graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

Cattle graze in the meadows.

The bird [Canada goose] is more often found on land than other waterfowl because of its love for seeds and grains. The long neck is well adapted for grazing.

1993, John Montroll, Origami Inside-Out，頁號 41:

the bullet grazed the wall

to graze one's knee


notion

源自拉丁語 nōtiō (“认知，领悟，观察，调查，想法，观念”)，源自nōscō (“知道”)。对比法語 notion。见know。

Yankee notions

I have a notion to do it.


brim

源自中古英語 brim、brem、brimme (“河边，岸边，湖边，海边”)，可能源自中古英語 brim (“海，海浪，海滨”)。见上文。同源词包括荷蘭語 berm (“岸，河岸”)、巴伐利亞語 Bräm (“边界”)、德語 Bräme、Brame (“边界”)、丹麥語 bræmme (“边界，边缘”)、瑞典語 bräm (“边界”)、冰島語 barmur (“边界，边缘”)。与berm有关。

(容器的) 顶部位置，口

The toy box was filled to the brim with stuffed animals.

玩具盒装的填充动物玩具满到了顶部。

He turned the back of his brim up stylishly.

他为了时髦把帽檐戴反在后面。


brim

The room brimmed with people.

It was a hint of life in a place that still brims with memories of death, a reminder that even five years later, the attacks are not so very distant.

Djokovic, brimming with energy and confidence, needed little encouragement and came haring in to chase down a drop shot in the next game, angling away the backhand to break before turning to his supporters to celebrate.

2011年July3日, Piers Newbury, “Wimbledon 2011: Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in final”, 出自 BBC Sport:


rear

来自中古英語 reren (“抬升、提升”)，古英語 rǣran (“抬升、竖立、促进、提升、创立、激发、唤醒、唤起、煽动”)，原始日耳曼語 *raizijaną、*raisijaną (“使上升”)，原始印歐語 *h₁rey- (“抬起某物本身、上升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 rere (“构建、建设”)，冰島語 reisa (“使提升”)，哥特語 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan, “使上升、抬起、建立”)，德語 reisen (“旅行”, 字面意思是“起身离开”)同源，且是raise的同源對似詞。另请参见rise。
与rise（上升）和raise（提升）有关，两个词曾用于rear现在的几个古老或过时的意义，以及用于rear目前在英语其他方言中更常见的一些意义。

The family has been rearing cattle for 200 years.

这家人在200年中一直饲养牛。

The horse was shocked, and thus reared.

这匹马受到了惊吓，于是用后腿站了起来。


strategy

借自古希臘語 στρατηγία (stratēgía)。

Oftentimes, the very simple strategies pay very great dividends.


impart

繼承自中古英語 imparten、借自中古法語 impartir、empartir，源自晚期拉丁語 impartiō、impertiō，源自 im- + 拉丁語 partiō (“分割”)。

disclose

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

tell

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

賦予，給予（品質或財產）

The sun imparts warmth.

to impart food to the poor


procession

源自中古英語 processioun，借自古法語 pourciession，源自拉丁語 prōcessiō (“行进，前进；（晚期拉丁语）宗教队伍”)，源自prōcēdere，prōcessus (“前行，前进”)的过去分词，详见proceed。

行列，队伍，队列；游行队伍

a procession of mourners

the Lord Mayor's procession

The final fifty miles of the race was a procession with little change in the relative positions of the cars […]
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）


nylon

随机选择的字母 + -on（为了仿cotton）。广泛流传的缩略自New York和London的说法是错误的。另有一说法称这一用于制作长筒袜的材料的早期名字为“no-run”，后来为了避免暗示长袜是用不能动的材料制作的而变换为现在的形式。

I tore a hole in my nylons while walking home through the woods.

我从树林里走回家时尼龙袜破了个洞。


thread

All of these essays have a common thread.

这些文章都有一个共同点。


notwithstanding

源自中古英語 notwithstandinge、notwithstondyng、natwithstandyng，等价于not + withstanding。对比近义且构成类似的中古英語 notgainstonding、not aȝenstondynge。

He, notwithstanding, persisted in his inquiries.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

1789, United States Contitution, Supremacy Clause, (請指定書籍名或刊物名):

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:notwithstanding。


notwithstanding

notwithstanding personal preferences, the school district's rules on the topic govern our decision

Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures were so transported that their gratitude made them, notwithstanding his prohibition, proclaim the wonders he had done.

1675, Richard Allestree, The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety:

Notwithstanding the high resolution of Hawkeye he fully comprehended all the difficulties and danger he was about to incur.

1826, James Fenimore Cooper, 章號 26, 出自 The Last of the Mohicans:


notwithstanding

in accordance with school district rules on the topic, personal preferences notwithstanding

Van Gaal’s dismissal of his ability to play a central role notwithstanding, Shinji Kagawa began playing just behind the strikers Danny Welbeck and Javier Hernández.

2014年August26日, Richard Rae, “Manchester United humbled by MK Dons after Will Grigg hits double”, 出自 The Guardian:

And be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that an Habeas Corpus, according to the true intent and meaning of this act, may be directed and seen in any county Palatine, the Cinque Ports, or other privileged places within the Kindgom of England, dominion of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, and the islands of Jersey and Guernsey; any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.


ridiculous

借自拉丁語 rīdiculus (“可笑的，荒唐的”)，参见ridicule。

more ridiculous (comparative)
most ridiculous (superlative)

silly

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

willy nilly

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

frivolous

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

goofy

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

funny

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

humorous

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

absurd

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

odd

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

surreal

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

unreasonable

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

straightforward

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

serious

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

somber

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

solemn

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

荒唐的，可笑的，愚蠢的，滑稽的

That hairstyle looks ridiculous.

It's ridiculous to charge so much for a little souvenir.

一点纪念品收那么多钱也太离谱了。

You make ridiculous statements a lot, like saying that UFOs are real.

你总是说些荒诞不经的话，比如什么UFO是真的之类的。

In a ridiculous feat of engineering, the team can calculate the difference in arrival time to within one-tenth of a nanosecond.

在工程学界的一项难以置信的壮举中，那个团队能够在1/10纳秒内计算出粒子达到时间差。

Gaines is a classic motor player with a low center of gravity and ridiculous strength.


deserve

繼承自中古英語 deserven，來自古法語 deservir，來自拉丁語 dēserviō，來自dē- + serviō。

After playing so well, the team really deserved their win.

打得如此出色，这支球队确实配得上胜利。

After what he did, he deserved to go to prison.

他做了那样的事，就该坐牢。

This argument deserves a closer examination.

这一论点值得进一步研究。

God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.

神追討你，比你罪孽該得的還少。

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 11:6:

John Gay deserved to be a favourite.

1853, William Makepeace Thackeray, The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century:

the grantees named in the questioned deed executed by their father richly deserved receiving the family home.

Perhaps they do, but they don't deserve that the rest of us contribute money or appropriate public funds for the purchase of pictures and the construction of buildings.

2008, Michael Walzer, Spheres Of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism And Equality，頁號 24:


firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma, “框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā, “固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

界，圈 （某个活动或利益的圈子）

the international fashion firmament

Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.

1997, Michael Schaller, “Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, 出自 Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁號 7:

By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.

1999, Shannon Wiley, “Introduction”, 出自 Seaford, Delaware (Images of America), Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 出版於 2001, →ISBN，頁號 8:

She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.

2008, Adrienne L. McLean, “A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, 出自 Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁號 40:


strategic

自古希臘語 στρατός (stratós, “陸軍”) + ἄγω (ágō, “我領導；我組織”) 至 στρατηγός (stratēgós, “長官，將軍”) 至 στρατηγικός (stratēgikós, “將軍的；與將軍有關的」或「與策略有關的”) 而來。

more strategic (comparative)
most strategic (superlative)

（武器、戰爭或地方）戰略性的

a strategic nuclear weapon

a strategic bomber aircraft


sum

來自中古英語 summe，來自古法語 summe，來自拉丁語 summa，summus (“高的”)陰性。

quarter

棄用義；舊時稱量玉米的單位

The sum of 3 and 4 is 7.

Take yee the ſumme of all the Congregation of the children of Iſrael,[…]

你要按以色列全會眾的家室、宗族，人名的數目，計算所有的男丁。

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 1:2，列號s 1–2:

（學生練習的）算術，計算

We're learning about division, and the sums are tricky.

我們正在學除法，計算有點難。

a tidy sum

the sum of forty pounds

[…]With a great ſumme obteined I this freedome.

[…] 我用許多銀子才入了羅馬的民籍。

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 22:28，列號 1:

This is the sum of all the evidence in the case.

這就是這起案件所有證據的總結。

This is the sum and substance of his objections.

這是他反對意見的總結和主旨。


incentive

借自中世紀拉丁語 incentīvus (“起調或定調”)，來自incinō (“起調”)，來自in- (“在”) + canō (“唱”)。該詞的形成似乎受到incendō (“放火”)的影響。

I have no incentive to do housework right now.

It is tempting to speculate about the incentives or compulsions that might explain why anyone would take to the skies in [the] basket [of a balloon]: perhaps out of a desire to escape the gravity of this world or to get a preview of the next; […].

2013年June7日, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 188, 期 26，頁號 36:

Management offered the sales team a $500 incentive for each car sold.


desperate

借自拉丁語 dēspērātus，dēspērō (“沒有希望”)的過去分詞。

more desperate (comparative)
most desperate (superlative)

I hadn't eaten in two days and was desperate for food.

我已经两天没吃东西了，非常想吃东西。

desperate to eat; desperate for attention

极度渴望吃东西；极度渴望得到关注

I was so desperate at one point, I even went to see a loan shark.

我一度非常绝望，甚至去借高利贷。

But signalman Bridges was never to answer driver Gimbert's desperate question. A deafening, massive blast blew the wagon to shreds, the 44 high-explosive bombs exploding like simultaneous hits from the aircraft they should have been dropped from. The station was instantly reduced to bits of debris, and the line to a huge crater.

2022年January12日, Benedict le Vay, “The heroes of Soham...”, 出自 RAIL, 期 948，頁號 43:

a desperate disease; desperate fortune

“I knew very well that when the Peruvian Indian does anything wrong it is because he is forced to it by oppression and made desperate by abuse,” replied Lucia.

1904, Clorinda Matto de Turner, Birds Without a Nest: A Story of Indian Life and Priestly Oppression in Peru，頁號 218:

Humankind's global integration makes biological combat a weapon of choice for desperate killers, who are either suicidal or intend to infect others […]

2016, Hans-Martin Sass, Cultures in Bioethics, LIT Verlag Münster, →ISBN，頁號 239:

He dove into the rushing waters in a desperate effort to save her life.

他拼命跳入湍急的水流中以挽救她的生命。


elegant

源自中古法語 elegant，最终源自拉丁語 elegans。

more elegant (comparative)
most elegant (superlative)

簡單明瞭的，淺顯易懂的，利索的

an elegant solution


scrupulous

more scrupulous (comparative)
most scrupulous (superlative)

He is scrupulous in his finances.

他在自己的资金方面一丝不苟。

He is a scrupulous businessman and always acts in the best interest of his company.

他是个负责任的商人，总是以公司的最大效益为目标。

Because I have a scrupulous conscience, I sometimes need to be reminded that not everything I do is sinful.

因为我经常道德心泛滥，所以我有时候需要人提醒我做的事情并非都是罪过。


option

源自法語 option，源自拉丁語 optiō (“选择”)，源自optō (“选择”)。等价于opt + -ion。

The new novel was optioned by the film studio, but they'll probably never decide to make a movie from it.

那个制片厂买了新小说的期权，但是他们可能永远不会用它来改编电影。


sneer

可能与中古高地德語 snerren (“讲八卦”)有关。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-sneer.wav

to sneer fulsome lies at a person

There was a quick scuffle within the cabin. "Leave me alone, I say, and git!" cried the cook. "Can't I be friendly without you hollerin?" sneered the miner. "You wouldn't have been 'lowed to stay round here if it hadn't been for me."


specimen

來自拉丁語 specimen (“標記，標誌，範例”)，來自speciō (“觀察，注視”)。

樣本 樣鈔，供印刷廠測試或查驗印刷品質的紙幣

early specimens of the art of Picasso

To assure a defendant's acquittal, a lawyer usually needed only to convince the jury that the victim was a pretty sorry specimen of a human being.

2006, Bill Neal, Getting Away with Murder on the Texas Frontier:

樣本 樣票，給郵政局長和郵政管理部門的郵票，以便檢查是否為偽造郵票

early specimens of the art of Picasso


philosophy

源自中古英語 philosophie、古法語 philosophie以及两者词源拉丁語 philosophia，源自古希臘語 φιλοσοφία (philosophía)，源自φίλος (phílos, “爱...的”) + σοφία (sophía, “智慧”)。可作philo- + -sophy分析。取代英语本土词古英語 ūþwitegung。

Philosophy is often divided into five major branches: logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics.

哲学常划分为五个主要分支：逻辑、形而上学、认知论、伦理学和美学。

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant […]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond

哲學 （某领域基本概念的看法、观念）

a philosophy of government; a philosophy of education


radioactive

於1898年由皮埃尔·居里和玛丽·居里借自法語 radio-actif所創的新詞，等同於radio- + active。

more radioactive (comparative)
most radioactive (superlative)

radioactive waste

Uranium is a radioactive material.

As a matter of fact many of our best drinking waters have all sorts of unspecified qualities. Burton water, for example, is radioactive by Beetham's standards up to the ninth degree.

