gung ho

源自官話 工合 (gōnghé)的词语误用，其被误解释为了工 (gōng, “工作”) + 合 (hé, “一起”)即“一起工作”，但其是工業合作社／工业合作社 (Gōngyè Hézuòshè)的简称。“一起工作”的解释是由20世纪30年代驻扎在中国的美国海军准将埃文斯·卡尔逊作出的。其成为了卡尔逊领导的斗志昂扬的团的口号和外号，最后导致其他海军士兵将这个词解释为“狂热的”。在美国，其在1943年战争片《孤岛突击队》（Gung Ho!）的影响下普及开来。

more gung ho (comparative)
most gung ho (superlative)


Private

private的首字母大寫形。


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

Unfortunately, the M60 is about twenty-four pounds and is very unbalanced. You try carrying the pig around the jungle and see how you feel.


patrol

源自法語 patrouille，源自古法語 patrouille、patouille (“守夜”, 字面意思是“四处走”)，源自patrouiller、patouiller、patoiller (“蹚水；弄脏”)，源自patte、pate (“蹄”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *patta (“爪，脚”)，源自古法蘭克語 *patta (“爪子，脚底”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paþjaną、*paþōną (“走，踏”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *(s)pent-、*(s)pat- (“径；走”)，原始印歐語 *pent-、*pat- (“径；走”)的变体。见find。同源词包括荷蘭語 pad、patte (“爪”)、低地德語 pedden (“走，踏”)、德語 patschen (“泼溅，蹚水；摇晃着走”)、德語 Patsche (“拍子；爪；水洼”)。与pad、path有关。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

Four members of the squadron were on patrol.

The watch consisted of twelve convicts—men selected for their good behaviour. Immediately after tattoo had beat they began their patrol. 'No complaint was ever made of them,' remarks Phillip, and they were expressly cautioned to avoid disputes with soldiers or seamen ( many of whom were as great thieves as the convicts themselves).

1899, Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery, Admiral Phillip Chapter 7

After cordial good-bye to our hospitable hostess we motored back to Chaumont where we dined with Colonel Mitchell; and then with another long drive we finally reached home tired but happy at 3.30 in the morning. There staring me in the face was an order directing me to lead my patrol over the lines in the morning at five o'clock, sharp! An hour and a half sleep for an utterly worn out aviator!

1919, Eddie Rickenbacker, “Chapter 7”, 出自 Fighting the Flying Circus:


activate

組織、建立軍事單位或駐地

A new squadron was activated.


mine

源自中古英語，源自古法語 mine，源自晚期拉丁語 mina，源自高盧語（對比威爾士語 mwyn、愛爾蘭語 mianach (“礦石”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *mēnis (“礦石；金屬”)。

His left leg was blown off after he stepped on a mine.

他踩到地雷后左腿被炸断了。

The warship was destroyed by floating mines.


music

源自中古英語 musik、musike，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 musik、musike、古法語 musique，及它们的来源拉丁語 mūsica，源自古希臘語 μουσική (mousikḗ)，源自古希臘語 Μοῦσα (Moûsa, “缪斯”)，古希腊的艺术女神。词形分析作muse + -ic (“与...有关的”)。取代了日耳曼语系本土词古英語 drēam，其与英語 dream同源。


blind

源自中古英語 blynd，源自古英語 blind，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blind，源自原始日耳曼語 *blindaz。


chamade

借自法語 chamade，源自意大利語或葡萄牙語，源自拉丁語 clamare。

But when the chamade was beat, and the corporal helped my uncle up it, and followed with the colours in his hand, to fix them upon the ramparts.

1762, Laurence Sterne, The Life & Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, volume 6 (Penguin 2003), page 402:


camouflage

借自法語 camouflage，源自camoufler (“掩盖，伪装”)，（因camouflet (“扑到脸上的烟”)）变换自意大利語 camuffare (“裹住头”)，源自ca-（源自意大利語 capo (“头”)）+ muffare (“蒙住，裹住”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 muffula, muffla (“暖手筒”)。该中世纪拉丁语词亦派生出英語 muffle。其源自古法蘭克語 *molfell (“皮制软衣物”)，源自*mol (“软化的，穿旧的”)（与古高地德語 molawēn (“软化”)、中古高地德語 molwic (“软的”)同源）+ *fell (“皮”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)；或者，另一词源理论追溯回古法蘭克語 *muffël (“暖手筒，包裹物”)，其为由*mauwa (“袖子，包裹物”)←原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“袖子”) + *fell (“皮”)←原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)构成的复合词。

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/


chandelier

源自法語 chandelier，來自拉丁語 candelabrum，來自candela (“蠟燭”)。candelabrum的同源對似詞，參見candle。

/ˌʃæn.dəˈlɪə(ɹ)/

wall

用於提高拍賣價格的虛構競標者

用於支持臨時木柵欄的便攜式框架

Chandelier. A wooden frame, whereon are laid fascines or faggots, to cover the workmen in making approaches.

