euthanasia

首次使用於1606年，來自古希臘語 εὐθανασία (euthanasía)，來自εὐ- (eu-, “好的”) + θάνατος (thánatos, “死亡”)。

/juːθəˈneɪʒə/

Euthanasia is the most difficult part of a veterinarian's job.


gung ho

源自官話 工合 (gōnghé)的词语误用，其被误解释为了工 (gōng, “工作”) + 合 (hé, “一起”)即“一起工作”，但其是工業合作社／工业合作社 (Gōngyè Hézuòshè)的简称。“一起工作”的解释是由20世纪30年代驻扎在中国的美国海军准将埃文斯·卡尔逊作出的。其成为了卡尔逊领导的斗志昂扬的团的口号和外号，最后导致其他海军士兵将这个词解释为“狂热的”。在美国，其在1943年战争片《孤岛突击队》（Gung Ho!）的影响下普及开来。

more gung ho (comparative)
most gung ho (superlative)

狂热的，偏激的，过分热情的

No matter how gung ho you are when you start, you will tire as you become mired in details.


caterpillar

來自中古英語 catirpel、catirpeller，可能來自古諾曼語 catepeluse (現代法語chatte + pileuse (“多毛的貓”))，來自晚期拉丁語 catta + pilōsa。

/ˈkætəˌpɪlə/

/ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/

The bird just ate that green caterpillar.

那隻鳥剛剛吃了一隻綠色毛毛蟲。


devout

源自中古英語 devout、devot，源自古法語 devot（法语dévot），源自拉丁語 dēvōtus，dēvōveō的过去分词。devote的同源對似詞。

devouter (comparative)
more devout (comparative)
devoutest (superlative)
most devout (superlative)

devout sighs; devout eyes; a devout posture

devout wishes for one's welfare


indelible

源自拉丁語 indelebilis (“无法摧毁的”)。

more indelible (comparative)
most indelible (superlative)

unerasable

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

unerasable

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

unforgettable

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

delible

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

uninsertable

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

This ink spot on the contract is indelible.

合同上的这个墨迹擦不掉。

This stain on my shirt is indelible.

我衬衫上的这个污渍洗不掉。

Written with indelible pen.

The brow was smooth and fair; no deep thought, born of deep feeling, had grown there—those indelible lines which stamp even youth with age.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XXII, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 235:

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

That horrible story just might make an indelible impression on the memory.

那个恐怖故事可能在我记忆里留下了难以磨灭的印象。

During our investigation it became clear that for three decades many other women had suffered at the hands of our abuser, but they had refused to testify against him because of the indelible stigma it would bring.

2014年August29日, Ruzwana Bashir, “The untold story of how a culture of shame perpetuates abuse. I know, I was a victim”, 出自 The Guardian:

An indelible image from the Great Depression features a well-dressed family seated with their dog in a comfy car, smiling down from an oversize billboard on weary souls standing in line at a relief agency.

2020年April16日, Patricia Cohen, “Straggling in a Good Economy, and Now Struggling in a Crisis”, 出自 New York Times:


encore

借自法語 encore (“再次”)，亦曾使用过该词义。

To play an encore.

Can I get an encore? We want more!

能返场吗？我们還想再看！

The encores were numerous.


encore

借自法語 encore (“再次”)，亦曾使用过该词义。

to encore a performer

to encore a song


academy

派生自法語 académie，派生自拉丁語 acadēmīa，派生自古希臘語 Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)。另請參見 academe。

（高等）专科学校。指中等或高等训练专门业务的学校，尤指军事、艺术或体育学院。

Royal Academy of Music


give up

He was surrounded, so gave himself up.

他被包圍了，所以投降了。

They gave him up to the police.

They gave up the search when it got dark.

天黑了，他們停止了搜索。

He gave up his seat to an old man.

"Dear Miss Woodhouse, I would not give up the pleasure and honour of being intimate with you for any thing in the world."

“親愛的伍德豪斯小姐，跟你在一起又快樂又榮幸，我說什麽也不能離開你。”

They gave him up for dead.

他们認爲他活不成了。或
〈喻〉他們認爲他不會出現或到來了。

I gave up my faith years ago.

幾年前我放棄了我的信仰。

OK, I give up, you win.

好吧，我認輸了，你贏了。


pun

繼承自中古英語 ponnen、ponen、punen，來自古英語 punian、pūnian (“重擊，毆打，咆哮，輾壓，研磨”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *punōną (“打碎，粉碎”)。參見pound。作為一種文字遊戲，來自"beating"字到位的概念。

We punned about the topic until all around us groaned.


pun

The pun is the lowest form of wit.


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

You know that cost beaucoup bucks!

Donlon says, "Well, we're rich and we got beaucoup beer and beaucoup chow. Now all we need is the Bob Hope show."

唐倫說：「嗯，我們很富有，我們有很多啤酒和很多食物。現在我們需要的只是鮑勃霍普秀。」

1979, Gustav Hasford, The Short-Timers, New York: Bantam Books, 出版於 1980, →ISBN，頁號 93:


english

来源不确定。據推測，該詞產生與英國人將保齡球等技術引進美國有關，也可能與姓English的人有關。

（台球，保龄球）球绕着垂直轴做旋转运动。

You can't hit it directly, but maybe if you give it some english.

你不能直着打，但是可以有点旋转着打。


soap

源自中古英語 sope、sape，源自古英語 sāpe (“肥皂，药膏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *saipā，源自原始日耳曼語 *saipǭ，源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*seyp- (“倒出，滴，流，滤”)。
与下列词同源：低地蘇格蘭語 saip、sape (“肥皂”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Seepe (“肥皂”)、西弗里斯蘭語 sjippe (“肥皂”)、荷蘭語 zeep (“肥皂”)、德國低地德語 Seep (“肥皂”)、德語 Seife (“肥皂”)、丹麥語 sæbe (“肥皂”)、瑞典語 såpa (“肥皂”)、書面挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、新挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、法羅語 sápa (“肥皂”)、冰島語 sápa (“肥皂”)。亦与古英語 sāp (“琥珀，树脂，发油，药膏”)、拉丁語 sēbum (“油脂”)有关。参见seep。拉丁語 sāpō (“肥皂”)乃借自日耳曼语族。

I tried washing my hands with soap, but the stain wouldn't go away.

我试了用肥皂洗手，但是污渍洗不掉。

His comments were just a lot of soft soap to flatter me.

他的话就是一堆奉承我的马屁。


soap

Be sure to soap yourself well before rinsing.

Those kids soaped my windows!

那帮小孩把肥皂液弄到我窗上了！


hello

Hello（最早可考于1826年），源自holla、hollo（可考于1588年）。人们常认为这一hallo的变体是由托马斯·爱迪生为电话中使用造出的，但其在电话发明的几十年前就已经有书面使用。
最终源自古英语ēalā的变体，如hēlā，其类似于现在使用的hey和hi。因此等价于hey和lo构成的复合词。用来唤起别人的注意。
可能受到了古撒克遜語 halo!的影响，其为halōn (“喊，抓”)的命令式，为渡船船夫呼喊时使用，与古高地德語 hala、hola!有关，其为halōn、holōn (“抓取”)的命令式。详见hallo。

Hello, everyone.

接电话时的问候语：喂？你好。

Hello? How may I help you?

您好？有什么需要帮助的吗？

Hello. This is Marsha. - Yes, Marsha.
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

寻求听到的人的回应，比如问有没有人在听，电话通信是否中断等：有人吗？喂？嘿！

Hello? Is anyone there?

I made a speaking trumpet of my hands and commenced to whoop “Ahoy!” and “Hello!” at the top of my lungs. […] The Colonel woke up, and, after asking what in brimstone was the matter, opened his mouth and roared “Hi!” and “Hello!” like the bull of Bashan.

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 7, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:

讽刺地用在别人做了说话人认为的傻事时： 喂？你脑子没问题吧？

You just tried to start your car with your cell phone. Hello?

你刚刚想用手机发动汽车？你脑子没事吧？

表示困惑或发现了新东西：哇！啊！

Hello! What’s going on here?


Dutch

原始印歐語詞
 *tewtéh₂
來自中古英語 Duch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自中古低地德語 dütsch, düdesch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)和中古荷蘭語 dūtsch、duutsc (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *þiudisk，來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz (“部落的，民族的”)，衍生自*þeudō (“人”)，來自原始印歐語 *tewtéh₂。Deutsch and tuath的同源對似詞。
對照中古英語 thedisch (“本地的，地方性的”)，該詞來自古英語 þēodisċ (“部落的，民族的”)、古撒克遜語 thiudisk（德國低地德語 düütsch (“德語”)）, 古高地德語 diutisc（現代德語 deutsch (“德語”)），現代荷蘭語 Duits (“德語”)和Diets (“荷蘭語”)（直到19世紀才完全區分開來）。參見Derrick、Teuton、Teutonic。
貶義義項（如Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle等）據說源自英荷戰爭和隨後的競爭。

The Dutch will vote on the matter next month.

荷蘭人將在下個月就此事投票。

In upstate New York, the Dutch continued to speak their language into the nineteenth century.

在紐約上州，荷蘭人在19世紀依然繼續使用他們自己的語言。


stumble

源自原始日耳曼語 *stam- (“摔跤；结巴，口吃”)，从而与德語 stumm (“哑的”)、荷蘭語 stom (“笨的”)有关。stammer的同源對似詞。

He stumbled up the dark avenue.

他跌跌撞撞地走在漆黑的街上。

1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 艾凡赫, 卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for.

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 1, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:

He stumbled over a rock.

I always stumble over verbs in Spanish.

我老是在西班牙语动词上出错。


yesterday

源自中古英語 yesterday、yisterday、ȝesterdai、ȝisterdai，源自古英語 ġiestrandæġ、ġister dæġ、ġestor dæġ、ġeostran dæġ，等同於yester- + day。对比低地蘇格蘭語 yisterday、yesterday (“昨天”)、哥特語 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis, “明天”, 副詞)。也对比關係更遠的荷蘭語 gisteren、德語 gestern。

Today is the child of yesterday and the parent of tomorrow.

今天是昨天的孩子、明天的家長。

Yesterday was rainy, but by this morning it had begun to snow.

昨天下雨，但今早開始轉雪。

Yesterday, upon the stair / I met a man who wasn’t there / He wasn’t there again today / I wish, I wish he’d go away …

yesterday's technology

The worker of today is different from that of yesterday.

如今的工人和過去的相比，已經大不相同。

All our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v]:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日, “Snakes and ladders”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8841，頁號 76:


yesterday

I started to watch the video yesterday, but could only finish it this evening.

昨天我就開始看這部影片了，但直到今晚才看完。

I want this done yesterday!


sick

源自中古英語 sik、sike、seek、seke、seok，源自古英語 sēoc (“生病的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *seuk，源自原始日耳曼語 *seukaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 siik、荷蘭語 ziek、德語 siech、書面挪威語 syk、新挪威語 sjuk、丹麥語 syg），源自原始印歐語 *sewg- (“困扰，悲”)，对比中古愛爾蘭語 socht (“沉默，抑郁”)、古典亞美尼亞語 հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim, “变弱”)。

sicker (comparative)
sickest (superlative)

disturbed

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

twisted

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

warped

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, 出自 Robert von Fleischhacker 編, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translationLanfranc of Milan所著的原著, 出版於 1894, →ISBN，頁號 63:

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared. […]’

1963, Margery Allingham, 章號 7, 出自 The China Governess:

She was sick all day with the flu.

We have to care for the sick.

My daughter was violently sick three times in the night.

我女儿夜里闹了三次恶心。

In the meantime the old man had gotten up and gone out in the yard and began to vomit. Henry said I believe I feel sick and got up and went out. He went out one door and his father went out the other one. I did not think there was anything wrong with the coffee and I asked my wife to pour this out […]

1913, The Texas criminal reports, page 8:

Q. Didn't he complain he was sick before he commenced to vomit?

1918, Cecil Day Lewis, The Whispering Roots, Jonathan Cape, page 140:

[…] trying hard to cry. Crying's good. Crying teaches him to breathe. But I wish he weren't crying from hunger. I feel dizzy. I sit down and feel a little sick. Maybe I'll vomit, too. No, I never vomit. I feel sick, but I won't vomit. I never vomit.

I feel sick, like I might vomit, and I'm more tired than I can ever remember feeling.

2013, Cheryl Rainfield, Stained, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (ISBN 9780547942100), page 38:

令人不适的，低级的，下贱的

That's a sick joke.

I've heard that song on the radio so many times that I'm starting to get sick of it.

我在电台上听那首歌听到快吐了。

I'm so sick of that same old love, the kind that breaks your heart.

2015, “Same Old Love”, 出自 Revival, 演出者 Selena Gomez:

This tune is sick.

Dude, this car's got a sick subwoofer!

老兄，这辆车的低音炮太牛逼了吧。

sick building syndrome; my car is looking pretty sick; my job prospects are pretty sick

病态的大楼综合征；我的车看着像要坏了；我的就业前景很悲观


sick

He lay there in a pool of his own sick.

他躺在自己吐出来的东西里。

The bogan, true to form, laps it up like a dog does its own sick.

2010, McSween et al., Things Bogans Like, Sydney: Hachette，頁號 80:


sick

I woke up at 4 am and sicked on the floor.