1917, H. G. Wells, “The First Vision”, 出自 The Soul of a Bishop:

對人或思想有危險且令人厭惡的

Even sleazy tactics and his radioactive mouth may not be able to contain this debacle.

And while Biden’s other nominees have done little to provoke Republican backlash thus far, [Neera] Tanden is “radioactive,” as Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas) put it.

2020年November30日, Burgess Everett, Caitlin Emma, Theodoric Meyer, 引 John Cornyn, “Joe Biden's 'radioactive' nominee”, 出自 POLITICO:

If, by some miracle, Democrats hang on to one or both houses of Congress this November, it will be because of Cawthorn, Paul Gosar, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Lauren Boebert and other would-be G.O.P. candidates trying to be just like them — the Radioactive Republicans.

2022年April4日, Gail Collins, Bret Stephens, “Which ‘Radioactive Republicans’ Are We Betting On?”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


sphincter

借自晚期拉丁語 sphinctēr (“肛門肌肉”)，源自古希臘語 σφῐγκτήρ (sphinktḗr, “環，帶；收縮的肌肉”)，最終源自前希臘時期的底層語言 。可能與 sphinx 有關。

the sphincter of the bladder

the iris sphincter in the eye

She decided that she would force him to climax first by the sheer strength of her young animal control, the strength of her sphincters […]

1982, Lawrence Durrell, Constance (The Avignon Quintet), Faber & Faber，頁號 836:


portal

the portal vein


relapse

源自拉丁語 relapsus，relabi (“向后滑，掉回”)的过去分词，源自re- (“反，往后”) + labi (“滑，落”)。

倒退回，恢复，回到 （某种状态或行为）

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 5, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

He has improved recently but keeps relapsing into states of utter confusion.

他近来情况有所好转，但是总是有混乱状态复发。

to relapse into a stupor, into vice, or into barbarism

重新陷入神志不清的状态，重新走上犯罪道路，重回野蛮

to relapse into slumber after being disturbed

指戒除自残、酗酒、吸毒等之后又

relapsed after 5 months of being clean

戒酒/戒毒等5个月后又开始饮酒/吸毒


relapse

a drug relapse


turgid

源自拉丁語 turgidus (“肿胀的”)，源自turgeō (“肿胀”)。

more turgid (comparative)
most turgid (superlative)

I have a turgid limb.

A vegetable that is fully moist and firm will seem both crisp and more tender than the same vegetable limp from water loss. When we bite down on a vegetable turgid with water, the already-stressed cell walls readily break and the cells burst open; in a limp vegetable, chewing compresses the walls together, and we have to exert much more pressure to break through them.

2004, Harold McGee, 章號 5, 出自 On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:


precious

源自中古英語 precious，借自古法語 precios (“珍贵的，昂贵的，宝贝的，至爱的；做作的”)，源自拉丁語 pretiōsus (“珍贵的，昂贵的”)，源自pretium (“价值，价格”)，参见price。

more precious (comparative)
most precious (superlative)

People are a good thing, the most precious resource in a rich economy, so the progressive-minded feel. Only misanthropists disagree or the dottier Malthusians who send green-ink tweets deploring any state assistance for child-rearing.

2013年August16日, Polly Toynbee, “Britain's booming birthrate”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 10，頁號 21:

The crown had many precious gemstones.

那个皇冠上镶着很多昂贵的宝石。

My precious daughter is to marry.

He spent hours painting the eyes of the portrait, which his fellow artists regarded as a bit precious.

Writers are often very precious about their work.

Hearing what a struggle it was for her, I began to understand why some people are so precious about being Irish. Being second-generation Irish, she had the option to hide behind her accent. Instead she would thump her fist to defend Irish people from those speaking out against them.

2016年November20日, Katie Walsh, “Why are Irish people so precious about Irishness?”, 出自 The Irish Times, Dublin: Irish Times Trust, →ISSN, →OCLC，2023-04-01歸檔自原頁面:

a precious rascal


precious

非常 （语气加强，参见用法说明）

There is precious little we can do.

Precious few pictures of him exist.


shrewd

约1300年，中古英語 schrewed (“堕落的，邪恶的”, 字面意思是“受诅咒的”)，源自schrewen (“诅咒”)，源自schrewe、schrowe、screwe (“邪恶的人或物”)，源自古英語 scrēawa (“邪恶的人”, 字面意思是“咬人的人或物”)。等价于shrew + -ed。还见shrew
“精明”一意出现于16世纪初叶，在17世纪前逐渐得到正面意。

shrewder (comparative)
shrewdest (superlative)

a shrewd guess

a shrewd blow, or assault

a shrewd wind


patient

源自中古英語 pacient，源自中古法語 patient，源自古法語 pacient，源自拉丁語 patiens，patior (“受苦；忍耐”)的现在分词，源自原始印歐語 *peh₁- (“恨；伤”)。

patienter (comparative)
more patient (comparative)
patientest (superlative)
most patient (superlative)

Be patient: your friends will arrive in a few hours.

耐心点，你朋友过几个小时就来了。

Asari Cultural VI: Due to our lifespan-sometimes reaching 1,000 years of age-we are patient in our decisions, and prefer long-term solutions over short-term gains.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC，PC，幕：Nexus:

耐心的，坚持的，持之以恒的

patient endeavour

a patient wait

patient analysis

Whatever I have done […] is due to […] patient thought.

c. 1692, Sir Isaac Newton, letter to Dr. Richard Bentley

“Her personal life and her art were very intertwined: You can’t really separate them,” explains Sophia Jansson. “She mirrored her own a reality onto a fictional reality.” And this is perhaps the nub of the Moomin’s enduring appeal: a combination of adventuresome spirit and philosophy, all of which Jansson derived from close and patient observation, of human relationships and of the natural world alike.

December 15, 2016, Hettie Judah in the New York Times, Beloved Children’s-Book Characters, in Their Own Immersive World

In contrast, the Westminster Gazette in 1912 was much more positive about railway staff, praising the "...army of porters hustling and bustling hither and thither with barrows groaning under the weight of bags and baggage and... the ever-patient and long-suffering guards, courteously giving information and advice to the querulous passengers... to the porter the Christmas season means a continuous round of heavy labour, extremely tiring to both nerves and temper, and this fact the public too often seem either to forget or ignore."

2022年December14日, David Turner, “The Edwardian Christmas getaway...”, 出自 RAIL, 期 972，頁號 35:


patient

受动者 （接受动作的语法对象）

The subject of a passive verb is usually a patient.

被动动词的主语通常为受动者。

The number of a first or second person participant is generally marked for both agent and patient in all aspects.

1982, Paul J. Hopper, Tense-aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics, →ISBN:

Since we have argued that the absolutive argument in Dyirbal is the grammatical subject of its clause, we must conclude that in the antipassive construction the agent replaces the patient as grammatical subject.

2004, Paul Kroeger, Analyzing Syntax: A Lexical-Functional Approach, →ISBN，頁號 292:


plump

源自中古英語 plump、plompe，借自中古荷蘭語 plomp或中古低地德語 plump。

plumper (comparative)
more plump (comparative)
plumpest (superlative)
most plump (superlative)

丰满的，胖嘟嘟的，圆润的

a plump baby; plump cheeks

胖嘟嘟的婴儿，圆鼓鼓的脸

The god of wine did his plump clusters bring.

1651, Thomas Carew, To my friend G. N. from Wrest

My ideal is to be idle and to love a plump girl.

2015, Anton Chekhov, The Life and Genius of Anton Chekhov: Letters, Diary, Reminiscences and Biography: Assorted Collection of Autobiographical Writings of the Renowned Russian Author and Playwright of Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard, The Three Sisters and The Seagull, e-artnow (ISBN 9788026838401)

He was a plump little man and we had been walking uphill at a pace—set by him—far too rapid for his short legs. He breathed stertorously, and half the drops which glimmered on his rotund face were not rain but sweat.

1956, Delano Ames, 章號 23, 出自 Crime out of Mind:


plump

Her cheeks have plumped.

使...变胖，使...变圆，充满；常与up连用

to plump oysters or scallops by placing them in fresh or brackish water

将牡蛎或扇贝放到淡水或咸水里使其变大

to plump a stone into water


plump

源自中古英語 plump。

a plump of trees, fowls, or spears


seep

sipe的变体，其源自中古英語 *sipen，源自古英語 sipian，源自原始日耳曼語 *sipōną，派生自*sīpaną（对比中古荷蘭語 sīpen (“滴”)、德國低地德語 siepern (“渗透”)，古旧德語 seifen (“滴血”)），源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*sib- (“倒出，滴”)（对比拉丁語 sēbum (“板油”)、古希臘語 εἴβω (eíbō, “滴”)。参见soap。

Water has seeped through the roof.

The water steadily seeped in through the thirl.

水不断地从钻孔渗透进来。

Woe seeped through her heart thinking of what had befallen their ethnic group.

想到自己的种族的遭遇，她的心中充满了悲痛。

Fear began to seep into the local community over the contamination of their fishpond.

害怕鱼塘被污染的恐惧开始在当地群众间传播。

The resistance movement against the invaders had slowly seeped away.

反抗侵略者的抵抗活动已经慢慢平息下来。

The crack is seeping water.

If the crack is seeping water, the foam totally stops the leakage.

Just when I thought I was done checking it over, I smelled coolant....remove the engine cover and bam! 1 inch crack is seeping coolant!


collide

來自拉丁語 collidere (“撞击或碰撞在一起”)，來自com- (“一起”) + laedere (“打，猛力反抗，傷害”)；參見lesion。

When a body collides with another, then momentum is conserved.

当一个物体与另一个物体碰撞时，动量是守恒的。

Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.

1865, John Tyndall, The Constitution of the Universe (1869), page 14

And this friendly was not without its injury worries, with defender Gary Cahill substituted early on after a nasty, needless push by Dries Mertens that caused him to collide with goalkeeper Joe Hart, an incident that left the Chelsea defender requiring a precautionary X-ray at Wembley.

2012年June2日, Phil McNulty, “England 1-0 Belgium”, 出自 BBC Sport:

China collided with the modern world.

中國和現代世界發生了衝突。


versus

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versus.wav

v

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

v.

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

It is the Packers versus the Steelers in the Super Bowl.

這場是綠灣包裝工對陣匹茲堡鋼人的超級盃比賽。

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.


patrol

源自法語 patrouille，源自古法語 patrouille、patouille (“守夜”, 字面意思是“四处走”)，源自patrouiller、patouiller、patoiller (“蹚水；弄脏”)，源自patte、pate (“蹄”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *patta (“爪，脚”)，源自古法蘭克語 *patta (“爪子，脚底”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paþjaną、*paþōną (“走，踏”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *(s)pent-、*(s)pat- (“径；走”)，原始印歐語 *pent-、*pat- (“径；走”)的变体。见find。同源词包括荷蘭語 pad、patte (“爪”)、低地德語 pedden (“走，踏”)、德語 patschen (“泼溅，蹚水；摇晃着走”)、德語 Patsche (“拍子；爪；水洼”)。与pad、path有关。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

Four members of the squadron were on patrol.

The watch consisted of twelve convicts—men selected for their good behaviour. Immediately after tattoo had beat they began their patrol. 'No complaint was ever made of them,' remarks Phillip, and they were expressly cautioned to avoid disputes with soldiers or seamen ( many of whom were as great thieves as the convicts themselves).

1899, Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery, Admiral Phillip Chapter 7

a customs patrol

a fire patrol

In France there is an army of patrols […] to secure her fiscal regulations.

1787-1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers

Philadelphia’s foot-patrol strategy was developed after a study in 2009 by criminologists from Temple University, which is in the 22nd district. A randomised trial overturned the conventional view that foot patrols make locals like the police more and fear crime less, but do not actually reduce crime. In targeted areas, violent crime decreased by 23%.

2013年August24日, “Boots on the street”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8850:


patrol

源自法語 patrouiller，源自古法語 patrouiller (“蹚水；四处走；巡逻”)，源自patte (“爪子”)。

to patrol a frontier

to patrol a beat

Whether attempting to keep the peace in Bosnia, evacuating American citizens from Albania, or patrolling the world's seas and skies, our service men and women risk capture by unfriendly foreign forces.

April 8 1997, Bill Clinton, Proclamation 6983


peculiar

源自拉丁語 pecūliāris (“自己的”)，源自pecūlium (“私人财产”)，源自pecus (“牛”)。

more peculiar (comparative)
most peculiar (superlative)

odd

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

strange

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

uncommon

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

unusual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

specific

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

common

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

mediocre

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

ordinary

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

usual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

common

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

general

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

universal

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

The sky had a peculiar appearance before the storm.

风暴之前天空的样子很奇怪。

It would be rather peculiar to see a kangaroo hopping down a city street.

看到袋鼠在市里的街上跳着走很奇怪。

I saw nothing peculiar in his conduct, and thought that his arrangement of the ballot box was perfect.

1800, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Deseret Weekly, 卷 41，頁號 379:

"Wasn't it peculiar," I heard mother say, "How he wouldn't talk about himself?"
"Peculiar?" said father. "Well, yes, in a way."
"Everything about him is peculiar." Mother sounded as if she was stirred up and interested. "I never saw a man quite like him before."

2001, Jack Schaefer, Wendell Minor, Shane:

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

Kangaroos are peculiar to Australia.

