖住...的眼睛；蒙住...的眼睛 （自16世纪中叶）

For, (having many times torne the vaile of modestie) it seemed, for a laste delight, that she delighted in infamy: which often she had used to her husbands shame, filling all mens eares (but his) with reproch; while he (hoodwinkt with kindnes) lest of all mẽ [men] knew who strake him.

c. 1580，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“[The Second Booke] Chapter 20”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC，頁s 278–279:

The earth is given over into the hand of the Wicked One, / Who hoodwinketh the faces of its judges. / If this be not so, where, who is HE?

1871，“Reply of Job to the First Speech of Bildad”, in John Noble Coleman（譯者）, The Poem of Job: The Most Ancient Book in the Universe: The First Written Revelation which God Vouchsafed to Man. […]，第2nd版, […] [T[homas] and A[rchibald] Constable at the Edinburgh University Press] for private circulation, →OCLC, chapter IX, verse 24，頁 27:

[L]ocal prophecy declares on Merlin's authority that when the tree falls Carmarthen will fall with it. Perhaps through an unconscious desire on the part of some patriotic citizens of averting the calamity by inducing the tree-spirit to transfer its abode, or else by otherwise hoodwinking the tree-spirit into forgetting that Merlin's Oak is dead, a vigorous and now flourishing young oak has been planted so directly beside it that its foliage embraces it.

1911，W[alter] Y[eeling] Evans-Wentz，“The Testimony of Paganism”, in The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries，London, New York, N.Y.: Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, →OCLC, section III (The Cult of Gods, Spirits, Fairies, and the Dead)，頁 435:

Ex-King Constantine would be regarded as an apt disciple so long as he succeeded in his purpose of hoodwinking the Allies.

1917年September21日，“The Greek White Book”, in The Near East: A Weekly Review of Oriental Politics, Literature, Finance, and Commerce，卷 XIII, 期 333, London: The Near East Editorial and Publishing Offices, →OCLC，頁 410，列 1:

Can't the New York myth be exploded before Mr. De Sapio [i.e, Carmine DeSapio] hoodwinks Mr. [William Averell] Harriman and the Democratic Party?

1955年November7日，Russell C. Stroup，“Native Sons [letter]”, in Time，卷 LXVI, 期 19, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 10，列 2:

Is it funny in the novel [The Horse’s Mouth (1944) by Joyce Cary] to hear Gulley tell about hoodwinking his former or prospective rich patrons with absurd pranks?

1959 January，Parker Tyler，“Has the Horse’s Mouth a Gold Tooth?”, in ARTnews，卷 57, 期 9, New York, N.Y.: Art Foundation Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 38，列 2:

As his correspondence with successive aristocratic First Lords of the Admiralty reveals, he was both unctuously deferential in his dealings with his official and social superiors, and capable sometimes of hoodwinking them.

2007，Linda Colley，“Out of the Caribbean”, in The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: How a Remarkable Woman Crossed Seas and Empires to Become a Part of World History，London: Harper Perennial, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 39:

In the absence of enforcement, many liurai decided to sell the coffee beans and to pocket the profits. To claw back the money, the Portuguese hired the warriors of a nearby liurai as tax collectors. This itself proved hardly a fail-safe strategy as, on many occasions, the liurai who were sent out to get the money hoodwinked the Portuguese and also kept the stash.

2013，Gordon [Patrick] Peake，“The Portuguese Monument”, in Beloved Land: Stories, Struggles, and Secrets from Timor-Leste，Brunswick, Vic., London: Scribe Publications, →ISBN，頁 21:

The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hoodwinked—when the harp of the poet was to be hung on the willows of Arno, and the right hand of the painter to forget its cunning.

1827 March，[Thomas Babington Macaulay]，“Art. I. Œuvres complétes de Machiavel, traduites par J. V. Perier. Paris, 1825. [book review]”, in The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal，卷 XLV, 期 XC, Edinburgh: […] [T]he heirs of D. Willison, for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, […]; and Adam Black, […], →OCLC，頁 285:


irk

繼承自中古英語 irken (“使...劳累”)，源自古諾爾斯語 yrkja (“工作”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wurkijaną (“工作”)，源自原始印歐語 *werǵ- (“劳”)。同源词有冰島語 yrkja (“撰写”)、瑞典語 yrka (“催促，争辩”)、古英語 wyrċan (“工作”)。详见work。

irks (third-person singular present)
irking (present participle)
irked (past participle)

It irks me doing all this work and have someone wreck it.

做了那么多东西最后被人给毁了，让我非常气恼。


instigate

源自拉丁語 īnstīgātus，īnstīgāre (“促使；煽动”)的过去分词，源自前缀in- (“...里”) + *stigare，与stinguere (“推动，刺激”)有关。对比德語 stechen (“戳，扎”)、英語 stick。

instigates (third-person singular present)
instigating (present participle)
instigated (past participle)

to instigate a riot

If the man perceives that his partner has arousal or orgasmic difficulties, this is likely to influence his desire to instigate sexual activity and/or his enjoyment and pleasure in being sexual with his partner.