我早上4点醒过来，吐了一地。


you

源自中古英語 you、yow、ȝow (ye的賓語)，源自古英語 ēow、īow (ġē的與格)，源自原始日耳曼語 *iwwiz (*jīz的與格)，*izwiz (*jūz的與格)的西部方言，源自原始印歐語 *yūs (“你們”)、*yū́。
與低地蘇格蘭語 you (“你”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 jou (“你”)、西弗里斯蘭語 jo (“你”)、低地德語 jo、joe、oe (“你”)、荷蘭語 jou、u (“你”)、中古高地德語 eu、iu (“你”, 賓格代詞)、拉丁語 vōs (“你”)、阿維斯陀語 𐬬𐬋 (vō, “你”)、阿什昆語 iã (“你”)、卡姆卡塔-維利語 šo (“你”)、梵語 यूयम् (yūyám, “你”)同源。
參見使用注意章節。Ye、you 和 your分別與荷蘭語 jij/je、jou、jouw；低地德語 ji、jo/ju、jug，以及德語 ihr、euch、euer同源。ye也與瑞典語 I〈古〉同源。

your
yours (possessive pronoun without-noun)
yourself
yourselves

第二人称单数或复数代词：你，你们。

What do you think of this plan?

你（們）覺得這個計劃如何？


you

Have you gentlemen come to see the lady who fell backwards off a bus?

您幾位先生來看那位朝後從巴士上摔下來的女士了嗎？

用於指代人的修飾語前，加強語氣。

You idiot!

'You genius!' I shouted in Aretta's ear. 'You absolute genius! Why didn't you tell us you were so good?'

2015, Judi Curtin, Only Eva, The O'Brien Press (ISBN 9781847177506):


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

He wore a condom over his dick.

他在阴茎上套了个避孕套。

THINGS YOU NEVER HEAR: "Please stop sucking my dick or I'll call the police."

你一定沒有聽過的話：“別嗦我的屌了，不然我要叫警察。”

1997, George Carlin, Brain Droppings, New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁號 83:

That person is such a dick.

Last weekend I did dick.


dick

Dude, don't let them dick you around like that!

老弟，別讓他們那麼捉弄你！


dick

private dick, railroad dick

“I am a detective,” said Hercule Poirot with the modest air of one who says “I am a king.”
“Good God!” The young man seemed seriously taken aback. “Do you mean that girl actually totes about a dumb dick?”

1937年November1日, Agatha Christie, Death on the Nile:


rain

源自中古英語 reyn、rein，源自古英語 reġn，源自原始西日耳曼語 *regn，源自原始日耳曼語 *regną（对比西弗里斯蘭語 rein、荷蘭語 regen、德語 Regen、丹麥語以及挪威語 regn），之后词源不详。可能源自先日耳曼语言 *Hréǵ-no-，源自原始印歐語 *Hreǵ- (“流”)（对比拉丁語 rigō (“湿的”)、立陶宛語 rõki (“毛毛雨”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 rrjedh (“流，滴”)），但辅音重建无法匹配。

We've been having a lot of rain lately.

The rains came late that year.

This process involves cloud seeding – when various substances are put into clouds in an attempt to cause rain.
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)

A rain of mortar fire fell on our trenches.

迫击炮火像雨点般落到我们的战壕上。


rain

Judging by the black cloud, it will rain later today.

看天上的乌云，今天是要下雨了。

It will rain fire and brimstone at the end of days.

世界末日时会有火焰和硫磺像雨点般落下。

The rain it raineth every day.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期）, 威廉·莎士比亚, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）), 伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Tears rained from her eyes.

Leaves rained from the tree.

很多树叶从树上飘落下来。

Bombs rained from the sky.

炸弹像雨点般从天上落下。

The boxer rained punches on his opponent's head.

拳击手反复密集地拳击对手的头部。


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ, “需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai, “需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva, “短的，小的”)）。

Your girl turned up on our doorstep.

你女儿突然出现在我们的门阶那。

Don't be such a girl!


apricot

pickled apricots


with

源自中古英語 with，源自古英語 wiþ，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wiþi，原始日耳曼語 *wiþrą (“反，反對”)的縮略形式。副詞的釋義可能是從其他日耳曼語意譯的，例如 挪威語 med、瑞典語 med 和德語 mit。

cut with a knife

I water my plants with this watering can. This is the watering can I water my plants with.

我用這個水壺為我的植物澆水。這是我用來為我的植物澆水的水壺。

Find what you want instantly with our search engine.

使用我們的搜尋引擎快速尋找你想要的 (資訊)。

They dismissed the meeting with a wave of their hand.

他們用手揮了一下，(以表示) 會議取消。

They had cut of his head upon the cudy of his boat had not the man reskued him with a sword...

如果不是那人用劍救了他，他們就在他的船上砍下他的頭…

And keep each other company in spite, / As rivals in your common mistress, fame, / And with faint praises one another damn;

即使如此，你們仍彼此作伴，/ 作為共享情人的競爭對手——名聲，/ 詛咒對方以微弱的讚美；

1677年, 威廉·威徹利, The plain-dealer, Prologue:

We are with you all the way.

There are a number of problems with your plan.

What on Earth is wrong with my keyboard?

我的鍵盤到底出什麼毛病了？

He was pleased with the outcome.

I’m upset with my father.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日, “A punch in the gut”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8842，頁號s 72–3:

It was small and bumpy, with a tinge of orange.

這東西很小、凹凸不平，帶點兒橙色。

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

隨著我們年齡增長，身體的主要動脈常常會因為斑塊而變得增厚，這是一種具有類似燕麥粥質地的脂肪物質，會在血管內壁上逐漸堆積。

2013年 7-8月, 史蒂芬·P·洛尼, David M. Pelz, “Stents to Prevent Stroke”, 出自 美國科學家:

Speak with confidence.

He spoke with sadness in his voice.

She was with Acme for twenty years before retiring last fall.

她在 Acme 工作了二十年，去年秋天退休。

With your kind of body size, you shouldn’t be eating pizza at all.

考慮到你的體型，你不應該吃披薩。

That was a lot to explain; are you still with me?

需要解釋的太多了；你跟得上我嗎？

Are you still with me? Good. I was worried, because you may not think you need a lightweight rifle.

1983年May3日, David E. Petzal, “The Lightweight Division”, 出自 Field & Stream:


with

Do you want to come with?


head

源自中古英語 hed, heed, heved, heaved ← 古英語 hēafod (“頭部；頂部；來源，起源；首領；首都”) ← 原始日耳曼語 *haubudą (“頭”) ← 原始印歐語 *káput-，*kapōlo- (“頭；碗”)的變體。
同源詞
與低地蘇格蘭語 heid, hede, hevid, heved (“頭”), 古英語 hafola (“頭”), 北弗里斯蘭語 hood (“頭”), 荷蘭語 hoofd (“頭”), 德語 Haupt (“頭”), 瑞典語 huvud (“頭”), 冰島語 höfuð (“頭”), 拉丁語 caput (“頭”), 梵語 कपाल (kapāla, “顱”), 印地語 कपाल (kapāl, “顱”)同源。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭腦，（心理、情感方面的）技能

Be careful when you pet that dog on the head; it may bite.

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

The company is looking for people with good heads for business.

公司正在尋找有商業頭腦的人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
腦海，思想

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

This song keeps going through my head.

這首歌一直在我腦海中迴盪。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
（尤指中毒造成的）頭痛

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭飾

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
個人

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

Admission is three dollars a head.

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
:Template:不可數（作量詞，表示牲畜等）一頭；一隻

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

200 head of cattle and 50 head of horses

12 head of big cattle and 14 head of branded calves

12頭大牛和14頭烙過印的小牛

at five years of age this head of cattle is worth perhaps $40

這頭五歲的牛大概值40美元

a reduction in the assessment per head of sheep

they shot 20 head of quail

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
獵物的數量

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

planting the hedges increased the head of quail and doves

建樹籬增加了鵪鶉和鴿子的數量

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
鹿角

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

一端（前端、上端等）： 桌子的一端： 上座，桌子離房門最遠的一端，重要的座位

During meetings, the supervisor usually sits at the head of the table.

會議中主管者一般坐在桌子的上座。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（箭、矛、指針等）尖的一頭

The head of the compass needle is pointing due north.

指南針的指針指向正北方。

一端（前端、上端等）： 啤酒或碳酸飲料的泡沫；酒頭

Pour me a fresh beer; this one has no head.

給我倒一杯新鮮的啤酒，這杯的沒有沫兒。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
領導者；首領；主謀

I'd like to speak to the head of the department.

Police arrested the head of the gang in a raid last night.

警方昨晚在一次突襲中逮捕了那個團伙的頭目。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
校長

I was called into the head's office to discuss my behaviour.

我被叫去校長辦公室談談我的行爲。

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 河源；河流入湖處

The expedition followed the river all the way to the head.

探險隊沿河一直走到河流的源頭。

We are having a difficult time making head against this wind.

我們在逆風前進時遇到了困難。


head

head sea

head wind


head

領導，主管（參見head up）

Who heads the board of trustees?

to head an army, an expedition, or a riot

領導軍隊；領導探險隊；領導暴動

We are going to head up North for our holiday.

We will head off tomorrow.

Next holiday we will head out West, or head to Chicago.

下個假期我們去西部或者去芝加哥。

Right now I need to head into town to do some shopping.

I'm fed up working for a boss. I'm going to head out on my own, set up my own business.

How does the ship head?

The salmon are first headed and then scaled.

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

to head a nail

to head trees


hold

源自中古英語 holden ← 古英語 healdan ← 原始日耳曼語 *haldaną (“照料（牲口），放牧”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *kel- (“驅趕”)（對比拉丁語 celer (“快”), 吐火羅語B kälts (“刺激，驅趕”), 古希臘語 κέλλω (kéllō, “驅趕”), 梵語 कलयति (kalayati, “他促使”)）。與西弗里斯蘭語 hâlde, 低地德語 holden, holen, 荷蘭語 houden, 德語 halten, 丹麥語、書面挪威語 holde, 新挪威語 halda同源。

hold with the hare and run with the hounds

Hold the pencil like this.

The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

1918, W. B. Maxwell, 章號 23, 出自 The Mirror and the Lamp:

This package holds six bottles.

Hold my coat for me.  The general ordered the colonel to hold his position at all costs.

幫我拿著外套。  將軍要上校不惜一切代價保住他的位置。

保持某種狀態。 預約，預訂

Hold a table for us at 7:00.

幫我們訂一張7點的桌子。

Hold the elevator.

保持某種狀態。 拘留，扣押

Hold the suspect in this cell.

把嫌疑犯關進這間牢房裡。

to hold true;  The proposition holds.

保持某種狀態。 使自身處於某一狀態下

to hold firm;  to hold opinions

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 2, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:


suave

源自中古英語 suave，借自拉丁語 suāvis (“甜的；令人愉快的”)。sweet的同源對似詞。

suaver (comparative)
suavest (superlative)

有魅力的，优雅的，风度翩翩的，自信的；圆滑的，精明的，老于世故的

a man with a suave demeanor

举手投足散发着魅力的男子


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

The route was used so much that it formed a rut.

這條路走的車很多，都起車轍了。

You need to find a route that you can take between these two obstacles.

你要在這兩個障礙物中找出一條路線。

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 8, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013年March3日, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 101, 期 2，頁號 83:

（送貨、載人的）常規路線

We live near the bus route.

Here is a map of our delivery routes.

這是我們配送路線的地圖。

道，路，徑；通常特別指公路

Follow Route 49 out of town.


route

All incoming mail was routed through a single office.

所有收到的郵件都通過一個辦公室轉送。


Greek

繼承自古英語 Grēcas (“希臘人”)，Crēcas的變體，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Krēkō，來自拉丁語 Graecus，源頭不明，可能衍生自地名Γραῖα (Graîa)或來自部落名Graii的其他古巴爾幹語族形式，參見英語維基百科條目Griko、Names of the Greeks。希臘語中有個同源詞Γραικός (Graikós)，是從神話時代的祖先Γραίοι (Graíoi, “格瑞西安族”)而來。日爾曼語族同源詞包括荷蘭語 Griek、德語 Grieche。英語和日爾曼語族同源詞中的⟨g⟩，是受到法語 grec和古典拉丁語 Graecus的影響下恢復的。
該形容詞可追溯到14世紀的中古英語，取代了古英語 Grēċisċ (“希臘式的”)和早期中古英語 Gregeis。指兄弟會跟姐妹會，來自早期希臘字母的截斷。

Was Joe a Greek in college?


large

源自中古英語 large，源自古法語 large，源自拉丁語 larga，largus (“富余的，大量的，大的，多的”)的阴性形式，最终词源不详。很大程度上取代了中古英語 stoor, stour (“大的”)（源自古英語 stōr）和muchel (“大的”)（源自古英語 myċel）。

larger (comparative)
largest (superlative)

free

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

unencumbered

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

We drove back to the office with some concern on my part at the prospect of so large a case. Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 2, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Russia is a large country. The fruit-fly has large eyes for its body size. He has a large collection of stamps.

俄罗斯是一个很大的国家。 果蝇的眼睛相对于其体型来说很大。 他收藏了很多邮票。


large

Getting a car tricked out like that will cost you 50 large.

把车装饰成那样得花你五千块钱。

"We'll call you anything we want," Dave said. "You owe us eighty-five large, Ace, and what we've got for collateral on that money so far is a shitload of Arm & Hammer baking soda worth about a buck-fifty. We'll call you Hubert J. Motherfucker if we want to."

So send my sister a hundred large, and next time you come down to Jessup it won't be my grill talking at you. My word on that.

2008年January13日, David Simon, “Unconfirmed Reports” (片头起30:16), 出自 The Wire, 季数 2, 集数 2, 角色 Avon Barksdale:

One small coffee and two larges, please.


red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá, “紅色的，血腥的”)）。

redder (comparative)
more red (comparative)
reddest (superlative)
most red (superlative)

Amerind

美洲原住民的，印第安人的

red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)

The girl wore a red skirt.

女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。

Your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.

我保證，你的顏色，就和薔薇一樣紅。

c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.

1954年July29日, J.R.R. Tolkien, “I: A Long-Expected Party”, 出自 The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings; 1), →ISBN:

Her hair had red highlights.

紅色花色（紅桃或方塊）的；對比black (“梅花或黑桃花色的”)

I got two red queens, and he got one of the black queens.

我有兩張紅色的Q，他有一張黑色的Q。

支持以紅色為代表色的政黨的： 左翼的（尤指社會主義或共產主義，包括英國工黨和德國德國社會民主黨）

the red-black grand coalition in Germany

德國社民黨-基民盟聯合政府

支持以紅色為代表色的政黨的： 美國共和黨的

a red state

a red Congress


red

red：

His face turned red in embarrassment.


gorge

將喉嚨塞滿食物；大量、貪心地吃。[接 on]

They gorged themselves on chocolate and cake.


wile

源自中古英語 wile、wyle，源自古諾曼語 wile (“诡计，奸诈”)和古英語 wīl (“诡计，计谋”)和wiġle (“占卜”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wīlą (“欺骗”)（←原始印歐語 *wey- (“转，弯”)）和原始日耳曼語 *wigulą、*wihulą (“预言”)（←原始印歐語 *weyk- (“奉为神圣”)）。同源词有冰島語 vél、væl (“诡计，计谋”)、荷蘭語 wijle。

He was seduced by her wiles.

to frustrate all our plots and wiles

1667, John Milton, “Book 2”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens,) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government.

1796, George Washington, "Farewell Address", American Daily Advertiser:


fluorescent

more fluorescent (comparative)
most fluorescent (superlative)

/ˌflʊəˈɹɛsənt/

The fluorescent plants shimmered in the darkness.

发荧光的植物在黑暗中弱弱地发光。

The quality of fluorescent lighting technology has improved dramatically in recent years.

荧光技术的质量在近年来得到了很大的进展。

Her shirt was fluorescent orange.


fluorescent

/ˌflʊəˈɹɛsənt/

The fluorescents hummed day and night.


glacier

借自法語 glacier，源自法蘭克-普羅旺斯語 glacier，派生自glace + -ier，派生自通俗拉丁語 *glacia，源自*glacies (“冰”)，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“使变冷；使冰冻”)。

They warned that the effects of glacier melting on water resources are becoming “increasingly serious” for China.

他們警告稱，冰川融化對中國水資源的影響正“日益嚴重”。


dull

源自中古英語 dull、dul（亦作dyll、dill、dwal），源自古英語 dol (“乏味的，愚蠢的，错误的，谬误的，自以为是的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *dol，源自原始日耳曼語 *dulaz，源自早期形式*dwulaz，*dwalaz (“震惊的，疯狂的，愚蠢的，被误导的”)的一个变体，源自原始印歐語 *dʰwel-、*dʰewel- (“使...暗淡，遮蔽，隐晦”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 dull、doll (“迟钝的，聋的”)、北弗里斯蘭語 dol (“鲁莽的，草率的，晕眩的，轻率的”)、荷蘭語 dol (“疯狂的，失智的”)、低地德語 dul、dol (“疯狂的，愚蠢的，愚昧的”)、德語 toll (“疯狂的，鲁莽的，荒诞的”)、丹麥語 dval (“荒唐的，愚蠢的”)、冰島語 dulur (“遮掩的，守口如瓶的”)，西弗拉芒方言 dul (“生气的”)。

duller (comparative)
dullest (superlative)

All these knives are dull.

无聊的，乏味的，无趣的，沉闷的

He sat through the dull lecture and barely stayed awake.

他撑过了那个无聊的讲座，都快睡着了。

"You are very dull this morning, Sheriff," said the youngest daughter of the house, who, being the baby and pretty, had grown pettishly privileged in speech.

1895, S. R. Crockett, A Cry Across the Black Water:

不光滑的，不光亮的，暗淡的

Choose a dull finish to hide fingerprints.

选没光泽的末道漆可以防止留指纹。

a dull fire or lamp;  a dull red or yellow;  a dull mirror

微弱的火光或灯；暗红，暗黄；反射不好的镜子

It's a dull day.

Pressing on the bruise produces a dull pain.

按一下挫伤处会有一阵钝痛。


dull

Years of misuse have dulled the tools.

常年的错误使用让工具变钝了。

使...变弱，缓解；使...变迟钝，使...变愚蠢

He drinks to dull the pain.

Use and custom have so dulled our eyes.

1850, Richard Chenevix Trench, Notes on the Miracles of Our Lord:

A razor will dull with use.


milk

源自中古英語 milk、mylk、melk、mulc，源自古英語 meolc、meoluc (“奶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meluks，源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-。
同源词
与西弗里斯蘭語 molke、荷蘭語 melk、下薩克森荷蘭語 melk、德語 Milch、德國低地德語 Melk、意第緒語 מילך (milkh)、丹麥語 mælk、書面挪威語 mjølk、melk、新挪威語 mjølk、瑞典語 mjölk、冰島語 mjólk、法羅語 mjólk、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、波蘭語 mleko、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、威爾士語 blith、吐火羅語A malke、立陶宛語 malkas和拉脫維亞語 malks同源。也可能和古希臘語 μέλκιον (mélkion)同源。

m*lk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

mylk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

non-dairy milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

plant milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

Skyr is a product made of curdled milk.

[…] there's going to be that much less milk available to cover any other uses. Which means whether it's liquid milk or whether it's [milk that's been turned into] cheese or yogurt, the price gets pulled up right across the board.

2007 September 24, Chris Horseman (interviewee), Emily Harris (reporter), “Global Dairy Demand Drives Up Prices”, Morning Edition, National Public Radio

In the West it's' fairly normal to drink milk in various forms into adulthood.

2017, Adam Rutherford, A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, The Experiment, →ISBN，頁號 75:

The guests at table three ordered three glasses of milk.

（加到茶、咖啡等的一份）奶

I take my tea with two milk(s) and two sugar.

我给我的茶配两份奶两份糖。

She just sat there drinking cup after cup of strong coffee, with two milks and two sugars.

2014, Don Eggspuehler, Teachings 源自Pop, Author House (ISBN 9781496907202), page 459:

Five minutes later, he returned with Justin's large coffee with two milk and two sweeteners and a black coffee for himself.

2015, Carolyn Arnold, City of Gold: (Mathew Connor Adventure Series Book 1), Hibbert & Stiles Publishing Inc. (ISBN 9781988353043)

Mrs. Dale huffed up to the counter and fired her battle-axe stare at the attendant. “One medium tea. ... Two double-doubles, and one with two milk and two sweeteners.”

2019, Maggie Blackbird, Redeemed: The Matawapit Family Series, #1, eXtasy Books (ISBN 9781487424558), page 349:

She placed on her desk a brown paper bag; it held her breakfast, cream cheese on a toasted bagel and coffee with two milks and one sugar.

2020, John Mitton, Tedmund and the Murdered Heiress, Page Publishing, Inc (ISBN 9781645846505)


milk

源自中古英語 milken，源自古英語 melcan，源自原始日耳曼語 *melkaną，最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-，和上方名词相同的词干。对比荷蘭語和德語 melken、丹麥語 malke、挪威語 mjølke，以及拉丁語 mulgeō (“挤奶”)、古希臘語 ἀμέλγω (amélgō, “挤奶”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、立陶宛語 mélžti、吐火羅語A mālk-。

masturbate

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

The farmer milked his cows.

I haue giuen Sucke, and know / How tender 'tis to loue the Babe that milkes me[…]

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁號 135，列號 2:

to milk wholesome milk from healthy cows

过度使用；压榨，榨取；趁机榨取

When the audience began laughing, the comedian milked the joke for more laughs.

观众开始笑时，喜剧演员想从笑话中强行获得更多笑声。

They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock.

July 21, 1877, "The Block in the Courts" in The Spectator

If nothing else, José Mourinho can be grateful there was no mutiny. He still heard his name being sung and at the final whistle Old Trafford was not too unkind on the manager or his players. He milked it, too, marching over to the Stretford End to thank them for their generosity.

2018年August27日, Daniel Taylor, “Lucas Moura double for Spurs deepens gloom at Manchester United”, 出自 The Guardian (London):

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

Controlled milking can actually establish and consolidate a mistress’ dominance over her sub rather than diminish it.

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facies

借自拉丁語 faciēs (“形式，構造，形象；面孔，面容，容貌”)。face的同源對似詞。

costive facies


Africa

繼承自中古英語 Affrike，來自古法語 Affrique, Affrike，來自拉丁語 Āfrica，來自Āfrī，Āfer的單數 (迦太基國的人民)又源自於：
* 布匿語或腓尼基語中的𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/, “灰塵”)，在其他閃語族語言也有同義詞。
* 柏柏爾語族中的ifri (“洞穴”)，ifran的複數，指突尼斯的洞穴居民 (參見泰塔溫)。
民間詞源包括：
* 古希臘語 ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē)，意思為不冷
* 拉丁語 aprica (“陽光”)。

the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa

馬格里布和撒哈拉以南非洲


welcome

源自中古英語 welcome、wolcume、wulcume、wilcume，源自古英語 wilcuma （“受欢迎的宾客”，亦对比 wilcume (“欢迎！”, 叹词)），源自原始西日耳曼語 *willjakwemō，源自原始日耳曼語 *wiljakwemô (“期望的现身或宾客”)，可能源自*wiljakwemaną (“受欢迎”)，等价于will (“希望”) + come (“到达，来临，光临”)。该词下半部分的“宾客”一意不再为人所理解后，其中的wil-被替换为了wel-，可能是受到了副词well的影响。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 walcome、西弗里斯蘭語 wolkom、荷蘭語 welkom（早期形式willecome）、德語 willkommen、德國低地德語 willkamen、丹麥語 velkommen、書面挪威語 velkommen、新挪威語 velkomen、velkommen、瑞典語 välkommen、冰島語 velkominn、法羅語 vælkomin和古法語 wilecome（→中古法語 willecomme (“欢迎”)），源自日耳曼语族。
动词繼承自中古英語 welcomen、wolcumen、wilcumen，源自古英語 wellcumian、wylcumian、wilcumian (“欢迎”)。
类似构式亦出现于罗曼语族内，例如意大利語 benvenuto、西班牙語 bienvenido, 法語 bienvenu、加泰羅尼亞語 benvingut、葡萄牙語 bem-vindo和羅馬尼亞語 bun venit，意为“[希望您经历了]顺利的[旅途]到达[这里]”。它们并非派生自古典拉丁语词根（因为拉丁语中找不到类似的构式），而考虑到历史上日耳曼王国取代了西罗马帝国，其应该是从某日耳曼语族语言仿译进入了原始罗曼语（通俗拉丁语，见拉丁語 *bene venūtus；至于历史上类似的仿译，对比*perdōnō和compāniō）。

more welcome (comparative)
most welcome (superlative)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

a welcome visitor

Refugees welcome to education!

When the glad soul is made Heaven's welcome guest.

1782, William Cowper, The Progress of Error

a welcome present;  welcome news

好礼（亦可能是“见面礼”）  好消息

You are welcome to the use of my library.

欢迎你随时使用我的图书馆。


welcome

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

We entered the house and found a ready welcome.

我们进到房子里，发现大家已经准备好迎接我们了。


welcome

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud,[…]。By the time we reached the house we were thanking our stars she had come. Mrs. Cooke came out from under the port-cochere to welcome her.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 5, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

We welcome suggestions for improvement.

CPS MerseyCheshire welcomes the jailing of Helen Dove who conned her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed. Kimberley McDonnell lost around £50,000 because of the fraudster.

2020年January29日, “Woman jailed for conning her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed”, 出自 CPS Mersey-Cheshire, London: Crown Prosecution Service, retrieved 2020-04-02:

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang welcomed cooperation with South Korea.
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)


sinister

繼承自中古英語 sinistre (“不幸的”)，來自古法語 senestre、sinistre (“左的”)，來自拉丁語 sinister (“左手”)。

more sinister (comparative)
most sinister (superlative)

dexter

從配戴者看盾牌的左側的，從觀看者看盾牌的右側的

惡意的，陰險的，邪惡的；陰森的

sinister influences

the sinister atmosphere of the crypt


harp

繼承自中古英語 harpe，繼承自古英語 hearpe (“豎琴”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *harpā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *harpǭ (“豎琴”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 hairp (“豎琴”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harpe、harp (“豎琴”)、低地德語 Harp (“豎琴”)、荷蘭語 harp (“豎琴”)、德語 Harfe (“豎琴”)、丹麥語 harpe (“豎琴”)、瑞典語 harpa (“豎琴”)。

重複提及某個話題，尤其是為了嘮叨或抱怨

Why do you harp on a single small mistake?

為什麼你要對一個小錯誤喋喋不休呢？（美式用法）

Why do you harp on about a single small mistake?

為什麼你要對一個小錯誤喋喋不休呢？（英式用法）


Smoke

I'm heading down to the Smoke later this week.


tan

源自法語 tan (“鞣料”)，來自高盧語 tanno- (“槲树”) – 對照布列塔尼語 tann (“紅櫟樹”)，上古康沃爾語 tannen –，來自原始凱爾特語 *tannos (“槲树”)，起源不明，但可能來自原始印歐語 *(s)dʰonu (“樅，冷杉”)。若按這種假說，與赫梯語 [需要文字] (tanau, “樅，冷杉”)、拉丁語 femur（feminis (“大腿”)的屬格），德語 Tann (“木頭”)、Tanne (“樅，冷杉”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 thanë (“莓果叢”)、古希臘語 θάμνος (thámnos, “樹叢”)、阿維斯陀語 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə)、梵語 धनु (dhánu)相關。

She still has a tan from her vacation in Mexico.

她在墨西哥晒成棕褐色的痕迹现在还看得出来。

I'm hoping to get a tan this weekend at the beach.

我希望這週去海灘可以曬成棕褐色。


tan

tanner (comparative)
tannest (superlative)

Mine is the white car parked next to the tan pickup truck.

我的車是白色的、停在棕褐色敞篷卡車隔壁的那輛。

You’re looking very tan this week.


tan

動詞來自中古英語 tannen，來自後期古英語 tannian (“鞣皮革”)，來自拉丁語 tannare。

（使其）晒成褐色，曬黑。

No matter how long I stay out in the sun, I never tan. though I do burn.

我的皮肤怎么晒也不黑，但是会晒伤。


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

A Japanese saw is one that cuts on the pull stroke rather than on the push stroke.

日本鋸是一種在拉衝程而非推衝程中實現切割的鋸子。

In the United States, Japanese animation has had a tremendous surge in popularity over the last few years.

過去幾年，日本動畫在美國人氣猛增。

Japanese retail stores have strove to, and have succeeded in, fulfilling these severe demands, and in doing so, have constantly had to innovate both technologically and institutionally in order to keep up with the competition.

日本零售商店努力并成功地满足了这些严格的要求，为此，必须不断在技术和制度上进行创新，以跟上竞争的步伐。

2013年February6日, Hideo Otake, “Revising the Interpretation of the Japanese Economy”, 出自 State and Administration in Japan and Germany: A Comparative Perspective on Continuity and Change，頁號 319:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

:Template:U:en:-ese然而在東亞它卻經常被翻譯成漢語 日本人 (rìběnrén)或日語 日本人 (Nihonjin)。

A Japanese will typically have black hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.

日本人一般長著黑髮、褐眼睛，皮膚白皙。

Motoyuki Shibata isn’t a typical Japanese.
柴田元幸不是一名典型的日本人。

2007 October 16, Madeleine Brand, “Japan Struggles to Meet Its CO2 Emissions Limits”, Day to Day, National Public Radio,

How courteous is the Japanese;
He always says, "Excuse it, please."

日本人真有禮貌；
他總是開口說道“不好意思”。

Let’s go out to eat. I’m in the mood for Japanese.

咱們出去吃吧。我想吃日餐。


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

I’ve been studying Japanese for three years, and I still can’t order pizza in Tokyo!

我已經學日語三年了，可我依然沒法在東京點披薩！


drowsy

源自drowse + -y，然而，drowsy的书面记录（1520年）早于drowse（1570年）。对比古英語 drūsian (“下垂，变得无精打采”)。

drowsier (comparative)
drowsiest (superlative)

I was feeling drowsy and so decided to make a cup of coffee to try to wake myself up.

我感觉好困，便想去冲杯咖啡让自己精神点。

让人困倦的，让人镇静的，催眠的

It was a warm, drowsy summer afternoon.

那是夏天一个温暖，让人打瞌睡的下午

drowsy medicine


euphoric

more euphoric (comparative)
most euphoric (superlative)

狂喜的、亢奮的、異常亢奮的

In this moment, I am euphoric.

此時此刻，我亢奮到了極點。


English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu, “窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas, “緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ, “窄的”)）。

more English (comparative)
most English (superlative)

英語的，與英語有關的；派生自盎格魯-撒克遜語的

Those immigrants Anglicised their names to make them sound more English.

移民將他們的名字英語化，聽起來更加像英語中的名字。

an English ton


English

The Scottish and the English have a history of conflict.

蘇格蘭人和英格蘭人之間的恩怨由來已久。

熟練掌握、使用英語的能力

My coworkers have pretty good English for non-native speakers.

我的同事雖然母語不是英語，但他的英語說得很好。

英語中的表達 英語中的特定用語、用詞

What's the English for ‘à peu près’?

英語中怎麼表達“à peu près”？

The technical details are correct, but much of the English is not very clear.

技術信息都是正確的，但是用詞上有些模糊。

You are trying to put too much English on the ball.


English

English is spoken here as an unofficial language and lingua franca.

在這裡英語算是一種非官方語言和共同語。

How do you say ‘à peu près’ in English?

在英語裡你們如何表達“à peu près”？


hemorrhage

源自拉丁語 haemorrhagia，源自古希臘語 αἱμορραγία (haimorrhagía, “大量出血”)，源自αἱμορραγής (haimorrhagḗs, “大量出血”)，源自αἷμα (haîma, “血”) + -ραγία (-ragía)，源自ῥηγνύναι (rhēgnúnai, “喷出”)。

/ˈhɛm(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

We got news that he died of a hemorrhage.

我们得知了他失血过多而死的消息。

the fiscal hemorrhage that has resulted from financial globalization

由金融全球化导致的大量财政损失


hemorrhage

/ˈhɛm(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

He's hemorrhaging!

The company hemorrhaged money until eventually it went bankrupt.

公司损失了大量的钱，最终破产。


hypothermia

新拉丁語，源自古希臘語 ὑπο- (hupo-, “在...之下，低于”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “热量”) + -ία (-ía, 阴性后缀)

/ˌhaɪpəʊˈθɜː(ɹ)mi.ə/

Hypothermia is the systemic cold injury.


insult

- Marvel owns your gods!
- Insulting is not arguing.


surgery

來自中古英語 surgerie，來自古法語 surgerie，來自拉丁語 chirurgia，來自古希臘語 χειρουργία (kheirourgía)，來自χείρ (kheír, “手”) + ἔργον (érgon, “工作”)。chirurgy的同源對似詞。

Surgery is often necessary to prevent cancer from spreading.

为防止癌症扩散，手术通常是必需的。

I dropped in on the surgery as I was passing to show the doctor my hemorrhoids.

我经过医生办公室时，顺便给他看了我的痔疮。


oust

The protesters became so noisy that they were finally ousted from the meeting.

抗議者因為太嘈吵，最後被逐出會議。

The CEO was ousted by the board of directors.


high

源自中古英語 high、heigh、heih，源自古英語 hēah (“高的，高耸的，高级的，上层的，杰出的，高傲的，深邃的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hauh (“高”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hauhaz (“高”)，源自原始印歐語 *kewk- (“升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 heich (“高的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 hooch (“高的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heech (“高的”)、荷蘭語 hoog (“高的”)、低地德語 hoog (“高的”)、德語 hoch (“高的”)、瑞典語 hög (“高的”)、挪威語 høy (“高的”)、冰島語 hár (“高的”)、立陶宛語 kaukas (“肿块，疮”)、俄語 ку́ча (kúča, “摞，沓”)同源。

higher (comparative)
highest (superlative)

从基础高度向上延伸距离长的： 高的

The balloon rose high in the sky. The wall was high. a high mountain

气球升到了高高的天上。 墙很高。 高山

The Chitistone River Valley offers a more direct route for travel from McCarthy to the White River and the Shushana gold placers than Skolai Creek, but it involves a high climb over the so-called “goat trail” to avoid the canyon above Chitistone[.]

1930, Philip Sidney Smith, Mineral Industry of Alaska in 1928 and Administration Report:

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013年June7日, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 188, 期 26，頁號 36:

She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry. His wooing had been brief but incisive.

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 1, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:

A nightgown with a high neck and long sleeves may have the fullness set into a yoke.

1919, Martha Van Rensselaer, Flora Rose, Helen Canon, A Manual of Home-Making, page 376:

从基础高度向上延伸距离长的： 高于击球手肩膀的

the pitch (or: the ball) was high

three feet high three Mount Everests high

高3英尺 高三个珠穆朗玛峰

I told him about everything I could think of; and what I couldn't think of he did. He asked about six questions during my yarn, but every question had a point to it. At the end he bowed and thanked me once more. As a thanker he was main-truck high; I never see anybody so polite.

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 4, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:

地位高的，上层的 一流的，最重要的

The oldest of the elves' royal family still conversed in High Elvish.

The Barnacles were a very high family, and a very large family. They were dispersed all over the public offices, and held all sorts of public places.

Not a one of them was old enough to know what the high past of Liani separatism had really been like.

2007, Sheila Finch, Shaper's Legacy ISBN 1434401596, page 122:

the high priest, the high officials of the court, the high altar

主教，法庭的高级官员，主祭坛

地位高的，上层的 严重的，严厉的，重要的

high crimes, the high festival of the sun

地位高的，上层的 程度高的

high heat; high noon; high seasoning; high pleasure; high colour; high scholarship; high tide; high [tourism] season; the High Middle Ages

高温，正午，味道重的调味料，非常开心，深（鲜）色，高深的学术研究，满潮，（旅游）旺季，中世纪鼎盛时期

High sauces and rich spices are fetch'd from the Indies.

1709-1710, Thomas Baker, Reflections on Learning

地位高的，上层的 复杂的，繁杂的，高深的

Plain living and high thinking are no more.

in high spirits

I was having a high time, living the good life.

1970, Grateful Dead, High Time, on the album Workingman's Dead

high living, the high life

I was living the high lifestyle in famous sex clubs, relaxing on luxurious sofas, in the saunas and whirlpools, enjoying moments of excitement with my male and female companions while sipping champagne from crystal glasses.

2010, Rose Maria McCarthy Anding. High Heels, Honey Lips, & White Powder

a high tone

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 21:4:

high latitude, fish species in high arctic and antarctic areas

高纬度，高纬度北极和南极区域的鱼种

But other euphausiids, Euphausia crystallorophias, are found in the pack ice region of the high Antarctic as food of Blue and Minke Whales (Marr, 1956). E. vallentini is very important in the lower Antarctic region, around […]

1966, Symposium on Antarctic Oceanography: Papers, page 242:

We predict that L. arctica will coincide with the whole reindeer-caribou distribution, probably excepted Svalbard, South Georgia and other high-polar areas.

1990, International Union of Game Biologists. Congress, Transactions, the XIXth IUGB Congress: Population dynamics, page 219:

[…] petrels, which breed primarily in the high Antarctic, the Rauer Islands are fairly central in their breeding distribution. This study documents the breeding biology of these four species of fulmarine petrels on Hop Island, Rauer Islands during […]

1999, Peter John Hodum, Foraging Ecology and Reproductive Energetics of Antarctic Fulmarine Petrels, page 8:

Except for some lithodid crabs that have recently been found in the Antarctic Bellingshausen Sea (Klages et al., 1995; Arana and Retamal, 2000), reptants are not known from high polar areas, where water temperature at the seafloor drops permanently below about 0°C.

2004, Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschungvolume 481-483, page 1:

This study also analyzed the sources of variations over an environmental gradient extending from low (subtropical) to high (sub-Antarctic) latitudes.

2007, Zoological Studies, volume 46, iissues 1-3, page 371:

富含...的（作表语时常带“in”指明哪种物质）

My bank charges me a high interest rate.

我的银行收我很高的利率。

I was running a high temperature and had high cholesterol.

我发高烧，胆固醇也很高。

high voltage high prices high winds a high number

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, 出自 American Scientist:

Ignition voltage needs to be high enough to overcome the high resistance created by the air gap.

2005, Tracy Martin, How To Diagnose and Repair Automotive Electrical Systems，頁號 16:

Carrots are high in vitamin A. made from a high-copper alloy

胡萝卜富含维生素A 使用富铜合金制成

The note was too high for her to sing.

那个音太高了她唱不上去。

I have KT742 of the same suit. In other words, a K-high flush.

我有同一个花色的KT742，也就是K中最大的同花顺

9-high straight = 98765 unsuited

Royal Flush = AKQJT suited = A-high straight flush

North's hand was high. East was in trouble.

Cutler pushed forward the two necessary white chips. No one's hand was high, and Loomis made a slight winning.

1894, Harper's Magazine, volume 88, page 910:

Epicures do not cook game before it is high.

美食家到猎物快要开始腐败时才烹饪。

The tailor liked his meat high.

What he did know was this: something about the situation smelled wrong. Something about it smelled as high as dead fish that have spent three days in the hot sun.

Our defensive line is too high.


high

How high above land did you fly?

你飞到了离地面多高的地方？

Costs have grown higher this year again.

I certainly can't sing that high.


high

高点，高潮，顶点 （尤指一天内的）最高气温

It was one of the highs of his career.

那是他生涯的几个亮点之一。

Inflation reached a ten-year high.

通胀率达到10年以来的高点。

South Korea has reached a new high in a kind of air pollution measured in fine dust.
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)

Today's high was 32 °C.

今天的最高气温是32°C。

They will have to reflect on a seventh successive defeat in a European final while Chelsea try to make sense of an eccentric season rife with controversy and bad feeling but once again one finishing on an exhilarating high.

2013, Daniel Taylor, Chelsea's Branislav Ivanovic climbs highest to sink Benfica (in The Guardian, 15 May 2013)http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2013/may/15/benfica-chelsea-europa-league

That pill gave me a high for a few hours, before I had a comedown.

那个药让我兴奋了几个小时，然后就开始感到失落。

A large high is centred on the Azores.

亚速尔群岛聚集了一大片反气旋地区。


high

The sun higheth.


clench

源自中古英語 clenchen，源自古英語 clenċan (“紧握”)，古英語 clenġan (“附着；残留”)的变体，源自原始日耳曼語 *klangijaną，*klinganą (“黏着”)的宾格。与英語 cling有关。

He clenched his fist in anger.


bottleneck

It is easy to create entries; processing the paperwork is the bottleneck.

创建条目很容易；处理文书工作是瓶颈。

The bottleneck in this computer program is the inefficient sorting process; we should replace it with a faster one.

该电脑程序的瓶颈是排序过程效率低下；我们应该用速度更快的来替换它。


bottleneck

The merge bottlenecked the traffic every morning.

车道合并导致每天早上交通都会拥堵。

The traffic bottlenecked at the merge every morning.

车道合并处每天早上都会出现阻塞情况。


keyboard

Keyboarding is the part of this job I hate the most.


nowhere

源自中古英語 nowher，再自古英語 nōhwēr、nāhwǣr，即 nā- + hwǣr，相當於現代英語的 no + where。

Nowhere did the rules say anything about popcorn.

規定中沒有任何地方提到爆米花。

We sat in traffic, going nowhere.

我們坐在車陣中，無處可去。


nowhere

They went on a cruise to nowhere.

他們乘船而行，到了不知哪里。


gangrene

來自法語 gangrène，來自拉丁語 gangraena，來自古希臘語 γάγγραινα (gángraina, “壞疽”)。

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

If gangrene sets in, we may have to amputate the foot.

如果坏疽发生，我们可能不得不截肢。


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

The chef added a conservative amount of salt to the dish.

The curriculum committee at this university is extremely conservative.

At a conservative estimate, growth may even be negative next year.


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

The man kept a pen with two pigs that he fed everything from carrots to cabbage.

Some religions prohibit their adherents from eating pig.

"Miss Chastene, could you fetch me out an extra plate of pig and biscuit. My partner can't do without your marvelous cooking."

2005, Ross Eddy Osborn, Thorns of a Tainted Rose, →ISBN，頁號 196:

猪 （吃东西又快又大声的人）

You gluttonous pig! Now that you've eaten all the cupcakes, there will be none for the party!

你这头猪怎么吃那么多！你把所有纸杯蛋糕都吃完了，聚会的时候没得吃了！

She considered him a pig as he invariably stared at her bosom when they talked.

她觉得他是一个好色之徒，因为他和她说话时总是盯着她的胸部。

He was a pig and his apartment a pigpen; take-away containers and pizza boxes in a long, moldy stream lined his counter tops.

他非常邋遢，公寓里像个猪圈，里面外卖的盒子和披萨盒散在长长的长满霉的台面上。

条子，警察 （源自1785年前）

The protester shouted, “Don't give in to the pigs!” as he was arrested.

There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers on the instant replay

1971, Gil Scott-Heron （作曲作詞）, “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised”:

“...Sounds too easy,” Marvin was saying. “What about the pigs?”

1989, Dan Simmons, Carrion Comfort, page 359,

The bank robberies went on and each raid became more bloody, Meinhof encouraging her followers to “kill the pigs” offering the slightest resistance, referring to policemen.

1990, Jay Robert Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime: Volume 1: A-C, page 198,

Backing 300 of the more aggressive protesters was a supporting cast of several thousand more who stared down the small line of police. Those in front resumed their taunts of “Pig, pig, fascist pig,” and “pigs eat shit, pigs eat shit.” The rest of the crowd, however, backed off and sat down on the grass when reinforcements arrived. Police did not retaliate for the name-calling, and within minutes the line of demonstrators broke apart and the incident was over without violence.¹¹³

2008, Frank Kusch, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, page 63,

But me, I joined the party to fight the pigs. That′s why I joined. Because my experience with the police was always negative.

2011, T. J. English, The Savage City: Race, Murder and a Generation on the Edge, unnumbered page,

Got a mind for the undies
I'm tryna stay far from the pigs

Hrm... this one's a real pig: I've been banging my head against the wall over it for hours!

嗯...这个问题真的有点严重了：我把头靠在墙上冥思苦想了好久！

The conveyor carried the pigs from the smelter to the freight cars.

传送带将铸块从锻造炉送至车皮。

After the ill-advised trade, the investor was stuck with worthless options for 10,000 tons of iron pig.

The pig was cracked, and molten metal was oozing from the side.

Unfortunately, the pig sent to clear the obstruction got lodged in a tight bend, adding to the problem.

Unfortunately, the M60 is about twenty-four pounds and is very unbalanced. You try carrying the pig around the jungle and see how you feel.


pig

The black sow pigged at seven this morning.

They were pigging on the free food at the bar.

他们在酒吧大吃特吃免费食物。

"Wow, Doc. That's heavy." Denis sat there pigging on the joint as usual.

2009, Thomas Pynchon, Inherent Vice, Vintage 2010, page 349:


surgeon

來自中古英語 surgien，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 surgien、sirogen（對應古法語surgien等），來自通俗拉丁語 *chīrurgiānus，來自拉丁語 chīrūrgia (“外科手術”)，來自chīrurgus (“外科手術”)，源自古希臘語 χειρουργός (kheirourgós)，來自χείρ (kheír, “手”) + ἔργον (érgon, “工作”)。

The surgeon refused to operate because the patient was her son.

外科醫生拒絕上台手術，因為病人是她的兒子。


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Rome was sacked by Germans and the Western Roman Empire collapsed.

羅馬被日耳曼人大肆劫掠，西羅馬帝國就此滅亡。


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

分體詞：Low German (Plattdeutsch)、High German

German has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

德語（的名詞）有三種性別：陽性、陰性和中性。


German

more German (comparative)
most German (superlative)
Germanest (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

與德國本地人或居民有關的；德國人後裔有關的

Her German husband has blond hair.

她的德裔丈夫長著一頭金髮。

If Demandt's essay served as a strident example of the German desire for normalcy, a more subtle example was provided by a brief allohistorical depiction of a Nazi victory in World War II written by German historian Michael Salewski in 1999.

2005年May23日, Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁號 182:

Goths, a German tribe, 9; allied with other tribes against Rome, 39; …

1889, Theodore S. Fay, The three Germanys: glimpses into their history, vol. II, p. 1270 (inside the index):

分體詞：Low German、High German

Because the instructions were German, Yves couldn't read them.

因為這些指示是用德語寫成的，所以伊夫看不懂。

In this manner there existed, about the time of the Reformation, three grand divisions of the German language, viz. the Upper German (Ober Deutsch), the Low German (Nieder Deutsch, or Platt Deutsch), and lastly the High German (Hoch Deutsch).

1816, George Henry Noehden, A Grammar of the German Language, 3rd版，頁號 3:

To trace its progress, it will be necessary to enter into detail, and to examine the German language in its two great divisions, the Low and High German.

1838, Joseph Bosworth, A Dictionary of the Anglo-saxon Language，頁號 xiii:

This volume is intended to provide a survey of the linguistic characteristics of modern German dialects …. These are defined geographically as those within the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and Alsace in France ([..]).

1990, Charles V.J. Russ, Introduction, in: Charles V.J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, p. xviii (note: the work covers Frisian, Low and High German dialects):


flee

源自古英語 flēon，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleuhaną，源自原始印歐語 *plewk-、*plew- (“飞；流；跑”)。
同源词包括荷蘭語 vlieden、德語 fliehen、冰島語 flýja、瑞典語 fly、哥特語 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan)。英语内与fly有关，还与flow有较远的关系。

The prisoner tried to flee, but was caught by the guards.

囚犯企图逃跑，但是被看守抓住了。

The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bolde as a lyon.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 28:1:

As they turned into Hertford Street they startled a robin from the poet's head on a barren fountain, and he fled away with a cameo note.

1922, Michael Arlen, “Ep./4/2”, 出自 “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

When, however, the plant spirits were not strong enough in themselves, then the family called in the Medicine Man. He appeared, a "monster of so frightful mien", with noise making apparatus which produced such a terrifying din that even the hardiest demon was likely to flee.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company，頁號 254:

Many people fled the country as war loomed.

战争将至，很多人都逃出了国外。

Thousands of people moved northward trying to flee the drought.

几千人为了逃离干旱而北迁。

The Government, having lit the fuse, is not going to be allowed to flee the explosion.

1962 October, “Talking of Trains: Passed to you, Mr. Macmillan”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 220:

Ethereal products flee once freely exposed to air.

乙醚制品暴露在空气中后会挥发。


insidious

源自中古法語 insidieux，源自拉丁語 īnsidiōsus (“狡猾的，欺诈的，骗人的”)，源自īnsidiae (“埋伏，伏击，诡计，奸计”) + -ōsus，源自īnsideō (“坐在..里或上”)，源自in (“里，上”) + sedeō (“坐”)。

more insidious (comparative)
most insidious (superlative)

Gashford slid his cold insidious palm into his master's grasp, and so, hand in hand, and followed still by Barnaby and by his mother too, they mingled with the concourse.

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge”, 出自 Master Humphrey’s Clock, 卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 48，頁號 215:

All these facts clearly appear to me now to establish that the sanctioned scheme was a part of a bigger and […] more insidious scheme which was to hoodwink the creditors and to firmly establish and consolidate the position […]

1948, D.V. Chitaley (editor or publisher), All India Reporter, volume 3, page 341:

The atmosphere of this insidious city comes out to meet him the moment he touches the European shore; for in London he meets Maria Gostrey just over from France.

1969, Dorothy Brewster, John Angus Burrell, Dead reckonings in fiction:

They all sought the President's views on the world situation in general and the Asian situation in particular. Without mincing words he would comment on his favorite theme, namely, the insidious scheme of the international Communists to conquer the free world.

1983, James C. H. Shen, “Rejoining the Government”, 出自 Robert Myers 編, The U.S. & Free China: How the U.S. Sold Out Its Ally, Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books Ltd., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁號 28:

This seemed to her the worst defilement into which this insidious city had cheated her and in her agitation, she nearly ran into the latrine, […]

2005, Anita Desai, Voices in the City, page 189:

This is the insidious way sports entrap you: you follow a player, which commits you to his team. You begin to acquire scraps of utterly useless information about teammates, managers, owners, trainers, agents, lawyers.

2007, Joseph Epstein, Narcissus Leaves the Pool，頁號 171:

Hansel and Gretel were lured by the witch’s insidious gingerbread house.

But with whom do you contract that alliance? With the natural enemy of France — that insidious house of Austria — which detests our country from feeling, system, and necessity.

1858, Phineas Camp Headley, The life of the Empress Josephine: first wife of Napoleon:

‘Believe me,’ he shouted, ‘these insidious folk talk dangerous nonsense. I hear they are spouting out their ridiculous platitudes not five miles from this park in which we are standing…’

1912, Ralph Straus, The prison without a wall:

The battle was lost due to the actions of insidious defectors.

因为有背叛者，所以这场战斗输了。


desolate

源自中古英語 desolate，源自拉丁語 dēsōlātus，dēsōlāre (“离开，使...孤独，蹂躏，使...人迹罕至”)的过去分词，源自sōlus (“独自的”)。

more desolate (comparative)
most desolate (superlative)

a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness; a desolate house

I will make Jerusalem […] a den of dragons, and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 9:11:

And the silvery marish flowers that throng / The desolate creeks and pools among.

1830, Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Dying Swan:

desolate altars

He was left desolate by the early death of his wife.

他妻子的早死让他失去了希望。


drown

源自中古英語 drownen、drounen、drunen (“溺死”)，其词源不详。
《牛津英语词典》提出一个不可考的古英语形式*drūnian。 Harper 2001指出古英语druncnian、ġedruncnian（→中古英語 drunknen、dronknen (“溺死”)），它们“可能受到了古諾爾斯語 drukkna的影响”（对比冰島語 drukkna、丹麥語 drukne (“溺死”)）。Funk & Wagnalls认为词源不详。有理论指出（如ODS）其可能直接借自古諾爾斯語 drukkna，但《牛津词典》认为在“发音和各种原因上解释不通”，除非引入不可考变体古諾爾斯語 *drunkna的可能性。

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaʊn]

When I was a baby, I nearly drowned in the bathtub.

我很小的时候差点在浴缸里淹死。

The car thief fought with an officer and tried to drown a police dog before being shot while escaping.

汽车窃贼和一名警官斗殴以后，试图将一只警犬溺死，然后在逃跑时被枪打中。

We are drowning in information but starving for wisdom.

我们淹没在信息的海洋中，却仍希求智慧。

Penny Guy: Bloody hell, Rog, whadda you want? / Roger O'Neill: To drown in your arms and hide in yer eyes, darlin'.

He drowns his sorrows in buckets of chocolate ice cream.

他靠大桶巧克力冰淇淋来消愁。

Though most men being in sensuall pleasures drownd, / It seemes their Soules but in the Senses are.

1599, John Davies, Nosce Teipsum, London: John Standish，頁號 19:

Unluckily that worthy Officer having, in a literal Sense, taken his Fill of Liquor, had been some Time retired to his Bolster, where he was snoaring so loud, that it was not easy to convey a Noise in at his Ears capable of drowning that which issued from his Nostrils.

1749, Henry Fielding, 章號 XIV, 出自 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, 卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC, book VII，頁號s 71–72:

使...淹没（于其他物品中）

The answers intelligence services seek are often drowned in the flood of information they can now gather.


yolk

来自中古英語 yolke，yelke，ȝolke，ȝelke，来自古英語 ġeolca，ġeoloca，ġioleca (“黃色部分，蛋黃”)，来自ġeolu (“黃色”)。

To make meringue, you have to separate the white from the yolk.

要做蛋白酥皮，你必須把蛋白和蛋黃分開。


data

借自拉丁語 datum (“所給予的”) 的主格複數形式、dō (“我給予”) 的主格過去分詞 data。date的同源對似詞。

data 一詞常作不可數名詞，與動詞的單數形式使用，而較少用作可數名詞 datum 的複數形式。作為複數名詞與動詞的複數形式使用的情況僅多見於正式場合：在計算機科學和資料科學中例外，但醫學文獻中，此習性依然經常保留。

在大地測量學和幾何公差領域中，data 一詞專門用於不可數含義，而可數名詞 datum (指參考點或地面) 的複數形式為 datums，而非 data。

計算機領域中，data 的定義出自國際標準詞彙，這個定義旨在區分 data 與 information。然而，計算機專業常忽視其分別。

This data shows clearly that X is correlated with Y, although it tells us nothing about causation.

這些資料清楚地顯示出 X 與 Y 相關，但它們並未告訴我們關於因果關係的任何信息。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

有了新的材料，分類學結論會受到這樣的認識影響：所檢查的材料反映了它所佔據的地點；而一個植物標本袋僅提供了做出可靠結論所需資料的一小部分。實際上，植物標本材料並不能讓人安全地推論：你看到的就是你得到的 […]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, 卷 V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN，頁號 vii:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

風險無處不在。 […] 對於每一項風險，都有一個驚人精確的數值來衡量其從陰影中跳出來傷害你的可能性。《Norm Chronicles》 […] 旨在幫助資料恐懼症患者在這場風險的暴風雪中找到出路。

2013年June22日, “Snakes and ladders”, 出自 經濟學人, 卷 407, 期 8841，頁號 76:


French

繼承自中古英語 Frenche、Frensch、Frensc、Frenshe、Frenk、Franche，來自古英語 Frenċisċ (“法語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Frankisk (“法蘭克”)，等同於Frank + -ish (對照Frankish)。與西佛蘭德語 Fransch (“法語”)、荷蘭語 Frans (“法語”)、中古低地德語 vranksch、frenkisch、vrenkesch、vrenksch (“法語”)、中古高地德語 frenkisch、frensch （“法蘭克的，法蘭西的”；> 德語 fränkisch (“法蘭克尼亞”)）、丹麥語 fransk (“法語”)、瑞典語 fransk、fransysk (“法語”)、冰島語 franska (“法語”)同源。
用作粗俗語言的義項，其通常指早期19世紀上層階級實際使用的法語表達 (但通常輕微無禮)，後來被下層階級用作罵人的話，因為他們認為聽者不會熟悉這些用語。
用來指苦艾酒的義項，是French vermouth的簡稱。

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.:

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96:

I could speak but little French.

1720, Daniel Defoe, Memoirs of a Cavalier，頁號 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991, Michael Clyne, Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN，頁號 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997, Albert Valdman, French and Creole in Louisiana，頁號 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004, Jack Flam, Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship，頁號 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013, Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN，頁號 361:

My French is a little rusty.

[Racine's] language is the language of the times, and that of the purest sort; so that his French is reckoned a standard.

1742 April 4, R. West, letter to Thomas Gray:

作為學科的法國語言、文學

I'm taking French next semester.

Pardon my French.

The enraged headsman spares no 'bad French' in explaining his motives.

1845, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, Adventure in New Zealand, 卷 I，頁號 327:

Cameron: Pardon my French, but you're an asshole!

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off':

The book... is a welcome change from theory-infected academic discourse, pardon my French.

2005年May29日, New York Times Book Review，頁號 12:

Dawn French.


French

複數形式Frenches的使用在早期現代英語出現過，在當代英語很少出現。和其他集體區域居民稱謂詞一樣，French在指代法國人時，會在前面加上定冠詞或定語。

主要用於集合名詞和以複數形式

The Hundred Years' War was fought between the English and the French.

百年戰爭是英國人和法國人之間的戰爭。

Under the Fourth Republic, more and more French unionized.

在第四共和國時期，越來越多的法國人加入了工會。

[…]to breake the necke of the wicked purposes & plots of the French[…]

1579, Francesco Guicciardini as, 譯者 Geoffrey Fenton, The Historie of Guicciardin，頁號 378:

Such is the nature and complexion of the frenches, that they are worth nothing, but at the first push.

1653, François Rabelais, 譯者 Thomas Urquhart, Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais, 卷 I，頁號 214:

On the way, scouts reported that some French were heading toward them across the ice.

2002, Jeremy Thornton, The French and Indian War，頁號 14:


French

more French (comparative)
most French (superlative)

the French border with Italy

That must have hurt, especially because you knew the French children weren’t even trying. “Uh, go on, play weez your seellee nambeurs. Zey tell you nosseeng of ze true naytcheur of ze soula. I’ll weepa for you.”

2015年May3日, “Standardized Testing”, 出自 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, 季数 2, 集数 12, John Oliver（演員）, 經由 HBO:

French customs

French verbs


starve

源自中古英語 sterven，源自古英語 steorfan (“死”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sterbaną (“僵硬；死”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terp- (“弱，麻”)，或原始印歐語 *sterbʰ- (“僵硬”)，源自*ster- (“僵”)，或者上述词的异文合并。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 sterve (“死，消失”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 stjerwa (“死”)、西弗里斯蘭語 stjerre (“死”)、荷蘭語 sterven (“死”)、德國低地德語 starven (“死”)、德語 sterben (“死”)、冰島語 stirfinn (“脾气差的；刚愎的”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 shterp (“贫瘠的；贫瘠的土地”)。

starves
starving
starved
starved
starven

famish

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

while the grass grows, the steed starves

Hey, ma, I'm starving! What's for dinner?

喂，老妈，我要饿死了！晚饭吃啥？

剥夺 （粮食或必需物品）

The uncaring parents starved the child of love.

冷漠的父母剥夺了孩子应得的爱。

The patient's brain was starved of oxygen.

I was half starved waiting out in that wind.

我在那风里等人，被冻了个半死。

Wheniver he wor starved, he used to get th' seck o' coils ov his back, an' walk raand th' haase till he gat warm agean.

1869 February, John Hartley, The original illuminated clock almanack:

One i' th' morning an' me starv'd to th' death wi' waitin' up.

1886, A Queer Supper, John Heywood, section 8:

Sometimes he remarks, “ ’Tis these dreadful frostis that spiles everything. ’Tis enough to sterve anybody.”

1898, J. Arthur Gibbs, “When the May-Fly is Up”, 出自 A Cotswold village; or, Country Life & Pursuits in Gloucestershire, London: John Murray, →OCLC，頁號 164:


conscientious

more conscientious (comparative)
most conscientious (superlative)

/ˌkɒnʃiˈɛnʃəs/

/ˌkɑnʃiˈɛnʃəs/

认真的，用心的，谨慎的，投入的

He was a thoughtful and conscientious worker.

他是一位考虑周到，工作认真的工人

The advice of wise and conscientious women.

聪慧而有良知的女性的建议


emperor

In imperial China, it was often a responsibility of the emperor to evaluate his predecessor after the latter's death.


centigrade

a temperature of 34 centigrades


dissuade

Jane dissuaded Martha from committing suicide.


piano

pianoforte的缩短形式，源自意大利語 pianoforte，源自piano (“柔的”) + forte (“强的”)。与以大键琴为代表的早期键盘乐器不同，钢琴能够按音符发出范围很宽的响度，故名。llano, plain, and plane的同源對似詞。

The piano in his house takes up a lot of space.

他房子里的钢琴很占地方。

She has been taking lessons for many years and now plays piano very well.

她上了很多年的课，现在钢琴弹得非常好。

同類詞：cembalo、clavichord、fortepiano、harpsichord、organ、synthesizer、synth


copious

源自中古英語 copious，源自拉丁語 copiosus，源自copia (“富余”)，等价于co- + ops (“财富”) + -osus (“充满...的”)。字面分析等同於 copy + -ous。

more copious (comparative)
most copious (superlative)

大量的，丰富的，富余的；非常的

He drank a copious amount of vodka, and passed out.

他喝了好多伏特加，然后昏过去了。


autopsy

源自新拉丁語 autopsia，源自古希臘語 αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ (autopsíā, “亲眼看”)。

The autopsy revealed he had died of multiple bullet wounds.

尸检发现他死于多处子弹伤。


glossary

來自中古英語 glosarie，來自拉丁語 glossārium，來自古希臘語 γλῶσσα (glôssa, “舌頭”)。

At the back of the book you can find the glossary.

在書的末尾，你會看到術語表。

同類詞：terminology


blame

繼承自中古英語 blame，源自古法語 blame、blasme，由動詞blasmer產生，而它又衍生自晚期拉丁語 blastēmāre，blasphēmāre的變體，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme的同源對似詞。取代本土的古英語 tǣling (“責備”)、tǣlan (“責備”)。

Blame came from all directions.

The blame for starting the fire lies with the arsonist.

起火的责任应由纵火犯承担。

They accepted the blame, but it was an accident.

他们承受了指责，但这只是一次意外。


blame

繼承自中古英語 blamen，源自古法語 blasmer，來自晚期拉丁語 blasphēmāre (“責罵，辱罵”)，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme的同源對似詞。從本土詞wite (“責備、指責、譴責、懷疑”)（來自中古英語 wīten、中古英語 wītan）變為常見用語。

The student driver was blamed for the accident.

事故责任归咎于学生司机。

After what happened at the wedding, I wouldn't blame you if you never spoke to them again.

婚礼上发生了那件事之后，如果你再也不和他们说话了，我不会责怪你。

We blamed the accident on the student driver.

我们把事故归咎于学生司机。


expound

源自中古英語 expounden，源自古法語 espondre，源自拉丁語 exponere。expose的同源對似詞。

spell out

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

发表声明，说明 （一般指很长的声明）

He expounded often on the dangers of the imperial presidency.

他经常讲述帝王总统的危险性。

Fowler was also interested in metallurgy and the use of new materials that could withstand greater stresses, something he expounded on when giving his presidential address to the new Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1927.

2021年December29日, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Evesham (1870)”, 出自 RAIL, 期 947，頁號 59:


desirable

more desirable (comparative)
most desirable (superlative)

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

合意的，令人滿意的，可取的

This applicant has almost all desirable properties.

這個申請者幾乎有所有（我們）需要的素質。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, 卷 V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN，頁號 vii:


desirable

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

想要的東西；理想的東西。

There are plenty of desirables on display in the window.

櫥窗裡展示有很多[我們]想要的東西。


conspicuous

源自拉丁語 conspicuus (“可见的，引人注目的”)，源自cōnspicere (“注意到”)，源自con- (“与，和”) + specere (“看”)。

more conspicuous (comparative)
most conspicuous (superlative)

He was conspicuous by his absence.

“No, don't,” replied the superintendent; “in fact, I'd rather you made yourself conspicuous elsewhere. Go down to the landing stage and cross to New Brighton or Wallasey—doesn't matter which—and come back. No doubt you will be seen, and reported to have gone across.”

1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, 章號 7, 出自 Well Tackled!:

[...] 1. Handsignalmen, where needed, ought to wear a conspicuous orange/yellow cape (like many road workmen) to draw attention to them.

1964 April, “Letters: Rethinking emergency procedures”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 274:

(因不好，难看而) 显眼的，扎眼的，突出的

He had a conspicuous lump on his forehead.

For his height he had a small face. The combination made him conspicuous.

1969, Saul Bellow, Mr Sammler's Planet, Penguin Books Ltd, page 6:


empirical

more empirical (comparative)
most empirical (superlative)

/ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/

theoretical

以经验为依据的，以实战为依据的，经验主义的

以经验为依据的，以实战为依据的，经验主义的

The lengths were calculated according to the empirical rules of the trade.

长度是根据贸易的经验规则计算得来的。

For some presumptive diagnoses, empirical antibiotic therapy begins immediately, whereas specific antibiotic therapy must await the results of the culture and sensitivity test.

针对这些假设性的诊断结果，将立即开始经验性的抗生素治疗，而针对性的抗生素治疗需等待培养和敏感性测试的结果再开始。

The village carpenter […] lays out his work by empirical rules learnt in his apprenticeship.

demonstrable with empirical evidence


acquaint

来自中古英語 aqueinten，acointen，来自古法語 acointier，来自晚期拉丁語 accognitāre，来自拉丁語 ad + cognitus，cognoscere (“知道”)的過去分詞，来自con- + noscere (“知道”)。见quaint、know。

I think you should acquaint him with the realities of the situation.

我認為你應該讓他了解實際情況。


ammonia

來自拉丁語 sal ammoniacus (“阿蒙的鹽，氯化銨”)，因為它在埃及的（朱庇特）阿蒙神廟附近被發現而得名。Ammon衍生自古希臘語 Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)，來自埃及語 jmn (i-mn:n-A4)。

Never use ammonia to clean metal writing pens.

千萬不要用氨水來清洗金屬筆。

Slowly we rode down to the camp - a very sorrowful party. We took "Nep" straight to the surgery, where the doctor instantly applied injections of ammonia, then the new remedy for snake bite.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁號 95:


dismal

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 dismal，源自古法語（li）dis mals（“不好的日子”），源自中世紀拉丁語 diēs (“日子”) mālī (“不好的”)。

more dismal (comparative)
most dismal (superlative)

He received a dismal compensation.

The storm made for a dismal weekend

由于风暴来袭，周末变得很阴郁。

She was lost in dismal thoughts of despair

So, after a spell, he decided to make the best of it and shoved us into the front parlor. 'Twas a dismal sort of place, with hair wreaths, and wax fruit, and tin lambrekins, and land knows what all. It looked like a tomb and smelt pretty nigh as musty and dead-and-gone.

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 12, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:


initial

the initial word of the article
（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯） 文章头一个词


initial

John put his initials on each page of the contract.
（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯） 约翰在条约每一页上都签了名字首字母。


initial

John initialed each page of the contract.
（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯） 约翰在条约每一页上都签了名字首字母。


arduous

源自拉丁語 arduus (“高耸的，险峻的，难以企及的，困难的，费事的”)，与愛爾蘭語 ard (“高的”)有关。

more arduous (comparative)
most arduous (superlative)

/ˈɑːd͡ʒuːəs/

/ˈɑːɹd͡ʒuəs/

The movement towards a peaceful settlement has been a long and arduous political struggle.

这个和平解决争端的努力是一场费时费力的政治斗争。

Chelsea survived and can now turn their attentions to the Champions League final against Bayern Munich in Germany later this month as they face an increasingly arduous task to finish in the Premier League's top four.

2012年May5日, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, 出自 BBC Sport:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:arduous。


callous

源自拉丁語 callōsus (“皮肤硬的”)，源自callum (“硬的皮肤”) + -ōsus。

more callous (comparative)
most callous (superlative)

冷淡的，无情的，铁石心肠的

She was so callous that she could criticise a cancer patient for wearing a wig.

她无情到会因为癌症病人戴假发而责备他。

Re-watching some of the audition rounds of these shows now, you're struck by how callous the judges' comments often were, and how they presented a cruel spectacle in which the audience were set up to laugh at the "deluded" members of the public who believed they could sing.

2021年September15日, Laura Martin, “How talent shows became TV's most bizarre programmes”, 出自 BBC:


errand

源自中古英語 erande、erende，源自古英語 ǣrende，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ārundī (“消息，口信”)。

完成一项任务需要的路途。 差事，跑腿活

The errands before he could start the project included getting material at the store and getting the tools he had lent his neighbors.

他开始项目前需要做的事包括从商店买到材料，拿到他借给邻居的工具。

I'm going to town on some errands.


errand

All the servants were on holiday or erranded out of the house.

所有佣人要不是在休假，要不是被派去办事情不在家里。

She spent an enjoyable afternoon erranding in the city.

她下午在城市里办事时过得很愉快。


ginger

来自中古英語 gingere，gingivere 的变体，来自古英語 gingifer、gingiber（受古法語 gingembre 的影響），來自中世紀拉丁語 gingiber、zingiber，源自拉丁語 zingiberi，源自晚期古希臘語 ζιγγίβερις (zingíberis)，源自首羅犀那語 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera)，源自梵語 शृङ्गवेर (śṛṅgavera)（受 शृङ्ग (śṛṅga, “角”) 的影響），源自原始達羅毗荼語 *cinki-wēr，最终源自原始漢藏語 *kjaŋ (“薑”)。

more ginger (comparative)
most ginger (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚ/

a ginger tomcat


zero

源自法語 zéro，源自意大利語 zero，源自中世紀拉丁語 zephirum，源自 阿拉伯語 صِفْر (ṣifr, “什么都没有, 暗号”)。

One thousand has three zeroes.

The temperature outside is ten degrees below zero.

He knows zero about coronavirus.


zero

She showed zero respect.


escalate

Violence escalated during the election.

The shooting escalated the existing hostility.

槍擊事件使現有的敵意升級。

"Operating the WCML at this intensity makes it challenging to maintain acceptable performance levels, resulting in a frustratingly unreliable service for passengers. Minor disruption can escalate into significant delays because a train running only a few minutes late can miss its slot across a junction, resulting in a snowballing effect across the network."

2020年May6日, Philip Haigh, “Just one more stop on the long journey to HS2 fulfillment [sic]”, 出自 Rail，頁號 65:

在技術支援中，將客戶或問題等移交給上一級主管部門。

The tech 1 escalated the caller to a tech 2.

技術員1將來電者轉移給技術員2。


furnace

源自中古英語 forneys，源自古法語 fornais（法語 fournaise），源自拉丁語 fornāx。

Plans for the next phase include furnaces capable of inert atmospheres and partial vacuums.

同類詞：heater、space heater

HVAC services include furnace maintenance.

蒸笼 （比喻很热的地方）

The busy kitchen became a sweltering furnace.

繁忙的厨房变成了一个闷热的烤炉。

forged in the furnace of fierce competition

在残酷的竞争中得到了历练

For that heroic band—those children of the furnace who, in regions like Texas and Tennessee, maintained their fidelity through terrible trials—we of the North felt for them, and profoundly we honor them.

1866, Herman Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, Supplement:


morbid

more morbid (comparative)
most morbid (superlative)

病的；致病的；病態的；可怕的

You may read more about such things, if morbid curiosity has you ever overtaken.


elicit

激起，引起，诱导出 （情绪，感觉，回答等）；得到 （某种回答，回应）

Shouts of laughter were elicited, smart biddings drawn out, from the whispers of a timid miss, to the stentorian voice of a fox-hunting squire, and not a few fracas from parties either contending for a supposed prize, or disclaiming their chance for it,...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], “(please specify the page)”, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號s 223–224:

Fred wished to elicit the time of the meeting from Jane.

Fred本来想从Jane那里打听到会议的时间。

Did you elicit a response?

He visited three department stores in New York and asked the attendant a question that would elicit the answer fourth floor; for example, he might have asked Excuse me, where are women's shoes?

2009, William B. McGregor, Linguistics: An Introduction Answer Key:


feeble

源自中古英語 feble，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 feble (“弱的”)（对比法語 faible），源自拉丁語 flēbilis (“哭泣的，哀伤的”)。foible的同源對似詞。

feebler (comparative)
feeblest (superlative)

Though she appeared old and feeble, she could still throw a ball.

虽然她看起来已老态龙钟，但还是有力气可以扔个球。

France were transformed from the feeble, divided unit that had squeaked past Wales in the semi-final, their half-backs finding the corners with beautifully judged kicks from hand, the forwards making yards with every drive and a reorganised Kiwi line-out beginning to malfunction.

2011年October23日, Tom Fordyce, “2011 Rugby World Cup final: New Zealand 8-7 France”, 出自 BBC Sport:

That was a feeble excuse for an example.

比如那就是个站不住脚的借口。


grope

源自中古英語 gropien，源自古英語 grāpian，与grīpan有关（其派生出英語 gripe），亦对比grip。

We've been together two weeks, and have just been kissing and groping, but no sex yet.

我们在一起两个星期了，就亲了亲嘴，互相爱抚，但是还没有做爱。

That old man groped that girl on the train!

那个老头在火车上猥亵了那个女孩！


grope

The old man tried to get a quick grope of the young lady on the train.

那个老头想猥亵那位火车上的少女。


hazy

最初源自航海詞彙 hawsey (1625年，詞源不明)。可能源自中古英語 *hasi、*haswy、古英語 haswiġ (“灰暗”)、古英語 hasu (“灰暗”)、原始日耳曼語 *haswaz (“灰”)、原始印歐語 *ḱeh₂s- (“灰白”) 等。字面分析等同於 haze + -y，不過現代英語的 haze 更有可能是 hazy 的逆向構詞。

hazier (comparative)
haziest (superlative)

a hazy view of the polluted city street

汙染後的城市看上去灰濛濛的

a hazy argument

a hazy intellect


legible

源自晚期拉丁語 legibilis (“可以阅读的东西”)，源自拉丁語 legō。

more legible (comparative)
most legible (superlative)

clean

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

clear

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

decipherable

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

fair

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

readable

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

illegible

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

unreadable

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

Despite hardly having any energy to lift a pen, she left a legible note on the paper.

尽管她几乎没有力气拿起笔了，但她还是在纸上留下了一条清晰的笔记。

You can make this program code more legible by using meaningful variable names.

你可以多用点有意义的变量名来增加这段代码的易读性。


dilute

源自拉丁語 dīlūtus，源自dīluere (“冲掉，溶解，使...融化，冲淡”)，源自dī-、dis- (“离，走”) + luere (“洗”)。参见lave，对比deluge。

It dilutes easily.


dilute

more dilute (comparative)
most dilute (superlative)

Clean the panel with a dilute, neutral cleaner.

用低浓度、中性清洁剂清洗面板。

a dilute calico

a cat with a dilute tortoiseshell coat

這隻貓的毛是淡色玳瑁花紋狀的


hectic

源自中古英語 etik、ethik，源自古法語 etique，源自中世紀拉丁語 *hecticus，源自古希臘語 ἑκτικός (hektikós, “习惯的，繁忙的，消耗性的”)，源自ἕξις (héxis, “（身体或精神的）状态，条件”)，源自ἔχειν (ékhein, “有；在（某种状态下）”)。

more hectic (comparative)
most hectic (superlative)

The city center is so hectic at 8 in the morning that I go to work an hour beforehand to avoid the crowds

市中心在早上8点的时候太繁忙了，我得提前一个小时通勤来避开拥挤的人群。

hectic fever


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

awkwarder (comparative)
more awkward (comparative)
awkwardest (superlative)
most awkward (superlative)

clumsy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

lubberly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

ungraceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

unhandy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

dexterous

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

gainly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

graceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

handy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

skillful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

John was awkward at performing the trick. He'll have to practice to improve.

John在耍那個戲法的時候笨手笨腳的。他還是要練習才能提高。

That was an extremely awkward moment. Everyone was watching.

那一刻真的非常尷尬，大家都在看著。

An awkward silence had fallen.

I'm very awkward at parties.

Things get very awkward whenever 60-year old men use cheesy pick-up lines on me.

每有60多歲的老人用老土的搭訕語句找我攀談時，我都不知道該怎麼辦才好。

任性的 （指人）；不方便的，難以應付的，棘手的

He's a right awkward chap.

These cabinets are going to be very awkward when we move.

我們搬家時這些陳列櫃會很難處理。

Clearing up rock and fallen vegetation at such an awkward site required a team of specialist geoengineers.

2020年August26日, Andrew Mourant, “Reinforced against future flooding”, 出自 Rail，頁號 61:


cottage

晚期中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cotage和中世紀拉丁語 cotagium，源自古諾曼語 cot、cote (“小屋，村舍”) + -age (“地产周边”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kutan、*kuta- (“棚屋”)，可能源自印欧语系以外，但也可能借自烏拉爾語系，对比芬蘭語 kota (“小屋，房子”)和匈牙利語 ház (“房子”)，两者均源自原始芬蘭-烏戈爾語/原始烏拉爾語 *kota。但亦对比荷兰语和英語 hut。
古北方法语cote可能是源自古諾爾斯語 kot (“小屋”)，与亦来自原始日耳曼語的古英語 cot同源。
俚语义“公厕”自19世纪，由于两者外观相似。

Thinks I to myself, “Sol, you're run off your course again. This is a rich man's summer ‘cottage’ and if you don't look out there's likely to be some nice, lively dog taking an interest in your underpinning.”

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 1, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:

Most cottages in the area were larger and more elaborate than my home.

这一带的多数乡间别墅比我家更大更精致。


endemic

源自古希臘語 ἐν (en, “...里”) + δῆμος (dêmos, “人民”)。可能经由ἔνδημος (éndēmos, “自己民族间的，家里的，本土的”)和/或法語 endémique。

The endemic religion of Easter Island arrived with the Polynesian settlers.

复活节岛特有的宗教是波利西亚移民带来的。

Kangaroos are endemic to Australia.

袋鼠是澳大利亚特有的动物。

地方性的，（某地）特有的

Malaria is endemic to the tropics.

疟疾是热带地区的地方性疾病。

These problems are endemic to the theory of thematic roles as currently conceived, because the classification it implies simply does not correspond to legitimate linguistic semantic definitions.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1998, Gillian Catriona Ramchand, Deconstructing the Lexicon, in Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, eds. “The Projection of Arguments”

In a country where corruption is endemic, no evidence has been presented that Ms Yingluck took any money from the rice scheme, which in 2012 and 2013 cost Thailand billions of dollars. But a state-appointed committee last year ordered her to pay the fine, finding she was to blame, even though it was government policy.

2017 July 26, Lindsay Murdoch, “Yingluck Shinawatra, Thailand's first female PM, faces financial ruin and jail”, 出自 The Sydney Morning Herald;:


coast

源自中古英語 coste (“肋骨；身体的一边；建筑物的一边；立体图形的面；海岸；海湾；海洋；凹；界限；土地；国家；地区；地方，地点；天的分区；方位；方向；用来表示方向的地点”) [以及其他形式]，源自古法語 coste (“肋；侧；海岸”)（现代法語 côte (“肋骨；海岸；山丘”)），源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，源自原始印歐語 *kost-。

The rocky coast of Maine has few beaches.

缅因州到处都是石头的岸边少有沙滩。


coast

源自中古英語 costeien (“在一个边界上移动；沿着...走；陪同；穿越，穿过；邻接于”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 [具體何詞?]、古法語 costoier (“靠在，与...邻接”) […]（现代法語 côtoyer (“划过，经过；擦肩”)），源自拉丁語 costicāre，源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，还见词源 1。

（指车等不依靠引擎动力）滑行

When I ran out of gas, fortunately I managed to coast into a nearby gas station.

我没油了，还好我想办法把车推到了附近的一家加油站。

We steamed easily across the first part of the Tay Bridge, and then after passing over the long spans in mid-stream we coasted smoothly down the 1 in 114 gradient, and around the sweeping curve through Esplanade Station.