袋鼠是澳大利亚特有的动物。

This philosopher found his ideas especially in all that is practical,^([29]) that is, which rests upon freedom, which in its turn ranks under cognitions that are the peculiar product of reason.

1855, Meiklejohn, John Miller Dow, transl., Critique of Pure Reason, 卷 1, division 2, translationImmanuel Kant所著的Critik der reinen Vernunft:

As soon as that operation has taken place, the food is passed down to the stomach, and there it is mixed with the chemical fluid called the gastric juice, a substance which has the peculiar property of making soluble and dissolving out the nutritious matter in the grass, and leaving behind those parts which are not nutritious;

But of late years extensive Tertiary deposits of Miocene age have been discovered, showing that it is not a mere congeries of volcanoes; it [Iceland] is connected with the British Islands and with Greenland by seas less than 500 fathoms deep; and it possesses a few mammalia, one of which is peculiar, and at least three peculiar species of birds.

1895, Alfred Russel Wallace, “XX: Anomalous Islands: Celebes”, 出自 Island Life:


prejudice

來自中古英語 prejudice，來自古法語 prejudice，來自拉丁語 praeiūdicium (“前例，前判；傷害，損害”)，來自prae- (“之前”) + iūdicium (“審判”)。

/ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/

I am free of all prejudices. I hate everyone equally.

我不帶任何歧視。我平等地恨每一個人。


avid

來自法語 avide，來自拉丁語 avidus (“渴望的，想要的；貪婪的”)，來自aveō (“想，渴望，請求”)。

more avid (comparative)
avider (comparative)
most avid (superlative)
avidest (superlative)

（對某事物表現岀） 感興趣的；熱衷的，忠實的；熱切的

I'm an avid reader.

an avid fan of 1960s sci-fi movies

1960年代科幻片的狂熱影迷。

A blanket disdain for indigenous foods doesn't explain the delay, because Spain was avid to adopt a different New World root.

1999, Larry Zuckerman, The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World:

We waited for something to happen, for anything to happen, we were avid for some event to unfold itself out of the burning nothing to save us.

1996, Janette Turner Hospital, Oyster, Virago Press，頁號 3:


peel

源自中古英語 pelen，源自古英語 pilian、古法語 peler、pellier，源自拉丁語 pilō, pilāre (“剝皮，去除……的毛髮”)，源自pilus (“頭髮，毛髮”)。pill的同源對似詞。

I sat by my sister's bed, peeling oranges for her.

我坐在姊/妹的床上，給她削橙子吃。

I peeled (the skin from) a banana and ate it hungrily.

我剝開香蕉皮，狼吞虎嚥地吃起香蕉來。

We peeled the old wallpaper off in strips where it was hanging loose.

我們把鬆垮的舊墻紙扯下來。

I had been out in the sun too long, and my nose was starting to peel.

我站在陽光下太長時間，鼻子開始脫皮了。

The children peeled by the side of the lake and jumped in.

孩子們在湖邊脫下衣服，跳進湖裡。


ejaculate

借自拉丁語 ēiaculātus，ēiaculor (“投掷，射出”)的完成时被动过去分词，源自ē (“出”) + iaculor (“扔，抛”)，源自iaculum (“投射物”)，源自iaciō (“丢出，掷出”)。

（男性或雄性哺乳动物）射（精）；（女性或雌性哺乳动物）潮射，潮吹

Men can ejaculate between 0.1 and 10 milliliters of semen on average.

男性平均可射出0.1到10毫升精液。

With a groan, he ejaculated on his abdomen.

一声呻吟后，他射到了他的腹部上。

[I]n controlled studies some men have been observed to ejaculate but not have orgasm or have orgasm but are unable to ejaculate.

1994, Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685], New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁號 180:

The knowledge that some women ejaculate at the moment of orgasm was, like many other important aspects of sexuality, buried by Puritanism and patriarchy.

2003, Deborah Sundahl, “Foreword”, 出自 Female Ejaculation and the G-spot, Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁號 ix:

However, it would be highly useful if the ejaculated spermatozoa could be successfully cryopreserved and the frozen-thawed spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization, since this would allow the genetically valuable rats to be maintained alive rather than sacrificed.

2012, Q. Ashton Acton 編, Germ Cells – Advances in Research and Application, Atlanta, Ga.: ScholarlyEditions, →ISBN，頁號 38:

Bulls, rams and boars have the biggest testes among the larger domestic animals, so they would be expected to produce and ejaculate more sperms than others with smaller testes.

2012, Tim Glover, Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁號 78:

Rather, these men prefer an erotic exhibition – an uninhibited display of ejaculating semen onto themselves or someone else.

2012, Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Work, Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN，頁號s 90–91:


stubborn

源自中古英語 stiborne、stibourne、stoburn、stoburne、styburne、stiborn。其词源不详。
一理论认为可能源自*stybor、*stibor，源自古英語 stybb (“树桩”) + 形容词构成后缀 -or，如出现于古英語 bitor、英語 bitter的后缀。

stubborner (comparative)
stubbornest (superlative)

固执的，执拗的；顽固的；坚持不懈的

He is pretty stubborn about his political beliefs, so why bother arguing?

他对自己的政治信念很固执的，何苦和他吵呢？

Blood can make a very stubborn stain on fabrics if not washed properly.

血如果不正确清洗会在布料上留下很顽固的污渍。


incense

源自中古英語 encens，源自古法語 encens (“气味香甜的物质”)，源自晚期拉丁語 incensum (“熏香”, 字面意思是“焚烧的东西”)，incendō (“将...点燃”)的中性过去分词。对比incendiary。同源词包括西班牙語 encender和incienso。

I think it would incense him to learn the truth.

我觉得他知道真相以后会勃然大怒。


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

banter

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chat

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chinwag

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

dialogue

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

discussion

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

interlocution

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

powwow

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

table talk

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

understanding

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

familiarity

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

I had an interesting conversation with Nicolas yesterday about how much he's getting paid.

昨天我与尼古拉斯就他的薪水进行了一次有趣的谈话。

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

1699, William Temple, Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 5, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

A little less conversation, a little more action please / All this aggravation ain't satisfactioning me

1968, Mac Davis, Billy Strange （作曲作詞）, “A Little Less Conversation”, 演出者 Elvis Presley:

性交（16世紀–19世紀）

criminal conversation

Ariadne[…]quitted her Lover Theseus, for the tumultuous Conversation of Bacchus.

1723, Charles Walker, Memoirs of the Life of Sally Salisbury:

Our travellers had happened to take up their residence at a house of exceeding good repute, whither Irish ladies of strict virtue, and many northern lasses of the same predicament, were accustomed to resort in their way to Bath. The landlady therefore would by no means have admitted any conversation of a disreputable kind to pass under her roof. Indeed, so foul and contagious are all such proceedings, that they contaminate the very innocent scenes where they are committed, and give the name of a bad house, or of a house of ill repute, to all those where they are suffered to be carried on.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, 卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC:
 Folio Society 1973, p. 333:


complexion

源自中古英語 complexion (“气质，性格”)，源自古法語 complexion（法語 complexion），源自中世紀拉丁語 complexiō (“气质，性格”)，源自complector，complexus (“缠绕，围绕”)的过去分词。

a rugged complexion

a sunburnt complexion

"I shall do nothing for the next week but study my costume and complexion," said she. "Ethel and myself will consider our conquests as proper compliments to your kindness."

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Asking for an Invitation”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 28:

This new-comer was a man who in any company would have seemed striking. In complexion fair, and with blue or gray eyes, he was tall as any Viking, as broad in the shoulder.

1910, Emerson Hough, 章號 I, 出自 The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Nurse Cramer had a cute nose and a radiant, blooming complexion dotted with fetching sprays of adorable freckles that Yossarian detested.

1961年November10日, Joseph Heller, “The Soldier in White”, 出自 Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁號 171:


suffocate

源自拉丁語 suffōcāre，源自sub- (“在...之下”) + fōx (“喉咙”)

（使...）窒息，（使...）缺氧

Open the hatch, he is suffocating in the airlock!

打开舱口！他在气闸室里要窒息了！

It is because of freedom, one netizen replied: Like air, you may not realize its importance, but when suffocating, you would know how precious it is.

2020年November2日, Jiu Xiao, “Chinese Communist Party Officials Push Anti-U.S. Propaganda While Sending Families to Live in the U.S.”, 出自 Minghui:

He suffocated his wife by holding a pillow over her head.

他用枕头盖住妻子的头使她窒息而死。

Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate.

1599, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene vi]:

（使...）窒息，（使...）喘不过气，压倒

I'm suffocating under this huge workload.

这一大堆工作让我喘不过气来。

If the trend to private cars continues, the more quickly will the road traffic suffocate itself, [...].

1962 April, “London Airport rail link”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 222:

to suffocate fire


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

The DJ was feeling nervous before his first national broadcast.

這位DJ在第一次作客全國廣播節目前，顯得很緊張。

We interrupt this broadcast at the request of the police department to bring you the following special bulletin: The dead body of Miss Paula Canfield, missing student at Westlake University and daughter of the multi-millionaire Harold Canfield, has been found in the Arroyo Seco near the Colorado Street Bridge.

按照警方的要求，我們暫停本次廣播節目，並為您播報特別消息：近日失蹤的西湖大學學生、千萬富翁哈羅德·坎菲爾德先生的千金寶拉·坎菲爾德小姐的遺體，已於阿羅約塞科，靠近科羅拉多街橋的位置被發現。

1943, Wilfrid H. Pettitt, Nine Girls: A Play in Prologue and Two Acts, Chicago, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, →OCLC; 再版 Woodstock, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, 1971, →ISBN, Act I, scene i，頁號s 15–16:

Radio Free Europe was established by a group of private citizens in December 1949, for the purpose of conducting a propaganda campaign against six Communist-dominated satellites in central and eastern Europe. […] Its program consisted of daily half-hour broadcasts, first to Czechoslovakia and then to Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania.

自由歐洲電台於1949年12月由私人團體建立，用於對中東歐的六個蘇聯衛星國進行政治宣傳。 […] 電台節目包括每天半小時的（對外宣傳）廣播節目，首先是對捷克斯洛伐克，後來擴展到匈牙利、波蘭、保加利亞、羅馬尼亞和阿爾巴尼亞。

1958, Robert T. Holt, “Introduction”, 出自 Radio Free Europe, Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, →OCLC，頁號 3:


wretched

源自中古英語 wrecched (“经历悲惨的；可悲的，不幸的，不高兴的；贫困的；低贱的；可怜的人”) [以及其他形式]，源自wrecche (“经历悲惨的；可悲的，不幸的，不高兴的；贫困的；低贱的；可鄙的，恶劣的，邪恶的；小气的；无足轻重的”)（源自晚期古英語 wrecc，源自古英語 wreċċa (“被驱逐者”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *wreg- (“跟；猎”)） + -ed (构成形容词的后缀)。 英语词可作wretch (已弃用形容词，与本词同义) + -ed (构成形容词的后缀)分析。

wretcheder (comparative)
more wretched (comparative)
wretchedest (superlative)
most wretched (superlative)

damned

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

bloody

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

blasted

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

bleeding

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

I felt wretched after my wife died.

我妻子死了以后我痛不欲生。

Mario Balotelli replaced [Carlos] Tevez but his contribution was so negligible that he suffered the indignity of being substituted himself as time ran out, a development that encapsulated a wretched 90 minutes for City and boss Roberto Mancini。

2011年April11日, Phil McNulty, “Liverpool 3 – 0 Man City”, 出自 BBC Sport，2023-01-27歸檔自原頁面:

The street was full of wretched beggars dressed in rags.

整条街都是衣衫褴褛的低贱乞丐。

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

Will you please stop playing that wretched trombone!

你能不能别吹你的破长号了。


stifle

动词派生自晚期中古英語 stuflen (“因炎热而难以呼吸；淹水，因呛水窒息”) [以及其他形式]，之后词源不详，可能源自stuffen (“通过窒息杀死；因闷热窒息；压制，灭杀；剥夺植物的生长条件”) + -el- (动词的衍生性中缀，可能意指指小，程度增强或反复性动作和事件)。 stuffen派生自古法語 estofer、estouffer (“使...窒息，勒死；（比喻义）压制，抑制”) [以及其他形式]（现代法語 étouffer），变换自estoper、estuper (“阻塞；绷紧，使...变厚”)（现代法語 étouper (“填补”)），受到了estofer (“给...装垫子”)（现代法語 étoffer）的影响。estoper派生自通俗拉丁語 *stuppāre，源自拉丁語 stuppa (“粗亚麻”)（作为填塞材料，源自古希臘語 στύπη (stúpē)、στύππη (stúppē)（对比στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)），可能源自前希臘時期的底層語言 ）+ -āre。据《牛津英语词典》，其派生自古諾爾斯語 stífla (“筑坝；阻塞”)的说法“在词形和词义方面难有说服力”。
名词派生自动词。

smother

使...窒息；将...闷死

suffocate

使...窒息；将...闷死

The heat was stifling the children.

The army stifled the rebellion.

I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.

1723, Daniel Waterland, A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:

In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.

2011年October29日, Neil Johnston, “Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, 出自 BBC Sport:

Two firemen tragically stifled in yesterday’s fire when trying to rescue an old lady from her bedroom.

两名消防员在试图将一位老太太从卧室中营救出来时因窒息壮烈牺牲。

The heat felt stifling.


nasal

繼承自中古英語，派生自中世紀拉丁語 nāsālis，源自nāsus (“鼻子”) + -ālis (形容詞後綴)。nasalis的同源對似詞。

more nasal (comparative)
most nasal (superlative)

nasal vowel

nasal utterance

"Are you sure you're OK?" she said with a nasal Australian accent.

「你確定你沒事？」她用帶著鼻音的澳大利亞口音說。

2016, A.K. Brown, Jumpstart (Champagne Universe Series: Book 1)，頁號 2:


abrasive

more abrasive (comparative)
most abrasive (superlative)

傷人感情的，性情或態度粗暴的

An abrasive person can grate on one's sensibilities.

Despite her proper upbringing, we found her manners to be terribly abrasive.


acclivity

首次記錄於1614年。借自拉丁語 acclīvitās，源自acclīvis (“上升”)，源自ad + clīvus (“坡”)。

Just below it leaned a tottering crag that would have toppled, starting an avalanche on an acclivity where no sliding mass could stop.

就在它下方，有一個搖搖欲墜的峭壁，它可能會倒塌，在上升坡引發雪崩，那裡沒有滑動的物體可以停止。


sedentary

源自中古法語 sédentaire，源自拉丁語 sedentārius (“坐着的”)，源自sedeō (“坐”)。

more sedentary (comparative)
most sedentary (superlative)

很少移动的；停留于附近的

The oyster is a sedentary mollusk; the barnacles are sedentary crustaceans.


kiln

源自中古英語 kilne，源自古英語 cylene或cyline (“大炉子”)，源自拉丁語 culīna (“厨房，厨房火炉”)。

When making pottery we need to allow the bisque to dry before we kiln it.


anisotropy

Velvet exhibits anisotropy when rotated about its geometric normal.

围绕其几何法线旋转时，天鹅绒表现出各向异性。


cheque

I was not carrying cash, so I wrote a cheque for the amount.

我没有带现金，所以我写了一张支票。

They do not, however, all deal with the same banker, and when A gives a cheque to B, B usually pays it not into the same but into some other bank.

然而，他们并不都与同一家银行打交道，当 A 给 B 一张支票时，B 通常不是将支票存入同一家银行，而是存入另一家银行。

1848, John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy [政治經濟學原理], 出版於 1920，頁號 62:

Sometimes abbreviations are used (which would be explained on the statement) and only the last three figures of the cheque number may be given. ‘Sundries’ are cash or cheques paid into the account.
有时会使用缩写（会在声明中解释），并且只能提供支票号码的最后三位数字。“杂项”是指存入账户的现金或支票。

1999, Sam Seunarine, Office Procedures for the Caribbean, 2nd edition, reprinted 2001, page 126,

You can avoid dealing with paper cheques — written or printed — by paying your bills online.

您可以通过在线支付账单来避免处理纸质支票——无论是手写的还是印刷的。

2007, Eric Tyson, Tony Martin, Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies:

The daily cheque clearings began around 1770 when bank clerks met at the Five Bells (a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London) to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash.
每日支票结算始于1770年左右，当时银行职员在 Five Bells（伦敦金融城倫巴底街的一家小酒馆）会面，在一个地方兑换所有支票并以现金结算余额。

2009, R. Rajesh, T. Sivagnanasithi, Banking Theory Law & Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page 206,


calendar

源自中古英語 kalender，源自古法語 calendier，源自拉丁語 calendarium (“账簿”)，源自kalendae (“一个月的第一天”)，源自calō (“严肃发表，召集”)，源自原始印歐語 *kelh₁-。

The three principal calendars are the Gregorian, Jewish, and Islamic calendars.

三个主要历法为公历、犹太历和伊斯兰历。

Write his birthday on the calendar hanging on the wall.

把他的生日记到挂在墙上的那个日历上。

The club has a busy calendar this year.

a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assembly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court

在立法大会上展示的（要讨论的）法案列表；法庭审判时列出的事由清单

Shepherds of People, had need know the Kalenders of Tempeſts in State; which are commonly greateſt, when Things grow to Equality; As naturall Tempeſts are greateſt about the Æquinoctia.

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Seditions and Troubles. XV.”, 出自 The Essayes […], 3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC，頁號 76:


calendar

The judge agreed to calendar a hearing for pretrial motions for the week of May 15, but did not agree to calendar the trial itself on a specific date.

法官同意在5月15日那一周安排一场审前动议听证会，但是没有同意给判决安排确切日期。


archipelago

源自意大利語 arcipelago，根据古希臘語 ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “主要的”) + πέλαγος (pélagos, “海洋”)构成，为爱琴海的名称。爱琴海有很多岛屿，而“Arcipelago”原是指爱琴海的专有名词，后泛化到可以指代有很多岛屿的海，后面又到这种海中的岛屿。

archipelagos (plural)
archipelagoes (plural)

/ɑːkɪˈpɛləɡəʊ/

/ˌɑɹkɪˈpɛləˌɡoʊ/

The Gulag Archipelago


antagonism

源自古希臘語 ἀνταγωνιστής (antagōnistḗs, “对手”)，源自ἀνταγωνίζεσθαι (antagōnízesthai, “使...对立”)，源自ἀγών (agṓn, “对抗”)（英語 agon）。

/ænˈtæɡənɪzəm/

Their longstanding antagonism is manifested in frequent scuffles and shouting matches.


abductor

外展肌 （17世紀早期）

the abductor oculi draws the eye outward.


languid

借自拉丁語 languidus (“虚弱的，迟缓的，懒散的”)。

more languid (comparative)
most languid (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-languid.wav

无精打采的；懒散的，懒洋洋的

languid movements

languid breathing

As love without esteem is capricious and volatile; esteem without love is languid and cold.

March 10 1753, Samuel Johnson (attributed), The Adventurer:

George had an air at once swaggering and melancholy, languid and fierce.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, 章號 21, 出自 Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:


fret

源自中古英語 frēten (“吃，侵蝕，摧毀，煩擾”)，源自古英語 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼語 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印歐語 *pro- (“朝著，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。
與荷蘭語 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、低地德語 freten (“吃掉”)、德語 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan, “吞食”)、瑞典語 fräta (“吃掉，侵蝕，腐蝕”)同源；亦與丹麥語 fråse (“狼吞虎嚥”)有關。
“摩擦”之義可能是因與盎格魯-諾曼語 *freiter（現代法語 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁語 *frictāre，是拉丁語 fricāre的反覆體，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；對比古法語 froter（現代法語 frotter）。來源推測的主要阻礙是缺少古法語詞彙的證明。

frets
fretting
fretted
fret
frate
fretted
fretten

使躁動，使不平靜，激起漣漪

to fret the surface of water

A wristband frets on the edges.

This, as Maury remarks, "suggested the idea that there was no running water nor abrading forces at play upon the bed of the deep sea, and consequently, if ever an electric cord were lodged upon the telegraphic plateau, there it would lie in cold abstraction; without anything to fret, chafe or wear, save alone the tooth of time."

1893, A[lexander] Fraser-Macdonald, “The North Atlantic Viewed as a Region Traversed by Our Ocean Railways”, 出自 Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation, London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC，頁號 239:

Rancour frets in the malignant breast.

Beyond Tabor, the ſmall river Luſchnitze frets over craggy rocks, covered with thick woods, through which you continue your journey for three German miles, [...]

1789, John Gillies, 章號 II, 出自 A View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia; with a Parallel between the Prince and Philip II. of Macedon, Printed for A[ndrew] Strahan, and T[homas] Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁號 142:

And mid-way through the channel met / Conflicting tides that foam and fret, / And high their mingled billows jet, / As spears, that, in the battle set, / Spring upward as they break.

1815, Walter Scott, “The Lord of the Isles”, 出自 The Poetical Works of Walter Scott: Complete in One Volume, Frankfurt: Printed by and for H. L. Brœnner, 出版於 1826, →OCLC, canto I，頁號 130:

The sea frets itself around it [South Stack, Wales, UK] and gurgles in the cavern; ledges and reefs abut on it.

1891 June, William H[enry] Rideing, “Safety on the Atlantic”, 出自 Scribner’s Magazine, 卷 IX, 期 6, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: F[rederick] Warne & Co., →OCLC，頁號 700，列號 2:


fret

He keeps his mind in a continual fret.

他的思想一直處於焦躁狀態。

It was our good fortune last autumn to escape from the feverish excitement and moral tension of this vast metropolis, from the hurry and fret of business, the glut of pleasure, the satiety of delight, the weariness of politics, and the exhausting duties of our critical function, into that favoured corner of our fortunate island, the West of England; [...]

1836 December, “Art. IX. Transactions of the Institute of British Architects. Vol. I. Part I. London, 1836.”, 出自 John Taylor Coleridge 編, The Quarterly Review, 卷 LVIII, 期 CXVI, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC，頁號 524:

And the preacher who delivered the discourse went home and fretted; his wife, children and servants being witnesses. Sanctification takes the spirit of fret out of the heart.

1897, B[everly] Carradine, The Sanctified Life, Cincinnati, Oh.: Office of the Revivalist, →OCLC，頁號 192:

After their introduction to Orlando, Celia wonders why Rosalind should be so morose ([William Shakespeare's As You Like It,] I.iii.10–19): [...] In her effort to cheer Rosalind, Celia compares these frets to burs, meaning the rough and prickly flowerheads: "They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery."

1980, Renaissance Papers, Durham, N.C.: Southeastern Renaissance Conference, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 50:


fret

來自中古英語 freten (“捆”)，來自古法語 freter，來自frete (“金屬包頭”)（現代法語 frette）。用來表示音樂意思的源頭未知；可能來自 frete 或來自 fret（摩擦）。

音樂方面的意思： 在（樂器）上裝上品

to fret a guitar


amorphous

源自古希臘語 ἄμορφος (ámorphos, “无形体的，无形状的，畸形的”)（其源自ἀ- (a-, “无，没”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “形体”) + -ous）。

more amorphous (comparative)
most amorphous (superlative)

formless

形状不定的，形状模糊的，不规则的

shapeless

形状不定的，形状模糊的，不规则的

形状不定的，形状模糊的，不规则的

The enormous pile of spaghetti landed on the floor in an amorphous heap.

一大团意大利面掉到地上铺成了乱七八糟的一滩。


cinema

借自法語 cinéma，截断自cinématographe（由卢米埃尔兄弟在19世纪90年代造出），源自古希臘語 κίνημα (kínēma, “运动，移动”) + γράφω (gráphō, “书写，记录”)。

The cinema is right across the street from the restaurant.

电影院从饭店过马路就到了。

Despite the critics, he produced excellent cinema.

虽然有批评，但他还是制作过很好的电影。

电影产业，电影业，影视业

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日, “Travels and travails”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8842，頁號 55:

In the long history of Spanish cinema[…].

在西班牙電影業的漫長歷史中 […] 。

Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers[…].

在电影艺术的历史中，电影制作者...


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

There is a dip in the road ahead.

They were all doomed to be disappointed, however, for the errant engine decided at Stanley junction to spend the remainder of its crowded hour of freedom on the Aberdeen line, and finally came to rest, short of breath, in the dip between Ballathie and Cargill, near the bridge over the Tay.

1941 October, “Notes and News: A Highland Runaway”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 469:

After a signal check at Darley Dale, on the third run, the Pacific mounted the long 1 in 100 at a steady 53-54 m.p.h. and attained a brief 60 m.p.h. in the short dip before Monsal Dale.

1960 March, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號s 177–178:

I’m going for a dip before breakfast.

This onion dip is just scrumptious.

buy the dips


dip

Dip your biscuit into your tea.

He dipped the end of a towel in cold water and with it began to flick him on the face, his wife all the while holding her face between her hands and sobbing in a way that was heart breaking to hear.

1897, Bram Stoker, 章號 21, 出自 Dracula, New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

Dip your lights as you meet an oncoming car.

有来车时要把远光灯换成近光灯。

将...降至一半高度 （旗帜，尤指国旗，来表示投降或还礼，称为点旗礼）

The sailor rushed to the flag hoist to dip the flag in return.

The farmer is going to dip the cattle today.

to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water

Strata of rock dip.

The tunnel dips approximately 15 metres below Regents Canal and has a rising gradient at its northern end of 1-in-107.

2021年June16日, Dr David Turner, “The latest face of Gasworks Tunnel”, 出自 RAIL, 期 933，頁號 34, photo caption:

He dipped out of the room so fast.

Remember on my first lick, got lost in a house / Had to dip, bro, quick, before the dogs came out

2020年April7日, “Did Alotta”, Kai Bandz 作詞，1:07:


convince

源自拉丁語 convincō (“說服，駁斥”)，來自con- + vincō (“攻佔，征服”)。convict的同源對似詞。替代本土古英語 oferreċċan。

I wouldn't have or do something, unless I'm convinced that it's good.

Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others.

1718, Francis Atterbury, sermon preached on Easter Day at Westminster Abbey


activate

activate the economy

The pranksters activated the fire alarm by spraying deodorant next to it.

恶作剧者通过在旁边喷洒除臭剂来触发火警警报。

組織、建立軍事單位或駐地

A new squadron was activated.


antipathy

源自古希臘語 ἀντιπάθεια (antipátheia)，ἀντιπαθής (antipathḗs, “感觉相悖的”)的状态名词，源自ἀντί (antí, “反对”) + πάθος (páthos, “感觉”)的词根。

Oil and water have antipathy.


tap water

We have only tap water to drink.


convergence

來自 converge + -ence（仿照拉丁語 convergentia）。

We built a homestead at the convergence of two rivers

我们在两条河的交汇处建造了家园


taper

源自中古英語 taper，源自古英語 tapor (“蜡烛，灯芯”)，其词源不详。可能源自拉丁語 papyrus (“纸莎草”，中世纪时指“蜡烛芯”)。若如此，则是papyrus and paper的同源對似詞。另可能源自凱爾特語族中某个与愛爾蘭語 tapar、威爾士語 tampr (“火把”)有关的词，亦对比梵語 तपती (tápati, “温暖，发热”)。还见tepid。

the taper of a spire

The legs of the table had a slight taper to them.