1747, James Boswell, The Scots Book, volume 9, p. 37. http://books.google.com/books?id=FVwAAAAAYAAJ&dq=chandelier%20is%20a%20wooden%20frame&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=chandelier%20is%20a%20wooden%20frame&f=false

Europeans solved this problem by building a temporary fence with tightly bound sticks ("fascines") stacked into wooden frames ("chandeliers").

1994, Todd A. Shallat, Structures in the Stream: Water, Science, and the Rise of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, University of Texas Press, p. 32.


cauldron

源自中古英語 caudroun，借自古諾曼語 caudron，最终源自晚期拉丁語 caldāria (“锅”)，源自拉丁語 caldus (“热的”)。后添加了“l”来使其偏向拉丁语词形。还见chowder、caldera。
军事义项意譯自德語 Kessel，对比英語 kettling。

同類詞：kettle

After having defended the constantly shrinking perimeter of their position for over two weeks, the encircled German units in the Cherkassy “cauldron” were ordered to break out.

1966, George H. Stein, The Waffen SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945, →ISBN，頁號 217:

The cauldron had been formed, and some 2,000 Soviets had been encircled in it; the division estimated this quite a success.

2012, Hans Wijers, Winter Storm: The Battle for Stalingrad and the Operation to Rescue 6th Army, →ISBN，頁號 153:

This could have been avoided had the Ukrainian Army either evacuated the troops in the southern cauldron once it became clear that their position was untenable or reinforced them substantially in order to reopen supply lines.

2016, Paul Robinson, “Explaining the Ukrainian Army’s defeat in Donbass in 2014”, 出自 The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, the West and Russia, →ISBN，頁號 120:


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd的同源對似詞。


culminate

自1647年起可考，源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus，culminare (“给...加冕”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 culmen (“顶点”)，早期形式columen (“顶峰”)，源自原始意大利語 *kolamen，源自原始印歐語词根*kol-, *kelH- (“展现；顶”)，其亦派生出英語 hill和holm。

peak

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

Approaching from the south on foot, elements of the CG battalion were first to come into contact and their attack culminated because the rate and accuracy of the VC small arms fire. The CG battalions attempted two assaults to penetrate[…]

2014年August15日, Major Kevin R. Kilbride, Military Assistance Advisory Group-Vietnam (1954-1963): The Battle Of Ap Bac, Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN:

As a result, the attack culminated the first day without additional artillery support. The towns of Eclisfontaine and Epinonville were not held on the first day as originally directed in the Corps plan.

2014年August15日, Major Bryan L. Woodcock, 91st Infantry In World War I--Analysis Of An AEF Division's Efforts To Achieve Battlefield Success [Illustrated Edition], Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN，頁號 33:


dreadnought

名取自无畏号战列舰（HMS Dreadnought），第一艘该类型的战列舰，源自dread + nought，即“无畏”。

Perturbed at being overtaken, the USS Texas is leading the 6th Battle Squadron at 22-and-a-half knots as the engineers pour everything they have into the effort. Behind the colossal clouds of smoke and cinders they put out come a seemingly-endless stream of dreadnoughts, battle flags flying from every mast and line they can find. It is the Grand Fleet.

2018年October17日, Drachinifel, 片头起18:32, 出自 Last Ride of the High Seas Fleet - Battle of Texel 1918，於2022-08-04歸檔自原頁面:


entrench

/ɛnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

将...用壕沟围起来，用壕沟防守

The army entrenched its camp, or entrenched itself.

军队用在军营周围挖了壕沟。 或 军队用壕沟进行防守。


faker

在軍事演習中充當敵方單位的友方單位。

faker: A friendly track acting as a hostile for exercise purposes. (STANAG 1241)

2011, APP-6C: NATO Joint Military Symbology (page 555)


generalissimo

generalissimos (plural)
generalissimi (plural)

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈliːsɪməʊ/

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈlɪsɪməʊ/

Where stands Marshal Chiang Kai-shek in this conflict of opinion concerning the tactics which China should adopt towards the aggressor? Chiang Kai-shek, according to officials who know his mind with whom I have talked, is all for resistance—as soon as he thinks he can win! “It is a fatal mistake for the Japanese to imagine that I will not fight under any circumstances,” he has said. But the Chinese Generalissimo is too well versed in the philosophy of his country not to recollect that it is foolish to fight with the certainty of defeat.

1936, H. Hessell Tiltman, The Far East Comes Nearer, Jarrolds，頁號 249:


hitch

可能源自中古英語 hicchen、hytchen、icchen (“猛地移动”)，词源不详，其他语言中难以找到同源词。对比itch、hike。

She served two hitches in Vietnam.

U.S. TROOPS FACE LONGER ARMY HITCH; SOLDIERS BOUND FOR IRAQ, ... WILL BE RETAINED

2004, June 3, Stephen J. Hedges & Mike Dorning, Chicago Tribune; Orlando Sentinel; page pg. A.1


depth charge

The trailblazing Oaxacan chef Alejandro Ruiz […] has spiked this black-bean sauce with a hidden depth charge of flavor: patches of foliage from a local avocado tree. The leaves electrify the sauce with an unexpected thrum of black licorice.

2014年October25日, Jeff Gordinier, “In search of the perfect taco”, 出自 T: The New York Times Style Magazine (international edition)，頁號 100:


depth charge

depth charges
depth charging
depth charged

用深水炸彈攻擊目標（通常是潛水艇）

After the freighter was torpedoed, its escorting destroyers depth charged the submarine for two hours, but failed to sink it.

貨輪被魚雷擊中後，護航該船的驅逐艦對潛艇實施了兩個小時的深水炸彈攻擊，但沒能將其擊沉。


striker

撞擊物，衝擊物 槍械作為撞針的裝置

"Dog-robber" has a definite significance to some army men; but unless one has spent some time in uniform he will probably have to search long for its meaning: an officer's servant or striker.

1921, Franklyn Bliss Snyder, Ronald Salmon Crane, The English of Business，頁號 90:


straddle

作动词时，自16世纪60年代起可考。很可能是方言词striddle的变换形式。名词自17世纪10年代起可考。


straddle

The first salvo fell short; the next was long; the third was a straddle.


tabun

塔崩（C₅H₁₁N₂O₂P）


skirmish

源自中古英語 skirmish (动词)，源自古法語 escarmouche (“小规模冲突”)，源自意大利語 scaramuccia，早期形式schermugio。escarmouche and Scaramouche的同源對似詞。


nav

導航。一般作定語，如nav beacon。


poison gas

[...] approximately 23,000 members of the L.M.S.R. staff were trained in methods approved by the Home Office for dealing with the consequences of an air raid, including the effects of poison gas and incendiary bombs.

1939 November, Charles E. Lee, “Railways and the War — I”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 315:


ROC

Royal Observer Corps（存在於1925 - 1992年的英國國防組織）


at-ten-shun

"At-ten-shun !" commanded he, with that peculiar inflexion only attainable after considerable service.

1906, Joseph Edgar Crowell, The Young Volunteer: The Everyday Experiences of a Soldier Boy in the Civil War:

At-ten-SHUN! ¶ The United States Marine Corps wants your children.

2003, “Family Fare”, 出自 The New York Times:


sortie

借自法語 sortie (“出口，結束”)。

Russia said it carried out 55 sorties in the last 24 hours.

俄羅斯方面稱，過去24小時內，其戰機共出動55架次。

Finally, the astronauts will descend to the lunar surface. After their sortie on the moon, they’ll return to the orbital station

2019, Jeff Foust, “NASA’s Lunar Space Station Is a Great/Terrible Idea,” IEEE Spectrum:


Cox-Klemin A-1，一種空中救護飛機，從未大量生產


ten-shun

用於引起遊行樂隊或兵團的注意。

Company, 'ten-shun—(More violently.) 'ten-shun, please... (He draws himself up exaggeratedly.) Stand straight, like soldiers!

1946, Harry Lester Baum, Prelude to Victory: A Masonic Play:


thermonuclear

China detonated her first thermonuclear in June 1967.

1967年6月，中國第一顆氫彈爆炸成功。


licorne

源自法語 licorne，仿譯自俄語 единоро́г (jedinoróg, “獨角獸”)。

18-19世紀俄羅斯帝國軍隊使用的一種前裝式加榴炮

But I think our new 24-pounder howitzer will be found superior to any of them, not even excepting the Russian Licorne.

1824, “Answers of Sir A. D., K. C. B. of the Royal Artillery, to some questions from Lieutenant C. D. Bengal Artillery”, 出自 The British Indian Military Repository, 卷 3:

The Russians have a howitzer denominated licorne, the bore of which is, in its whole extent, the truncated frustrum of a cone: the only field guns in the possession of the artillery at Corfu, in 1822, were Russian guns of this description.