1947 January and February, O. S. Nock, “"The Aberdonian" in Wartime”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 7:

Avanti West Coast has introduced the use of coasting with its Pendolino fleet, in an effort to keep disruption during overhead line equipment failures to a minimum. [...] The Class 390s coasted for three miles without power between Harrow & Wealdstone and Wembley Central, running under damaged OLE.

2020年September23日, “Network News: AWC employs coasting to minimise disruption”, 出自 Rail，頁號 26:


conventional

more conventional (comparative)
most conventional (superlative)

They wear conventional clothes, eat conventional food, and keep conventional hours.

他们穿普通的衣服，吃普通的食物，按普通的时间工作。

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 2, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:

The history of our study of our solar system shows us clearly that accepted and conventional ideas are often wrong, and that fundamental insights can arise from the most unexpected sources.

1980, Carl Sagan, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage:


collapse

Pyramid schemes tend to generate profits for a while and then collapse.

传销会产生一时的收益，然后就会崩溃。

使...倒塌，使...坍塌；折叠

Hurry up and collapse the tent so we can get moving.

快把帐篷收了我们好出发。

The exhausted singer collapsed on stage and had to be taken to the hospital.

筋疲力竭的歌手倒在了舞台上，被送往医院。


collapse

She suffered a terrible collapse after slipping on the wet floor.

她在湿地板上滑倒后昏迷不醒。

The top six are assured of continental competition and after making a statement of intent against Stoke, it would take a dramatic collapse for Newcastle to surrender their place.

2012年April21日, Jonathan Jurejko, “Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, 出自 BBC Sport:

However the collapse in demand for rail and air travel caused by the pandemic has had a knock-on effect for the project's funding.

2021年May5日, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Heathrow Western Rail Access scheme 'on hold'”, 出自 RAIL, 期 930，頁號 26:


insomnia

源自拉丁語 in- (“没有，无”) + somnus (“睡眠”, 名词) + -ia。

My mother suffers from insomnia.


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

揣測；想象或假設某事物為真或存在

to suspect the presence of disease

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

1667, John Milton, “Book 9”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

WikiLeaks did not cause these uprisings but it certainly informed them. The dispatches revealed details of corruption and kleptocracy that many Tunisians suspected, but could not prove, and would cite as they took to the streets.

2013年June7日, Gary Younge, “Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 188, 期 26，頁號 18:

to suspect the truth of a story

An inhabitant of Gubio, in the duchy of Urbino, in Italy, suspecting the fidelity of his wife, he, in a fit of jealousy, in order to find out whether his suspicion was true, did what the ecclesiastick history informs us Origen did from devotion.

1785, James Ridgway, A Dictionary of Literary Conversation:

I suspect him of being the thief.


longevity

借自拉丁語 longaevitās，來自longaevus (“古舊的，老年的”) + -itās。

[lɑŋˈd͡ʒɛv.ə.ɾi]

Grandpa had incredible longevity: he lived to be 105 years old!

爺爺很長壽：他活到105歲！

This 142-year-old tiny ex-LNWR SB [signal box, at Batley] is an amazing survivor, probably owing its longevity to its location alongside a level crossing. Indeed it started life as a gate box with the delightful name of Lady Ann's Crossing.

2020年July1日, David Allen, “Signalling from Leeds along the S&C”, 出自 Rail，頁號 74:


epoch

源自中世紀拉丁語 epocha，源自古希臘語 ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “停止，中止，暂停；行星达到最高点时的停顿；历史的时期”)，源自ἐπέχω (epékhō, “压抑，停止”)，源自ἐπι- (epi-, “之上”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “有，拿着”)。

迭代式机器学习算法所产生的一个完整数据集表示；代

The neural network was trained over 500 epochs.

神经网络已经训练超过500代了。


orifice

源自中古法語，源自古法語，源自晚期拉丁語 orificium (“开口；”字面义“做一张嘴巴”)，由os (“嘴巴”) + facio (“做”)构成的复合词。

the orifice of an artery or vein; the orifice of a wound; the vagina and other orifices


meticulous

源自拉丁語 meticulōsus (“畏惧的，胆怯的，可怕的，惊人的”)，源自metus (“恐惧”)和-culōsus，后半部分取自perīculōsus (“危险的”)。“谨小慎微的”一意源自法語 méticuleux。

more meticulous (comparative)
most meticulous (superlative)

meticulous search

meticulous investigation

meticulous knowledge

meticulous report

The meticulous care with which the operation in Sicily was planned has paid dividends. Our casualties in men, in ships and materiel have been low—in fact, far below our estimate.

1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 28 July 1943:


medication

來自中古法語 médication，來自拉丁語 medicatio，來自medicari (“治療，治愈”)，來自medicus (“醫生”)，來自mederi (“治療”)。

Have you been taking your medication(s)?

Are you going to be be like this all day? It’s like I’ve not took^([sic，意為taken]) my medication.

2019年March19日, The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off, 季数 2, 集数 3, Michael Pennington（演員）, 經由 Channel 4:

Such behavior, if it doesn't abate, will necessitate medication and supervision.

上述行為如果沒有减轻，将需要進行药物治疗和监督。


suffer

源自中古英語 suffren，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suffrir，源自拉丁語 sufferō (“献上，支撑，承受，遭受”)，源自sub- (“下”) + ferō (“撑着”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer- (“负，持”)。取代了原生词古英語 þrōwian。

Many artists suffer before becoming famous.

很多艺术家在成名前都吃过很多苦。

At least he didn't suffer when he died in the car crash.

至少他死在交通事故里之前没有痛苦。

If you keep partying like this, your school-work will suffer.

你老是天天去聚会的话，你成绩会变差的。

Our correspondent found that timekeeping had suffered following the substitution of Class 5 4-6-0s on these workings.

1961 October, “Motive Power Miscellany: Scottish Region”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 638:

I've been suffering your insults for years.

我忍受你的侮辱已经很多年了。

We hope you never have to suffer the same pain.

我们希望你不用吃一样的苦。

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013年July6日, “The rise of smart beta”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8843，頁號 68:


paralyse

The transport strike paralysed the city.

交通罷工使這座城市陷入癱瘓。


grudge

grutch的變體 (15世紀中期，比begrudge年輕)，來自中古英語 grucchen (“喃喃自語，抱怨，怨恨，嫉妒”)，來自古法語 grouchier、groucier (“喃喃自語，抱怨”)，起源自日耳曼語族，可能是仿譯。
與中古高地德語 grogezen (“嚎叫，哀號”)、德語 grocken (“發牢騷”)同族。對照古諾爾斯語 krytja (“喃喃自語”)、古高地德語 grunzen (“咕噥”)。

to have, hold, or bear a grudge against someone

Bag. And if I do not my good Lord damme me for it

1607, Barnabe Barnes, THE DIVILS CHARTER: A TRAGÆDIE Conteining the Life and Death of Pope Alexander the ſixt, ACTVS. 5, SCÆ. 1:


exacerbate

源自拉丁語 exacerbo (“激怒；加劇”)；ex (“出”) + acerbo (“使更加痛苦或恶化”)。

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

The proposed shutdown would exacerbate unemployment problems.

建议中的关闭将加剧失业问题。

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

五月九日的边界事件使中苏关系恶化。北京指控三十名苏联士兵在直升机和海军舰艇的支援下越过乌苏里江进入黑龙江省虎林地区。

1986, Peter P. Cheng, “1978: The Four Modernizations on the March [1978：四个现代化正在进行中]”, 出自 Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979 [中华人民共和国大事记，1970-1979], Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁號 395:

Liz: It's just with Ed here, it's no wonder I always bring my flat-mates out and then that only exacerbates things.
Shaun: What do you mean?
Liz: Well you guys hardly get on, do you?
Shaun: No, what does "exacerbate" mean?

2004, Simon Pegg, Edgar Wright, Shaun of the Dead [活人甡吃]:

The reasons for this growing disconnect are myriad and complex but the situation is exacerbated by the reality that those English players who do smash through our game's "glass ceiling" command radically inflated transfer fees.

造成这种差距扩大的原因是多种多样且复杂的，但现实情况是，那些突破了英格兰足球“玻璃天花板”的球员需要支付高昂的转会费，这让情况更加恶化。

2013年August20日, Louise Taylor, “English talent gets left behind as Premier League keeps importing [英超联赛不断引进球员，英格兰球员人才被抛在后面]”, 出自 The Guardian:


leukemia

源自德語 Leukämie，源自古希臘語 λευκός (leukós, “白色的”) + αἷμα (haîma, “血”)。等同於leuk- + -emia。

發生於血液形成組織的癌症種類

The subjects suffered from lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias.

試驗者患有成淋巴細胞及骨髓性白血病。


baffle

不详。可能与法語 bafouer (“藐视”)或已弃用的法語 befer (“嘲笑”)有关，经由苏格兰语bauchle (“羞辱”)。

hoodwink

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

deceive

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

使...困惑，使...不解，迷惑 （自17世纪）

I am baffled by the contradictions and omissions in the instructions.

指示里的自相矛盾和疏漏让我一头雾水。

无谓地挣扎 （19世纪）

A ship baffles with the winds.


baffle

（声音、光、液体等的）反射板，挡板

科西嘉語

Tanker trucks use baffles to keep the liquids inside from sloshing around.


consensus

源自拉丁語 cōnsēnsus (“同意，一致”)，來自cōnsentiō (“共感；同意”)；參見consent。

After years of debate over the best wine to serve at Thanksgiving, no real consensus has emerged.

多年以来，人们持续谈及、争论“哪款葡萄酒是感恩节期间最佳之品”之一问题，但依然没有形成真正的共识。

a financial consensus forecast


petroleum

源自中世紀拉丁語 petroleum，源自petra (“石头”) + oleum (“油”)。

petroleum-based products

Coal and petroleum do not occur hap-hazard in nature, but the aggregate occurrence of each product in any region forms a definite, limited horizon, which, in its continuance, is independent of the bedding plane.

1940, William Plotts, Isogeotherm, Or Monist Theory of Stratified Mineral Occurrence and Origin，頁號 7:


husk

源自中古英語 huske。可能源自古英語 *husuc, *hosuc (“很小的覆盖物”)，hosu (“壳，皮”)的指小词，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hosā，源自原始日耳曼語 *husǭ、*hausaz (“覆盖物，壳，裹腿”)，源自原始印歐語 *kawəs- / kawes- (“盖”)。若如此，等价于hose + -ock。
另可能源自中古低地德語 hūske(n) (“小房子，保护套”)、中古荷蘭語 hūskijn (“小房子，果核，盒子”)，hūs (“房子”)的指小词。对比荷蘭語 huisje、德語 Häuschen，两者均可指“蜗牛壳”。

A coconut has a very thick husk.

（无用的）外壳，（没有任何有价值的内容物的）躯壳

His attorney was a dried-up husk of a man.

他的律师曾经是个没用的男人。

Unlike dogs, cats have retractable claws which do not wear down when walking. Instead, cats pull the old husk of nail from their claws by raking them down some convenient piece of wood, to expose a new sharp claw underneath.

1991, Morgan Kerr, Norman Kerr, An Introduction to Cat Care，頁號 63:


pedestrian

借自拉丁語 pedester，词根pedestri-（源自pedes） + -an (形容词构成后缀)。

more pedestrian (comparative)
most pedestrian (superlative)

pedestrian crossing

pedestrian zone

平凡的，平平无奇的，无趣的，乏味的

His manner of dress was pedestrian but tidy.

a pedestrian life

England were hugely impressive in the first half in particular, when their supporters inside this magnificent bowl at Stade Velodrome roared their approval as Russia were pressed into submission and made to look pedestrian.

2016年June11日, Phil McNulty, “England 1-1 Russia”, 出自 BBC Sport:

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

The choreographer prefers pedestrian movements.


palliative

源自中古法語 palliatif，源自新拉丁語 *palliātīvus，源自中世紀拉丁語 palliō (“遮盖”)，源自拉丁語 pallium (“披风”)。

治标的事物，尤指治标药物

The radiation and chemotherapy were only palliatives.

放疗和化疗只是治标手段。

Mary heard with sorrow, and fear also, of the projected journey; but the altered expression of Isabella's countenance was a great palliative—dreadful as it was that her husband should love another...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXVIII, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 66:


eminent

源自中古法語 éminent，源自拉丁語现在分词ēminēns、ēminentis，源自动词ēmineō (“伸出，突出”)，源自ex- (“自，从”) + mineō，与mons有关（→英語 mount），对比imminent。与emanate无关，其源自mānō (“流动”)。

more eminent (comparative)
most eminent (superlative)

distinguished

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

noteworthy

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

His eminent good sense has been a godsend to this project.

他杰出的判断力给了他项目很大的帮助。

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

In later years, the professor became known as an eminent historian.

在晚年，那位教授以杰出的历史学家的身份而出名。

“So. Miss Alice. Are you game?” The question is posed by an eminent novelist of about 70, who has sat on a Manhattan park bench and struck up conversation with a young woman reading a book.

2018年February28日, Justine Jordan, “Asymmetry by Lisa Halliday review – a dizzying debut”, 出自 The Guardian:


hiatus

借自拉丁語 hiātus (“缺口，开口”)（16世纪中叶），源自hiō (“开着，打哈欠”)。

The band decided to go on hiatus, citing creative differences.

乐队决定暂停活动，据称是因为创作上的分歧。

Berserk's hiatus is never going to end now...

《烙印勇士》的漫画看来永远不会恢复连载了...

Hiatus aorticus is an opening in the diaphragm through which aorta and thoracic duct pass.

Words like reality and naïve contain vowels in hiatus.

“reality”和“naïve”等单词中存在元音间隙。