Her hair hangs over her ears and flows to a taper at the back of her neck where it is held in place with a wide and circular black clasp.

2005, Michael Ellis, Apollo Rises，頁號 15:


tomorrow

來自中古英語 tomorwe、tomorwen，來自古英語 tō morgne (“明天”, 副詞)，來自tō (“在”) + morgne（morgen (“早晨”)的與格），來自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz (“早晨”)，或許來自原始印歐語 *mergʰ- (“閃爍”)，等同於to- + morrow。

If you don't get your life on track today, you're going to be very sorry tomorrow.

要是你現在不把生活弄回正軌，以後你會對此感到可惜的。


tomorrow

Tomorrow will be sunny.

Oh seek, my love, your newer way; / I'll not be left in sorrow. / So long as I have yesterday, / Go take your damned to-morrow!

1926, Dorothy Parker, “Godspeed”, 出自 Enough Rope，頁號 69:


cap

源自中古英語 cappe，源自 古英語 cæppe，源自晚期拉丁語 cappa。cape, chape, and cope的同源對似詞。

The children were all wearing caps to protect them from the sun.

孩子们都戴着帽子，防止太阳晒伤。

He took the cap off the bottle and splashed himself with some cologne.

他打开瓶盖，往身上喷了些古龙水。

He had golden caps on his teeth.

There was snow on the cap of the mountain.

We should put a cap on the salaries, to keep them under control.

我们应给工资设限，使其得到控制。

The G7 countries have agreed to impose a price cap on Russian oil in an attempt to stem the flow of funds into the Kremlin’s war coffers. […] The level of the cap is still being discussed.

2022年September2日, Alex Lawson, “G7 countries agree plan to impose price cap on Russian oil”, 出自 The Guardian:

装在纸条或塑料杯中的少量冲击性炸药，用于玩具枪。

Billy spent all morning firing caps with his friends, re-enacting storming the beach at Normandy.

比利一早上都在和朋友玩儿玩具枪，好像要重现诺曼底海滩上的激战一样。

用于引爆较大炸药的小型爆炸装置。

He wired the cap to the bundle of dynamite, then detonated it remotely.

他将引爆装置连接到炸药包上，然后远程引爆。

no cap

that's cap

入選國家隊；在國際賽場上亮相。

Rio Ferdinand won his 50th cap for England in a game against Sweden.

里奥·费迪南在对阵瑞典的比赛中第50次代表英格兰队出场。

Overall, though, England’s injury-diminished side coped well on the night when Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Jordan Pickford and Tammy Abraham all won their first caps.

2017年November10日, Daniel Taylor, “Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, 出自 The Guardian (London):

the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate

flat cap; foolscap; legal cap


coherent

自 co- + haereō 演變為拉丁語 cohaērēns，再演變為中古法語 coherent，再演變而來。字面分析等同於 cohere + -ent。

more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

各部分相互協調、自然得當的

a coherent design


bristle

源自中古英語 bristil、bristel、brustel，源自古英語 bristl、*brystl、*byrstel，源自原始西日耳曼語 *burstilu，原始西日耳曼語 *bursti的指小词，源自原始日耳曼語 *burstiz（对比荷蘭語 borstel、德語 Borste (“野猪的鬓毛”)、冰島語 burst），源自原始印歐語 *bʰr̥stís（对比中古愛爾蘭語 brostaid (“招惹”)、拉丁語 fastīgium (“顶部的”)、波蘭語 barszcz (“猪草”)），等价于brust + -le。

過時，新英格兰和纽约上州农村口音

the bristles of a pig


bristle

過時，新英格兰和纽约上州农村口音

（带at）警惕，警觉，惧怕

The employees bristled at the prospect of working through the holidays.

员工们害怕整个假期都要工作。

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013年June22日, “Engineers of a different kind”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8841，頁號 70:

If only the industry could be honest and explain why it has been forced, owing to government policies, to increase fares over the quarter century since privatisation. Instead, it is defensive and clearly bristles with annoyance when someone merely states the facts.

2021年May5日, Barry Doe, “The Independent has a better grasp than GWR's spokesman”, 出自 RAIL, 期 930，頁號 58:

to bristle a thread


deed

One small deed can have one stour effect or more.


tomato

源自西班牙語 tomate，來自古典納瓦特爾語 tomatl，來自原始納瓦語 *tomatl。對照tomatillo。

[tʰə̥ˈmɑːtʰəʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmɐːtʰɐʉ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾoʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾə]

Lookit the legs on that hot tomato!

When she left the room, I asked Robert, “Who's the tomato?” “Marisa. She's from Mexico.” He had a telltale smile on his face.

2008, Denny Durbin, Lazy Enchiladas: Redefining Success: Tasty Lessons on Love, Life, & Relationships, Bodega Publishing (ISBN 9780980207248), page 13:

“Who's the tomato?” a cop said as Evie walked past. “Her? She's the stiff's niece,” another cop answered. Evie flinched to hear Will discussed like that. “You wanna clam up?” Malloy barked and the officers fell silent.

2020, Libba Bray, The King of Crows, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers (ISBN 9780316532624)


ether

源自2001年美國歌手纳斯的歌曲“Ether”。

The battle rapper ethered his opponent and caused him to slink away in shame.

那個說唱歌手惡毒地羞辱了他的對手一番，整得他溜走了。

HS Coach Gets Ethered By Girlfriend On FB, Resigns Amid Investigation [article title] […] On Monday, a woman living in Bowling Green, Ky., used her Facebook page to unleash one of the coldest, boyfriend-crushingest Dear John letters you'll ever read.

2014年February26日, Tom Ley, “HS Coach Gets Ethered by Girlfriend on FB, Resigns Amid Investigation”, 出自 Deadspin，於2018-10-22歸檔自原頁面:

Cory Barker: Game of Thrones is the easiest answer for me, but MaryAnn [Sleasman] did a fine job of ethering that overrated hunk of junk, so I'm free to take a few shots at Sherlock.

2015年August15日, “Pass the Remote: What is a Popular Show Everyone Loves but You Hate?”, 出自 TV.com，於2018-12-20歸檔自原頁面:

Best of all, [Steven] Soderbergh, a shade queen of our time!!!, slyly ethers James Cameron: […]

2015年September15日, Kirsten Yoonsoo Kim, “Steven Soderbergh Ethers James Cameron to Promote His Brandy”, 出自 Complex，於2015-09-19歸檔自原頁面:

On Wednesday, I found myself nodding along vigorously to the latest Kanye West Twitter screed, as this particular iteration included a call for more inclusion at the Grammys and one extremely polite ethering of Macklemore.

2016年February25日, Rohan Nadkarni, “How does Kanye West Tweet So Fast?: Some Working Theories—because these Rants are Coming at a Record Speed”, 出自 GQ，於2016-02-28歸檔自原頁面:


endow

源自晚期中古英語 endowen、endouen、enduen、indouen、indw (“给...钱财，生计或特权；授予；（比喻义）有利于；赋予”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 endouer，源自古法語 en- (“进入”之意的后缀) + douer (“授予”)（源自拉丁語 dōtāre（dōtō (“授予”)的现在主动不定式），现代法語 douer）。 dōtō又源自dōs (“彩礼；捐赠，赠礼”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *deh₃- (“给”)） + -ō (构成规则第一类变位动词的后缀)。

She was endowed with a beautiful voice.

And thus shal the aged Courtier, although he exercise not the qualities that he is indowed withal, comebye his ende at length, to instructe well hys Prince.

1561, Baldassare Castiglione, “The Fourth Booke of the Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio unto Maister Alphonsus Aristo”, 出自 Thomas Hoby（譯者）, 編者W[illiam] E[rnest] Henley, The Book of the Courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione: Done into English (The Tudor Translations; XXIII), London: Published by David Nutt […], 出版於 1900, →OCLC，頁號s 337–338:

[T]he late Monſ. Du Faye [i.e., Charles François de Cisternay du Fay] obſerv'd, that there were two Sorts of Electricity, and that Bodies which are endow'd with one Sort of Electricity attract thoſe which are endow'd with the other Sort of Electricity, whilſt they repel thoſe which have the ſame Electricity.

1744, J[ohn] T[heophilus] Desaguliers, “Lecture X. Hydrostaticks.”, 出自 A Course of Experimental Philosophy, 卷 II, London: Printed for W. Innys, […]; M. Senex, […]; and T[homas] Longman, […], →OCLC，頁號 349:

He [Richard Watson] produced many chemical, phyſical, and metaphyſical reaſons, which ſeem to render the ſuppoſition not altogether indefenſible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception.

1787 December, “Art. XI. Chemical Essays. By R. Watson, […] Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. sewed. Evans. 1787. [book review]”, 出自 The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, 卷 LXXVII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC，頁號 469:

A young violinist, thirteen years old—Mischa Elman—made his first appearance in Paris on April 2nd, in his own concert at the Salle de Agriculteurs. […] Mischa Elman, indeed, is endowed with most precious gifts, for his art combines the legendary virtuosity of [Niccolò] Paganini with the fulness of sound, the purity of style, and the nobility of expression of [Joseph] Joachim.

1905年June1日, “Letter from Paris”, 出自 The Monthly Musical Record, 卷 XXXV, 期 414, London: Augener Limited, […], →OCLC，頁號 113，列號 1:


diet

源自中古英語 diet、dyet、diete，源自古法語 diete，源自中世紀拉丁語 dieta (“养生；集会”)，源自拉丁語 diaeta，源自古希臘語 δίαιτα (díaita)。

The diet of the giant panda consists mainly of bamboo.

大熊猫的日常食物大多是竹子。

It is common policy to order no more diet than will be used within one month.

2013, Martin D Buckland, Lynda Hall, Alan Mowlem, A Guide to Laboratory Animal Technology，頁號 56:

日常消费，日常消耗，日常使用

He's been reading a steady diet of nonfiction for the last several years.

这几年他都一直在读纪实文学。

Last week the aging video game retailer emerged as the hottest stock on Wall Street, a story just unexpected and absurd enough to fill the new Trump-shaped void in our nation’s media diet.

2021年February3日, Farhad Manjoo, “Can We Please Stop Talking About Stocks, Please?”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


diet

lite

简化版的，精简的，迷你的

健康的，低脂、低盐、低糖的

diet soda

Many grocery chains offer premium-priced lean or diet hamburger; but the fat content is usually at least 10 percent, sometimes 15 percent or more.

1982, Consumer Guide, Dieter's Complete Guide to Calories, Carbohydrates, Sodiums, Fats & Cholesterol，頁號 18:

The difference in weight (mass) of the regular and the diet drink of the same brand roughly equals to the amount of sugar in the regular drink.

1998, Andy Sae, Chemical Magic from the Grocery Store:

Diet Light (Pizarro 724; snacks S2-7; 9:30am-10pm)
This perennially busy place serves not-very-diet, but yummy nonetheless, ice cream (S2 to S5) and whopping servings of mixed fruit (S3) – with ice cream.

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:diet。

简化版的，精简的，迷你的

You folks reduce it to the bible only as being authoritative, impoverishing the faith. "Christianity Lite", diet Christianity for those who can't handle the Whole Meal.


diet

源自中古英語 dieten、dyeten、diȝeten，源自古法語 dïeter以及中世紀拉丁語 diētāre。

I've been dieting for six months, and have lost some weight.

我已经节食了六个月，并减轻了一些体重。


diet

源自中古英語 diet、dyet，源自古法語 diete，源自中世紀拉丁語 diēta、diaeta (“集会；审判；一天的路途”)，源自古希臘語 δῐ́αιτα (díaita, “生活方式；生活空间；决定，判断”)，受到了拉丁語 diēs (“一天”)的影响。

They were given representation of some important diet committees.

The National Diet of Japan

a diet of worship


glassy

源自中古英語 glasy，等价于glass + -y。对比薩特弗里斯蘭語 glääsich (“玻璃般的”)、荷蘭語 glazig (“玻璃般的”)、德國低地德語 glasig (“玻璃般的”)、德語 glasig (“玻璃般的”)。

glassier (comparative)
glassiest (superlative)

玻璃般的 （尤指光滑反光）
无浪的

同類詞：glossy、shiny

a resin tabletop with a glassy polish

a fair day on a glassy sea

风平浪静的海面上天气不错的一天

architecture enamored of glass and steel, where glassier meant classier

同類詞：fisheye

the glassy eyes of a person in a trance


fidelity

15世纪，源自中古英語 [具體何詞?]，源自中古法語 fidélité，源自拉丁語 fidēlitās，源自fidēlis (“忠实的”)，源自fidēs (“忠诚”)（英语faith），源自原始印歐語 *bʰidʰ-，*bʰeydʰ- (“命令；托付”)（英语bide）的零母音形式。fealty的同源對似詞。

the fidelity of the civil servants


meanwhile

繼承自中古英語 menewhile，等同於mean (“中間”) + while。是副詞in the mean while的省略，名詞通常用在形容詞後面。

There was a party going on downstairs. Meanwhile, I was reading a book.