2017, Desa Markovic, Working with Sexual Issues in Psychotherapy

to instigate someone to a crime

he might instigate them to swear against the law of God

1678, Robert Barclay, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity


ingrain

繼承自中古英語 engreynen，源自法語短语en grain，并得到了短语(dyed) in grain的增补。见grain。

ingrains (third-person singular present)
ingraining (present participle)
ingrained (past participle)

将...染色 （用速效或持久的染料）

The dirt was deeply ingrained in the carpet.

The lessons I learned at school were firmly ingrained in my mind.

我在学校学的课已经深深刻入我的脑海。


impugn

借自中古法語 impugner，源自拉丁語 impugnō，源自im- + pugnō (“打斗”)，源自pugnus (“拳头”)，即英语中的pugilism (“用拳头打架”)。

impugns (third-person singular present)
impugning (present participle)
impugned (past participle)

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:impugn。


intricate

和形容词一样，或与extricate类比而得来。

intricates (third-person singular present)
intricating (present participle)
intricated (past participle)

将...卷入，使...混入

But the British and French won't hear of that; they want to get their troops extricated and our ground troops intricated.

1994 December 12, William Safire, “Avoid Dunkirk II” (essay), in The New York Times:


jibe

不详，可能源自古法語 giber (“嬉戏打闹”)。对比英語 jib (“（马）停下不愿继续走”)、古諾爾斯語 geipa (“胡说”)。
名词派生自动词。

jibes (third-person singular present)
jibing (present participle)
jibed (past participle)

We could hardly speak before for fear of our Taskmasters; but we dare now Nose those Villains that used to gibe us.

1714，John Arbuthnot，A Farther Continuation of the History of the Crown-Inn: Part III. Containing the Present State of the Inn, and Other Particulars，第2nd版, London: Printed for J. Moor, […], →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2019-03-10，頁 15:

How I want thee, hum'rous Hogarth! / Thou, I hear, a pleaſant Rogue art; / […] / Draw the Beaſts as I deſcribe them, / From their Features, while I gibe them.

a. 1746，[Jonathan] Swift，“A Character, Panegyrick, and Description of the Legion Club”, in Miscellanies，第5th版, 卷 X, London: Printed for T. Woodward, C. Davis, C. Bathurst, and W[illiam] Bowyer, 出版於 1751, →OCLC，頁s 227–228:


jilt

低地蘇格蘭語 jillet (“轻佻女性”)的缩约形。

jilts (third-person singular present)
jilting (present participle)
jilted (past participle)

将...无情抛弃，甩 (爱人)；（在恋爱中）欺骗

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again; for, even after she had conquered her love for the Celebrity, the mortification of having been jilted by him remained.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


hyphenate

hyphenates (third-person singular present)
hyphenating (present participle)
hyphenated (past participle)


juxtapose

借自法語 juxtaposer，对应英语中juxta- + pose，派生自拉丁語 iuxtā (“在...旁”) + pōnō (“放置”)。

juxtaposes (third-person singular present)
juxtaposing (present participle)
juxtaposed (past participle)

将……并列放置（尤指用于对比等）

"In juxtaposing the youth athletes of our grandparents' generation with those of the modern era, we're essentially comparing Volkswagen Beetles to Hummers."

2006, Scarnati, Chris, "We should follow New Jersey's lead on this one", YourCranberry:


kerchief

源自中古英語 coverchef及其他形式，源自古法語 couvrechief，源自couvrir (“盖住”) + chief (“头”)。

kerchiefs (third-person singular present)
kerchiefing (present participle)
kerchiefed (past participle)


lavender

源自中古英語 lavendre，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 lavendre（法語 lavande），源自中世紀拉丁語 lavendula，可能源自拉丁語 lividus (“浅蓝的”)，但因薰衣草常用于洗衣，而受到了lavō (“洗”)的影响。

lavenders (third-person singular present)
lavendering (present participle)
lavendered (past participle)

用薰衣草装饰或给...予薰衣草香

Short shafts of dying sunlight mingled with the deepening grey, lavendering the horizon, and all nature seemed to hush as though waiting to welcome the night.

1986，Katherine Gibson Fougera，With Custer's Cavalry，頁 47:


loofah

借自阿拉伯語 لُوفَة (lūfa)。

loofahs (third-person singular present)
loofahing (present participle)
loofahed (past participle)

And she took good care of my feet, massaging them and loofahing the calluses away.

2006，Scott Dikkers, Peter Hilleren，Destined for Destiny，頁 63:

I may have snuck in showering myself—plus shaving, loofahing, hair blow-drying, reapplying makeup, changing my outfit five times, and winding up in what I started out with.

2012，Jill Smolinski，Objects of My Affection: