plight

源自中古英語 plight (“风险，危险”)，源自古英語 pliht (“风险，危险，损坏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *plihti (“照料，责任，职责，使命”)。其一个带后缀形式出现于古英语pleoh (“风险，危险，伤害”，亦“责任”)和plēon (“使...危险，让...冒风险”)。与古英語 plihtan (“使...有风险”)有关。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 plicht (“责任”)、荷蘭語 plicht、低地德語 plicht (“使命”)、德語 Pflicht (“责任，使命”)、丹麥語 pligt (“使命”)、意第緒語 פֿליכט (flikht)。详见pledge。

plights (third-person singular present)
plighting (present participle)
plighted (past participle)


equate

源自中古英語 equaten，源自拉丁語 aequātus，aequō的過去分詞。

æquate (alternative)
equates (third-person singular present)
equating (present participle)
equated (past participle)

Mr. Hoyle, who does not believe many multiple-unit diesel services on secondary routes will resist for ever the road transport challenge, would forgo passenger traffic altogether on a little-used route in order to improve the quality of the freight working and reduce its costs by equating the average speed of all trains on the line concerned.

1960 February，“Talking of Trains”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 67:


pun

繼承自中古英語 ponnen、ponen、punen，來自古英語 punian、pūnian (“重擊，毆打，咆哮，輾壓，研磨”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *punōną (“打碎，粉碎”)。參見pound。作為一種文字遊戲，來自"beating"字到位的概念。

puns (third-person singular present)
punning (present participle)
punned (past participle)


orange

源自中古英語 orenge, orange ← 古法語 pome orenge (“波斯橙”)，字面意思“橘子蘋果”，受古奧克語 auranja影響，轉譯自古意大利語 melarancio, melarancia，mela (“蘋果”)和(n)arancia (“橙子”)的複合 ← 阿拉伯語 نَارَنْج (nāranj) ← 波斯語 نارنگ (nârang) ← 梵語 नारङ्ग (nāraṅga，“橙樹”) ← 達羅毗荼語系（對比泰米爾語 நார்த்தங்காய் (nārttaṅkāy)，நரந்தம் (narantam，“香氣”)和காய் (kāy，“水果”)的複合；也見泰盧固語 నారంగము (nāraṅgamu), 馬拉雅拉姆語 നാരങ്ങ (nāraṅṅa), 卡納達語 ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ (kittaḷe)）。
顏色一義則是代替了古英語 ġeolurēad (字面意思是“黃-紅”)；對比英語 blue-green。

oranges (third-person singular present)
oranging (present participle)
oranged (past participle)

/ˈɔɹ(ɪ)nd͡ʒ/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-orange.wav


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ，“需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai，“需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva，“短的，小的”)）。

girls (third-person singular present)
girling (present participle)
girled (past participle)

女性化，将...当作女孩或女性

Quite different is the way in which the tomboy girled the rebel narrative. In recent years, queer theorists have taken a deep interest in the tomboy as a prefigure for the butch dyke.

2005，Leerom Medovoi，Rebels: Youth and the Cold War Origins of Identity，頁 293:

One can argue that the genre “yuppified” the popular romance novel or perhaps “girled” the not especially gender-specific concept of the young urban professional.

2011，Stephanie Harzewski，Chick Lit and Postfeminism:


rain

源自中古英語 reyn、rein，源自古英語 reġn，源自原始西日耳曼語 *regn，源自原始日耳曼語 *regną（对比西弗里斯蘭語 rein、荷蘭語 regen、德語 Regen、丹麥語以及挪威語 regn），之后词源不详。可能源自先日耳曼语言 *Hréǵ-no-，源自原始印歐語 *Hreǵ- (“流”)（对比拉丁語 rigō (“湿的”)、立陶宛語 rõki (“毛毛雨”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 rrjedh (“流，滴”)），但辅音重建无法匹配。

rains (third-person singular present)
raining (present participle)
rained (past participle)

The boxer rained punches on his opponent's head.

拳击手反复密集地拳击对手的头部。


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

pigs (third-person singular present)
pigging (present participle)
pigged (past participle)


you

源自中古英語 you、yow、ȝow (ye的賓語)，源自古英語 ēow、īow (ġē的與格)，源自原始日耳曼語 *iwwiz (*jīz的與格)，*izwiz (*jūz的與格)的西部方言，源自原始印歐語 *yūs (“你們”)、*yū́。
與低地蘇格蘭語 you (“你”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 jou (“你”)、西弗里斯蘭語 jo (“你”)、低地德語 jo、joe、oe (“你”)、荷蘭語 jou、u (“你”)、中古高地德語 eu、iu (“你”，賓格代詞)、拉丁語 vōs (“你”)、阿維斯陀語 𐬬𐬋 (vō，“你”)、阿什昆語 iã (“你”)、卡姆卡塔-維利語 šo (“你”)、梵語 यूयम् (yūyám，“你”)同源。
參見使用注意章節。Ye、you 和 your分別與荷蘭語 jij/je、jou、jouw；低地德語 ji、jo/ju、jug，以及德語 ihr、euch、euer同源。ye也與瑞典語 I〈古〉同源。

yous (third-person singular present)
youing (present participle)
youed (past participle)
yu (alternative)

以代詞 you 來稱呼某人（如過去用 you 而不用 thou 稱呼，因為當時認為 you 更正式）

Youing consists in relating everything in the conversation to the person you wish to flatter, and introducing the word “you” into your speech as often as possible.

1930, Barrington Hall, Modern Conversation, Brewer & Warren, page 239:

Now even Princess Anne had dropped it. Sarah had heard her youing away on television the other night just like the inhabitants of her mother’s dominions beyond the seas.

1992, Barbara Anderson, Portrait of the Artist’s Wife, Victoria University Press, page 272:

But even having my very own personal pronoun was risky, because it’s pretty tough to keep stopped-hope stopped up when you are getting all youed up, when someone you really like keeps promising you scary, fun, exciting stuff—and even tougher for the of that moment to remain securely devoid of hope, to make smart, self-denying decisions with Dad you'''ing me—the long ooo of it broad and extended, like a hand.

2004, Ellen Miller, Brooklyn Noir, Akashic Books, "Practicing":


encore

借自法語 encore (“再次”)，亦曾使用过该词义。

encores (third-person singular present)
encoring (present participle)
encored (past participle)

to encore a performer

to encore a song


dictionary

dictionaries (third-person singular present)
dictionarying (present participle)
dictionaried (past participle)

/ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛɹi/

音頻（美式，加利福尼亞）


fan

fans (third-person singular present)
fanning (present participle)
fanned (past participle)

We enjoyed standing at the edge of the cliff, being fanned by the wind.

我們很享受站在懸崖邊緣被風吹拂的感覺。


soap

源自中古英語 sope、sape，源自古英語 sāpe (“肥皂，药膏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *saipā，源自原始日耳曼語 *saipǭ，源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*seyp- (“倒出，滴，流，滤”)。
与下列词同源：低地蘇格蘭語 saip、sape (“肥皂”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Seepe (“肥皂”)、西弗里斯蘭語 sjippe (“肥皂”)、荷蘭語 zeep (“肥皂”)、德國低地德語 Seep (“肥皂”)、德語 Seife (“肥皂”)、丹麥語 sæbe (“肥皂”)、瑞典語 såpa (“肥皂”)、書面挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、新挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、法羅語 sápa (“肥皂”)、冰島語 sápa (“肥皂”)。亦与古英語 sāp (“琥珀，树脂，发油，药膏”)、拉丁語 sēbum (“油脂”)有关。参见seep。拉丁語 sāpō (“肥皂”)乃借自日耳曼语族。

soaps (third-person singular present)
soaping (present participle)
soaped (past participle)

Be sure to soap yourself well before rinsing.

Those kids soaped my windows!

那帮小孩把肥皂液弄到我窗上了！


stumble

源自原始日耳曼語 *stam- (“摔跤；结巴，口吃”)，从而与德語 stumm (“哑的”)、荷蘭語 stom (“笨的”)有关。stammer 的同源對似詞。

stumbles (third-person singular present)
stumbling (present participle)
stumbled (past participle)


sad

中古英語 sad，源自古英語 sæd，源自原始日耳曼語 *sadaz，源自原始印歐語 *seh₂-。與西弗里斯蘭語 sêd，荷蘭語 zat，德語 satt 同源。

sads (third-person singular present)
sadding (present participle)
sadded (past participle)


child

childs (third-person singular present)
childing (present participle)
childed (past participle)

[ˈt͡ʃaɪ̯.ɫ̩d]

[t͡ʃəɪ̯(ə)ɫd]


hello

Hello（最早可考于1826年），源自holla、hollo（可考于1588年）。人们常认为这一hallo的变体是由托马斯·爱迪生为电话中使用造出的，但其在电话发明的几十年前就已经有书面使用。
最终源自古英语ēalā的变体，如hēlā，其类似于现在使用的hey和hi。因此等价于hey和lo构成的复合词。用来唤起别人的注意。
可能受到了古撒克遜語 halo!的影响，其为halōn (“喊，抓”)的命令式，为渡船船夫呼喊时使用，与古高地德語 hala、hola!有关，其为halōn、holōn (“抓取”)的命令式。详见hallo。

hellos (third-person singular present)
helloing (present participle)
helloed (past participle)

I had to traipse around somewhat, helloing people and being helloed, before I spotted my mother and my father, sharing shade and a spread blanket with Pete and Marie Reese and Toussaint Rennie near the back of the park.


give up

gives up (third-person singular present)
giving up (present participle)
gave up (past)
given up (past participle)

He was surrounded, so gave himself up.

他被包圍了，所以投降了。

They gave him up to the police.

They gave up the search when it got dark.

天黑了，他們停止了搜索。

He gave up his seat to an old man.

"Dear Miss Woodhouse, I would not give up the pleasure and honour of being intimate with you for any thing in the world."

“親愛的伍德豪斯小姐，跟你在一起又快樂又榮幸，我說什麽也不能離開你。”

They gave him up for dead.

他们認爲他活不成了。或
〈喻〉他們認爲他不會出現或到來了。

I gave up my faith years ago.

幾年前我放棄了我的信仰。

代表另一個經紀人執行交易


french

frenches (third-person singular present)
frenching (present participle)
frenched (past participle)


mother

:< 中古英語 moder < 古英語 mōdor < 原始日耳曼语 *mōđēr（对比古弗里斯兰语 mōder、荷兰语 moeder、德语 Mutter） < 原始印欧语 *méh₂tēr（对比爱尔兰语 máthair、吐火罗语A mācar、吐火罗语B mācer、立陶宛语 mótė）。

mothers (third-person singular present)
mothering (present participle)
mothered (past participle)


die

源自中古英語 deyen，源自古英語 dīeġan和古諾爾斯語 deyja，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *dawjan (“死”)。取代了古英語 sweltan，其派生出现代英语 swelt。

dies (third-person singular present)
dying (present participle)
died (past participle)

以...死亡（某种方式）

He died a hero's death.

They died a thousand deaths.

[…] he chose instead to suffer even greater personal pain, with unimaginable fortitude and resolve, albeit for a shorter time. Thus he died a small death, in order to benefit the living. Similarly, a small and voluntary death was died by Socrates.

2019，Lou Marinoff，On Human Conflict: The Philosophical Foundations of War and Peace，Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 452:


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

dicks (third-person singular present)
dicking (present participle)
dicked (past participle)

Dude, don't let them dick you around like that!

老弟，別讓他們那麼捉弄你！

Listen, this old gal we going to see probably don't like liquor and drinking, so be cool. I'm just gon borrow a few bucks off her. I ain't never dicked her or nothing.


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

routes (third-person singular present)
routing (present participle)
routeing (present participle)
routed (past participle)

All incoming mail was routed through a single office.

所有收到的郵件都通過一個辦公室轉送。

Google Glass has come under fire from privacy advocates because it can record video without subjects being aware of it, and that any video will be routed through Google's servers.

2014年June24日，“Google Glass go on sale in the UK for £1,000”, in The Guardian:


dun

未知；可能是din的變體。多個來源認為源自 Joe Dun，一名因逮捕追債者而出名的執達吏之名，不過這個說法有爭議。

duns (third-person singular present)
dunning (present participle)
dunned (past participle)

And hath she sent so soon to dun?

1768，Jonathan Swift，The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift，London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse，頁 309:

Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, Folio Society 1973, p. 577:

不停重複（要求等）來騷擾

Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.

1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin 2010, p. 107:


dun

可能源自處理過後魚的顏色。

醃製好鱈魚等魚類後將其堆放在不被光線直射到的地方, 並用碱茅等覆蓋來保存

Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.

1832，James Thacher，History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832，Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC，頁 317:


spy

源自中古英語 spien。

spies (third-person singular present)
spying (present participle)
spied (past participle)


dull

源自中古英語 dull、dul（亦作dyll、dill、dwal），源自古英語 dol (“乏味的，愚蠢的，错误的，谬误的，自以为是的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *dol，源自原始日耳曼語 *dulaz，源自早期形式*dwulaz，*dwalaz (“震惊的，疯狂的，愚蠢的，被误导的”)的一个变体，源自原始印歐語 *dʰwel-、*dʰewel- (“使...暗淡，遮蔽，隐晦”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 dull、doll (“迟钝的，聋的”)、北弗里斯蘭語 dol (“鲁莽的，草率的，晕眩的，轻率的”)、荷蘭語 dol (“疯狂的，失智的”)、低地德語 dul、dol (“疯狂的，愚蠢的，愚昧的”)、德語 toll (“疯狂的，鲁莽的，荒诞的”)、丹麥語 dval (“荒唐的，愚蠢的”)、冰島語 dulur (“遮掩的，守口如瓶的”)，西弗拉芒方言 dul (“生气的”)。

dulls (third-person singular present)
dulling (present participle)
dulled (past participle)

Years of misuse have dulled the tools.

常年的错误使用让工具变钝了。

使...变弱，缓解；使...变迟钝，使...变愚蠢

He drinks to dull the pain.

Use and custom have so dulled our eyes.

1850，Richard Chenevix Trench，Notes on the Miracles of Our Lord:


wile

源自中古英語 wile、wyle，源自古諾曼語 wile (“诡计，奸诈”)和古英語 wīl (“诡计，计谋”)和wiġle (“占卜”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wīlą (“欺骗”)（←原始印歐語 *wey- (“转，弯”)）和原始日耳曼語 *wigulą、*wihulą (“预言”)（←原始印歐語 *weyk- (“奉为神圣”)）。同源词有冰島語 vél、væl (“诡计，计谋”)、荷蘭語 wijle。

wiles (third-person singular present)
wiling (present participle)
wiled (past participle)

He was good to look on, brawly dressed, and with a tongue in his head that would have wiled the bird from the tree.

1902，John Buchan，The Outgoing of the Tide:


tan

動詞來自中古英語 tannen，來自後期古英語 tannian (“鞣皮革”)，來自拉丁語 tannare。

tans (third-person singular present)
tanning (present participle)
tanned (past participle)

（使其）晒成褐色，曬黑。

No matter how long I stay out in the sun, I never tan. though I do burn.

我的皮肤怎么晒也不黑，但是会晒伤。

鞣動物皮革和羽毛；製革。

"Well, go 'long and play; but mind you get back some time in a week, or I'll tan you."

1876, Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, ch. 3:


milk

源自中古英語 milken，源自古英語 melcan，源自原始日耳曼語 *melkaną，最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-，和上方名词相同的词干。对比荷蘭語和德語 melken、丹麥語 malke、挪威語 mjølke，以及拉丁語 mulgeō (“挤奶”)、古希臘語 ἀμέλγω (amélgō，“挤奶”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、立陶宛語 mélžti、吐火羅語A mālk-。

milks (third-person singular present)
milking (present participle)
milked (past participle)

masturbate

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

The farmer milked his cows.

I haue giuen Sucke, and know / How tender 'tis to loue the Babe that milkes me[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135，列 2:

to milk wholesome milk from healthy cows

从...（任何生物）挤出（任何液体）

过度使用；压榨，榨取；趁机榨取

When the audience began laughing, the comedian milked the joke for more laughs.

观众开始笑时，喜剧演员想从笑话中强行获得更多笑声。

They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock.

July 21, 1877, "The Block in the Courts" in The Spectator

If nothing else, José Mourinho can be grateful there was no mutiny. He still heard his name being sung and at the final whistle Old Trafford was not too unkind on the manager or his players. He milked it, too, marching over to the Stretford End to thank them for their generosity.

2018年August27日，Daniel Taylor，“Lucas Moura double for Spurs deepens gloom at Manchester United”, in The Guardian (London):

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

Controlled milking can actually establish and consolidate a mistress’ dominance over her sub rather than diminish it.

:Template:rfquote-sense


fret

源自中古英語 frēten (“吃，侵蝕，摧毀，煩擾”)，源自古英語 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼語 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印歐語 *pro- (“朝著，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。
與荷蘭語 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、低地德語 freten (“吃掉”)、德語 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan，“吞食”)、瑞典語 fräta (“吃掉，侵蝕，腐蝕”)同源；亦與丹麥語 fråse (“狼吞虎嚥”)有關。
“摩擦”之義可能是因與盎格魯-諾曼語 *freiter（現代法語 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁語 *frictāre，是拉丁語 fricāre的反覆體，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；對比古法語 froter（現代法語 frotter）。來源推測的主要阻礙是缺少古法語詞彙的證明。

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past)
fret (past)
frate (past)
fretted (past participle)
fretten (past participle)

Their hearts alreadie fretted and cankered at the very roote, for the last disgrace received.

1609，Ammianus Marcellinus，Philemon Holland, transl.，章號 XIV, in The Roman Historie, containing Such Acts and Occurrents as Passed under Constantius, Iulianus, Iovianus, Valentinianus, and Valens, Emperours，book IX, London: Printed by Adam Islip, →OCLC，頁 322:

And could we let a Light into their Bosoms, we should see them generally fretted and cankered with this secret and corroding Venom.

1727–1728，Mather Byles [et al.]，Proteus Echo (1727–28): A Series of Essays and Poems … that Appeared in the New-England Weekly Journal … (History of Psychology Series; 420)，Delmar, N.Y.: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 75:

A Perſon of Honour, of a full Body abounding with ſharp Humours, was ſeized with an Herpes on his right Leg. [...] [I]t inflamed and ſwelled very much, many Wheals aroſe, and fretted one into another, with great Excoriation.

1676，Richard Wiseman，“[A Treatise of Tumors.] Of an Herpes”, in Severall Chirurgical Treatises，London: Printed by E. Flesher and J[ohn] Macock, for R[ichard] Royston bookseller to His Most Sacred Majesty, and B[enjamin] Took at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 80:

We sometimes perform an operation on the under lip [...] in consequence of / Cancer Labii [cancer of the lips], / Which disease generally arises from the use of a pipe, and the manner in which it happens is this:—the adhesive nature of the clay of which the pipe is made, causes it to adhere to the lip; at length the cuticle becomes torn off, and the continued irritation frets the sore into true cancerous disease.

1823–1824，A[stley Paston] Cooper，“Lecture LII”, in The Lancet. [...] In Two Volumes，第3rd版, 卷 II, London: Knight and Lacey, Paternoster-Row; and G. L. Hutchinson, the Lancet office, Strand, 出版於 1826, →OCLC，頁s 100–101:

使躁動，使不平靜，激起漣漪

to fret the surface of water

Yorke hereupon conſults with his ſpeciall friends; [...] how Yorke might get the Crowne of England, and for that cauſe how to ruine or fret out the Duke of Sommerſet; who ſtanding, they were to looke for ſtrong oppoſition.

1611，John Speed，“Henrie the Sixth, King of England, and France, Lord of Ireland: The Three and Fiftieth Monarch of England, His Raigne, Actes, and Issve”, in The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. …，Imprinted at London: [By William Hall and John Beale] … and are to be solde by Iohn Sudbury & Georg Humble, in Popes-head alley at ye signe of ye white Horse, →OCLC; 再版 London: Printed by Iohn Beale, for George Hvmble, and are to be sold in Popes-head Pallace, at the signe of the White Horse, 1614, →OCLC, book 9, paragraph 55，頁 665，列 1:

We are all hurrying down the one common stream to the great ocean of eternity: but are we performing our social duties, as citizens of the world, in sculking away into holes and corners, to fret out time and life, because God has judged fit to withdraw the favourite toy he lent us—not making us destitute—but graciously leaving in our keeping, ten thousand toys beside.

1835，Louisa Sidney Stanhope，“Conclusion”, in Sydney Beresford. A Tale of the Day. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 274:

The Mines are cold where the outward Air comes in; but where not, warm. The greateſt trouble they have is by duſt, which ſpoileth their Lungs and Stomachs, and frets their Skins.

1677，Edward Browne，“A Journey from Vienna in Austria to Hamburg”, in An Account of Several Travels through a Great Part of Germany: In Four Journeys. …，London: Printed for Benj[amin] Tooke, and are to be sold at the sign of the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 136:

You may see the surges wear and fret away the basement of the cliff against which they dash themselves, and the mass of broken rock falls into the depth and disappears, and then it is carried away by the tide as it retires.

1881，Frederick W[illiam] Robertson，“The Peace of God”, in “The Human Race” and Other Sermons Preached at Cheltenham, Oxford, and Brighton，New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, →OCLC，頁 233:

In all the present cases it is the aortic valves that are the source of the mischief. Vegetations, massive, tough, and often calcareous have formed upon these valves, and as they were drive to and fro by the blood-stream have fretted the parts with which they came into contact, and aneurysm at these spots has been the frequent result.

1886年January5日，Samuel West，“Some Aneurysms of the Heart, Many of the Cases Exhibiting the Effects of Erosion”, in Transactions of the Pathological Society of London，卷s XXXVII (Comprising the Report of the Proceedings for the Session 1885–86), London: Smith, Elder & Co., 15, Waterloo Place, →OCLC，頁 159:

Fret not thy ſelfe becauſe of euill doers, neither bee thou enuious againſt the workers of iniquitie.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 37:1:


fret

來自中古英語 frēten (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 freté、freter、fretter (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 fret（來自fraindre (“打破”)，來自拉丁語 frangō (“破壞，粉碎”)，來自原始意大利語 *frangō，源頭來自原始印歐語 *bʰreg- (“破壞”)）+ 古法語 -er (動詞形後綴)（來自拉丁語 -āre，源頭來自原始印歐語 *h₃enh₂- (“重壓”)）。

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past participle)

（尤指用交錯或交織的圖案）裝飾； 用雕刻或浮雕裝飾

The sun shone brilliantly through the trembling leaves, birds of many colors flitted from spray to spray, butterflies and bright insects crossed the fretted work of light and shade.

1882年July29日，J. Henry Shorthouse，“The Marquis Jeanne Hyacinth De St. Palaye [from Macmillan’s Magazine]”, in Littel’s Living Age，卷 XXXIX (Fifth Series; volume CLIV overall), 期 1988, Boston, Mass.: Littel & Co., →OCLC, section V，頁 228，列 1:


fret

來自中古英語 freten (“捆”)，來自古法語 freter，來自frete (“金屬包頭”)（現代法語 frette）。用來表示音樂意思的源頭未知；可能來自 frete 或來自 fret（摩擦）。

音樂方面的意思： 在（樂器）上裝上品

to fret a guitar

音樂方面的意思： 將琴弦壓在品的後面


bonjour

來自法語 bonjour (“你好；早安”)。

bonjours (third-person singular present)
bonjouring (present participle)
bonjoured (past participle)

He went on down the boulevard, bonjouring right and left, lifting his hat, bowing. He moved very slowly.

1938, Donald Barr Chidsey, Each one was alone:

Connaughton entered the simple but cheery restaurant, checked his coat, bonjoured the maître d'...

1988, Gary Hart, The Strategies of Zeus:

They bonjoured back and stood there awkwardly. Finally, Flood broke the silence.

2005, James H Irwin, Mokanshan: A Tale of Wallis Simpson's Naughty Shanghai Postcards:


harp

繼承自中古英語 harpe，繼承自古英語 hearpe (“豎琴”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *harpā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *harpǭ (“豎琴”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 hairp (“豎琴”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harpe、harp (“豎琴”)、低地德語 Harp (“豎琴”)、荷蘭語 harp (“豎琴”)、德語 Harfe (“豎琴”)、丹麥語 harpe (“豎琴”)、瑞典語 harpa (“豎琴”)。

harps (third-person singular present)
harping (present participle)
harped (past participle)

以技巧和藝術來發展或表達；像豎琴一樣發出聲音

Thou harped my fear aright.

你正確地表達了我的恐懼。

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:


English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu，“窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas，“緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、古教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ，“窄的”)）。

Englishes (third-person singular present)
Englishing (present participle)
Englished (past participle)

[…] severe prohibuit viris suis tum misceri feminas in consuetis suis menstruis, etc. I spare to English this which I have said.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
, page 214 (2001 reprint):

Mamma is an adaptation of a French farce by Mr. Sydney Grundy, made in the time when his chief claim to recognition as a playwright lay in his ingenious aptitude for Englishing the un-Englishable.

1901，The Speaker, the Liberal Review - Volume 3，頁 654:

Here, the poems are Englished by twelve different translators

2011, Colin Cheney, 'Where Should I Start with Tomas Tranströmer?':


substance

繼承自中古英語 substance，來自古法語 substance，來自拉丁語 substantia (“實質，本質”)，來自substāns，substō (“存在”，字面意思是“站在下面”)的現在主動分詞，來自sub + stō (“站立”)。取代本土的古英語 andweorc。

substances (third-person singular present)
substancing (present participle)
substanced (past participle)

賦予實質內容；使其變得真實或充實

If life were nothing but what gets phrased and substanced, the world might as well be rolled up and laid away again in darkness.

1873，Adeline Dutton Train Whitney，The Other Girls，頁 335:

The calm ruminating / Reverie, substancing / Intellect into emotion, / Is shelter enough for love / Unhumiliated by faith.

1982，Dhupaty V. K. Raghavacharyulu，The Song of the Red Rose and Other Poems，頁 78:


hemorrhage

源自拉丁語 haemorrhagia，源自古希臘語 αἱμορραγία (haimorrhagía，“大量出血”)，源自αἱμορραγής (haimorrhagḗs，“大量出血”)，源自αἷμα (haîma，“血”) + -ραγία (-ragía)，源自ῥηγνύναι (rhēgnúnai，“喷出”)。

hemorrhages (third-person singular present)
hemorrhaging (present participle)
hemorrhaged (past participle)

/ˈhɛm(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

The company hemorrhaged money until eventually it went bankrupt.

公司损失了大量的钱，最终破产。


gangrene

來自法語 gangrène，來自拉丁語 gangraena，來自古希臘語 γάγγραινα (gángraina，“壞疽”)。

gangrenes (third-person singular present)
gangrening (present participle)
gangrened (past participle)

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

Vulneration or section sometimes procures a Gangrene, when the vital Principle is so debilitated, or enormous by the would, that instead of a good suppuration and vigorous transmutation, a depraved matter is generated, which corrupts and gangrenes the part: and thus a small cut of a finger or Toe hath gangrened, and killed the person: but in greater Wounds, the danger is greater, as more frequently to happen.

1682，Pains afflicting humane bodies, their various Difference, Causes, Parts affected, Signals of Danger or Safety，頁 204:

An intensely biting frost will gangrene the membrane ; a foggy state of the atmosphere, with low, black, stagnant exhalations, accompanied with sudden, frequent intermissions, interchanges, and oscillations of dryness and moisture, expansion and condensation, will corrupt and putrify both the membrane and the mucous discharge.

1762 December，John Chandler，“A Treatise of the Disease called a Cold”, in The critical review, or annals of literature，卷 12，頁 423:

For where it chances to be successful, it is like the copper shot of the Mexicans, which gangrenes the wound.

1851 December，“The Wit and Wickedness of Sarcasm”, in The Ladies' Repository，卷 20，頁 224:

That is true,” replied Almira, “nothing can be performed without labor, and where there is labor there will be discontent, and where there is no labor there will be heart-burning and jealousy about insignificant trifles, such as gangrenes the real pleasures of contemplation within these walls; walls, which would otherwise hold out an asylum, much to be prized by those who have been unfortunate, who have lost all their friends, or who are weary of the world."

The Stuart Restoration period was a necessary sequence of the Puritan period, and there is a similar cause for the sensualism that gangrenes the heart of our morbidly prudish Society of to-day.

1889 July，John Miller，“The Abuse of Marriage”, in The Centennial Magazine: An Australian Monthly，卷 2, 號 12，頁 902:

The same delusion will gangrene England within the lifetime of most men of military age unless she will realize that gold is dross ; that her poets, her artists, and her scholars are her very soul.

1930，P.R. Stephensen，The Legend of Aleister Crowley: A Study of the Facts:


sum

來自中古英語 summe，來自古法語 summe，來自拉丁語 summa，summus (“高的”)陰性。

sums (third-person singular present)
summing (present participle)
summed (past participle)
som (alternative)
soum (alternative)

when you say that stability and change are, it's because you're summing them up together as embraced by it, and taking note of the communion each of them has with being.

2005, Plato, Sophist. Translation by Lesley Brown. 250b.


abject

繼承自中古英語 abjecten，派生自形容詞形式。

abjects (third-person singular present)
abjecting (present participle)
abjected (past participle)


bottleneck

bottlenecks (third-person singular present)
bottlenecking (present participle)
bottlenecked (past participle)

The merge bottlenecked the traffic every morning.

车道合并导致每天早上交通都会拥堵。


blame

繼承自中古英語 blamen，源自古法語 blasmer，來自晚期拉丁語 blasphēmāre (“責罵，辱罵”)，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。從本土詞wite (“責備、指責、譴責、懷疑”)（來自中古英語 wīten、中古英語 wītan）變為常見用語。

blames (third-person singular present)
blaming (present participle)
blamed (past participle)

The student driver was blamed for the accident.

事故责任归咎于学生司机。

After what happened at the wedding, I wouldn't blame you if you never spoke to them again.

婚礼上发生了那件事之后，如果你再也不和他们说话了，我不会责怪你。

We blamed the accident on the student driver.

我们把事故归咎于学生司机。


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

broadcasts (third-person singular present)
broadcasting (present participle)
broadcast (past participle)
broadcasted (past participle)

過去式和過去分詞可用 broadcast 或 broadcasted，但 broadcast 更常用。截止2019年，Google Books 給出326,000個有關 "was broadcast"的結果，而"was broadcasted"的結果為12,900個。

When the boys reached the business section of Bayport they found that Jackley's confession had already become known. The local radio station had broadcast it in the afternoon news program and people everywhere were discussing it.

1927年June1日，Franklin W. Dixon [pseudonym: Leslie McFarlane]，“A Surprise”, in The Tower Treasure (The Hardy Boys; no. 1)，New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:

Practicing vocational service to the limit of one's vision makes a difference whether an employer regards his employees as "robots or human beings"; it makes a difference in the kind of advertisements he publishes or broadcasts; it makes a difference how he reacts under pressure from a competitor; it makes a difference in the quality of his service.

1967 January，“Four Avenues of Service”, in Adventure in Service (Pamphlet [Rotary International]; 52)，Evanston, Ill., Zurich: Rotary International, →OCLC，頁 69:

The TV is broadcasting a FUZZY PICTURE that shows the weatherman from WVII, the Bango ABC affiliate.

1999 February，Stephen King，“Act 3”, in Storm of the Century，第trade paperback版, New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, →ISBN，頁 175:

The state of Rhode Island was the scene, on October 30, 1974, of yet another scare involving an adaptation of The War of the Worlds. Broadcast on radio station WPRO, Providence, the drama frightened listeners across the state. The play began with reporters covering a "meteor crash" near Jamestown, the purported Martian landing site. […] City fire stations and other radio and TV outlets reported being inundated with inquiries from anxious callers, as was WPRO, which received more than a hundred calls.

2005，Robert E. Bartholomew，“Introduction”, in H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, The War of the Worlds，New York, N.Y.: Cosimo Books, →ISBN，頁 8:

The Royal Shakespeare Company will today become the first theatre in the UK to broadcast Shakespeare direct into schools. A production of Richard II, starring David Tennant in the title role, is going to be streamed free of charge into classrooms up and down the country.

2013年November15日，“Shakespeare broadcast direct into schools for first time”, in ITV News，存檔自the original on 2017-06-13:

將訊息傳播到廣大地區；（尤指）一次性將同一封電郵發給許多人

The break with imperialism and the liberation of Russia from the predatory war, the publication of the secret treaties and the solemn abrogation of the policy of seizing foreign soil, the proclamation of national freedom and the recognition of the independence of Finland, the declaration of Russia as a "Federation of Soviet National Republics" and the militant battle-cry of a resolute struggle against imperialism broadcast all over the world by the Soviet government in millions of pamphlets, newspapers, and leaflets in the mother tongues of the peoples of the East and West—all this could not fail to have its effect on the enslaved East and the bleeding West.

[1934]，Joseph Stalin，“The October Revolution and the National Question”, in The October Revolution: A Collection of Articles & Speeches (Marxist Library)，London: Martin Lawrence, →OCLC, section III (The International Importance of the October Revolution)，頁s 15–16:

However, truth and lies can usually be confirmed or denied by speaking with eyewitnesses of events in order to verify what took place. The amount of time separating the event in question from when it was broadcasted also makes a difference.

2014，Greg[ory J.] Monette，The Wrong Jesus: Fact, Belief, Legend, Truth … Making Sense of What You’ve Heard，Colorado Springs, Colo.: NavPress in alliance with Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 178:

Urban legend has it that someone is monitoring all those e-mails broadcast from your work address. Hard to imagine a more boring job but the truth is, and I shouldn't have to tell people this, the record of those e-mails is in a server somewhere and it can be monitored.

2016，Richard A. Moran，“That Permanent Record”, in The Thing about Work: Showing Up and Other Important Matters: A Worker’s Manual，Brookline, Mass.: Bibliomotion, →ISBN:

I ſhall content myſelf, […] to ſay that the ſeed ſhoud be ſown in the garden, or very good ground, in rows, or broadcaſt, and as ſoon as the plants are of the ſize of a gooſe-quill, to be tranſplanted in rows of eighteen inches diſtance, and eighteen inches apart, one plant from the other: […]

1789，Thomas Boothby Parkyns，“Some Account of the Racine de Disette, or Root of Scarcity, of Its Utility, and the Mode of Treating It; from a Letter of Thomas Boothby Parkyns, Esq., Addressed to the Secretary of the above-mentioned Society [the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce].—From the Same Work [vol. 5 of the Transactions of the Society].”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, in Pall-Mall, →OCLC，頁 80，列 1:

I wanted to grow my own cut flowers for the big day so three months earlier I broadcasted an annual seed mix across a few recently cleared borders.

2013年November9日，Sarah Price，“Breathing new life into an old garden [print edition: New life, old garden]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening)，London，存檔自the original on 2016-05-15，頁 G1:


chase

借自盎格鲁-诺曼语 chacer → 古法语 chacier → 拉丁语 captiāre, captiō → captō, capiō。义同catch。

chases (third-person singular present)
chasing (present participle)
chased (past participle)


coast

源自中古英語 costeien (“在一个边界上移动；沿着...走；陪同；穿越，穿过；邻接于”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 [具體何詞?]、古法語 costoier (“靠在，与...邻接”) […]（现代法語 côtoyer (“划过，经过；擦肩”)），源自拉丁語 costicāre，源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，还见词源 1。

coasts (third-person singular present)
coasting (present participle)
coasted (past participle)


design

designs (third-person singular present)
designing (present participle)
designed (past participle)

She designed his retirement from the Royal Irish Artillery, and had negociated an immediate berth for him on the Staff of the Commander of the Forces, and a prospective one in the household of Lord Townshend […]

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:

The huge square box, parquet-floored and high-ceilinged, had been arranged to display a suite of bedroom furniture designed and made in the halcyon days of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when modish taste was just due to go clean out of fashion for the best part of the next hundred years.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 1, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

He was designed to the study of the law.

1700，John Dryden，Translations from Ovid's Epistles, Preface:


diet

源自中古英語 dieten、dyeten、diȝeten，源自古法語 dïeter以及中世紀拉丁語 diētāre。

diets (third-person singular present)
dieting (present participle)
dieted (past participle)

When all signs of effusion, dulness, pain, œgophony, and cough had disappeared he was dieted, stimulated, and tonicked.

1887，Medical Press and Circular，卷 94，頁 461:

As illustrating the belief that the Baptism by Blood was accompanied by a real regeneration of the devotee, Frazer quotes an ancient writer who says that for some time after the ceremony the fiction of a new birth was kept up by dieting the devotee on milk, like a new-born babe.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 45:

But partly led to diet my revenge […]。

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):


discuss

discusses (third-person singular present)
discussing (present participle)
discussed (past participle)


drown

源自中古英語 drownen、drounen、drunen (“溺死”)，其词源不详。
《牛津英语词典》提出一个不可考的古英语形式*drūnian。 Harper 2001指出古英语druncnian、ġedruncnian（→中古英語 drunknen、dronknen (“溺死”)），它们“可能受到了古諾爾斯語 drukkna的影响”（对比冰島語 drukkna、丹麥語 drukne (“溺死”)）。Funk & Wagnalls认为词源不详。有理论指出（如ODS）其可能直接借自古諾爾斯語 drukkna，但《牛津词典》认为在“发音和各种原因上解释不通”，除非引入不可考变体古諾爾斯語 *drunkna的可能性。

drowns (third-person singular present)
drowning (present participle)
drowned (past participle)

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaʊn]

用比喻义指掩盖其他事物的声音时，现在常用形式drown out。

The car thief fought with an officer and tried to drown a police dog before being shot while escaping.

汽车窃贼和一名警官斗殴以后，试图将一只警犬溺死，然后在逃跑时被枪打中。

He drowns his sorrows in buckets of chocolate ice cream.

他靠大桶巧克力冰淇淋来消愁。

Though most men being in sensuall pleasures drownd, / It seemes their Soules but in the Senses are.

1599，John Davies，Nosce Teipsum，London: John Standish，頁 19:

Unluckily that worthy Officer having, in a literal Sense, taken his Fill of Liquor, had been some Time retired to his Bolster, where he was snoaring so loud, that it was not easy to convey a Noise in at his Ears capable of drowning that which issued from his Nostrils.

1749，Henry Fielding，章號 XIV, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VII，頁s 71–72:

使...淹没（于其他物品中）

The answers intelligence services seek are often drowned in the flood of information they can now gather.


flee

源自古英語 flēon，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleuhaną，源自原始印歐語 *plewk-、*plew- (“飞；流；跑”)。
同源词包括荷蘭語 vlieden、德語 fliehen、冰島語 flýja、瑞典語 fly、哥特語 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan)。英语内与fly有关，还与flow有较远的关系。

flees (third-person singular present)
fleeing (present participle)
fled (past participle)

Many people fled the country as war loomed.

战争将至，很多人都逃出了国外。

Thousands of people moved northward trying to flee the drought.

几千人为了逃离干旱而北迁。

The Government, having lit the fuse, is not going to be allowed to flee the explosion.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: Passed to you, Mr. Macmillan”, in Modern Railways，頁 220:


insult

insults (third-person singular present)
insulting (present participle)
insulted (past participle)

- Marvel owns your gods!
- Insulting is not arguing.


kidnap

kidnaps (third-person singular present)
kidnapping (present participle)
kidnaping (present participle)
kidnapped (past participle)
kidnaped (past participle)

Hello, ladies. How’s the Big Apple?
Rotten, Jerry. Clover’s been kidnapped.
Oh dear. That’s the second time this month.

2002年September6日，Michelle and Robert Lamoreaux，“Model Citizens”, in Totally Spies!，季数 1, 集数 9, spoken by Alexandra “Alex” (Jess Harnell as Jerry and Katie Leigh), Marathon Media, 經由 Teletoon:


oust

ousts (third-person singular present)
ousting (present participle)
ousted (past participle)

The protesters became so noisy that they were finally ousted from the meeting.

抗議者因為太嘈吵，最後被逐出會議。

The CEO was ousted by the board of directors.


veto

vetoes (third-person singular present)
vetoing (present participle)
vetoed (past participle)


starve

源自中古英語 sterven，源自古英語 steorfan (“死”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sterbaną (“僵硬；死”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terp- (“弱，麻”)，或原始印歐語 *sterbʰ- (“僵硬”)，源自*ster- (“僵”)，或者上述词的异文合并。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 sterve (“死，消失”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 stjerwa (“死”)、西弗里斯蘭語 stjerre (“死”)、荷蘭語 sterven (“死”)、德國低地德語 starven (“死”)、德語 sterben (“死”)、冰島語 stirfinn (“脾气差的；刚愎的”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 shterp (“贫瘠的；贫瘠的土地”)。

starves (third-person singular present)
starving (present participle)
starved (past)
starved (past participle)
starven (past participle)

famish

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

while the grass grows, the steed starves

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

剥夺 （粮食或必需物品）

The uncaring parents starved the child of love.

冷漠的父母剥夺了孩子应得的爱。

The patient's brain was starved of oxygen.

I was half starved waiting out in that wind.

我在那风里等人，被冻了个半死。

Wheniver he wor starved, he used to get th' seck o' coils ov his back, an' walk raand th' haase till he gat warm agean.

1869 February，John Hartley，The original illuminated clock almanack:

One i' th' morning an' me starv'd to th' death wi' waitin' up.

1886，A Queer Supper，John Heywood, section 8:

Sometimes he remarks, “ ’Tis these dreadful frostis that spiles everything. ’Tis enough to sterve anybody.”

1898，J. Arthur Gibbs，“When the May-Fly is Up”, in A Cotswold village; or, Country Life & Pursuits in Gloucestershire，London: John Murray, →OCLC，頁 164:


suffer

源自中古英語 suffren，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suffrir，源自拉丁語 sufferō (“献上，支撑，承受，遭受”)，源自sub- (“下”) + ferō (“撑着”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer- (“负，持”)。取代了原生词古英語 þrōwian。

suffers (third-person singular present)
suffering (present participle)
suffered (past participle)

I've been suffering your insults for years.

我忍受你的侮辱已经很多年了。

We hope you never have to suffer the same pain.

我们希望你不用吃一样的苦。

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013年July6日，“The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8843，頁 68:

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203:

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland:


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

suspects (third-person singular present)
suspecting (present participle)
suspected (past participle)

揣測；想象或假設某事物為真或存在

to suspect the presence of disease

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

1667，John Milton，“Book 9”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Mr. Campion appeared suitably impressed and she warmed to him. He was very easy to talk to with those long clown lines in his pale face, a natural goon, born rather too early she suspected.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

WikiLeaks did not cause these uprisings but it certainly informed them. The dispatches revealed details of corruption and kleptocracy that many Tunisians suspected, but could not prove, and would cite as they took to the streets.

2013年June7日，Gary Younge，“Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 18:

to suspect the truth of a story

An inhabitant of Gubio, in the duchy of Urbino, in Italy, suspecting the fidelity of his wife, he, in a fit of jealousy, in order to find out whether his suspicion was true, did what the ecclesiastick history informs us Origen did from devotion.

1785，James Ridgway，A Dictionary of Literary Conversation:

I suspect him of being the thief.


reject

*源自晚期的中古英語 rejecten ← 拉丁語 rēiectus ，rēicere（“扔回”） 的過去分詞形式 ← rē- （“回”）+ iacere（“扔”）。
*該詞代替了如下近義詞：中古英語 forwerpen (“拋棄”)(源自古英語 forweorpan)； 中古英語 forcasten(“扔掉”) (源自古諾爾斯語 forkasta)；中古英語 skirpen(“使噴湧而出”)(源自古諾爾斯語 skirpa (“吐出”))；中古英語 wernen(“拒絕，回絕”) (源自古英語 wiernan (“拒絕，回絕”))；中古英語 withchosen, withchesen（“拒絕”）(源自古英語 wiþċēosan (“拒絕”))。

rejects (third-person singular present)
rejecting (present participle)
rejected (past participle)


zero

源自法語 zéro，源自意大利語 zero，源自中世紀拉丁語 zephirum，源自 阿拉伯語 صِفْر (ṣifr，“什么都没有, 暗号”)。

zeroes (third-person singular present)
zeros (third-person singular present)
zeroing (present participle)
zeroed (past participle)


cajole

借自法語 cajoler，可能是中古法語 cageoler (“松鸦鸣叫”)（源自gajole，geai (“松鸦”)的方言指小词） + 古法語 gaioler (“诱至笼中”)的混成词，后者源自中世紀拉丁語 gabiola，源自晚期拉丁語 caveola（其衍生出英語 caveola），拉丁語 cavea (“笼子，畜栏”)的指小词。详见cage、cave、cavum和cavus。

cajoles (third-person singular present)
cajoling (present participle)
cajoled (past participle)

Then he cajoled with his brother, and persuaded him what service he had done him.

1722, Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders, ch. 12:

If you are cajoled by the cunning arguments of a trumpeter of heresy, or the praises of a puritanic old woman, is not that womanish?

1820, Sir Walter Scott, The Abbot, ch. 27:

He had tried bullying, and without success. He would try cajoling and temptation.

1894, Horatio Alger, Only An Irish Boy, ch. 19:

[W]ith eloquent arts he had cajoled a young girl into a secret marriage.

1898, Gilbert Parker, The Battle Of The Strong, ch. 37:

Schulman, general manager of the "G. F. C.," had been sending out messengers to hunt for him, and finally had got him in his office, arguing and pleading, cajoling and denouncing him by turns.

For weeks, the White House, the Pentagon and Senate Democrats have been working overtime to cajole, convince and placate Republicans.

2010 August 4, Michael Scherer, "NonSTARTer? Obama's Troubled Nuclear Treaty," Time:

But the wife was visibly unimpressed by Ms. Baskin’s half-furnished home (they had just moved in) and thrown-together spaghetti dinner. “It was basically clear that his wife had been cajoled into attending,” said Ms. Baskin, 33. “She settled on to our rickety Ikea kitchen chairs like she was lowering herself into a coal mine.”

2012年July13日，Alex Williams，“Why Is It Hard to Make Friends Over 30?”, in New York Times:


accent

派生自中古法語 accenter，派生自古法語 accenter，派生自拉丁語 accentō，源自accentus。

accents (third-person singular present)
accenting (present participle)
accented (past participle)


acquaint

来自中古英語 aqueinten，acointen，来自古法語 acointier，来自晚期拉丁語 accognitāre，来自拉丁語 ad + cognitus，cognoscere (“知道”)的過去分詞，来自con- + noscere (“知道”)。见quaint、know。

acquaints (third-person singular present)
acquainting (present participle)
acquainted (past participle)

I think you should acquaint him with the realities of the situation.

我認為你應該讓他了解實際情況。


admonish

源自中古英語 admonesten、admonissen，源自古法語 amonester（现代法语admonester），源自一不可考的晚期拉丁語或通俗拉丁語词*admonestrāre，源自拉丁語 admoneō (“提醒，警告”)，源自ad + moneō (“警告，忠告”)。见premonition。

admonishes (third-person singular present)
admonishing (present participle)
admonished (past participle)

reprimand

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

chide

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

Better is a poore and a wise child, then an old and foolish king who will no more be admonished.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 4:13:

And further, by these, my sonne, be admonished: of making many bookes there is no end, and much studie is a wearinesse of the flesh.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 12:12:

[…] But then things take a turn, the men starting to keel over as Walder seems to admonish them for leaving certain threads hanging. […]

2017年July16日，Brandon Nowalk，“Chickens and dragons come home to roost on Game Of Thrones (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:


brim

源自中古英語 brim、brem、brimme (“河边，岸边，湖边，海边”)，可能源自中古英語 brim (“海，海浪，海滨”)。见上文。同源词包括荷蘭語 berm (“岸，河岸”)、巴伐利亞語 Bräm (“边界”)、德語 Bräme、Brame (“边界”)、丹麥語 bræmme (“边界，边缘”)、瑞典語 bräm (“边界”)、冰島語 barmur (“边界，边缘”)。与berm有关。

brims (third-person singular present)
brimming (present participle)
brimmed (past participle)


collapse

collapses (third-person singular present)
collapsing (present participle)
collapsed (past participle)

使...倒塌，使...坍塌；折叠

Hurry up and collapse the tent so we can get moving.

快把帐篷收了我们好出发。


complexion

源自中古英語 complexion (“气质，性格”)，源自古法語 complexion（法語 complexion），源自中世紀拉丁語 complexiō (“气质，性格”)，源自complector，complexus (“缠绕，围绕”)的过去分词。

complexions (third-person singular present)
complexioning (present participle)
complexioned (past participle)

给...某种颜色，给...上色

源自the pale refinement of her genteel heroine to the sallow complexioning of poor white trash, Stowe colors her narrative with the hues of the body.

2003，Leland Krauth，Mark Twain & Company: Six Literary Relations，頁 118:


consensus

源自拉丁語 cōnsēnsus (“同意，一致”)，來自cōnsentiō (“共感；同意”)；參見consent。

consensuses (third-person singular present)
consensusing (present participle)
consensused (past participle)

尋求共識；進行討論，以達成共同協議

I think we a strongly consensused society. There was a consensus during the 1950's, the Eisenhower years, in our society. Then in the 1960's came a period of division.

1975, United States. Bureau of the Census, The Census Bureau (page 168)

None of this consensusing was done with the Manual. There were no national workshops, forums, etc.

1992, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Environment, The Science of Wetland Definition and Delineation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session, November 12, 1991 (page 185)


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

conversations (third-person singular present)
conversationing (present participle)
conversationed (past participle)

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

Gone now are the "high-minded" style, the "adapted from literature" feel, the voice-over narration, and the abstract conversationing about ideas, values...

1983，James Frederick Mason, Hélène Joséphine Harvitt，The French review:

...he has breakfasted me, dined me, conversationed me, absolutely caressed me. He has been really most kind and paternal...

1989，Robert L Gale，A Henry James encyclopedia:

After all this conversationing, Scottie, my usual dance partner, was getting antsy and wanted to dance.

2002，Georgie Nickell，I Only Smoke on Thursdays:


convince

源自拉丁語 convincō (“說服，駁斥”)，來自con- + vincō (“攻佔，征服”)。convict 的同源對似詞。替代本土古英語 oferreċċan。

convinces (third-person singular present)
convincing (present participle)
convinced (past participle)

[…]his two Chamberlaines / Will I with Wine, and Waſſell, ſo conuince, / That Memorie, the Warder of the Braine, / Shall be a Fume,[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135:

And therfore, God neuer wrought Miracle, to conuince Atheiſme, becauſe his Ordinary Works conuince it.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Atheisme. XVI.”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC，頁 90:

Which of you conuinceth mee of ſinne?

你們中間誰能指證我有罪呢？

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 8:46，列 1:


coward

源自中古英語 coward，源自古法語 coart、cuard（→法語 couard），源自coue、coe (“尾巴”) + -ard (贬义施动者名词后缀)。其中，coue、coe，源自拉丁語 cauda。可能指的是动物“转尾巴的方向或夹着尾巴（逃跑）”，尤其是狗。与英語 cower无关。取代了本土词古英語 earg。

cowards (third-person singular present)
cowarding (present participle)
cowarded (past participle)

The first he coped with was their captain, whom / His sword sent headless to seek out a tomb. / This cowarded the valour of the rest, […]

1820，John Chalkhill，Thealma and Clearchus:


deceive

deceives (third-person singular present)
deceiving (present participle)
deceived (past participle)

It feels painful to begin seeing clearly, that you’ve been deceived by the very people and institutions you trusted to guide you.


deserve

繼承自中古英語 deserven，來自古法語 deservir，來自拉丁語 dēserviō，來自dē- + serviō。

deserves (third-person singular present)
deserving (present participle)
deserved (past participle)

After playing so well, the team really deserved their win.

打得如此出色，这支球队确实配得上胜利。

After what he did, he deserved to go to prison.

他做了那样的事，就该坐牢。

This argument deserves a closer examination.

这一论点值得进一步研究。

God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.

神追討你，比你罪孽該得的還少。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 11:6:

John Gay deserved to be a favourite.

1853，William Makepeace Thackeray，The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century:

the grantees named in the questioned deed executed by their father richly deserved receiving the family home.

Perhaps they do, but they don't deserve that the rest of us contribute money or appropriate public funds for the purchase of pictures and the construction of buildings.

2008，Michael Walzer，Spheres Of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism And Equality，頁 24:


destitute

源自中古英語 destituten，源自前文的形容词。

destitutes (third-person singular present)
destituting (present participle)
destituted (past participle)

剥夺...的财产，资源等，使...一贫如洗


dilute

源自拉丁語 dīlūtus，源自dīluere (“冲掉，溶解，使...融化，冲淡”)，源自dī-、dis- (“离，走”) + luere (“洗”)。参见lave，对比deluge。

dilutes (third-person singular present)
diluting (present participle)
diluted (past participle)

Mix their watery store / With the chyle's current, and dilute it more.

1712，Richard Blackmore，Creation: A Philosophical Poem:

冲淡，淡化；（通过添加异物）削弱

发行股票而使股票价格贬值


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

dips (third-person singular present)
dipping (present participle)
dipped (past participle)

dip me in honey and throw me to the lesbians

Dip your biscuit into your tea.

He dipped the end of a towel in cold water and with it began to flick him on the face, his wife all the while holding her face between her hands and sobbing in a way that was heart breaking to hear.

1897，Bram Stoker，章號 21, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

Dip your lights as you meet an oncoming car.

有来车时要把远光灯换成近光灯。

将...降至一半高度 （旗帜，尤指国旗，来表示投降或还礼，称为点旗礼）

The sailor rushed to the flag hoist to dip the flag in return.

The farmer is going to dip the cattle today.

new dipt Sectaries

(Can we date this quote?)，Thomas Fuller，The Appeal of Iniured Innocence:

[…] during the reigns of King James and King Charles I, there were but very few children dipped in the font.

c. 1722，Charles Wheatly，A rational illustration of the Book of Common Prayer:

A cold shuddering dew / Dips me all o'er.

1646 (indicated as 1645)，John Milton，“Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:

to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water

做跟舞者身体重心倾斜由领舞者支撑的动作（一般领舞者做主语）

（短暂）弯腿 （尤指唱歌跳舞时的动作）


dissuade

dissuades (third-person singular present)
dissuading (present participle)
dissuaded (past participle)

Jane dissuaded Martha from committing suicide.


autopsy

源自新拉丁語 autopsia，源自古希臘語 αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ (autopsĭ́ā，“亲眼看”)。

autopsies (third-person singular present)
autopsying (present participle)
autopsied (past participle)

对...进行事故原因分析

The user may define his own errors, and use DUMPAL to autopsy the system for him.

1977, National Science Foundation (U.S.), Washington State University. Computer Science Dept, Proceedings of Conference on Computers in the Undergraduate Curricula (issue 8)


ecstasy

源自古法語 estaise (“狂喜”)，源自拉丁語 ecstasis，源自古希臘語 ἔκστασις (ékstasis)，源自ἐξίστημι (exístēmi，“取代”)，源自ἐκ (ek，“出，外”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi，“站”)。

ecstasies (third-person singular present)
ecstasying (present participle)
ecstasied (past participle)

Ali Agha jumped up, seized the visitor by the shoulder, compelled him to sit down, and, ecstasied by the old man's horror at the scene, filled a tumbler, and with the usual grotesque grimaces insisted upon his drinking it.

2011，Richard Francis Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, →ISBN:


ejaculate

借自拉丁語 ēiaculātus，ēiaculor (“投掷，射出”)的完成时被动过去分词，源自ē (“出”) + iaculor (“扔，抛”)，源自iaculum (“投射物”)，源自iaciō (“丢出，掷出”)。

ejaculates (third-person singular present)
ejaculating (present participle)
ejaculated (past participle)

The mighty Magnet from the Center darts / This ſtrong, tho' ſubtile Force, thro' all the Parts: / Its active Rays ejaculated thence, / Irradiate all the wide Circumference.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1712年，Richard Blackmore, Creation: A Philosophical Poem. Demonstrating the Existence and Providence of a God. In Seven Books, book I, London: Printed for S. Buckley, at the Dolphin in Little-Britain; and J[acob] Tonson, at Shakespear's Head over-against Catherine-Street in the Strand, OCLC 731619916; 5th edition, Dublin: Printed by S. Powell, for G. Risk, G. Ewing, and W. Smith, in Dame's-street, 1727, OCLC 728300884, page 7:

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910年June20日，Gilman A. Drew，“Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, in Journal of Morphology，卷 22, 期 2, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 出版於 1911，頁 334:

（男性或雄性哺乳动物）射（精）；（女性或雌性哺乳动物）潮射，潮吹

Men can ejaculate between 0.1 and 10 milliliters of semen on average.

男性平均可射出0.1到10毫升精液。

With a groan, he ejaculated on his abdomen.

一声呻吟后，他射到了他的腹部上。

[I]n controlled studies some men have been observed to ejaculate but not have orgasm or have orgasm but are unable to ejaculate.

1994，Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685]，New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁 180:

The knowledge that some women ejaculate at the moment of orgasm was, like many other important aspects of sexuality, buried by Puritanism and patriarchy.

2003，Deborah Sundahl，“Foreword”, in Female Ejaculation and the G-spot，Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 ix:

However, it would be highly useful if the ejaculated spermatozoa could be successfully cryopreserved and the frozen-thawed spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization, since this would allow the genetically valuable rats to be maintained alive rather than sacrificed.

2012，Germ Cells – Advances in Research and Application，Atlanta, Ga.: ScholarlyEditions, →ISBN，頁 38:

Bulls, rams and boars have the biggest testes among the larger domestic animals, so they would be expected to produce and ejaculate more sperms than others with smaller testes.

2012，Tim Glover，Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 78:

Rather, these men prefer an erotic exhibition – an uninhibited display of ejaculating semen onto themselves or someone else.

2012，Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Work，Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN，頁s 90–91:


endow

源自晚期中古英語 endowen、endouen、enduen、indouen、indw (“给...钱财，生计或特权；授予；（比喻义）有利于；赋予”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 endouer，源自古法語 en- (“进入”之意的后缀) + douer (“授予”)（源自拉丁語 dōtāre（dōtō (“授予”)的现在主动不定式），现代法語 douer）。 dōtō又源自dōs (“彩礼；捐赠，赠礼”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *deh₃- (“给”)） + -ō (构成规则第一类变位动词的后缀)。

endows (third-person singular present)
endowing (present participle)
endowed (past participle)

Men began to build Churches on their own Grounds, at their own Charges, and to endow theſe; and they were naturally the Maſters, and in the true Signification of the Roman word, the Patrons of them.

1713，Gilbert Lord Bishop of Sarum [i.e., Gilbert Burnet]，“The Additional Chapter. Chap. X. Of Presentations to Benefices, and Simony”, in The New Preface and Additional Chapter to the Third Edition of the Pastoral Care. […]，London: Printed for D. Midwinter […], and B. Cowse […]; [a]nd sold by A. Baldwin […], →OCLC，頁s 27–28:

Finding her quite incorrigible in this respect, Emma suffered her to depart; but not before she had confided to her that important and never-sufficiently-to-be-taken-care-of answer, and endowed her moreover with a pretty little bracelet as a keepsake.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 20，頁 46:

The blessing of private initiative for public affairs is destined to be appreciated more deeply. Empty government coffers and a regular exchange of views with experts from all over the world add impetus, even if concepts developed indigenously sometimes still lack a realistic approach to the vital issue of endowing and funding new foundations.

1999，Rupert Graf Strachwitz，“Foundations in Germany and Their Revival in East Germany after 1989”, in Private Funds, Public Purpose: Philanthropic Foundations in International Perspective (Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies)，New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, →ISBN，頁 232:

Wherby we bith lerned þat it shalnot only be goode to owre prince, but also to vs selff, that he be well indowed; ffor ellis the patriarke wolde not haue made such a trety.

Whereby we have learned that it shall not only be good to our prince, but also to ourselves, that he be well endowed; for else the patriarch would not have made such a treaty.

[c. 1471，John Fortescue，“Here is Shewid, What off the Kynges Livelod Geven awey, mey Beste be Taken a Geyn”, in The Governance of England: Otherwise Called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy […] (語言：中古英語), London: Oxford University Press; Humphrey Milford, 出版於 1885 (1926 printing), →OCLC，頁 135:

Vpon her eyelids many Graces ſate, / Vnder the ſhadow of her euen browes, / VVorking belgardes [beautiful looks], and amorous retrate [portrait], / And euerie one her with a grace endowes: […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25，頁 225:

Father Omnipotent, our Lord and only Redeemer, / […] with thy grace my ſpirit endow: […]

1599，The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. when He was but Earle of Richmond, Grandfather to the Queenes Maiesty: […]，imprinted at London: By R. B. […], →OCLC; 再版為 The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. […] (Illustrations of Old English Literature; no. 11)，[London?: s.n.], 1866, →OCLC，頁 31:

Firſt, it is needfull that we be indowed with humility of ſpirit, that denying our owne ſelves and carnall reaſon, wee may ſubmit to take ſuch ſence and meaning of the Scripture, as it of it ſelfe affords, with the aſſiſtance of the helps of the Church; and not to impoſe upon it any ſenſe of our owne making; […]

1637，John Sym，“The Self-murderers Motives to Kill Themselves”, in Lifes Preservative against Self-killing. Or, A Vsefvl Treatise Concerning Life and Self-murder; […]，London: Printed by M[iles] Flesher, for R[obert] Dawlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], →OCLC, §4 (Of Misunderstood Scripture Perverting the Iudgement; and the Remedy thereof)，頁 199:

[A]midst so many vicissitudes of fortune to which I have been exposed, amongst all the goods and evils, the joyful and gloomy, the pleasing and disagreeable circumstances of life, thou [God] endowest me with an equal, constant, manly, and superior spirit on every occasion.

1811，Benjamin Stillingfleet，章號 VIII, in Literary Life and Select Works of Benjamin Stillingfleet, […]，卷 I (Literary Life), London: Printed by J[ames] Nichols and Son, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], →OCLC，頁 119:

Thus was he [John Boyle O'Reilly] fitted to fulfill worthily the vocation of a poet. For it is not aimlessly that Divine Providence endows a human being with qualities so exceptional and exalted.

1890年October13日，James Gibbons，“Introduction”, in James Jeffrey Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, […] Together with His Complete Poems and Speeches，New York, N.Y.: Cassell Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1891, →OCLC，頁 vi:

[P]roper use of sensory feedback is required to grant the industrial robot the required sensing capabilities and to endow it with the intelligence needed for detecting and adjusting to environmental disturbances.

1993，H. Zghal，D. R. Strong，“A Perspective on the Use of Sensors in Robot Materials Handling”, in Information Control Problems in Manufacturing Technology 1992: Selected Papers from the 7th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IMACS/ISPE Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 25–28 May 1992 (IFAC Symposia Series)，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon Press, →ISBN，頁 129，列 2:

General relativity endows spacetime with a causal structure described by observer-invariant light cones. […] Points inside a light cone are causally connected with its vertex, while points outside the same light cone are out-of-causal contact with its vertex.

2005，Maurice H. P. M. van Putten，“Superluminal Motion in the Quasar 3C273”, in Gravitational Radiation, Luminous Black Holes, and Gamma-ray Burst Supernovae，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 1:

Just as we may endow people with physical properties, so we sometimes endow physical objects with human-like personalities or subjective states. Perhaps because of their capacity for interior accommodation, cars, ships, airplanes and even houses are often given female characteristics or referred to as 'she'.

2015，Michael C[harles] Corballis，“Wandering into Other Minds”, in The Wandering Mind: What the Brain Does when You’re Not Looking，Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 77:

It's bulging with giant confidence and packed with outbursts of that mysterious epiphanic grandeur, like moments of sunlight breaking through cloud-cover, with which [Jacques] Audiard endows apparently normal sequences and everyday details.

2016年April7日，Peter Bradshaw，“Dheepan review – a crime drama packed with epiphanic grandeur”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2018-12-30:

Historic England explained the listing: "The station's unique design employs a high level of sophistication and innovation through its use of conoid shells supported on a cruck-like frame, which not only create a dramatic aesthetic form, but endow the building with a light and spacious interior."

2023年March22日，Philip Haigh，“Five configuration stages to boost Manchester rail capacity”, in RAIL，期 979，頁 31:

She was endowed with a beautiful voice.

And thus shal the aged Courtier, although he exercise not the qualities that he is indowed withal, comebye his ende at length, to instructe well hys Prince.

1561，Baldassare Castiglione，“The Fourth Booke of the Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio unto Maister Alphonsus Aristo”, in Thomas Hoby（譯者）, The Book of the Courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione: Done into English (The Tudor Translations; XXIII)，London: Published by David Nutt […], 出版於 1900, →OCLC，頁s 337–338:

[T]he late Monſ. Du Faye [i.e., Charles François de Cisternay du Fay] obſerv'd, that there were two Sorts of Electricity, and that Bodies which are endow'd with one Sort of Electricity attract thoſe which are endow'd with the other Sort of Electricity, whilſt they repel thoſe which have the ſame Electricity.

1744，J[ohn] T[heophilus] Desaguliers，“Lecture X. Hydrostaticks.”, in A Course of Experimental Philosophy，卷 II, London: Printed for W. Innys, […]; M. Senex, […]; and T[homas] Longman, […], →OCLC，頁 349:

He [Richard Watson] produced many chemical, phyſical, and metaphyſical reaſons, which ſeem to render the ſuppoſition not altogether indefenſible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception.

1787 December，“Art. XI. Chemical Essays. By R. Watson, […] Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. sewed. Evans. 1787. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged，卷 LXXVII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC，頁 469:

A young violinist, thirteen years old—Mischa Elman—made his first appearance in Paris on April 2nd, in his own concert at the Salle de Agriculteurs. […] Mischa Elman, indeed, is endowed with most precious gifts, for his art combines the legendary virtuosity of [Niccolò] Paganini with the fulness of sound, the purity of style, and the nobility of expression of [Joseph] Joachim.

1905年June1日，“Letter from Paris”, in The Monthly Musical Record，卷 XXXV, 期 414, London: Augener Limited, […], →OCLC，頁 113，列 1:

给...逝世丈夫的遗产 （寡妇）；给...嫁妆 （新娘） （参见dower和dowry）

And if a man entice a maide that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he ſhall ſurely endow her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuſe to giue her vnto him, he ſhall pay money according to the dowrie of virgins.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:16–17，列 1:

A widow may be endowed of all her husband's lands, tenements, and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, under the restrictions before-mentioned, unless there be some special reason to the contrary. Thus, a woman shall not be endowed of a castle built for defence of the realm, because it ought not to be divided. But of a castle that is only for the private use and habitation of the owner, a woman shall be endowed.

1823，Peter Lovelass，Niel Gow，“Of the Descent of Real Estates, or Estates of Inheritance. […]”, in The Law’s Disposal of a Person’s Estate who Dies without Will or Testament. […]，第11th版, London: Printed for R. Pheney, Charles Hunter, J. and W. T. Clarke, and H[enry] Butterworth, →OCLC, section II (How the Law Disposes of a Wife’s Real Estate; […])，頁 125:


epoch

源自中世紀拉丁語 epocha，源自古希臘語 ἐποχή (epokhḗ，“停止，中止，暂停；行星达到最高点时的停顿；历史的时期”)，源自ἐπέχω (epékhō，“压抑，停止”)，源自ἐπι- (epi-，“之上”) + ἔχω (ékhō，“有，拿着”)。

epochs (third-person singular present)
epoching (present participle)
epoched (past participle)

根据时间将...划分为小段

The continuous data were epoched into segments of 1500 ms (starting 500 ms before visual stimulus onset), time-locked to stimulus onset (0 ms) and sorted according to experimental conditions.

2015年July6日，“Stronger Neural Modulation by Visual Motion Intensity in Autism Spectrum Disorders”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


errand

源自中古英語 erande、erende，源自古英語 ǣrende，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ārundī (“消息，口信”)。

errands (third-person singular present)
erranding (present participle)
erranded (past participle)

All the servants were on holiday or erranded out of the house.

所有佣人要不是在休假，要不是被派去办事情不在家里。


escalate

escalates (third-person singular present)
escalating (present participle)
escalated (past participle)

Violence escalated during the election.

The shooting escalated the existing hostility.

槍擊事件使現有的敵意升級。

"Operating the WCML at this intensity makes it challenging to maintain acceptable performance levels, resulting in a frustratingly unreliable service for passengers. Minor disruption can escalate into significant delays because a train running only a few minutes late can miss its slot across a junction, resulting in a snowballing effect across the network."

2020年May6日，Philip Haigh，“Just one more stop on the long journey to HS2 fulfillment [sic]”, in Rail，頁 65:

在技術支援中，將客戶或問題等移交給上一級主管部門。

The tech 1 escalated the caller to a tech 2.

技術員1將來電者轉移給技術員2。


estate

繼承自中古英語 estat，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 estat和古法語 estat（法語：état），來自拉丁語 status。state和status 的同源對似詞。

estates (third-person singular present)
estating (present participle)
estated (past participle)


ether

源自2001年美國歌手纳斯的歌曲“Ether”。

ethers (third-person singular present)
ethering (present participle)
ethered (past participle)

The battle rapper ethered his opponent and caused him to slink away in shame.

那個說唱歌手惡毒地羞辱了他的對手一番，整得他溜走了。

HS Coach Gets Ethered By Girlfriend On FB, Resigns Amid Investigation [article title] […] On Monday, a woman living in Bowling Green, Ky., used her Facebook page to unleash one of the coldest, boyfriend-crushingest Dear John letters you'll ever read.

2014年February26日，Tom Ley，“HS Coach Gets Ethered by Girlfriend on FB, Resigns Amid Investigation”, in Deadspin，存檔自the original on 2018-10-22:

Cory Barker: Game of Thrones is the easiest answer for me, but MaryAnn [Sleasman] did a fine job of ethering that overrated hunk of junk, so I'm free to take a few shots at Sherlock.

2015年August15日，“Pass the Remote: What is a Popular Show Everyone Loves but You Hate?”, in TV.com，存檔自the original on 2018-12-20:

Best of all, [Steven] Soderbergh, a shade queen of our time!!!, slyly ethers James Cameron: […]

2015年September15日，Kirsten Yoonsoo Kim，“Steven Soderbergh Ethers James Cameron to Promote His Brandy”, in Complex，存檔自the original on 2015-09-19:

On Wednesday, I found myself nodding along vigorously to the latest Kanye West Twitter screed, as this particular iteration included a call for more inclusion at the Grammys and one extremely polite ethering of Macklemore.

2016年February25日，Rohan Nadkarni，“How does Kanye West Tweet So Fast?: Some Working Theories—because these Rants are Coming at a Record Speed”, in GQ，存檔自the original on 2016-02-28:


exacerbate

源自拉丁語 exacerbo (“激怒；加劇”)；ex (“出”) + acerbo (“使更加痛苦或恶化”)。

exacerbates (third-person singular present)
exacerbating (present participle)
exacerbated (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

The proposed shutdown would exacerbate unemployment problems.

建议中的关闭将加剧失业问题。

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

五月九日的边界事件使中苏关系恶化。北京指控三十名苏联士兵在直升机和海军舰艇的支援下越过乌苏里江进入黑龙江省虎林地区。

1986，Peter P. Cheng，“1978: The Four Modernizations on the March [1978：四个现代化正在进行中]”, in Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979 [中华人民共和国大事记，1970-1979]，Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 395:

Liz: It's just with Ed here, it's no wonder I always bring my flat-mates out and then that only exacerbates things.
Shaun: What do you mean?
Liz: Well you guys hardly get on, do you?
Shaun: No, what does "exacerbate" mean?

2004，Simon Pegg, Edgar Wright，Shaun of the Dead [活人甡吃]:

The reasons for this growing disconnect are myriad and complex but the situation is exacerbated by the reality that those English players who do smash through our game's "glass ceiling" command radically inflated transfer fees.

造成这种差距扩大的原因是多种多样且复杂的，但现实情况是，那些突破了英格兰足球“玻璃天花板”的球员需要支付高昂的转会费，这让情况更加恶化。

2013年August20日，Louise Taylor，“English talent gets left behind as Premier League keeps importing [英超联赛不断引进球员，英格兰球员人才被抛在后面]”, in The Guardian:


expound

源自中古英語 expounden，源自古法語 espondre，源自拉丁語 exponere。expose 的同源對似詞。

expounds (third-person singular present)
expounding (present participle)
expounded (past participle)

spell out

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述


fulminate

源自拉丁語 fulminātus，fulminō (“照亮，（雷电）劈”)的过去分词，源自fulmen (“引起着火的雷电”)，源自早期形式*fulgmen、*fulgimen，源自fulgeō、fulgō (“闪，照亮”)。fulmine 的同源對似詞。详见fulgent。

fulminates (third-person singular present)
fulminating (present participle)
fulminated (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fulminate.wav

以...斥责，以...责备，以...批评，以...谴责

In short, the criticism which the great lexicographer fulminated against an unfortunate author, seems to have been adopted by the profession as applicable to everything under the sun […]

1855, William Neilson, Mesmerism in its relation to health and disease (page 46)

the present owners couldn't afford the electric bills anymore, several amateur gaffers, sad to say, having already been fulminated trying to bootleg power in off the municipal lines.

2009, Thomas Pynchon, Inherent Vice, Vintage 2010, p. 235:


germinate

germinates (third-person singular present)
germinating (present participle)
germinated (past participle)

These were business hours, and a feeling of loneliness crept over him, perhaps germinated by his sight of the illustrated papers, and accentuated by an attempted perusal of them.

1913，Robert Barr，章號 5, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

grazes (third-person singular present)
grazing (present participle)
grazed (past participle)

Although it is perfectly good meadowland, none of the villagers has ever grazed animals on the meadow on the other side of the wall.

Cattle graze in the meadows.

The bird [Canada goose] is more often found on land than other waterfowl because of its love for seeds and grains. The long neck is well adapted for grazing.

1993，John Montroll，Origami Inside-Out，頁 41:

the bullet grazed the wall

to graze one's knee


heed

源自中古英語 hēden，源自古英語 hēdan (“注意，关心，观察，负责，占有，接受”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hōdijan (“注意，保卫”)，源自原始印歐語 *kadʰ- (“注意，保护”)。与西弗里斯蘭語 hoedje (“留心，注意”)、荷蘭語 hoeden (“留心，注意”)、德語 hüten (“留心，注意”)同源。

heeds (third-person singular present)
heeding (present participle)
heeded (past participle)

With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.

1567, John Dryden translating Ovid, Metamorphoses Book 1

"It comes back to me that I wanted to say something to the driver and that I couldn't make him heed me."

1913，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Poison Belt:

Tolokonnikova not only tried to adjust to life in the penal colony but she even tried to heed the criticism levied at her by colony representatives during a parole hearing.

2013 September 23, Masha Gessen, "Life in a Russian Prison," New York Times （获取于2013年9月24日）:

Barker's proposal to try out new equipment before mass introduction should also have been heeded, because traction components bought without trialling for the Glasgow and Great Eastern schemes gave trouble.

2020年July29日，David Clough，“AC/DC: the big switch in power supply”, in Rail，頁 65:


husk

源自中古英語 huske。可能源自古英語 *husuc, *hosuc (“很小的覆盖物”)，hosu (“壳，皮”)的指小词，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hosā，源自原始日耳曼語 *husǭ、*hausaz (“覆盖物，壳，裹腿”)，源自原始印歐語 *kawəs- / kawes- (“盖”)。若如此，等价于hose + -ock。
另可能源自中古低地德語 hūske(n) (“小房子，保护套”)、中古荷蘭語 hūskijn (“小房子，果核，盒子”)，hūs (“房子”)的指小词。对比荷蘭語 huisje、德語 Häuschen，两者均可指“蜗牛壳”。

husks (third-person singular present)
husking (present participle)
husked (past participle)

给...去皮，给...剥壳


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

The French captain did not immediately respond; he looked at his men with a miserable expression [...]; still he hesitated, drooped, and finally husked, "Je me rends," with a look still more wretched.

2006，Naomi Novik，His Majesty's Dragon，Del Rey Books，頁 5:


impart

繼承自中古英語 imparten、借自中古法語 impartir、empartir，源自晚期拉丁語 impartiō、impertiō，源自 im- + 拉丁語 partiō (“分割”)。

imparts (third-person singular present)
imparting (present participle)
imparted (past participle)

disclose

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

tell

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

賦予，給予（品質或財產）

The sun imparts warmth.

to impart food to the poor

Expressing well the spirit within thee [Adam] free, / My [God's] image, not imparted to the brute.

1667，John Milton，“Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行 440:

Did not Mazzini impart his spirit to divided Italy, and make her one?

1907，Charles Henry Vine，The Old Faith and the New Theology:

Cary Grant imparts his ineffable charm, Kennedy (with metal hand) provides comic brutality, while Hepburn is elegantly fraught.

2002，John Pym，Time Out Film Guide，頁 202:

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

Well may he then to you his cares impart.

1662，John Dryden，letter to Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon:

The departure was not unduly prolonged. […] Within the door Mrs. Spoker hastily imparted to Mrs. Love a few final sentiments on the subject of Divine Intention in the disposition of buckets; farewells and last commiserations; a deep, guttural instigation to the horse; and the wheels of the waggonette crunched heavily away into obscurity.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

Sweet Cossen, what we may not now impart, heere let vs bury it, closely in our hart

c. 1587 Anthony Munday, John a Kent and John a Cumber


incense

源自中古英語 encens，源自古法語 encens (“气味香甜的物质”)，源自晚期拉丁語 incensum (“熏香”，字面意思是“焚烧的东西”)，incendō (“将...点燃”)的中性过去分词。对比incendiary。同源词包括西班牙語 encender和incienso。

incenses (third-person singular present)
incensing (present participle)
incensed (past participle)

I think it would incense him to learn the truth.

我觉得他知道真相以后会勃然大怒。

使...变香 （尤指熏香的香）

Neither, for the future, shall any man or woman, self-styled noble, be incensed,—foolishly fumigated with incense, in Church; as the wont has been.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):


invoke

invokes (third-person singular present)
invoking (present participle)
invoked (past participle)


lament

源自法語 lamenter，源自拉丁語 lāmentor (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，源自lāmenta (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，带构词要素-mentum，源自词根*la-，可能最终是拟声词。参见latrare。

laments (third-person singular present)
lamenting (present participle)
lamented (past participle)

Euston is so traditionally a part of the London scene that many will lament the passing of the old station when rebuilding is complete in readiness for the new electric service, which will probably be by multiple-units between Euston and Wolverhampton.

1960 February，R. C. Riley，“The London-Birmingham services - Past, Present and Future”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 99:

By the end, Sunderland were lucky to lose by the same scoreline Northampton Town suffered against Southampton, in 1921. The Sunderland manager, Gus Poyet, lamented that it was “the most embarrassed I’ve ever been on a football pitch, without a doubt”.

2014年October18日，Paul Doyle，“Southampton hammer eight past hapless Sunderland in barmy encounter”, in The Guardian:


paralyse

paralyses (third-person singular present)
paralysing (present participle)
paralysed (past participle)

使麻痺，使癱瘓；使氣餒；使驚呆

The transport strike paralysed the city.

交通罷工使這座城市陷入癱瘓。


patrol

源自法語 patrouiller，源自古法語 patrouiller (“蹚水；四处走；巡逻”)，源自patte (“爪子”)。

patrols (third-person singular present)
patrolling (present participle)
patrolled (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

to patrol a frontier

to patrol a beat

Whether attempting to keep the peace in Bosnia, evacuating American citizens from Albania, or patrolling the world's seas and skies, our service men and women risk capture by unfriendly foreign forces.

April 8 1997, Bill Clinton, Proclamation 6983


peel

源自中古英語 pelen，源自古英語 pilian、古法語 peler、pellier，源自拉丁語 pilō, pilāre (“剝皮，去除……的毛髮”)，源自pilus (“頭髮，毛髮”)。pill 的同源對似詞。

peels (third-person singular present)
peeling (present participle)
peeled (past participle)

I sat by my sister's bed, peeling oranges for her.

我坐在姊/妹的床上，給她削橙子吃。

I peeled (the skin from) a banana and ate it hungrily.

我剝開香蕉皮，狼吞虎嚥地吃起香蕉來。

We peeled the old wallpaper off in strips where it was hanging loose.

我們把鬆垮的舊墻紙扯下來。


peel

源自古法語 piller (“搶掠”)。

But govern ill the nations under yoke, / Peeling their provinces.

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 4:

O conſider my caſe, moſt blisfull Queen, […] Diſpell thoſe Clouds which hover 'twixt my King and his higheſt Counſell, […] that my great Law-making Court be forced to turn no more to polemicall Committees, […] but that they may come again to the old Parliamentary Rode, To the path of their Predeceſſours, to conſult of means how to ſweep away thoſe Cobwebs that hang in the Courts of Juſtice, and to make the Laws run in their right Channell; to retrench exceſſive fees, and finde remedies for the future, that the poor Client be not ſo peeled by his Lawyer, and made to ſuffer by ſuch monſtrous delays, that one may go from one Tropick to the other, and croſſe the Equinoctiall twenty times, before his ſute be done; […]

1645，James Howell，“England’s Tears, for the Present Wars, which for the Nature of the Quarrel, the Quality of the Strength, the Diversity of Battels, Skirmishes, Encounters, and Sieges, (Happened in so Short a Compasse of Time) Cannot be Parallel’d in Any Precedent Age”, in ΔΕΝΔΡΟΛΟΓΊΑ [DENDROLOGIA]: Dodona’s Grove, or The Vocall Forrest. The Third Edition More Exact and Perfect than the Former; with the Addition of Two Other Tracts: viz. Englands Tears for the Present Wars. And The Pre-eminence of Parlements，第3rd版, Cambridge: Printed by R. D. for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop at the Prince's Arms in S. Pauls Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 189:


perceive

perceives (third-person singular present)
perceiving (present participle)
perceived (past participle)

Go from the presence of a foolish man, when thou perceivest not in him the lips of knowledge.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 14:7:


plump

源自中古英語 plump、plompe，借自中古荷蘭語 plomp或中古低地德語 plump。

plumps (third-person singular present)
plumping (present participle)
plumped (past participle)

使...变胖，使...变圆，充满；常与up连用

to plump oysters or scallops by placing them in fresh or brackish water

将牡蛎或扇贝放到淡水或咸水里使其变大

to plump a stone into water


congee

源自晚期中古英語 congie，源自古法語 congié、congiet（现代法語 congé），源自拉丁語 commeātus (“通行许可，批准离开”)，源自commeō (“来和去”)，源自con- + meō (“走，通过”)。比喻义借自法語 congé中的词义演化。

congees (third-person singular present)
congeeing (present participle)
congeed (past participle)

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)
批准，许可


pox

源自中古英語 pocke的复数形式。见pock。

poxes (third-person singular present)
poxing (present participle)
poxed (past participle)

Jack had a moſt ſcandalous tongue, and perſuaded Peg that all mankind, beſides himſelf, were pox'd by that ſcarlet-faced whore, †Signiora Bubonia. “As for his brother Lord Peter, the tokens were evident on him, blotches, ſcabs, and the corona. […]”

[1750?]，Dr. [John] Arbuthnot，“The History of John Bull: Part II, Chapter III”, in The History of John Bull [by Dr. Arbuthnot]. And Poems on ſeveral Occasions by Dr. Jonathan Swift, with Several Miſcellaneous Pieces, by Dr. Swift and Mr. Pope，London: D. Midwinter, A. Tonson，頁 60:


prejudice

來自中古英語 prejudice，來自古法語 prejudice，來自拉丁語 praeiūdicium (“前例，前判；傷害，損害”)，來自prae- (“之前”) + iūdicium (“審判”)。

præjudice (alternative)
p͛judice (alternative)
prejudices (third-person singular present)
prejudicing (present participle)
prejudiced (past participle)

/ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/

對（某人的地位、機會等）產生負面影響

引起偏見；使人的思想產生偏差


procession

源自中古英語 processioun，借自古法語 pourciession，源自拉丁語 prōcessiō (“行进，前进；（晚期拉丁语）宗教队伍”)，源自prōcēdere，prōcessus (“前行，前进”)的过去分词，详见proceed。

processions (third-person singular present)
processioning (present participle)
processioned (past participle)

To procession the lands of such persons as desire it.

1856，Alexander Mansfield Burrill，A Law Dictionary and Glossary, PROCESSIONING:


rear

来自中古英語 reren (“抬升、提升”)，古英語 rǣran (“抬升、竖立、促进、提升、创立、激发、唤醒、唤起、煽动”)，原始日耳曼語 *raizijaną、*raisijaną (“使上升”)，原始印歐語 *h₁rey- (“抬起某物本身、上升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 rere (“构建、建设”)，冰島語 reisa (“使提升”)，哥特語 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan，“使上升、抬起、建立”)，德語 reisen (“旅行”，字面意思是“起身离开”)同源，且是raise 的同源對似詞。另请参见rise。
与rise（上升）和raise（提升）有关，两个词曾用于rear现在的几个古老或过时的意义，以及用于rear目前在英语其他方言中更常见的一些意义。

rears (third-person singular present)
rearing (present participle)
reared (past participle)

抚养成熟某物，如后代；教育；指导；培养。

He wants a father to protect his youth, and rear him up to virtue.
#*:: 他希望有一个父亲来保护他的青春，培养他的美德。

1694, Thomas Southerne, Isabella: Or The Fatal Marriage

The family has been rearing cattle for 200 years.

这家人在200年中一直饲养牛。

物理上或比喻上升高；抬出；使上升，抬升。

贫困露出了它的丑陋面目。

Poverty reared its ugly head. （出现了，开始了，开始有效果了）

怪物慢慢地抬起头来。

建造防御或房子。

在一个政府的废墟上建立另一个政府。

to rear one government on the ruins of another.


resect

借自拉丁語 resectus，resecare (“切斷”) 的過去分詞，源自 re- + secare (“切割”)。

resects (third-person singular present)
resecting (present participle)
resected (past participle)

通過手術切除（器官或結構的一部分）

The tumor was resected after chemotherapy.


seep

sipe的变体，其源自中古英語 *sipen，源自古英語 sipian，源自原始日耳曼語 *sipōną，派生自*sīpaną（对比中古荷蘭語 sīpen (“滴”)、德國低地德語 siepern (“渗透”)，古旧德語 seifen (“滴血”)），源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*sib- (“倒出，滴”)（对比拉丁語 sēbum (“板油”)、古希臘語 εἴβω (eíbō，“滴”)。参见soap。

seeps (third-person singular present)
seeping (present participle)
seeped (past participle)

The crack is seeping water.

If the crack is seeping water, the foam totally stops the leakage.

Just when I thought I was done checking it over, I smelled coolant....remove the engine cover and bam! 1 inch crack is seeping coolant!


shriek

源自弃用词shrick（1567年）、shreke，早期形式screak、skricke的变体（1500年代前），源自中古英語 scrycke，源自某北日耳曼語支/斯堪的纳维亚语言（对比瑞典語 skrika、丹麥語 skrige、冰島語 skríkja），源自原始日耳曼語 *skrīkijaną、*skrik-（对比英語 screech）。还见screech。

shrieks (third-person singular present)
shrieking (present participle)
shrieked (past participle)

The ghostly owl, shrieking his baleful note.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 33:

She shrieked his name to the dark woods.


sneer

可能与中古高地德語 snerren (“讲八卦”)有关。

sneers (third-person singular present)
sneering (present participle)
sneered (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-sneer.wav

to sneer fulsome lies at a person

There was a quick scuffle within the cabin. "Leave me alone, I say, and git!" cried the cook. "Can't I be friendly without you hollerin?" sneered the miner. "You wouldn't have been 'lowed to stay round here if it hadn't been for me."


stammer

繼承自中古英語 stameren，繼承自古英語 stamerian，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *stamrōn，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *stamrōną (“口吃，結巴”)。對照德語 stammeln、荷蘭語 stameren、古諾爾斯語 stammr。stumble 的同源對似詞。

stammers (third-person singular present)
stammering (present participle)
stammered (past participle)

結結巴巴地說，磕磕絆絆地說

He blushed, and stammered a few words of apology.

他红了脸，结结巴巴地说了几句道歉的话。

The high school had a send-off in my honour. It was an uncommon thing for a young man of Rajkot to go to England. I had written out a few words of thanks. But I could scarcely stammer them out. I remember how my head reeled and how my whole frame shook as I stood up to read them.
高中为我举行了欢送会。拉杰果德的年轻人去英国可不是什么稀奇事。我写了几句感谢的话，却几乎说不出来。我记得当我站起来读这些话的时候，我感到头晕目眩，整个身子都在颤抖。

1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xi:


stethoscope

借自法語 stéthoscope，由听诊器发明者，雷奈克医生所造，等价于stetho- + -scope。

stethoscopes (third-person singular present)
stethoscoping (present participle)
stethoscoped (past participle)

you wish me to submit to be stethoscoped; if so, you shall be gratified, although the prospect of undergoing that, or any other operation at Mr. Pigwidgeon's hands, is not the most agreeable

1852, Marmion Wilme Savage, Reuben Medlicott; or, the Coming Man


stifle

动词派生自晚期中古英語 stuflen (“因炎热而难以呼吸；淹水，因呛水窒息”) [以及其他形式]，之后词源不详，可能源自stuffen (“通过窒息杀死；因闷热窒息；压制，灭杀；剥夺植物的生长条件”) + -el- (动词的衍生性中缀，可能意指指小，程度增强或反复性动作和事件)。 stuffen派生自古法語 estofer、estouffer (“使...窒息，勒死；（比喻义）压制，抑制”) [以及其他形式]（现代法語 étouffer），变换自estoper、estuper (“阻塞；绷紧，使...变厚”)（现代法語 étouper (“填补”)），受到了estofer (“给...装垫子”)（现代法語 étoffer）的影响。estoper派生自通俗拉丁語 *stuppāre，源自拉丁語 stuppa (“粗亚麻”)（作为填塞材料，源自古希臘語 στύπη (stúpē)、στύππη (stúppē)（对比στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)），可能源自前希臘時期的底層語言）+ -āre。据《牛津英语词典》，其派生自古諾爾斯語 stífla (“筑坝；阻塞”)的说法“在词形和词义方面难有说服力”。
名词派生自动词。

stifles (third-person singular present)
stifling (present participle)
stifled (past participle)

smother

使...窒息；将...闷死

suffocate

使...窒息；将...闷死

使...窒息；将...闷死

I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room.

1708，Jonathan Swift，Accomplishment of the First Prediction:

The heat was stifling the children.

The army stifled the rebellion.

I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.

1723，Daniel Waterland，A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:

In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.

2011年October29日，Neil Johnston，“Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:


stifle

The stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 27 in this drawing of a horse.
A dog’s stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 12 in the above illustration.
名词派生自中古英語 stifle (“四足动物的股骨和胫骨之间的关节”) [以及其他形式]，之后词源不详，可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 estive (“腿”)及古法語 estive (“腿”)（对比古法語 estival (“靴，鞋”)）。
动词派生自名词。

使...的后腿膝关节挫伤，脱臼等 （动物）


suffocate

源自拉丁語 suffōcāre，源自sub- (“在...之下”) + fōx (“喉咙”)

suffocates (third-person singular present)
suffocating (present participle)
suffocated (past participle)

to suffocate fire


sustain

sustains (third-person singular present)
sustaining (present participle)
sustained (past participle)


taper

源自中古英語 taper，源自古英語 tapor (“蜡烛，灯芯”)，其词源不详。可能源自拉丁語 papyrus (“纸莎草”，中世纪时指“蜡烛芯”)。若如此，则是papyrus和paper 的同源對似詞。另可能源自凱爾特語族中某个与愛爾蘭語 tapar、威爾士語 tampr (“火把”)有关的词，亦对比梵語 तपती (tápati，“温暖，发热”)。还见tepid。

tapers (third-person singular present)
tapering (present participle)
tapered (past participle)

使...的末端变细或变窄


throng

源自中古英語 throng、thrang，源自古英語 þrang、ġeþrang (“挤压，人群，吵嚷”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *þrangwą、*þrangwō (“人群”)，源自*þrangwaz (“挤压”)，源自原始印歐語 *trenkʷ- (“殴打，击打；砍劈；按压”)。与荷蘭語 drang、德語 Drang同源。亦对比德語 Gedränge (“人群”)。

throngs (third-person singular present)
thronging (present participle)
thronged (past participle)

By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.

1935，George Goodchild，章號 5, in Death on the Centre Court:

有一大群人跟隨耶穌，並擁擠他。

Much people followed him, and thronged him.


trance

源自中古英語 traunce，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 transe (“对邪恶降临的恐惧；从生到死的过程”)，源自transir (“因恐惧而僵住；死亡”)，源自拉丁語 trānseō (“穿过”)。

trances (third-person singular present)
trancing (present participle)
tranced (past participle)

entrance

使...昏迷，使...出神

使...昏迷，使...出神

The Horned Toad (kɛŋkak) tranced the rivers into being. A bakɔh bird tranced the mountains. The Scrub Bulbul (ˀɛsˀããs) drilled fire into existence with its beak. And, finally, the Bronzed Black Drongo (tɛrhɛɛh) tranced the year […]

2014, Geoffrey Benjamin, Temiar Religion, 1964-2012, page 64:

What is interesting for us here is that Chingkai and her familiars dreamed and tranced the Temiar world into being. […]

1995, Sue Jennings, Kevin Jennings, Theatre, Ritual, and Transformation: The Senoi Temiars, page 111:


activate

activates (third-person singular present)
activating (present participle)
activated (past participle)

activate the economy

The pranksters activated the fire alarm by spraying deodorant next to it.

恶作剧者通过在旁边喷洒除臭剂来触发火警警报。

加速化學反應，例如用加熱等方式

組織、建立軍事單位或駐地

A new squadron was activated.


azure

源自中古英語 asure，源自古法語 azur，派生自阿拉伯語 لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward，“青金石”)，l 被误解为法语冠词 l' 而被删去。阿拉伯语词源自古典波斯語 لاجورد (lājward，“青金石”)，源自巴达克山处Lajward地区的名字。
对比意大利語 azzurro及西班牙語 azul。

azures (third-person singular present)
azuring (present participle)
azured (past participle)

Our readers are aware that much of the sugar sold in many countries goes through an azuring treatment; blue is added to granulated sugar with the view of making it appear whiter than it actually is.


climax

源自拉丁語 clīmax，借自古希臘語 κλῖμαξ (klîmax，“梯子，樓梯，（修辭學上的）高潮”)，源自 κλίνω (klínō，“傾斜”)。

climaxes (third-person singular present)
climaxing (present participle)
climaxed (past participle)


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”，字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (third-person singular present)
Christmasses (third-person singular present)
Christmasing (present participle)
Christmassing (present participle)
Christmased (past participle)
Christmassed (past participle)

(Moving to the holly boughs.) Come on; let's finish Christmassing the place.

1966，James Goldman，The Lion in Winter: A Comedy in Two Acts，New York, N.Y., Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif.: Samuel French, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii，頁 17:

Haddonfield was completely Christmased deep in December. It was lovely to see the beautifully decorated shops. Huge bows adorned the streetlamps, aerosol snow framed the windows, and people bundled up were moving in and out of the shops as the aroma of spice and clove from holiday candles scented the air.

2012，Robin S. Shapiro，“It’s Never too Late to Play the Violin”, in Touchstones: Essays on Spirituality and Healing，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 27:


fig

figs (third-person singular present)
figging (present participle)
figged (past participle)

（以某种方式）着装，打扮


fig

Ginger, a showy, fast horse — as if he had been figged with ginger under his tail; a red-haired man.

1874，The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal，頁 176:

He must be "figged." Figging consists in pushing a piece of crushed ginger into the return of the wretched creature — a practice which is now illegal, and of which information should be given to the R.S.P.C.A. whenever detected.

“Is something amiss with the horse, Parr?” His gaze left the horse for a second as he glanced at Grace. “Yes, the horse has been figged. Now I just need to figure out who the culprit is.”

2015，Becky Lower，The Cotillion Ball Saga，Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:


tomato

源自西班牙語 tomate，來自古典納瓦特爾語 tomatl，來自原始納瓦語 *tomatl。對照tomatillo。

tomatos (third-person singular present)
tomatoing (present participle)
tomatoed (past participle)

[tʰə̥ˈmɑːtʰəʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmɐːtʰɐʉ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾoʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾə]


crevasse

crevasses (third-person singular present)
crevassing (present participle)
crevassed (past participle)


meander

源自拉丁語 Maeander，源自古希臘語 Μαίανδρος (Maíandros)，小亚细亚地区（现位于土耳其）的一条蜿蜒曲折的河流（现代土耳其語 Menderes）。

meanders (third-person singular present)
meandering (present participle)
meandered (past participle)

使...缠绕，使...弯弯曲曲


remember

源自中古英語 remembren，源自古法語 remembrer，源自晚期拉丁語 rememorari (“想起，回想起”)，源自re- + memor (“留心的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*(s)mer- (“想，留心，记”)。同源词包括古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)、古英語 māmorian (“权衡，思量，策划”)。还见mammer。
古法语的继承因该与现存日耳曼词的发音词义相近而得到推动：古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)←原始日耳曼語 *mimrōną、*mīmrōną (“记得，留心”)，源自同一印欧语词源，且与薩特弗里斯蘭語 mīmerje (“考量”)、中古低地德語 mimeren (“考量，思索”)、中古荷蘭語 mimeren (“考量”)（荷蘭語 mijmeren (“沉思，深思”)）、古英語 mimor (“留心的”)、古諾爾斯語 Mímir、Mim (“斯堪的纳维亚的记忆之神”)、古英語 māmrian (“想起；策划”)有亲缘关系。与mourn有关。
取代了本土词中古英語 ȝemuneȝen (“记忆”)，源自古英語 ġemynegian (“记忆；提醒”); 中古英語 minnen (“记得”)，源自古諾爾斯語 minna (“提醒”); 中古英語 munden、ȝemunden (“留意，记得”)，源自古英語 ġemynd (“记忆力”)、中古英語 ithenchen、ȝethenchen (“回想；记得”)，源自古英語 ġeþencan、中古英語 manien (“提醒，提到，记忆”)，源自古英語 manian (“劝诫，提醒，提到”)。

remembers (third-person singular present)
remembering (present participle)
remembered (past participle)

义项1中，本词是搭配动名词形式的链接动词。 义项3中，本词是搭配to不定式的链接动词。

My aunt remembered me in her will, leaving me several thousand pounds.

我姨妈在遗嘱里写了我的名字，给了我几千英镑。

Waitresses, mail carriers, and teachers were often remembered on Boxing Day.

2003，Little Visits 365 Family Devotions: Building Faith for a Lifetime，Concordia Publishing House:

Today we remember and honour those who have served.

今天我们谨此怀念服役过的人，向他们致以崇高的敬意。


accept

首見於1380年。繼承自中古英語 accepten，借自古法語 accepter，或直接源自拉丁語 acceptō, acceptāre (“接受”)，源自accipiō，源自 ad- + capiō (“拿”)。

accepts (third-person singular present)
accepting (present participle)
accepted (past participle)