樓下在開派對。而同時，我正在看書。

We’re going on holiday next month; meanwhile, keep working on the project.

我們下個月要去度假；同時還要繼續寫專案。

The day may dawn when fair play, love for one's fellow men, respect for justice and freedom, will enable tormented generations to march forth triumphant from the hideous epoch in which we have to dwell. Meanwhile, never flinch, never weary, never despair.

1955年March1日, Winston Churchill, “Defence”, 出自 parliamentary debates (House of Commons)，列號 1905:

“[…] I’m not ignoring you, I’m very sorry, I’ll talk to you soon. Meanwhile, get your tickets.”

2004, David Osterczy, Interknot: Adventures in Internet Dating, →ISBN，頁號 134:

Some songs on the album are beautiful. Meanwhile, others are quite forgettable.

專輯裡有些歌寫得很棒，可其他的卻顯得很不抓耳。

When you are in the studio you don’t have anybody to feed off of, meanwhile when you are playing live you interact with people and you feel the energy in the room.

2013年March29日, Markos Papadatos, 引 Marina Diamandis, “Marina And The Diamonds on 'How to be a Heartbreaker'”, 出自 Greek Reporter:


mine

繼承自中古英語 min、myn，繼承自古英語 mīn，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *mīn，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *mīnaz，繼承自原始印歐語 *méynos。
同源詞包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 mien、西弗里斯蘭語 myn、荷蘭語 mijn、低地德語 mien、德語 mein、丹麥語、瑞典語 and 挪威語 min、冰島語 mín。

The house itself is mine, but the land is not.

房子本身是我的，但土地不是我的。

Mine has been a long journey.

我的（旅程）是一段漫长的旅程。

我的東西 獨立使用，從句子中分出。

Mine for only a week so far, it already feels like an old friend.

至今虽然才一周，我已经感觉它像是我的老朋友了。

我的東西 不直接用於被屬有的名詞前面。

This house of mine is over 100 years old.

我的这所房子已有 100 多年的历史了。


mine

源自中古英語，源自古法語 mine，源自晚期拉丁語 mina，源自高盧語（對比威爾士語 mwyn、愛爾蘭語 mianach (“礦石”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *mēnis (“礦石；金屬”)。

This diamond comes from a mine in South Africa.

这颗钻石产自南非的一个矿山。

He came out of the coal mine with a face covered in black.

他满脸黑漆地从煤矿里走出来。

Most coal and ore comes from open-pit mines nowadays.

如今，大多数煤和矿石都来自露天矿。

She's a mine of information.

His left leg was blown off after he stepped on a mine.

他踩到地雷后左腿被炸断了。

The warship was destroyed by floating mines.


mine

Crater of Diamonds State Park is the only place in the world where visitors can mine their own diamonds.

钻石坑州立公园是世界上唯一一个允许游客亲自开采钻石的地方。

We had to slow our advance after the enemy mined the road ahead of us.

敌人在我们前面的道路上埋设了地雷，我们不得不放慢前进的速度。


ice cap

The ocean beneath the arctic ice cap hosts many unique organisms adapted to the cold and shortage of light.

北極冰帽下的海洋裡，生活著許多適應寒冷黑暗環境的生物。

The ice cap of Kilimanjaro is shrinking, and some researchers believe it will disappear within the next one hundred years.

乞力馬扎羅山的冰帽正在萎縮，部分研究者相信，它會在一百年內完全消失。


memory

The memory of the righteous will be a blessing, but the name of the wicked will rot.

義人的記念被稱讚；惡人的名字必朽爛。


funnel

源自中古英語 funell、fonel，可能经由古法語 *founel（对比中古法語 fonel、古奧克語 fonilh、enfounilh），源自拉丁語 fundibulum、infundibulum (“漏斗”)，源自infundere (“倒入”)；in (“内”) + fundere (“倾倒”)，对比布列塔尼語 founilh (“漏斗”)、威爾士語 ffynel (“气孔，烟囱”)。参见fuse。

funnels
funnelling
funneling
funnelled
funneled

穿过 （穿过像漏斗、烟囱一般狭窄的地方）

Expect delays where the traffic funnels down to one lane.

车流都挤到一条车道上了，所以可能会晚。

A line of clocks in our cheap hotel displays the time in Lagos, Bucharest, Kiev: the capitals of pilgrims who come to kneel at the birthplace of Christ. In reality the entire world funnels through the Church of the Nativity.

2014, Paul Salopek, Blessed. Cursed. Claimed., National Geographic (December 2014)https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214621/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/pilgrim-roads/salopek-text

导向，引导到 （资金，资源，感情等）

Our taxes are being funnelled into pointless government initiatives.

Like so many others, I was awestruck by the first season, which captured a moment in time and successfully funnelled its rage outwards at a world in which women are indeed silenced, controlled and killed by men.

2018年June16日, Fiona Sturges, “Cattleprods! Severed tongues! Torture porn! Why I’ve stopped watching the Handmaid’s Tale”, 出自 Katharine Viner 編, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，於2020-02-05歸檔自原頁面:


hate

源自中古英語 hate (名词)，可能源自古英語 hatian (“恨”, 动词)和/或古諾爾斯語 hatr (“恨”, 名词)。与中古英語 hete、hæte、heate (“恨”)产生合并，它们源自古英語 hete，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz (“仇恨”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂d- (“强烈情感”)。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 haat、荷蘭語 haat、德語 Hass、挪威語及瑞典語 hat。
动词源自中古英語 haten，源自古英語 hatian (“恨，仇视”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hatēn，源自原始日耳曼語 *hatāną (“恨”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz，源自上面的同一词根。

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

One of my pet hates is traffic wardens.

我最讨厌的人之一就是交通督导员。

He gave me a look filled with pure hate.

他了我一眼，眼里充满仇恨。

There was a lot of hate in the comments on my vlog about Lady Gaga from her fans.

我做的Lady Gaga视频博客的评论区都是骂我的。


hate

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

使用于动词短语：hate on。

I put ranch dressing on pizza. Please don't hate on me.

我喜欢在披萨上加牧场沙拉酱，请不要瞧不起我。


los

繼承自中古英語 lusk，來自古英語 lox，來自原始西日耳曼語 *luhs，來自原始日耳曼語 *luhsaz。與低地蘇格蘭語 los、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Luks、低地德語 Luks、荷蘭語 los、德語 Luchs、盧森堡語 Luuss等同源。

The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.

猞猁是從美國北部某地帶來的。

A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

1592, Thomas Thomasius, Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:


mimicry

They say that mimicry is the sincerest form of flattery, but I still think I'm being mocked when he acts just like me.

When animal mimicry goes really wrong they don't just look like something that a predator would ignore, they look like lunch.


impervious

源自拉丁語 impervius (“无法穿过的”)，源自in- (“不”) + pervius (“能透过的”)。

more impervious (comparative)
most impervious (superlative)

The man was completely impervious to the deception we were trying.

那个男人完全没有被我们的骗术骗到。

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness, the consciousness dawning upon him that his eccentricity was not receiving the ovation it merited.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 5, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

For the past decade there were two more or less universally acknowledged truths about digital advertising. First, the rapidly growing industry was largely impervious to the business cycle.

2022年September18日, “The $300bn Google-Meta advertising duopoly is under attack”, 出自 The Economist, →ISSN:

Although patchworked and sagging, the roof proved impervious to the weather.

The white faience façade, the glazed Doultonware Carrera marble, was made locally. And being glazed, it was impervious to London's sooty atmosphere, enabling easier cleaning.

2023年December13日, Robin Leleux, “Restored... and a richly deserved award: Findlater's Corner”, 出自 RAIL, 期 998，頁號 43:

The old car seemed to be impervious to the wear and tear of age.

那辆老车似乎没有受到一点老化的影响。


beryl

繼承自中古英語 beryl，來自古法語 beril，來自拉丁語 bērillus、bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos, “綠柱石”)，來自普拉克里特諸語言 [具體何詞?]，來自梵語 वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)。

The crown was set with six beryls of excellent size and color.

The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl …

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 1:16:


legend

源自中古英語 legende，源自古法語 legende，源自中世紀拉丁語 legenda (“传说，故事，尤指圣人的故事”)，源自拉丁語 legenda (“应该一读的东西”)，源自lego (“阅读”)。

inscription

（钱币、勋章或纹章盾牌上的）刻字，铭文

The legend of Troy was discovered to have a historical basis.

特洛伊传奇被发现是有历史依据的。

the legend of Robin Hood

The 1984 Rose Bowl prank has spawned many legends. Here's the real story.

1984年的玫瑰碗恶作剧催生了很多夸张的说法。下面讲讲真实的经过。

故事： （间谍所使用的伪造的）过去，背景

According to his legend, he once worked for the Red Cross, spreading humanitarian aid in Africa.

根据他的背景，他曾在红十字会工作，在非洲提供人道援助。

人物： （神话中的）传奇人物

Achilles is a legend in Greek culture.

阿基琉斯在希腊神话中是一名传奇人物。

人物： 传奇 救星，恩人

Michael Jordan stands as a legend in basketball.

迈克尔·乔丹在篮球界是一个传奇。

I've lost my pen! —Here mate, borrow mine. —You legend.

我找不到我的笔了！ —拿去，借我的吧。—你真是救了我一命。

According to the legend on the map, that building is a school.

根据地图上的图例，那个建筑是一个学校。


got

We got the last bus home.

(英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭) get的過去分詞。:Template:分類

By that time we'd got very cold.

I've got two children.

How many children have you got?

I can't go out tonight, I've got to study for my exams.

今晚我不能出去。我得複習準備考試。

(美國南部)(與to連用) 必須做

I got to go study.

We got to ride to clean up the streets / For our wives and our daughters!

1971, Carol King and Gerry Goffin, “Smackwater Jack”, Tapestry, Ode Records

(美國南部) 有，得到（相當於have）

They got a new car.

He got a lot of nerve.

(美國南部、非裔美國人) 遭謀殺

He got got.


iceberg

借自荷蘭語 ijsberg（由ijs (“冰”) + berg (“山”)构成的复合词），源自中古荷蘭語 ijsberch。一开始指的是在船上从远处看到的冰川，后指的是这种冰川崩落下来的浮冰。与德語 Eisberg、丹麥語 isbjerg、挪威語 isberg和瑞典語 isberg同源。

The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank.

zh-hant:鐵達尼號;zh-hans:泰坦尼克号撞上冰山后沉没了。


meander

源自拉丁語 Maeander，源自古希臘語 Μαίανδρος (Maíandros)，小亚细亚地区（现位于土耳其）的一条蜿蜒曲折的河流（现代土耳其語 Menderes）。

the meanders of an old river; of the veins and arteries in the body

古老河流的蜿蜒曲折，体内血管脉络的迂回曲折


meander

The stream meandered through the valley.

Instead of a rivulet meandering downwards, there was a foaming brown torrent racing over the ledge, carrying down great loose stones with it and falling with a loud roar far down into the unseen chasm below.

1881, Edwin Lester Arnold, On the Indian Hills:

I'd forgotten how scenic parts of the line are - the railway crosses a host of streams while meandering through meadows or skirting woodland.

2020年November18日, Paul Bigland, “New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, 出自 Rail，頁號 51:

His speech meandered through various topics.

他的演讲泛泛地谈过很多主题。


beg

源自中古英語 beggen，古英語 *becgan、*bedcan、*bedican的同化形，bedecian (“乞求，懇求”)的中略形，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *bedagô (“請求者；乞丐”)，源自*bedą、*bedō (“祈禱；請求”)。與北弗里斯蘭語 bēdagi (“祈禱”)、哥特語 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa, “乞丐”)、古英語 biddan (“要求”)有關。參見bid、bead；也見書面挪威語 be (“乞求，要求”)。

He begged on the street corner from passers-by.

I beg your pardon. I didn’t mean to cause offence.

請您原諒我。我不是要冒犯您的。

He begged her to go to the prom with him.

[約瑟]求耶穌的身體。

But that same day came Sam Tewkesbury to the Why Not? about nightfall, and begged a glass of rum, being, as he said, 'all of a shake' …

1898, J. Meade Falkner, Moonfleet Chapter 5


molybdenum

借自新拉丁語 molybdaenum，來自molybdaena (“任何像鉛的物質”)，來自古希臘語 μολύβδαινα (molúbdaina, “鉛墜，一塊鉛”)，來自μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “鉛；石墨”)，來自安那托利亞語族詞彙同源的呂底亞語 𐤪𐤠𐤭𐤦𐤥𐤣𐤠 (mariwda, “黑暗”)，來自原始印歐語 *morkʷ-iyo-，來自詞根*morkʷ- (“暗”)，與英語 murk同源。參見拉丁語 plumbum nigrum (“鉛”)。後綴為 + -um (“化學元素”)。
18世紀最後25年被證實。

molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum disulphide

a quadruple bond between molybdenums

Thus in M₄O₁₁, for example, ¾ of the molybdenums are octahedrally connected and ¼ are tetrahedrally coordinated and, furthermore, the formula is compatible with the existence of one Mo(IV) for every three Mo(VI), so at first glance the compound might appear to be a class I mixed valence system.