1837, T. F. Simmons, Ideas as to the Effect of Heavy Ordnance Directed Against and Applied by Ships of War, etc.:

Essentially a hybrid between a howitzer and a gun, thus a gun-howitzer, the licorne was capable of a flatter trajectory and a longer range than the conventional howitzer.

2007, Jeff Kinard, “Eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century artillery”, 出自 Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact:


sillon

借自法語 sillon (“犂溝”)。

建在寬溝中的一種防禦工事。

Sillon, is a work raised it up in ropes very hard for an in the middle of a foss

1767, Thomas Simes, The Military Medley:


fire brigade

/ˈfaɪə(ɹ)bɹɪˌɡeɪd/

能快速調度並處理險情的受訓部隊

General Westmoreland used some incoming troops as a fire brigade to squelch major threats and keep the Communists off balance.

1976, The Encyclopedia Americana (volume 28, page 112)


forty-eight

They had their ten-day leaves and regular forty-eights from behind the nets of Bantry Bay and Scapa Flow […]

1919, Our Navy, the Standard Publication of the U.S. Navy


returns

(先前因健康等原因離隊的) 士兵歸隊


approaches

/əˈpɹəʊt͡ʃiz/

推進時修建的道路、戰壕等工程、設施


order of battle

作战序列，战斗序列 （自17世纪）

Working for the Resistance, Challe, a regular airman, had skilfully obtained the Luftwaffe order-of-battle on the eve of D-Day and transmitted it to London, for which he was awarded the British D.S.O.

1977, Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, New York Review Books 2006, p. 311:


squadron

由兩個連隊組成的騎兵隊伍，平均每隊有120-200人

由幾個排組成的步兵隊伍，平均人數為80-150人，由上尉或上校領導

the North Atlantic Squadron

戰術空軍部隊，由至少兩個飛行編隊組成


munt

可能派生自北恩德貝勒語 umuntu，重音落在第一個音節，而這並非恩古尼語支的常見重音形。

Munt was a derogatory term used by the [Rhodesian] security forces to refer to blacks.

Munt 是[羅德西亞]安全部隊用來指代黑人的貶義詞。

2006, Geoffrey Nyarota, Against the Grain: Memoirs of a Zimbabwean Newsman, Zebra Press，頁號 63:


Red Army

紅色是共產主義的傳統代表色，亦表示蘇聯時期的意識形態。

紅軍 蘇聯紅軍（1918年-1946年間的蘇聯陸軍和空軍）

紅軍 俄羅斯聯邦武裝部隊，尤指其地面部隊


skulk

源自中古英語 skulke, skulken，源自北日耳曼語支，对比丹麥語 skulke (“逃避，偷懒”)、瑞典語 skolka (“偷懒”)。

“I shall do my duty, Mr. Jackson,” replied Newton, “and fear no consequences.”
“Indeed! you saw how I settled a skulk just now;—beware of his fate!”

1832, Frederick Marryat, 章號 16, 出自 Newton Forster; or, The Merchant Service, 卷 1, London: James Cochrane，頁號 238:

Toward evening there was something to be done on deck, and the carpenter who belonged to the watch was missing. “Where’s that skulk, Chips?” shouted Jermin down the forecastle scuttle.

1847, Herman Melville, 章號 4, 出自 Omoo, New York: Harper，頁號 32:

If you should ever need help, my son, let this be your rule—‘never ask it from the man who deserted his country in her hour of need.’ The soldier’s child will find no mercy from a skulk, depend on it.

1872, Sallie F. Chapin, 章號 7, 出自 Fitz-Hugh St. Clair, the South Carolina Rebel Boy, Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger，頁號 75:

An exempt, a skulk, or one upon whom rested the faintest suspicion of evading duty or shrinking in the critical hour of impending battle, was the special object of his wrath.

1906, Henry E. Shepherd, Life of Robert Edward Lee, New York: Neale, Part 3, p. 62:


donkey's ears

1916年英国，源自英国押韵俚语，与years押韵，因为驴的耳朵长。


thumper

越南戰爭時期的M79榴彈發射器 (due to its distinctive report).


button up

封锁 （军事载具或者设施等）

Once buttoned up, NORAD's operation center can survive for more than 30 days without aid from the outside world.

We fired at the tanks and caused them to "button up" and then we started shooting the infantry.

1997, “Statement of S/Sgt. Alfred Sueflow, Company E, 253rd Infantry”, 出自 Battle Between the Jagst and Kocher Rivers, 4-12 April 1945，頁號 136:

He turned a key. NORAD buttoned up. The outside lights, flashing for half an hour now in warning of a simulated attack, stopped. Whoever was inside would stay inside. Whoever was outside would not be able to get in […]