2007, Peter Day, Molecules into Materials: Case Studies in Materials Chemistry—Mixed Valency, Magnetism and Superconductivity，頁號 233:


physiognomy

繼承自中古英語 phisonomie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 phisenomie、中古法語 phisonomie等词，最终源自晚期拉丁語 physiognomia，源自古希臘語 φυσιογνωμονία (phusiognōmonía, “面相学”)，源自φύσις (phúsis, “形体，外观”) + γνώμων (gnṓmōn, “知道的人，观察的人；解释者，辨别者”)。
中古英語 phisonomie按规则本应发展为*physnomy /ˈfɪznəmi/（这样的词形常见于早期现代英语，比如莎士比亚著作《终成眷属》内的fisnomie）。现代拼写和发音是因为半接触影响。

the physiognomy of a plant; of a meteor


precipice

首次可考于1598年，源自中古法語 precipice，源自拉丁語 praecipitium (“陡峭之处”)，源自praeceps (“陡峭的”)，源自prae + caput (“头”)。名词的首个词义记载于1632年。

to stand on a precipice


glower

源自glore的一个（可能是苏格兰语的）变体，源自中古英語 glōren、glouren (“照耀；瞪着”)，或原子glow (“盯着”, 弃用)，最终源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼语支）语言。同源词有低地德語 gloren (“闪烁；发微光”)、中古荷蘭語 gloren、冰島語 glóra。还见glare。

怒视 （自15世纪末叶）

She sure has an awful glower on her face.

[H]e [Rab, a dog] growled and gave now and then a sharp impatient yelp; he would have liked to have done something to that man. But James had him firm, and gave him a glower from time to time, and an intimation of a possible kick;—all the better for James, it kept his eye and his mind off Ailie.

1862, John Brown, “Rab and His Friends”, 出自 Spare Hours, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC，頁號 33:

"I thought we could go a bit farther to the back pasture. You can get a better view." / "Of the extensive Bannister estate?" she said with a wry tone. / "Of the ranch," he said, a glower showing her that he didn't fully appreciate her comment.

2015, Carolyne Aarsen, 章號 6, 出自 The Cowboy’s Homecoming (Love Inspired Books), New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN，頁號 89:

"Enough," Nathaniel repeated as he kept a tight hold on their suspenders. "What's been said was said. What's been done has been done. It's over. Let is go." / The glowers the boys gave him warned Nathaniel that he was wasting his breath.

2016, Jo Ann Brown, 章號 1, 出自 His Amish Sweetheart (Love Inspired Books; Amish Hearts; 3), New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN:


little

less (comparative)
lesser (comparative)
least (superlative)

Words mean little without real work.


fauna

源自新拉丁語 fauna，來自拉丁語 Fauna，和Faunus (“森林和牧人之神”)相關；與古希臘語 θαῦνον (thaûnon, “野生動物、野獸”)、θώς (thṓs, “胡狼，野狗；豹”)、弗里吉亞語 δάος (dáos, “狼”)同族。

faunae (plural)
faunas (plural)
faunæ (plural)

動物相 （自18世紀晚期）

the fauna of China

Japanese waters also support a rich and diverse shark fauna, including the smallest known shark Squaliolus laticaudus, and the bizarre goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN，頁號 199:


wait

源自中古英語 waiten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 waiter、waitier（对比法語 guetter←古法語 gaitier、guaitier)，源自古法蘭克語 *wahtwēn (“看守，守卫”)，派生自古法蘭克語 *wahtu (“看守”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wahtwō (“看守”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“鲜，快乐”)。同源词有古高地德語 wahtēn (“看守，守卫”)、德國低地德語 wachten (“等”)、荷蘭語 wachten (“等”)、法語 guetter (“守候”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 wachtje (“等”)、西弗里斯蘭語 wachtsje (“等”)、北弗里斯蘭語 wachtjen (“待命”)。详见watch。
很大程度上取代了本土词古英語 bīdan。

await

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

Wait here until your car arrives.

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or otherwise his man would be there with a message to say that his master would shortly join me if I would kindly wait.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 IV, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC，頁號 46:

The South London tramway replacement will have to wait, possibly five years, because of the slowing down of bus manufacture due to national requirements.

1948 March and April, “Notes and News: London Transport Plans”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 132:

She used to wait in this joint.

她以前在这家店当服务员。


wait

I had a very long wait at the airport security check.

我在机场安检耽搁了好久。

They lay in wait for the patrol.

an enemy in wait

1667, John Milton, “Book 4”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


wait

等下 （让某人暂停说话）

Wait. Stop talking for a moment while I get my head straight.

等会。我整理思绪的时候不要讲话。


engulf

Desperation engulfed her after her daughter's death.

她女儿死后，她陷入了绝望中。

Shaken by the biggest challenge to their authority in years, Brazil’s leaders made conciliatory gestures on Tuesday to try to defuse the protests engulfing the nation’s cities.

2013年June18日, Simon Romero, “Protests Widen as Brazilians Chide Leaders”, 出自 New York Times, retrieved 2013-06-21:

The blank spaces of Mallarmé, the silence of Maesterlinck, the inaniloquous repetitive babblings of Gertrude Stein are the abyss which threatens to engulf creative effort if it continues in this direction.

Only Noah and his family survived when the Flood engulfed the world.

大洪水吞噬整个世界时，只有诺亚和他的家庭存活下来了。


staggering

more staggering (comparative)
most staggering (superlative)

The army suffered a staggering defeat.

军队遭受了一次惨烈的失败。

It is this stretch which provides what is perhaps the most staggering scenic prospect of all; the impression made on the mind by the overwhelming height of the Eiger, towering over the train, is almost impossible to describe.

1960 December, Voyageur, “The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 754:


relict

殘餘物 本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

A small number of linguists believe that Cimbrian is not an Austro-Bavarian dialect but a relict of Lombardic.


fig

源自中古英語 fige、fygge（←fyke，源自古英語 fīc，见fike），借自盎格魯-諾曼語 figue，借自古法語 figue，源自古奧克語 figa，源自通俗拉丁語 *fīca (“无花果”)，源自拉丁語 fīcus (“无花果树”)，源自某先印欧语系语言，可能是腓尼基語 𐤐𐤂 (pg, 字面意思是“成熟无花果”)（对比聖經希伯來語 פַּגָּה (paggâ, “掉下来的新鲜无花果”)、古典敘利亞語 ܦܓܐ (paggāʾ)，方言阿拉伯語 فَجّ (fajj)、فِجّ (fijj)）。（另一閃米特語族词根（对比阿卡德語 𒈠 (tīʾu, 字面意思是“无花果”)）被借入古希臘語，作σῦκον (sûkon)（→英語 sycophant；皮奥夏τῦκον (tûkon)）以及亞美尼亞語中作թուզ (tʿuz)。）肥皂制造相关义项的出现是因为肥皂上的颗粒类似无花果上的。fico的同源對似詞。

fico

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

whit

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

figgy duff


grief

源自中古英語 greef、gref，源自古法語 grief (“严重的，重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)，源自拉丁語 gravis (“重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)。grave的同源對似詞。

麻烦，困扰，折磨 （自13世纪初叶）

The neighbour's teenage give me grief every time they see me.

邻居家的那个十几岁的小孩每次见我都来惹我麻烦。

悲痛，哀伤，伤心 （自14世纪初叶）

She was worn out from so much grief.

The betrayal caused Jeff grief.

那次背叛让Jeff伤心不已。


a number of

A number of people have commented on it.

There are a number of problems with the log-in system.

这个登录系统有几个问题。

I spoke with a number of them about it.

我和他们中的几个人谈了谈那件事。


asunder

原为两个词，源自古英語 on (介词，等同于a) sundran (“分开的位置”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sunder、*sundraz。同源词包括丹麥語 sønder、瑞典語 sönder、荷蘭語 zonder、德語 sonder、冰島語 sundur、法羅語 sundur和挪威語 sunder/sønder，与哥特語 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)有关。

more asunder (comparative)
most asunder (superlative)

apart

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

in twain

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

Lest anyone find her treasure, she tore the map asunder and cast its pieces into the wind.

她将地图撕碎撒向风中，以防有人找到她的宝藏。

Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 2:3:

On both of those occasions, he came back to the fire with the inexplicable air upon him which I had remarked, without being able to define, when we were so far asunder.

You don't want to hurt me, but see how deep the bullet lies. Unaware that I'm tearing you asunder. There is thunder in our hearts.

1985, Kate Bush （作曲作詞）, “Running Up That Hill”:


a good many

The government has enacted a good many reforms.

政府實施了許多改革措施。


a cappella

借自意大利語 alla cappella (“以[西斯廷]教堂的方式”)，指非器樂合唱團。

/ˌɑ kəˈpɛl.ə/

沒有樂器伴奏地 （自19世紀晚期）

Groups of teens singing a cappella on street corners got recording contracts.

一群在街角唱無伴奏合唱的青少年獲得了錄音合同。


a cappella

/ˌɑ kəˈpɛl.ə/

無伴奏合唱的 （首次記錄於19世紀晚期）

An a cappella group sang during the wedding reception.

一個無伴奏合唱團在婚宴上唱歌。


a la mode

借自法語 à la mode (“時尚的”)。

Our pie a la mode has a scoop of vanilla ice cream on top.

With a bowl of beef stew, apple pie a la mode, and two cups of coffee under his belt, Gus Wilson walked leisurely back to the Model Garage.

November 1959, "Martin Bunn", Popular Science, Gus Pulls a Switch:


remote control

The bomb was detonated by remote control.


abdication

首次記錄於1552年。派生自中古法語 abdication，派生自拉丁語 abdicātiō (“放棄、廢棄”)，源自abdicō。

自願放棄主權 （首次記錄於17世紀晚期）

abdication of the throne, government, power, authority


building

來自中古英語 bildyng、buildyng、buyldyng、byldyng、bulding、beldyng，等同於build + -ing。

The building of the bridge will be completed in a couple of weeks.

這座橋幾星期內就能建好。

One particularly damaging, but often ignored, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on schools[…]as children, teachers or school buildings become the targets of attacks. Parents fear sending their children to school. Girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence.

冲突对教育产生的一个特别有害但往往被忽视的影响是，对学校的袭击激增 […] ，因为儿童、教师或学校建筑成为袭击的目标。家长们害怕送他们的孩子去学校。女孩特别容易遭受性暴力。

2013年July19日, Mark Tran, “Denied an education by war”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 6，頁號 1:

My sister lives in that apartment building.

我姊妹住在那棟公寓樓裡。


out of line

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见out of、line。

I lost my place when I had to get out of line to find you.

我排队的时候出列去找你了，把排到的位置丢了。

不合适地，不恰当地，不妥地

I hope my comments yesterday were not out of line.

我希望我昨天说的话没有不妥之处。


red tape

一般认为指以前用红带子将政府文件绑起来的习惯。

All the red tape and paperwork that goes on there prevents any progress.

那边要办一大堆手续，工作根本没法继续。

One conspicuous cost of the compromise reached was a promise made by Senator Chuck Schumer to Manchin on what was vaguely called permitting reform: a catchall phrase referring to a whole host of efforts to cut red tape and ease the rollout of energy infrastructure.

2022年October5日, David Wallace-Wells, “Progressives Should Rally Around a Clean Energy Construction Boom”, 出自 The New York Times:


adjacent

借自拉丁語 adiacēns，adiacentis，衍生自adiaceo (“我躺在旁邊”)；来自ad (“於，至，對，向”) + iaceo (“我躺下”)。

The house adjacent to the school was demolished.

A notice was sent to the house adjacent the school.

學校附近的房子收到了通知。


abduce

派生自拉丁語 abdūcō (“帶走”)，源自ab (“從；離開”) + dūcō (“帶領”)。

牽引；導走；帶走；收回；引向不同的部位；將肢體移出，遠離身體中央 （16世紀中期）

If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate.


abduct

派生自拉丁語 abductus，abduco (“帶走”)的完成被動分詞，源自 ab (“遠離”) + duco (“帶領”)。
* (生理學)： abduction 的逆構詞。

誘拐；劫持；綁架 （17世紀早期）

That same night he had by force abducted the president and the secretary of the club, and had taken them, much against their will upon a voyage in the wonderful air-ship, the “Albatross,” which he had constructed.

1904, Jules Verne, 章號 16, 出自 The Master of the World:

to abduct children


abhorrent

借自拉丁語 abhorrēns, abhorrēntis，abhorreō (“痛恨”) 的現在主動分詞。等價於abhor + -ent。

more abhorrent (comparative)
most abhorrent (superlative)

背离的，相悖的，相反的 （16世纪末）

abhorrent thoughts

The persons most abhorrent from blood, and treason, and arbitrary confiscation, might remain silent spectators of this civil war between the vices.

1803, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France:


acquisition

繼承自中古英語，源自古法語 acquisicion，來自拉丁語 acquisītiō，來自acquirere；等同於acquire + -ition。

The acquisition of sports equipment can be fun in itself.

That graphite tennis racquet is quite an acquisition.


music

源自中古英語 musik、musike，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 musik、musike、古法語 musique，及它们的来源拉丁語 mūsica，源自古希臘語 μουσική (mousikḗ)，源自古希臘語 Μοῦσα (Moûsa, “缪斯”)，古希腊的艺术女神。词形分析作muse + -ic (“与...有关的”)。取代了日耳曼语系本土词古英語 drēam，其与英語 dream同源。

I keep listening to this music because it's a masterpiece.

我总是听这个音乐因为它是杰作。

Music lessons in early childhood lead to changes in the brain that could improve its performance far into adulthood, researchers say.

2013年November22日, Ian Sample, “Music lessons in early childhood may improve brain's performance”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 24，頁號 32:


subdivision

Work on one subdivision at a time.

同一建商或地區所建造的房子。

They're putting in a new subdivision out past Black Ranch Road.

他們要在 Black Ranch 路另一邊建一個新樓盤。


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。

（以平衡的姿态）握着，拿着，举着（不动）；使...平衡，使...稳定 （自16世纪）

I poised the crowbar in my hand, and waited.

我将撬棍握紧在手里，然后等着。

to poise the scales of a balance

（托着或压着）让天平刻度平衡

维持...的平衡，顶着...使其不动 （自17世纪）

The rock was poised precariously on the edge of the cliff.

岩石悬停在山崖边摇摇欲坠。


X-ray tube

The dentist aimed the X-ray tube at my mouth to find the cavity.

牙医将X射线管对准我的嘴以找到蛀牙。


zenith

源自中古英語 cenyth，源自中世紀拉丁語 cenit，源自阿拉伯語 سَمْت (samt, “方向，小路”)，源自完整形式سَمْت اَلرَّأْس (samt ar-raʔs, “头的朝向”)。以-ni-代-m-的情况有时被认为是误读了三个笔画。这个说法确实有道理，但是也可能只是发音模仿导致的。

nadir

天顶 （观测者头顶水平向上的位置）

perigee

天顶 （观测者头顶水平向上的位置）

Winning the continental championship was the zenith of my career.

在洲际锦标赛中夺冠是我生涯的巅峰。

It was during those civil troubles […] this aspiring family reached the zenith.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 13, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

"There for a while I enjoyed myself in the zenith of glory and pleasure."

1900, William Beckford, The History of the Caliph Vathek，頁號 173:


slump

可能源自北日耳曼語支，对比丹麥語 slumpe (“碰巧遇到”)、挪威語 slumpe (“碰巧发生”)、瑞典語 slumpa (“变卖”)。亦对比德語 schlumpen (“跟踪；拖湿；马虎”)。

Exhausted, he slumped down onto the sofa.

筋疲力竭的他重重地瘫倒在沙发上。

Real estate prices slumped during the recession.

经济萧条期间地产价格锐减。

The Gunners captain demonstrated his importance to the team by taking his tally to an outstanding 28 goals in 27 Premier League games as Chelsea slumped again after their shock defeat at QPR last week.

2011年October29日, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 3-5 Arsenal”, 出自 BBC Sport:


slump

一种酥皮水果馅饼，类似cobbler

a blackberry slump


peak

早期形式peake、peek、peke，源自中古英語 *peke、*pek（可考作peked，是piked的变体），变换自pike、pyke、pyk (“尖端”)，源自古英語 pīc、piic (“针，尖刺，顶端，锥”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *pīkaz (“顶”)。同源词有荷蘭語 piek (“顶峰”)、丹麥語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、瑞典語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、挪威語 pik (“尖端，顶峰”)。还见pike。

apex

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

pinnacle

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

The stock market reached a peak in September 1929.

证券市场在1929年9月达到了最高值。

By last year, family income was 8 percent lower than it had been 11 years earlier, at its peak in 2000, according to inflation-adjusted numbers from the Census Bureau.

2012年October23日, David Leonhardt, New York Times, retrieved 2012-10-24:

They reached the peak after 8 hours of climbing.

他们爬了8个小时以后到了山顶。

peak-halyards

peak-brails


peak

Historians argue about when the Roman Empire began to peak and ultimately decay.

史学家们对罗马帝国达到顶峰，最终走向灭亡的时刻争论不休。


peak

more peak (comparative)
most peak (superlative)

峰值的，最大值的，顶峰的

peak oil, Peak TV

石油峰值，（美国的）电视黄金时代

最完全的，最典型的，最有代表性的

Knowing obscure 19th-century slang is peak nerd.

知道19世纪的生僻俚语简直是宅得不能再宅了。

You didn't get a spot? That's peak.


soundly

起於約1400年，源自 sound + -ly。本義為“安全地”。現有義項起於16世紀。

more soundly (comparative)
most soundly (superlative)

He was soundly thrashed by the semi-professional boxer.

他被半职业拳击手狠狠地揍了一顿。

I slept quite soundly last night.

The wedding company, fatigued with their enjoyment of the previous night, slept soundly late into the next morning.

1899, William George Aston, A History of Japanese Literature，頁號 272:

My gold carried little weight with him, he was sincerely fond of me and consequently rated me soundly for all indiscretions, declaring I would regret wasting the best years of my life and deadening my vast talents […]

1911, L. D. Biagi, The Centaurians, Ch. I:


veneer

源自德語 Furnier，源自furnieren (“覆盖”)，源自法語 fournir (“布置；达成”)，源自中古法語 fornir，源自古法語 fornir、furnir (“布置”)，源自早期古法蘭克語 frumjan (“提供”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *frumjaną (“使...更进一步”)。同源词有古高地德語 frumjan、frummen (“达成，执行，提供”)、古英語 fremian (“执行”)。详见furnish。

to veneer a piece of furniture with mahogany

The stateroom walls are veneered with finely figured English chestnut with the skirting and mouldings in English walnut.

1947 January and February, “South African Royal Train”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 36:


prim

源自 普羅旺斯方言 prim (“細膩、優秀”)，源自古法語 prim，prin，源自:Template:lena 拉丁語 primus (“首先”)。prime的同源對似詞。

primmer (comparative)
primmest (superlative)

正式的；精確的；故作整潔或漂亮

prim regularity; a prim person


an

繼承自中古英語 an (“和，如果”)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

An it harm none, do what ye will.

只要不傷害別人，你想做什麼都可以。


an

繼承自古英語 an，on (介詞)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

在這一情況下，它與 a 一詞的用法相同，但因元音在前（在未發音的 h 之後）而有所變化。例如：“The train was speeding along at a mile a minute.”

I was only going twenty miles an hour.

我的速度只有每小時二十英里。


abdicate

* 首次記錄於1541年。
* 派生自拉丁語 abdicātus (“放棄的”)，abdicō (“放棄，拒絕”) 的完成被動分詞，源自ab (“離開”) + dicō (“宣告、表明”)，類似於dīcō (“說”)。

去除；拋棄；放棄 （16世紀中期至17世紀晚期）

betray and abdicate the due right both of ourselves and successors

投降、放棄或交出（主權等）；不再擔任或履行高級職位、身分 （首次記錄於17世紀）

to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy

The cross-bearers abdicated their service.

1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:

He abdicates all right to be his own governor.

1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France:

The understanding abdicates its functions.

1856, James Anthony Froude, History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth:


sugarcoat

源自 sugar + coat；比喻義來自給藥片裹上糖，以掩蓋其不好味道的做法（sugarcoating the pill）。

/ˈʃʊɡɚˌkoʊt/

/ˈʃʊɡəˌkəʊt/

candy-coat

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

gild

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

gild the pill

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

sugarcoat the pill

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

There's no way to sugarcoat the loss of the space shuttle; it was an unmitigated disaster.

航天飞机的损失是无法掩盖的；这是一场彻头彻尾的灾难。

I went to the unheard-of trouble of re-writing the letter and saying the same harsh things softly, so as to sugarcoat the anguish and make it a little more endurable […]

我付出了前所未有的努力，重写了这封信，并温和地说出了同样严厉的话，以掩盖痛苦，使其更容易忍受{ […]

1876年November1日, Mark Twain, “Letter to Mr. Burrough, of St. Louis”, 出自 The Letters Of Mark Twain,, 卷 3:

[…] And I don't think we can sugarcoat both the human toll that is unfolding in Ukraine, but also how it is reordering the international architecture in ways that we haven't seen in decades.

[…] 我认为，我们无法掩盖乌克兰事件造成的人员伤亡，以及它如何以几十年来未曾见过的方式改变国际格局。

2022年March23日, Barack Obama, 片头起2:52, 出自 Centennial Celebration Conversation with President Barack Obama and Yo-Yo Ma, Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 經由 YouTube:

"The insurgents killed them all?"
"Very likely." Scout's expression was kindly, but he was apparently not the sort to sugarcoat things. Then again, maybe he had simply read her receptivity well.

2023年October12日, HarryBlank, “Fire in the Hole”, 出自 SCP Foundation，於2024-09-02歸檔自原頁面:


crescendo

/kɹɪˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

/kɹəˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

逐渐达到高潮，逐渐白热化

Their fighting rose in a fearsome crescendo.

可怕的是他们的打斗越来越激烈。

（逐渐增强后的）高潮，顶点

Their arguing rose to a fearsome crescendo.

他们的争论达到了可怕的顶点。

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011年October20日, Michael da Silva, “Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, 出自 BBC Sport:


crescendo

/kɹɪˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

/kɹəˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

The band crescendoed and then suddenly went silent.

乐队一开始渐强，然后突然安静下来。


daft

源自中古英語 dafte、defte (“温柔的；礼貌的；谦逊的；尴尬的；无聊的；粗野的”)，源自古英語 dæfte (“乐于助人的；温柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *daftī (“合适的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“适”)。与古英語 dafnian、dafenian (“合适的”)、俄語 до́брый (dóbryj, “好的”)有关。
对比silly，其原指“很好的；无辜的；可怜的；弱小的”，但现在指“愚蠢的”。
与daff (“笨蛋；愚蠢的”)（过去式daffed）无关，但可能受到了其影响。

dafter (comparative)
daftest (superlative)

a daft idea

Thou art the daftest fuill that ever I saw. / Trows thou, man, be the law to get remeid / Of men of kirk? Na, nocht till thou be deid.

You are the daftest fool that ever I saw. / Trust you, man, by the law to get a remedy / 源自men of the church? No, not till you are dead.

1602, David Lyndesay [i.e., David Lyndsay], Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (in 低地蘇格蘭語), Edinburgh: Printed be Robert Charteris, →OCLC; 再版為 Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (Early English Text Society, Original Series; no. 37), [London]: [Published for the Early English Text Society, by N[icholas] Trübner & Co.], [1869], →OCLC，頁號 451，行號s 2008–2010:

In case you haven't heard of them [the Taipings], I must tell you that they were another of those incredible phenomena that made China the topsy-turvey mess it was, like some fantastic land from Gulliver, where everything was upside down and out of kilter. Talk about moonbeams from cucumbers; the Taipings were even dafter than that.

1985, George MacDonald Fraser, 章號 1, 出自 Flashman and the Dragon: 源自the Flashman Papers, 1860, London: Collins Harvill, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Plume, 1987, →ISBN:

You haven't exactly been playing the master tactician through all this, but that seems the daftest course you could possibly have taken.

1990, Iain Pears, The Raphael Affair, London: Gollancz, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Harper, 2014, →ISBN，頁號 22:


capricious

more capricious (comparative)
most capricious (superlative)

arbitrary

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

whimsical

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

fickle

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

conscientious

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

rigorous

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

I almost died in a capricious winter storm.

Stringent rulers are unlikely to act capriciously.


accelerator

* 1611年初次使用。
* (機動車)： 1900年首次使用。
* accelerate + -or

The Second World War is said to have been a great accelerator for many scientific findings.

許多人說二戰極大地推進了大量科學發現。

As soon as you get onto the slipway, push the accelerator.

當你駛上滑道時，按下油門。


sod

源自中古英語 sod、sodde 首次記錄於15世纪中叶，源自中古荷蘭語 zoden (“草皮”)或中古低地德語 sôde、soede (“草皮”)，两者与荷蘭語 zode (“草皮”)、德語 Sode (“草皮”)、古弗里斯蘭語 sātha (“草皮”)有关。上述词最终词源不详。

The landscapers rolled sod onto the bare earth and made a presentable lawn by nightfall.

园林设计师在光地上把草皮铺开来，天黑之前就做好了一个能展示的草地。


sod

He sodded the worn areas twice a year.


sod

家伙 （多用形容词修饰）

You mean old sod!

poor sod

unlucky sod

You silly sod

I don’t care a sod.


sod

Sod him!, Sod it!, Sod that bastard!

他那个混蛋！，我肏！，让那个杂种去死！


sod

源自古英语复数过去式，或逆構詞自过去分词sodden。

more sod (comparative)
most sod (superlative)

sod damper


honey

來自中古英語 hony, honi，來自古英語 huniġ，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hunag，來自原始日耳曼語 *hunagą（對照西弗里斯蘭語 hunich、德語 Honig），來自早期*hunangą（對比瑞典語 honung），來自原始印歐語 *kn̥h₂onk-o-s，來自*kn̥h₂ónks。和中古威爾士語 canecon (“金”)、拉丁語 canicae 複 (“糠”)、吐火羅語B kronkśe (“蜂”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 qengjë (“蜂巢”)、古希臘語 κνῆκος (knêkos, “紅花”)、北庫爾德語 şan (“蜂巢”)、北盧里語 گونج (gonj, “蜂”)同源。

The honey in the pot should last for years.

罐裡裝的蜂蜜應當能保存數年。

Honey, would you take out the trash?

親愛的，你能把垃圾丟出去嗎？

Honey, I'm home.

Man, there are some fine honeys here tonight!

夥計，今晚這裡有好幾個性感尤物會來呢！


circumspect

more circumspect (comparative)
most circumspect (superlative)

Being aware of the danger of upsetting her audience, she was somewhat circumspect in her comments.

她注意到可能会让观众们不快，在发表评论时较为谨慎。

Comment must be circumspect until fuller particulars are available, [...].

1959 March, “Talking of Trains: Scottish reorganisation”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 119: