Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”, 字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (plural)
Christmasses (plural)

Charlie Brown Christmas tree, Charlie Brown's Christmas tree

Christmastime, Christmas time, Christmas-time

if ifs and buts were candy and nuts, we'd all have a merry Christmas

like turkeys voting for Christmas, like turkeys voting for an early Christmas

think all one's Christmases have come at once

Do you celebrate Christmas?

This Christmas we’ll open presents, then go to grandma’s for dinner.

这个圣诞节我们先拆礼物，然后去奶奶那里吃晚饭。

Be gladde, lordes, bothe more and lasse, / For this hath ordeyned our stewarde / To chere you all this christmasse / The bores heed with mustarde.

[[15th century] (date written), “A Caroll Bringyng in the Bores Heed”, 出自 [Christmasse Carolles], London: […] Wynkyn de Worde, 出版於 1521, →OCLC; republished in Joseph Ames, Typographical Antiquities: Being a Historical Account of Printing in England: […], London: […] W[illiam] Faden, and sold by J. Robinson, […], 1749, →OCLC，頁號 96，列號 2:

The lord chancellor holds his fittings in this hall, and in former days, like the Temple, it had its revels and great Chriſtmaſſes. […] The account of the great feaſt in the hall of the Inner Temple, by the ſerjeants, in 1555, is extremely worth conſulting: and alſo of the hoſpitable Chriſtmaſſes of old times.

1798 July, “Account of Lincoln’s Inn: With a Perspective View of the Hall and Chapel”, 出自 The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure; […], 卷 CIII, London: […] W[illiam] Bent, […], →OCLC，頁號 42，列號 2:

“Lawk!” says our old granddam, who has taken the liberty of looking over our manuscript while we were gone to mix a glass of water and something. “Lawk!” says she, “how can you write such stuff? Christmas, indeed! you’ve no Christmas now. Do you call this Christmas? It’s more like a vapour bath. Such weather! Lawk, how times are changed! the Christmasses I remember! the good, old-fashioned Christmasses, when there was snow on the ground six feet deep, and poor people were starved to death by dozens, and you couldn’t go out without having your fingers frost-bitten, and coals were at six shillings a hundred, and canals froze up so that you couldn’t get your goods, and the roads all impassable, and daren’t ask a few friends to merrymake for fear of losing three or four of ’em going home in snow-drifts, and—oh, those were Christmasses! we shall never see such times again!”

1840 January, Sylvanus Swanquill [pseudonym; John Hewitt], “Merry Christmas and Happy New Year”, 出自 The New Sporting Magazine, 卷 XVIII, 期 105, London: Walter Spiers, […], →OCLC，頁號 53:

Reader have your Christmasses hitherto been marked with happiness? Thank God for it. […] Then mamma died—and later in your college days, dear Herbert, when you were both as tall as men, but as fond of play as ever—and we used to spend such happy Christmasses, till our dear father died, / “That was our first sad winter, the one which followed his death, for you remember how sadly we all missed him, and we were still in mourning—but the next one was a happy day, for Lawry was so full of spirits—and that was our last happy Christmas. Herbert darling, Lawrence has left the last impression of happiness on my memory—he, who has since broken up our domestic peace, and for a long time spoilt our Christmasses—Heaven bless him![…]”

1859, [Florence] Marryatt, 章號 XXIX, 出自 Temper. A Novel., New York, N.Y.: Dick & Fitzgerald, […], →OCLC，頁號 205:

I'm dreaming of a white Christmas / With every Christmas card I write / May your days be merry and bright / And may all your Christmases be white

1942年July30日, Irving Berlin （作曲作詞）, “White Christmas”, 演出者 Bing Crosby, New York, N.Y.: Decca Records, →OCLC:

Have yourself a merry little Christmas / Let your heart be light / Next year all our troubles will be out of sight

1943 (date written), “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas”, 出自 Ralph Blane 作詞, Hugo Martin 作曲, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas: 源自the M.G.M. Picture Meet Me in St. Louis, 演出者 Judy Garland, New York, N.Y.: Leo Feist, 出版於 1944, →OCLC:

The last time I saw her was a week before Christmas, 1980. We took down a fat branch of berried Megginch holly, which we stuck in a pot for a Christmas tree, hung with silver balls and glitters. Aunt Victoria looked at it, smiled and unexpectedly said, “Christmas.” Surely she was sitting there dreaming of Christmasses long past: Christmas in the South China Sea, the Christmas lights of Hong Kong, hot Christmasses so long ago in the Anchises under the Southern Cross stars, or even longer ago of Christmasses at Megginch, singing carols round the lighted Christmas tree in the hall, while Queen Victoria’s goddaughter in her starched white dress and bronze shoes had worn the sparkling pendant given her by the great Queen.

1994, Cherry Drummond, The Remarkable Life of Victoria Drummond, Marine Engineer, London: The Institute of Marine Engineers, →ISBN，頁號 354:

I don't want a lot for Christmas / There is just one thing I need / I don't care about the presents / Underneath the Christmas tree / I just want you for my own / More than you could ever know / Make my wish come true / All I want for Christmas is you

1994年October29日, Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff （作曲作詞）, “All I Want for Christmas Is You”, 出自 Merry Christmas, 演出者 Mariah Carey, New York, N.Y.: Columbia Records, →OCLC:


foment

源自中古英語 fomenten，借自古法語 fomenter，源自晚期拉丁語 fomentare，源自拉丁語 fōmentum (“润肤液”)，源自fovere (“加热；珍爱”)。

He was arrested for fomenting a riot; after all, it's bad enough being in a riot but starting one is much worse.

他因为煽动暴乱而被逮捕，毕竟参与暴乱已经够坏了，煽动暴乱则更甚。

Foreign governments have tried to foment unrest.

Boris Johnson and senior Conservative ministers have vigorously condemned the violence in Washington, but have largely steered clear of condemning Trump for fomenting it.

2021, Peter Walker, Tories urged to suspend politicians who likened US violence to anti-Brexit protests, in: The Guardian, January 7 2021


flattering

源自中古英語 flatering、flatrung (动名词)，等价于flatter + -ing。

more flattering (comparative)
most flattering (superlative)

The dress really did not look very flattering on her figure.

那件连衣裙不是很合她的身形。


unbecoming

來自un- + becoming。對照中古英語 unbicomelich (“不適當”)。

more unbecoming (comparative)
most unbecoming (superlative)

/ˌʌnbɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

A very small expensive black toque was hideously unbecoming to the yellow, toad-like face beneath it.

1934, Agatha Christie, 章號 3, 出自 Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, 出版於 2017，頁號 25:

― Lily: “Don’t stare so much. It’s unbecoming. It makes you look like a country bumpkin.”

2017 July 12, Moe! Ninja Girls, Japan: NTT Solmare, 經由 iOS, Android，幕：Season 7, Chapter 7, Part 2:

She wore a rather unbecoming hairstyle.

她理了个不太得体的发型。

He was accused of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.

他被指責行為不紳士，有損官員身份。


vigil

源自中古英語 vigile (“虔誠的注視”)，源自古法語 vigile，源自拉丁語 vigilia (“守望；覺醒”)，源自vigil (“醒著的，清醒的”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“強壯；活潑，清醒”)。參見來自相同詞根的 wake。
與 vigor 有關，關係更遠的還有 vis、vital，它們均源自相似的原始印歐語詞根，意為“活潑的，有生機的；能量，生命”，經由拉丁語借入。

His dog kept vigil outside the hospital for eight days while he was recovering from an accident.

在他从遭遇事故中到痊愈期间，他的狗在医院外守了八天。

The protesters kept vigil outside the conference centre in which the party congress was being held.

抗议者在召开党代会的会议中心外安静地示威。


foible

1640–50年代，源自早期现代中古法語 foible (“羸弱的”)（现代法語 faible）。feeble的同源對似詞。

Try to look past his foibles and see the friendly fellow underneath.

试着忽略他的怪癖，看到他内心友好的一面。

Final fillip in the Vice-President's study has been a boning up on Premier Khrushchev's favorite foible, proverbs. The bibulous Russian leader likes to throw out homely homilies in his speeches and conversations[…]

1959年July24日, “An Ounce of Prevention”, 出自 Meriden Record，頁號 6:


unkempt

源自早期形式unkembed、unkemmed，源自中古英語 unkempt (“蓬乱的”)，等价于un- + kempt。对比古諾爾斯語 úkembdr。详见kemb。

more unkempt (comparative)
most unkempt (superlative)

unkempt bedroom


untenable

more untenable (comparative)
most untenable (superlative)

unholdable

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

indefensible

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

tenable

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

defensible

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

sustainable

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

The theory of cold fusion was untenable.

They are seeking to escape from the unpleasant implications of an untenable status dilemma. They desire but cannot afford a prestigious social status.

1970, Gary Schwartz, Sect Ideologies and Social Status，頁號 219:

The rumors about Anderson nevertheless placed Glasgow in an untenable social position, for close friends either suspected or knew of their engagement.

1998, Susan Goodman, Ellen Glasgow: a biography，頁號 149:

The modern family would be an artificial and untenable social structure in this early period, just as the clan appears to be an artificial institution in our own society.

2012, Heather A. Brown, Marx on Gender and the Family: A Critical Study，頁號 183:

Celebrating him [Robert E. Lee] in the time of George Floyd became, at last, untenable.

2021年October26日, Peter Baker, “The Case Against Winston Churchill”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

He describes the untenable position of the railways' finances reasonably dispassionately. From 1952 onwards, British Railways ran an operational deficit, and in 1961 made an annual loss of £86.9 million.

2023年March8日, Gareth Dennis, “The Reshaping of things to come...”, 出自 RAIL, 期 978，頁號 44:


willy-nilly

源自will I, nill I（有时亦用ye或he代替I），意为“如果我希望，如果我不希望”，即“无论我希不希望”。参见will (“想要，希望”)、nill (“（弃用）不想，不愿，不希望”)。

more willy-nilly (comparative)
most willy-nilly (superlative)

nilly-willy

无论（别人）想不想要；不管三七二十一；随意，随心所欲，轻易，只管

nolens volens

无论（别人）想不想要；不管三七二十一；随意，随心所欲，轻易，只管

无论（别人）想不想要；不管三七二十一；随意，随心所欲，轻易，只管

Some writers chasing money churn out novels willy-nilly.

一些只想着钱的作家就一股脑地写一堆[劣质]小说。

Whenever I see a long handsome neck, willy nilly, the thought will come uppermost—What a capital neck for carving! Those cursed executions! One can't rid one's mind of them.

1868, [Johann Wolfgang von] Goethe, 譯者 Arthur Duke Coleridge, Egmont. A Tragedy. […], London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, Act II，頁號 40:

I'll own I'm very glad he's come— / To hide my feelings would be silly— / You see I'm not so shy as some, / My thoughts will come out "willy-nilly."

1869年April1日, A. A. D., “Twelve Scenes in a Young Lady’s Life. No. IV. A Spring Ramble.”, 出自 The Young Englishwoman. A Volume of Pure Literature, New Fashions, and Pretty Needlework Patterns, 卷 III, London: Ward, Lock, and Tyler, […], →OCLC, stanza 1，頁號 220，列號 1:

He says he shall come for me willy-nilly, and father and mother say I must have him! But I don't want to—because—because—I love you best!

1895 January, Thomas Hardy, “Hearts Insurgent”, 出自 Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 卷 XC, 期 DXXXVI, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, chapter VIII，頁號 194，列號 2:

The outer world is what we wake up to every morning of our lives, is the place where, willy-nilly, we must try to make our living.

1954, Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC，頁號 36:

The novel Alice in Wonderland describes a place where things happen willy-nilly.

小说《爱丽丝梦游仙境》写了一个有很多怪事发生的地方。


vestige

源自法語 vestige，源自拉丁語 vestīgium (“足迹，痕迹，脚底”)。

remains

（已消逝的事物的）痕迹，残留，残余

（已消逝的事物的）痕迹，残留，残余

the vestiges of ancient magnificence in Palmyra

在巴尔米拉旧时的辉煌的痕迹

vestiges of former population

The result, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find no vestige of a beginning,— no prospect of an end.

1788, James Hutton, Theory of the earth，頁號 166:

Her face was without a vestige of colour, but it only showed more strongly the perfect outline of her features. Pale she was, but not like a statue; it was a human paleness—passionate and painful.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Letters Restored”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 218:

Nevertheless in some cases, my original view, that the points are vestiges of the tips of formerly erect and pointed ears, still seems to me probable.

1871, Charles Darwin, Descent of Man, Chapter I:

Only ragged vestiges of glass remained in its windows, and great sheets of the green facing had fallen away from the corroded metallic framework.

1895, H. G. Wells, The Time Machine, Chapter VIII:

The chief remains of the Roman Calagurris are the vestiges of an aqueduct and an amphitheatre.

1911, “Angkor”, 出自 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:

The hovel stood in the centre of what had once been a vegetable garden, but was now a patch of rank weeds. Surrounding this, almost like a zareba, was an irregular ring of gorse and brambles, an unclaimed vestige of the original common.

1944, Miles Burton, 章號 5, 出自 The Three Corpse Trick:


frumpy

frumpier (comparative)
frumpiest (superlative)

dowdy

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

unkempt

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

unfashionable

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

She came to the door in a frumpy housedress and bedroom slippers.

她穿着件邋邋遢遢的便服和拖鞋过来应门。

Although still young at heart and head, he looks more and more like his old friend Archimedes, increasingly bearded and increasingly grey, with an otherworldly mien – a look that should earn him a spot in the online quiz featuring portraits of frumpy old men under the rubric “Prof or Hobo?”

July 23 2005, Siobhan Roberts, “John Horton Conway: the world’s most charismatic mathematician”, 出自 The Guardian:


cadet

借自法語 cadet，源自加斯科涅语 capdet，源自晚期拉丁語 capitellum (“小头”)。1634年起在英语内可考。
caddy, caudillo, and capitellum的同源對似詞。

a cadet branch of the family


unleash

He unleashed his dog in the park.

他在公園撒開了自己的狗。

He unleashed his fury.

As Bent pulled away to the far post, Agbonlahor opted to go it alone, motoring past Gary Caldwell before unleashing a shot into the roof of the net.

本特正往遠端柱移動，這時，阿邦拉霍選擇獨自突破，越過加利卡達維，然後射門，將球射入門網頂端。

2011年October1日, 約翰辛諾特, “Aston Villa 2 - 0 Wigan”, 出自 BBC 體育:

Storm Charlie had raged throught [sic] the night and was unleashing further gusts on the morning that RAIL was due to inspect a vegetation management project in Kent. Bit by bit, the train timetable unravelled. A trip beginning at Bradford-on-Avon belatedly reached Bath, but that turned out to be journey's end.

颶風「查理」肆虐了整個晚上，並在鐵路公司計畫在肯特郡檢查植被管理專案的那天早上釋放更強烈的陣風，導致火車時刻表依次取消。從埃文河畔布拉德福德出發的行程才剛到達巴斯，結果卻要止步於此了。

2020年June3日, 安德魯莫蘭特, “A safer railway in a greener habitat”, 出自 《鐵路》(Rail)，頁號 58:


full-fledged

After she passes the bar exam, she will be a full-fledged lawyer.

她通过律师考试以后，将成为一名真正的律师。

Ansible is not a full-fledged programming language, but it does have several programming language features, and one of the most important of these is variable substitution.

Ansible不是一個五臟俱全的程式語言，但是它的確有一些程式語言的特色，其中一個最重要的是變數代換。

2017, Lorin Hochstein, René Moser, “4. Variables and Facts”, 出自 Ansible: Up and Running, 2nd版, O’Reilly, →ISBN:


frolic

源自荷蘭語 vrolijk (“欢喜的”)，源自中古荷蘭語 vrolijc，源自古荷蘭語 frōlīk，源自原始日耳曼語 *frawalīkaz。对比德語 fröhlich (“开心的，快乐的”)。
前一个元素，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *frawaz并与中古英語 frow (“匆忙的”)同源；之后的元素，最终源自*-līkaz并与-ly、-like同源。

欢跃，欢闹，嬉戏 （自16世纪80年代）

We saw the lambs frolicking in the meadow.

我们看到羔羊在草地上嬉戏。


flunk

变换自funk，或可能是flinch + funk組成的混成詞。

He flunked math, again.

Unsatisfied with Fred's progress, the teacher flunked him.

老师不满意Fred的进展，给了他不及格。


unnecessary

more unnecessary (comparative)
most unnecessary (superlative)

/ʌnˈnɛ.səˌsɛ.ɹɪ/

多餘或不需要的，不必要的

The automatic child-frightener made clowns unnecessary.

有了“自動嚇小孩器”，小丑就顯得不必要了。

Robins, of Torquay, had denied a single charge of causing unnecessary suffering to an animal. She claimed the microwave was accidentally turned on by one of the cats after the kitten got inside. But Knutton said the kitten was too small to even get onto the work surface.

來自托奇镇的罗宾斯，否认了“对动物造成不必要痛苦”的单项指控。她辩称，微波炉是在小猫进入后被另一只猫意外打开的。但克努森回驳道，小猫太小了，根本连工作台都爬不上去。

2011年December14日, Steven Morris, “Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave [因將小貓在微波爐中殺死，德文郡一女性被判入獄168天]”, 出自 Guardian:


flaunt

源自北日耳曼語支。可能与挪威語 flanta (“炫耀，四处走”)、冰島語 flana (“四处走，匆匆忙忙”)和法語 flâner (“四处走，晃荡”)有关。
还有说法称，其可能与瑞典語 flankt (“松垮地”)（对比英語 flaunt-a-flaunt）有关，其源自flanka (“摇晃”)，其为flakka (“摇摆”)的鼻音化变体，与中古英語 flacken (“来回走，颤动”)有关。还见flack。

She’s always flaunting her designer clothes.

Never one to miss an opportunity to flaunt his wealth, Khashoggi let his yacht be used for the 1983 Bond film Never Say Never Again.

2017年June7日, Adam Lusher, “Adnan Khashoggi: the 'whoremonger' whose arms deals funded a playboy life of decadence and 'pleasure wives'”, 出自 The Independent, London:


daunting

more daunting (comparative)
most daunting (superlative)

disconcerting

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

dismaying

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

formidable

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

frightening

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

unnerving

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

unsettling

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

undaunting

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

It was a daunting task, but it was accomplished with some forward planning.

这是一项很有挑战性的工作，但是事先做好准备了以后还是完成了。

A trip of sixteen miles, through dark forests, in which they would not pass a single house, was an exploit sufficiently daunting for two such young and inexperienced boys. Love triumphs over fear and death; and these boys so dearly loved their father, that nothing was formidable to them, which they could do for him.

1829, [Timothy Flint], 章號 III, 出自 George Mason, the Young Backwoodsman; or ‘Don’t Give Up the Ship.’ A Story of the Mississippi, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, →OCLC，頁號 41:

But there are tens of thousands more in England, young and old, who read even their own tongue only haltingly: to them Latin is as daunting as Magyar is to the rest of us.

1944 April, Donald Attwater, “In the Beginning was the Word: A Plea for English Words”, 出自 The Dublin Review, 卷 214, 期 429, London: Burns Oates and Washbourne, →OCLC，頁號 129:

In some ways it's more daunting to write a nonfiction work than fiction because if you write a fictional work, you can keep the reader in suspense as to whether the central figure is a hero or a villain. But if you're writing nonfiction, everyone knows how it turned out, so you have a problem of creating drama and suspense.

1993 January–February, Daniel J[oseph] Boorstin (interviewee), Lynne V[incent] Cheney (interviewer), “A Conversation with Daniel J. Boorstin”, 出自 Mary Lou Beatty 編, Humanities, 卷 14, 期 1, Washington, D.C.: National Endowment for the Humanities, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 6:

[B]umping up the percentage of the population committed to a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle from the low single digits into the high double digits is going to be a daunting task. [...] When more than 95 percent of the population eats meat, that's a daunting difference.

2015, Michael Shermer, “A Moral Science of Animal Rights”, 出自 The Moral Arc: How Science and Reason Lead Humanity toward Truth, Justice, and Freedom, New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, part II (The Moral Arc Applied)，頁號 282:


far-fetched

more far-fetched (comparative)
most far-fetched (superlative)

He is full of far-fetched ideas to make money.

他总有不切实际的赚钱设想。


fluster

源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼語支）语言，与冰島語 flaustra (“慌乱”)有关。

He seemed to get flustered when speaking in front of too many people.

他在太多人面前发言，似乎乱了阵脚。


forestall

源自中古英語 forestallen (“防止，阻碍，奇袭，堵截”)，源自forestalle (“阻碍，堵截”)，源自古英語 foresteall (“妨碍司法；奇袭”)，源自fore- (“前面”) + steall (“摆放，放置”)，等价于fore- + stall。

Fred forestalled disaster by his prompt action.

Fred迅速行动防止了灾难发生。

In French, an aspirated h forestalls elision.

法语中，有嘘音h时不省略元音。


gooey

gooier (comparative)
gooiest (superlative)

gooey liquid


upstairs

further upstairs (comparative)
furthest upstairs (superlative)

They can sleep in the upstairs bedroom.

高的，（通常指）高于好球区的

That fastball was upstairs for a ball.


upstairs

I’ll take my shoes and put them away the next time I go upstairs.

我上楼的时候我就把我鞋子拿走放起来。

I hate the people who live upstairs, and I especially hate their piano.

我讨厌住我楼上的人，而且特别讨厌他们的钢琴。

There was more dancing and singing up stairs, more wit and conversation below; all were at liberty, and all stayed late; and all talked so much of the happiness they had enjoyed, that Lady Anne felt herself exceedingly tempted to give another party before the season finally closed.

1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XX, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], 出版於 1842, →OCLC，頁號 255:

Marsha, let’s go upstairs!
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

On arrival at Birmingham New Street, I make my way upstairs to the mezzanine to get shots of an almost deserted concourse, polka-dotted with social distancing circles like some strange board-game.

2020年December2日, Paul Bigland, “My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, 出自 Rail，頁號 68:

After Joe did a hula dance on the kitchen table, his friends wondered if he didn’t have a lot going on upstairs.

那次Joe在厨房桌子上跳了呼拉舞以后，他的朋友就怀疑他脑子是不是有什么问题。

Are you sure you're alright upstairs?


fortune-teller

"Cross my palm with silver and I'll tell you your fortune," said the fortune-teller.

“用銀子劃過我的手掌，我就能算出你的命運。”算命家說道。


foundation

源自拉丁語 fundātiō。

The foundation of his institute has been wrought with difficulty.

他研究所的设立遇到了重重阻碍。

“Marge Gets A Job” opens with the foundation of the Simpson house tilting perilously to one side, making the family homestead look like the suburban equivalent of the Leaning Tower Of Pisa.

2012年May20日, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4, episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992)”, 出自 The Onion AV Club:

The foundations of this construction have been laid out.

这次施工的地基已经打好了。

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. is the parent organization of the Wiktionary collaborative project.

维基媒体基金会公司是维基词典协作项目的上层组织。


furry

furrier (comparative)
furriest (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-furry.wav

His treatment of our furry friends was nothing short of appalling.

他對我們毛茸朋友的待遇簡直是駭人聽聞。


furry

fursona

擬人化動物，常稱呼為獸、獸人。

擬人化動物，常稱呼為獸、獸人。

What percentage of furries are wolves?

The furry had designed an elaborate costume.

那名獸迷精心設計了一套服裝。


goings-on

She sent a long letter detailing all the recent goings-on in her life.

她寄了一封详细描述她生活里发生的各种事的长信。

Enkidu is appalled at such goings-on and rises immediately to go to Uruk.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，頁號 191:

Phoenix's finest watch the goings-on with jaws agape. Machines on thick metal legs with big jangling teeth.

1996 July, Bruce Sterling, “Is Phoenix Burning”, 出自 Wired, →ISSN:

The_Donald wasn’t a place to debate the presidential election, or discuss the latest goings-on with their preferred candidate. “What I’m interested in is letting Donald Trump supporters speak among themselves,” a moderator of the subreddit told me in early 2016.

2021年January29日, John Herrman, “Everything’s a Joke Until It’s Not”, 出自 The New York Times:


girlie

色情杂志，小黄书 （面向成年男性的有裸体或半裸女性的杂志）

When Grandma came to visit, the boy hid the girlies in his dresser so she wouldn't see them.

奶奶过来看小男孩时，他把小黄书藏到自己的梳妆台里不让奶奶看到。


gorgeous

源自中古英語 gorgeouse，借自中古法語 gorgias (“雅致的，时尚的”)，源自古法語 gourgias、gorgias (“华丽的；花哨的，炫耀的；精致的”)，其词源不详，但可能与古法語 gorgias (“护喉”)有关，其源自古法語 gorge (“胸部；喉咙”)。参见gorge。词义发展可能是“因自豪而挺胸”→“得意，招摇”。

more gorgeous (comparative)
most gorgeous (superlative)

(指人、地方或景色) 非常漂亮的，华丽的

All the contest judges agreed that Brigitt was absolutely gorgeous.

所有比赛评委都同意Brigitt确实非常漂亮。

The sunsets in Hawaii are gorgeous.

非常令人愉快的；非常美味的，等

Hummus is absolutely gorgeous.


glaring

more glaring (comparative)
most glaring (superlative)

显眼的，扎眼的，显而易见的

How could you miss this glaring error? It's right on page one!

那么明显的错误都没看到？就在第一页！


fitful

源自fit (“抽搐；突然活跃”) + -ful (从名词构成形容词的后缀，“充满...的”，“倾向于...的”，“有...性质的”)。

more fitful (comparative)
most fitful (superlative)

capricious

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

changeable

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

changing

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

erratic

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

shifting

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

spasmodic

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

unfitful

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

His breathing was fitful.

Troubled by her unfinished work, she fell into a fitful sleep.

因为受没有完成的工作折磨，她断断续续地睡着了。

So fitful has Britain’s economy been that any good news is understandably snatched at.

2012年October27日, “The economy: Don’t say ‘green shoots’: Britain emerges from its second recession in four years”, 出自 The Economist, London: Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，於2012-10-29歸檔自原頁面:


underhanded

more underhanded (comparative)
most underhanded (superlative)

underhand

除了“人手不足的”以外的义项

They were actually underhanded threats to call off the lawsuit and then all insurance agents in the hospital district would get a dividend for the premiums paid.

2007, Dewey Anderson, When Satan Came to Moose Lake, →ISBN，頁號 118:

Was the federal government being underhanded and hypocritical in officially praising the merits of federalism, but in missing no opportunity to promote Canadian nationalism?

2009, Alain-G. Gagnon, Contemporary Canadian Federalism, →ISBN:

The pap phoned and we told him that Kirschner probably peddled them himself and now was accusing you of acting underhanded so he did not have out to pay out any more dough.

2010, Al Walentis & Polly Kahl, The Secret World of Jon and Kate, →ISBN，頁號 152:

There were underhanded ploys that were effective but were deplored by the hospital administration.

2014, Carl Douglass, The Long Climb, →ISBN:

His underhanded trick backfired and he was disqualified.

他卑鄙的计俩适得其反，让他失去了资格。

不真心的，挖苦的，讽刺的

Of course, sometimes compliments just aren't really compliments. Underhanded compliments are, for better or worse, nothing new or unusual.

2012, Hanne Blank, The Unapologetic Fat Girl's Guide to Exercise and Other Incendiary Acts, →ISBN，頁號 56:

Poking underhanded fun at the contestants live on stage was absolutely inexcusable.

2013, Charmaine Ross, Makeover Miracle, →ISBN:

“Have you seen my film?” He's asking about Election, his deliriously sardonic and underhanded satire of politics and high school culture that follows trepidatious government teacher (Matthew Broderick) through increasingly bizarre attempts to sideline a senior's fanatical student body presidential campaign.

2014, Julie Levinson, Alexander Payne: Interviews, →ISBN:

An underhanded compliment is actually criticism.


groggy

groggier (comparative)
groggiest (superlative)

（因酒醉、疲惫等而）昏昏沉沉的，无力的

The medicine made him groggy and irritable.

药让他昏昏沉沉的，脾气还很差。


giraffe

源自法語 giraffe（现作girafe），源自阿拉伯語 زَرَافَة (zarāfa, “长颈鹿”)，最终源自波斯語 زُرنَاپَا (zurnāpā)，زُرنَا (zurnā, “长笛”) + پَا (pā, “腿”)的复合词。

Are you having a giraffe?!


groovy

groovier (comparative)
grooviest (superlative)

沟槽的，与沟槽有关的；有沟槽的

The back of the tile was groovy so that it could hold the adhesive compound.

地砖背面有很多沟槽来容纳粘性物质。


fumble

晚期中古英語，源自低地德語 fommeln或者荷蘭語 fommelen。
或者可能源自某斯堪的纳维亚/北日耳曼語支语言，对比古諾爾斯語 fálma、瑞典語 fumla、丹麥語 fumle、德語 fummeln。
两者最终可能都是表示这一动作的拟声词。或者，源自原始印歐語 *pal- (“摇”)，参见拉丁語 palpo (“轻触”)，及原始西日耳曼語 *fōlijan (“感受”)。

Waiting for the interview, he fumbled with his tie.

等着面试时他在慌张地摆弄他的领带。

He fumbled the key into the lock.

他慌慌张张地把钥匙插到锁里。

He fumbled for his keys.

He fumbled his way to the light-switch.

to fumble for an excuse

My understanding stutters, and my memory fumbles.

1711年August12日, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, letter to Dr. Chevenix:

Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.

1800, Wordsworth, Written in Germany on one of the coldest days of the century:

He fumbled through his prepared speech.

他慌慌张张地念那篇准备好的讲稿。


garth

繼承自中古英語 garth，源自古諾爾斯語 garðr，源自原始日耳曼語 *gardaz，與古英語 ġeard 同源。yard的同源對似詞。

a cloister garth


garish

不详，可能源自弃用词中古英語 gawren (“盯着”)，其词源也不详，但可能源自古諾爾斯語 gá (“看”)或gaurr (“粗人”)（原始印歐語 *gʰow-rós，源自*gʰew- (“怒”)）。对比英語 gaw。

more garish (comparative)
most garish (superlative)

花里胡哨的，浮夸的 （自16世纪40年代）

The dress fits her well, but the pattern is rather garish.

她穿这件连衣裙很搭，但是裙子的图案太花哨了。

Leela: He gave me mechanical ears / Effective though just a bit garish.

2003年August10日, Ken Keeler, “The Devil's Hands are Idle Playthings”, 出自 Futurama, 季数 5, 集数 16 (television production), Fox Broadcasting Company:

She also said that Thameslink trains were deliberately garish, so as to lure drivers stuck on the M1, which runs alongside the line around Radlett.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁號 57:


grossly

grossly inflated expectations

grossly enlarged hepatic lobes, evident on palpation

明显肥大的肝叶，通过触诊非常明显

Third-class carriages are grossly overcrowded, with passengers lying on the luggage racks, standing between the benches, and occasionally even riding on the footboards and clinging to the outsides of the coaches for short distances.

1950 February, W. Dendy, “Impressions of the Indian Railways—3”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 120:

Barker believed that evidence was emerging that a "solid proportion" of operations were "grossly uneconomic", and that no amount of improvement in equipment would make them viable. He suggested that "while the superstructure of the report is correct, the foundations require radical re-examination".

2023年March8日, David Clough, “The long road that led to Beeching”, 出自 RAIL, 期 978，頁號 42:

同類詞：grotesquely

The men were talking grossly about their sexual conquests.

那帮男人在讨论性征服话题，令人作呕。


huffy

huffier (comparative)
huffiest (superlative)

huffy bread


confide

源自、，源自拉丁語 confīdere (“相信，信任”)，，源自con- (“一起”) + fidēre (“信任”)。17世纪初叶首次出现于英语中。faith and fidelity的同源對似詞。

I confide this mission to you alone.

I could no longer keep this secret alone; I decided to confide in my brother.

我一个人保守不了这个秘密了，我决定告诉我哥。

After several drinks, I confided my problems to the barman.

酒过三巡，我把我的秘密告诉了酒吧店员。

She confided that her marriage had been in trouble for some time.

她透露说她的婚姻已经出问题挺久了。

One student had been so afraid to come out to our meetings that he would secretly meet me in the bookshelves of the library and confide about the miseries of being gay, closeted, and a a virgin.

1977年December10日, Mark N. Silber, “Gays On Campus — One Story”, 出自 Gay Community News, 卷 5, 號 23，頁號 15:


gullible

gull + -ible 或中古英語 gull (“新孵出的小鳥”, 方言)，可能來自古諾爾斯語 gulr，來自其羽絨的色彩。

more gullible (comparative)
most gullible (superlative)

fleeceable

容易上當的，易受欺騙的，輕信的。

green

容易上當的，易受欺騙的，輕信的。

naif

容易上當的，易受欺騙的，輕信的。

naive

容易上當的，易受欺騙的，輕信的。

容易上當的，易受欺騙的，輕信的。

Andrew is so gullible, the way he still believes in Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, the Tooth Fairy, and the Sandman at the age of fourteen.

安德魯真好騙，他都十四歲了，還在相信聖誕老公公、復活節兔子、牙仙子和睡魔。


go-getter

He's a promising young go-getter, but he needs to learn some things about office politics.

他是个前途光明，积极向上的年轻人，但是他在办公室政治方面还要多学习学习。

Tom Pitella is a go-getter and does not rely on others to prove things in the field of mathematics to him.

Tom Pitella是一个积极主动的人，不依靠别的数学领域的人向他证明东西。

I must get it from my dad. Can't be from Mom, the world-class go-getter, hand shaker, and baby kisser.”

2008, Ellen Hopkins, Identical, →ISBN，頁號 31:


goad

源自中古英語 gode，源自古英語 gād (“驱赶牲口的棒子”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *gaidō（对比古諾爾斯語 gedda (“梭子鱼”)、古倫巴底語 gaida (“矛”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰey-（对比古愛爾蘭語 gath (“矛”)、梵語 हिन्वति (hinvati)、हिनोति (hinoti, “催促；扔”)、हेति (heti, “投掷物”)）。

goading a boy to fight


firsthand

firsthand knowledge

I recently received a firsthand report from an old friend — John A. Keel — who until last year was as skeptical a newshound as I have known.

1967, Ivan Terence Sanderson, Uninvited Visitors:

Ours is a generation of aromantics, jaded about matters of the heart — often before gaining firsthand experience.

1986, Wanda Urbanska, The Singular Generation, Doubleday & Company, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁號 86:

Given Mr. Kissinger’s firsthand experience in the anguishing decisions about withdrawal from Vietnam, the disclosure sparked the inevitable Iraq-Vietnam comparisons that Mr. Bush has assiduously sought to avoid.

2007年January2日, Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Kissinger’s Appearance Revives Memories of Vietnam Era”, 出自 New York Times:

But in his strongest criticism yet of the superdatabase, Sir Ken Macdonald, the former director of public prosecutions, who has firsthand experience of working with intelligence and law enforcement agencies, told the Guardian such assurances would prove worthless in the long run...

2008年December31日, Alan Travis, Richard Norton-Taylor, “Private firm may track all email and calls”, 出自 The Guardian:

The same sort of doublethink is evident in the White House’s treatment of firsthand impeachment witnesses.

2019年December2日, Eric Lutz, “Trump Lawyer Cites No Due Process as Reason to Sit Out Due Process”, 出自 Vanity Fair:

a firsthand copy


gremlin

不详，有这几种理论：
* goblin的变体。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 gruaimín (“阴郁而矮小的人”)或荷蘭語 gremmelen (“弄脏；使...腐败”)，或griemelen、grimmelen (“（弃用）充满，满是”)，然而根据《牛津英语词典》，这一理论缺乏证据。
本词因1943年出版的《小顽皮》（英国作家罗尔德·达尔著）而普及开来（尤其在美国），其中这种小精灵为了报复英国皇家空军摧毁了他们的森林家园而破坏了他们的飞机，之后他们又与英国合力与纳粹战斗。

bug

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

glitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

hitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

grem

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmie

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmy

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

grommet

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

We rechecked everything, and we suspect gremlins in the database.

我们检查了所有地方，现在认为是数据库有毛病。


wench

名词派生自中古英語 wench、wenche (“女婴；女孩（尤指未婚的）；少妇；女奴隶；女仆；亲爱的；妾；妓女”) [以及其他形式]，略自中古英語 wenchel (“女孩；女仆；小孩”)，源自古英語 wenċel、winċel (“小孩；侍者；奴隶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankilą，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankijaną (“摇，曳”)。英语词与古高地德語 wenken (“摇曳；投降”)、wankōn (“踉跄”)同源。
动词和形容词派生自名词。

少女，女孩 地位低微的女孩

Jane played the role of a wench in an Elizabethan comedy.

Jane在一出伊丽莎白时代的喜剧里扮演少女。

I, like a tẽder harted wench, skriked out for feare of the divell.

c. 1580, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “[The Second Booke] Chapter 14”, 出自 The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in Albert Feuillerat 編, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC，頁號 238:

Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz ſtayed by En-rogel: (for they might not be ſeene to come into the citie) and a wench went and told them: and they went, and tolde king Dauid.

那時，約拿單和亞希瑪斯在隱羅結那裡等候，不敢進城，恐怕被人看見。有一個使女出來，將這話告訴他們，他們就去報信給大衛王。

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Samuel 17:17，列號 1:

We got wenches on the benches, and bitties with titties / Housing all girlies from city to city

1986年November15日, Beastie Boys, Rick Rubin （作曲作詞）, “Rhymin & Stealin”, 出自 Licensed to Ill, 演出者 the Beastie Boys:

The woman is a brazen, hard-looking wench, a female pedlar, who hawks needles, thread, cheap looking-glasses, pious pictures, almanacs, hair-pins, ballads, of the most humble pattern, through the country.

1871, W[illiam] Barry, “The Barony of Threeneheila within Drum”, 出自 Moorland and Stream. With Notes and Prose Idyls on Shooting and Trout Fishing, London: Tinsley Brothers, […], →OCLC，頁號 25:


high-rise

high-rise jeans


ghastly

源自古英語 gǣstan (“惊吓，折磨”)的衍生词 + -lic与ghostly（中古英语中亦作“gastlich”）的异文合并。等价于ghast/gast + -ly。16世纪时因异文合并，带“gh”的拼写发展起来。

ghastlier (comparative)
ghastliest (superlative)

The play was simply ghastly.


universal

來自中古英語 universal，來自古法語 universal（現代法語 universel），來自拉丁語 ūniversālis。

more universal (comparative)
most universal (superlative)

She achieved universal fame.

universal wrench


huh

最早的書面記錄始於約1600年。對照荷蘭語 hè (“哼”)。

音頻 (美國加利福尼亞)

音頻 (南英格蘭、上升音調)

音頻 (南英格蘭、下降音調)

音頻 (南英格蘭、史詩般的功夫式音調)

Huh? Where did they go?

用於表示歡喜或微妙的驚訝：嗯，哼

Huh! I'm sure I locked it when I left.

啊！我很肯定，我離開的時候已經鎖好了。

Where were you last night? Huh?

用於貶低聲明/問題的發布者，或諷刺地表示完全同意，並表示被回應的聲明是極端輕描淡寫的。語調的變化是為了區分這兩種含義-- 貶低時暗示沉悶，完全同意時假裝驚訝。

(belittlement) A: "We should go to an amusement park, it would be fun." B: "Huh."

（貶低）A：“我們應該去主題樂園，那裡很好玩。”B：“哼！”

(agreement) A: "Murder is bad." B: "Huh!"

（同意）A：“謀殺是不好的。”B：“嗯！”

用來表示沒有聽到所說的內容。

Huh? Could you speak up?

用於創造一個附加問句。 嗎，呢，嘛

It's getting kind of late, huh?


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

pub grub

"The rice ration's down to nearly damn-all in the kampongs, but we keep finding dumps of grub in the forest."

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), 出版於 1972，頁號 298:


grub

挖；将...连根挖起 （常后接up）

to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge

连根挖起树，灌木丛或莎草

They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

1846, Julius Hare, The Mission of the Comforter:


hiding

参见hide（词源1）。

After the leaked scandalous stories about his personal life, the celebrity remained in hiding for a few weeks.

在他私生活的丑闻曝光以后，这位明星销声匿迹了几个星期。


glancing

more glancing (comparative)
most glancing (superlative)

His fist caught a glancing blow to my jaw.

She looked with a grudging eye on this waste of life and beauty—there was none for him; and the sight of the coffin, with its deep black pall borne slowly along the glancing path, was a contrast of unutterable misery. It was a relief to change the cheerful meadow for the dark umbrage of the forest which they now entered.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號s 324–325:


headstrong

more headstrong (comparative)
most headstrong (superlative)

He was in that headstrong teenage phase when he felt like he knew everything.

他当时处于青春期那种任性的时期，觉得自己啥都知道。


guitar

源自西班牙語 guitarra，源自阿拉伯語 قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra)，源自拉丁語 cithara，源自古希臘語 κιθάρα (kithára)。cithara, cither, and zither的同源對似詞。

Learning to strum the guitar rhythmically is essential.

学会有节奏地弹奏吉他是必不可少的。

She was carrying her guitar in a fancily-decorated case.

她把吉他放到一个精致的盒子里带着。

The band is looking for a new guitar player.

这个乐队在招一个新的吉他手。


ham-handed

more ham-handed (comparative)
most ham-handed (superlative)

ham-fisted

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

heavy-handed

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

Some of the dishes arrived damaged after their ham-handed moving efforts.

他们搬碟子的时候不懂轻拿轻放，导致运过来的一些碟子都碎了。

The result, disappointingly, is a scattershot work that is, by turns, entertaining and wearisome, energetic and hokey, delightfully evocative and cheaply sensational; dead-on in its conjuring of zeitgeist-y atmospherics, but often slow-footed and ham-handed in its orchestration of social details.

2013年September10日, Michiko Kakutani, “A Calamity Tailor-Made for Internet Conspiracy Theories”, 出自 New York Times:


hidden

more hidden (comparative)
most hidden (superlative)

hidden treasure; hidden talents

隐藏的宝藏；不为人知的天才

It was the Lost Oasis, the Oasis of the vision in the sand. […] Deep-hidden in the hollow, beneath the cliffs, it lay; and round it the happy verdure spread for many a rood.

1892, James Yoxall, The Lonely Pyramid, chapter 7:

One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.

2014年June14日, “It's a gas”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 411, 期 8891:


glean

源自中古英語 glenen，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 glener，源自晚期拉丁語 glen(n)ō (“收集”)，源自高盧語，可能源自原始凱爾特語 *glanos。

learn

（一点点地）收集，挑拣（有用信息）

to glean a field


huddle

源自中古英語 *hudelen，变化自（因 hudels、hidels (“藏匿处”)，见hiddle）*huderen、hoderen (“盖住；压在一起；簇拥”)，中古英語 huden、hiden (“藏起”)的重复态，等价于hide + -le和/或hide + -er。对比低地德語 huderken (“育雏；养育；照料；哄孩子睡觉”)。

During all these operations the apes who had entered sat huddled near the door watching their chief, while those outside strained and crowded to catch a glimpse of what transpired within.

1912: Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 4

The sheep huddled together seeking warmth.


gyp

可能源自gypsy (“吉普赛人”)，出自对吉普赛人总是是骗子的刻板印象。对比jew (“诈骗”)，源自Jew (“犹太人”)，以及welsh (“赖账”)，源自Welsh (“威尔士人”)。

Why do we have to buy this new edition of the textbook when there’s almost no difference between it and the previous one? What a gyp!

为什么我们要买这教科书的新版？新版和旧版几乎没差。真是骗钱玩意。


gyp

The cab driver gypped me out of ten bucks by taking the longer route.

出租车司机绕远路坑了我10块钱。

You better watch out; they'll try to gyp you if you don't know what you're doing.

你最好小心。你不明白自己干什么的话他们会想坑你的。


gyp

My back's giving me gyp.


hit-and-miss

more hit-and-miss (comparative)
most hit-and-miss (superlative)

His choice of jokes is rather hit-and-miss.

他开的玩笑有时好有时坏。


gingerly

副词可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 gençur和古法語 gençor、gensor (“更美丽的，更礼貌的”) [以及其他形式] + 英語 -ly (副词构成后缀)。gençor是gent (“美丽的，英俊的；贵族的，高贵的；礼貌的，彬彬有礼的；流利的；礼貌地；高雅地”)的比较级，源自晚期拉丁語 *gentus，拉丁語 genitus (“出身（好）的”)的变体，gignō (“结，成为...之父；导致，产生”)的被动完成时分词， 最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵenh₁- (“使...诞生；产生”)。
《牛津英语词典》指出，盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语的12世纪的文献，以及13世纪以后才可考的现代法语词之间存在一个几个世纪的缺口。因而若现代英语词源自盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语词，则必须是经由口头或已失传的文献传入的（可能是作为舞蹈界的术语）。
形容词派生自副词，可能是因为-ly亦是一个形容词构成后缀。

more gingerly (comparative)
most gingerly (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

He placed the glass jar gingerly on the concrete step.

他小心翼翼地将玻璃瓶放在水泥台阶上。

Purchasing a snowplow transforms Homer [Simpson] into a new man. Mr. Burns' laziest employee suddenly becomes an ambitious self-starter who buys ad time on local television at 3:17 A.M (prime viewing hours, Homer gingerly volunteers, for everyone from alcoholics to the unemployable to garden-variety angry loners) and makes a homemade commercial costarring his family.

2012年June3日, Nathan Rabin, “The Simpsons (Classic): ‘Mr. Plow’”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2020-10-27歸檔自原頁面:

[Martin Luther] King [Jr.] was later said to have been within a sneeze or a jolt of extinction. Were it not for the pair of cops who gingerly carried him from Blumstein’s department store and the pair of surgeons who performed lifesaving surgery at Harlem Hospital there would have been no "I Have a Dream" speech and likely no national holiday honoring him.

2014年January20日, Michael Daly, “The Black and White Men who Saved Martin Luther King’s Life”, 出自 The Daily Beast, 出版於 14 April 2017 (update)，於2021-01-18歸檔自原頁面:


hickey

意想不到的損失，一般搭配作“taking a ...”或“took a ... ”

Farmer Jones took a hickey on his soybean crop when the flood washed the seeds away.

洪水把農民瓊斯的種子沖走，使他蒙受損失。


gnarly

gnarl (“木结”) + -y。俚语义在20世纪70年代在美国冲浪文化的影响下普及开来。

gnarlier (comparative)
gnarliest (superlative)

a gnarly problem

When the swell struck, the North Shore got gnarly, and the wise ones hit the outer islands where the energy was just as juicy but a bit more organized.

Work that makes you unhappy is what I mean by "a gnarly problem." The trouble is, the market pays for solutions to gnarly problems, not solutions to easy problems. As the Yorkshire lads say, "Where there's muck, there's brass."

2008, [Avram] Joel Spolsky, More Joel on Software: Further Thoughts on Diverse and Occasionally Related Matters that will Prove of Interest to Software Developers, Designers, and Managers, and to Those who, whether by Good Fortune or Ill Luck, Work with Them in Some Capacity, Berkeley, Calif.: Apress, →ISBN，頁號 152:


henceforth

源自中古英語 hennes forth、hens-forþ、hennes-forþ，等价于hence (“从这里”) + forth (“往前”)。

My thanes and kinsmen,/Henceforth be earls, the first that ever Scotland /In such an honour named

1606, William Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act I, scene II:

I will try to do a better job, henceforth, now that I know the proper technique!

Henceforth, you shall be known as Darth...Vader.

2005, George Lucas, Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith


hoary

hoarier (comparative)
hoariest (superlative)

the old man bowed his hoary head in acquiescence


hunch

hunk的齒擦音變體，起源不確定。
或是派生自hump，經由早期中古英語*hunche、*humpchin，來自*hump + -chin, -chen (指小詞後綴)，等同於hump + -kin。“預感，猜測”義據說源自過去賭博時摸駝背能帶來好運的迷信。

The old man walked with a hunch.

I have a hunch they'll find a way to solve the problem.

我感覺他們會找到解決問題的方法。

a hunch of bread

"The greedy little bastards! They had a 'unch of bread each when I 'ad my dinner."

1926, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Land of Mist:


hunch

slouch

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

stoop

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

lean

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

elbow

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

nudge

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

Don't hunch over your computer if you want to avoid neck problems.

如果你不想得頸部問題，就不要在電腦前駝背。

Sandy, you will never get anywhere by hunching over your putter, hold your shoulders back and bend from the waist.

1961, Muriel Spark, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, New York: HarperPerenniel, 1994, Chapter 5, p. 156,

She rolled over and hunched into a fetal position.

1978, Armistead Maupin, Tales of the City, New York: Ballantine Books, “… and many happy returns,” p. 76,

抬起（肩膀）；向前彎曲（身體）

They stood outside the door hunching themselves against the rain and puffing on their cigarettes.

他們在門外一邊站著，弓著背躲雨，一邊抽著煙。

He hunched up his shoulders and stared down at the ground.

他抬起肩膀，往地下盯著。

Danc[ing] Mast[er]. […] not too fast […] keep you[r] leg[s] straight, […] don’t hunch up your shoulders so;

1672, Edward Ravenscroft, The Citizen Turn’d Gentleman, London: Thomas Dring, Act I, Scene 1, p. 4,

If you hunch your shoulders too long against a storm your shoulders will grow bowed....

1924, Ford Madox Ford, Some Do Not ..., New York: Grosset & Dunlap, Part 2, Chapter 2,

He would hunch his twisted body close and put out his gentle and crooked hand and touch the fawn.

1938, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, New York: Scribner, Chapter 17,

They sat looking out at the dark, at the square of light the kitchen lantern threw on the ground outside the door, with a hunched shadow of Grampa in the middle of it.

1939, John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, New York: Viking, 1958, Chapter 10, p. 142,


handsome

繼承自中古英語 handsum、hondsom，等同於hand + -some。對照荷蘭語 handzaam、德國低地德語 handsaam。原意是指「容易處理和使用」，因此便出現了「合適的」和「靈巧的，聰明的」等含義（16世紀中期），並產生了表示欣賞的現代化含義（16世紀晚期）。

more handsome (comparative)
handsomer (comparative)
most handsome (superlative)
handsomest (superlative)

外表英俊、帥氣、有吸引力，好看

On the opposite side of the street, on the corner, is the city hall, a very handsome building of brick and stone.

1916, On H.R. 4683, site for post-office building at Chicago, Ill，頁號 117:

The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.

1917, Anton Chekhov, 譯者 Constance Garnett, The Darling and Other Stories, Project Gutenberg, →ISBN，頁號 71:

Often, human mortals describe their visits to the Tuatha's [places] in similar terms: they were great bright places, occupied by exceedingly handsome men and women, that sported wonderful crystal chairs, inexhaustible supplies of mead or ale ...

2006, Richard Leviton, The Gods in Their Cities, iUniverse, →ISBN，頁號 44:

That is one handsome tree you've got there.


hilarity

源自拉丁語 hilaritas (“开心”)，形容词hilaris，最终源自古希腊语 + 状态名词后缀-tas。

The duck escaped into the children's party, and hilarity ensued.


heedless

more heedless (comparative)
most heedless (superlative)

Sing we joyous, all together, heedless of the wind and weather.

我们一齐欢快地歌唱，毫不在意狂风暴雨。

"A fine man, that Dunwody, yonder," commented the young captain, as they parted, and as he turned to his prisoner. "We'll see him on in Washington some day. He is strengthening his forces now against Mr. Benton out there. A strong man—a strong one; and a heedless."

1910, Emerson Hough, “The Gateway, and Some who Passed”, 出自 The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，頁號 21:


hanky-panky

可能是羅姆語短语hakk'ni panki (“花招，见不得人的事”)的变体。

诡计，花招，见不得人的事

I think there was some hanky-panky with the last election.


headless

繼承自中古英語 heedles、hevedles，來自古英語 hēafodlēas (“無頭”)，等同head + -less。與荷蘭語 hoofdloos (“無頭”)、丹麥語 hovedløs (“無頭”)、瑞典語 huvudlös (“無頭”)、冰島語 höfuðlaus (“無頭”)等同源。

unheaded#形容詞

站點的前端與其後面的平台完全分離的

同類詞：rudderless

The headless army blundered along after the death of their general, accomplishing nothing.

將軍死後，這支群龍無首的軍隊步履蹣跚、一事無成。

A headless shell doesn't have a flange.

“無頭”彈殼即沒有邊緣的彈殼。


happenstance

by happenstance

Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, three times is enemy action.

1964, Goldfinger, 角色 James Bond（Sean Connery）:

Dammit, man this is the gift from God / This ain't happenstance

2001, “People Talkin'”, 出自 MTV Unplugged, 演出者 Jay-Z:

the happenstances of life


handball

handle

非守門員的球員手觸碰到足球（而犯規）

非守門員的球員手觸碰到足球（而犯規）

If the defender handballs in the penalty area, a penalty is awarded.

如果后卫在禁区内手球，将被判罚。


haywire

hay + wire。原指像用软而有弹性的铁丝捆起来一般“容易混乱地缠起来的”或者“容易散开的”。约1905年在新英格兰的伐木场，“haywire outfit”开始用来指粗制的伐木工具。 后to go haywire词义发展成指代“散开”或者“行为失控”，就像拉紧的工厂线轴在抽走一个零件以后因弹性松散开乱成一团。

more haywire (comparative)
most haywire (superlative)

失控的，失常的 （一般带动词go）

It was working fine until it went haywire and wouldn't stop printing blank sheets.

它本来没问题的，然后突然间就坏了，开始不停地打印出来空白的纸。

Those kids go haywire when they don't get what they want.

那些小孩得不到想要的东西就开始耍脾气了。

The engineer who makes of his calling a burden, who sees nothing but the wrong, or imposition as he may term it, who fancies perhaps that the whole world has conspired against him, who commences to damn things as soon as he appears upon the scene of his labors, and continues to damn everything, including his train crew, the engine, the officers, and almost everything, animate and inanimate, while making the round trip, is working out his own destiny, and it is but charitable to say of such a man that he is not well, his digestion has gone " hay wire " as it were.

1905年May3日, J. W. Reading, “Engine Failures”, 出自 Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Monthly Journal, 卷 XXXIX, 期 5，頁號 423:

Temperatures soared—the seas warmed by as much as eighteen degrees—and the chemistry of the oceans went haywire, as if in an out-of-control aquarium.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, →ISBN，頁號 103:


hell-bent

源自hell (“拼命，不顾一切，非常”) + bent (“固执的，执着的”)。

more hell-bent (comparative)
most hell-bent (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-hell-bent.wav

dead set#形容词

(原為美國，非正式，及物带 on) 执著的，顽固的，不顾一切的，拼命的

(原為美國，非正式，及物带 on) 执著的，顽固的，不顾一切的，拼命的

He was hell-bent on coming first, no matter what.

他无论如何总是执著于冲在最前面


flabbergast

不详，可能是一方言词（萨福克郡），源自flabby或flap (“打击”) + aghast。该词可能与苏格兰英語 flabrigast (“夸口”)或flabrigastit (“筋疲力竭”)有关。
名词派生自动词。

flabbergasts
flabbergasting
flabbergasted
flabbergasted
flabbergast

flabbergaster

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

He was flabbergasted to find that his work had been done for him before he began.

他发现他的活在他开始做之前就已经做好了的时候目瞪口呆。

Her stupidity flabbergasts me, and I have to force myself to keep a straight face while she explains her beliefs.

她的愚蠢真是惊到我了，她在解释她那些信念的时候我得憋着我的表情。

I love to flabbergast the little-minded by shattering their preconceptions about my nationality and gender.

我特别喜欢粉碎掉那些对我的民族和性别的偏见，让那些心胸狭隘的人大吃一惊。

The oddity of the situation was so flabbergasting I couldn’t react in time for anyone to see it.

反常的势态令我大吃一惊，让我没有时间作出反应让别人看到。

Now we are flabbergaſted and bored from morning to night—in the ſenate, at Cox's muſeum, at Ranelagh, and even at church.

1772, “Observator” [pseudonym], “On New Words; from the Same [Town and Country Magazine]”, 出自 Edmund Burke 編, The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature, 卷 XV, London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, […], 出版於 1773, →OCLC，頁號 191，列號 1:

They flabagast good manners and good morals, and only show that one of the parties is vex'd and disappinted.^([sic])

1834, Jack Downing [pseudonym; Seba Smith], 章號 XXV, 出自 The Life of Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by T. K. Greenbank, →OCLC，頁號 183:

Now, there are assertions, not dissimilar in their power of benumbing and flabbergasting one, but yet within the bounds of sane and perfectly orderly plausibility, for which our language wants a name. Paradox is too hackneyed a term. They ought to be called Buckleisms. When a man makes an assertion clean in the teeth of all previous belief, and makes it coolly, fluently, without proof, and yet as if contradiction were impossible—that is a Buckleism.

1861 August, [David Masson], “Mr. Buckle’s Doctrine as to the Scotch and Their History”, 出自 David Masson 編, Macmillan’s Magazine, 卷 IV, 期 22, Cambridge, London: Macmillan and Co. […], →OCLC, part II (The Weasel-wars of Scotland and the Scottish Reformation)，頁號 316，列號 1:

Skates that are not quite a fit, my dear Smith, / May flabberghast even a chap of your pith.

1887年January29日, “The ‘Emergency-Man’”, 出自 Punch, or The London Charivari, 卷 XCII, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁號 54，列號 1:

At this I was rendered completely flabaghast—for, although the allegation was undeniably correct, I had confidently hoped that my friend Ram was unaware of the fact, or would at least have the ordinary mother-wit to refrain from blurting it out!

1896年August22日, [F. Anstey] [pseudonym; Thomas Anstey Guthrie], “Jottings and Tittlings. (By Baboo Hurry Bungsho Jabberjee, B.A.) No. XXI. Mr. Jabberjee Halloos before He is Quite Out of the Woods”, 出自 Punch, or The London Charivari, 卷 CXI, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁號s 88–89，列號 2:

He [Franklin Delano Roosevelt] loved to flabbergast his associates by announcing some startling new policy without consulting any of them.

1956, John T[homas] Flynn, “The Rabbits Go Back in the Hat”, 出自 The Roosevelt Myth, revised版, New York, N.Y.: Devin-Adair Publishing Company, →OCLC; reprinted Auburn, Ala.: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008, →OCLC, book 1 (Trial—and Error)，頁號s 50–51:

The idea may surprise you, but I intend that it shall flabbergast the poor foolish Englishmen mured up behind those pine and redwood logs. Flabbergast 'em, I say!

2008, Harry Turtledove, The United States of Atlantis: A Novel of Alternate History, New York, N.Y.: Roc/New American Library, →ISBN，頁號 240:

Then the most unbelievable thing happened, totally flabbergasting every student in the class.

2012, Tara M. Tamasi, Ms. O’Brien’s Class, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁號 226:


flabbergast

When I saw my house on fire, the flabbergast overcame me and I just stood and stared, too shocked to comprehend what I was seeing.

我看到我房子着火的时候，惊讶得呆呆地站在那看着，吃惊得无法理解我看到的景象。

His flabbergast was so great he couldn’t even come up with a plausible answer.

他惊讶得没法组织出合理的回答。

Her foibles were flattery, fine feeling, and flabergast; and if not old enough to be his mother, sufficiently so to be a young aunt.

1852 October, “Adventures of Tom Honeycomb—No. I”, 出自 Yankee Notions, 卷 2, 期 10, New York, N.Y.: Published by T. W. Strong, […], →OCLC，頁號 297:

Then quit your flabbergast, and talk in plain English.

1868年February22日, Oliver Optic [pseudonym; William Taylor Adams], “Freaks of Fortune; or, Half Round the World”, 出自 Oliver Optic 編, Oliver Optic’s Magazine. Our Boys and Girls, 卷 III, 期 60, Boston, Mass.: Published by Lee and Shepard, […], →OCLC, chapter XVI (Pistols for Two)，頁號 117，列號 2:

Bob's big-eyed flabbergast struck him as comic and he laughed and said, "Lying sack, hey?"

1998, James Carlos Blake, Red Grass River: A Legend, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN; 1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN，頁號 52:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

说出 （尖锐或贬低的话）

The gangs hurled abuse at each other.

Tarzan on his part never lost an opportunity to show that he fully reciprocated his foster father's sentiments, and whenever he could safely annoy him or make faces at him or hurl insults upon him from the safety of his mother's arms, or the slender branches of the higher trees, he did so.

1912, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 5:

Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, “So! You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days, come down from the cross and save yourself!"

1984, New International Version of the Bible, Mark 15:29-30:

It is Boxing Day in a football ground, and all we can do is sprawl over the plastic, hurling instructions and vague encouragement.

2016, Daniel Gray, Saturday, 3pm: 50 Eternal Delights of Modern Football:

Pass me the bucket; I've got to hurl.


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

He managed a hurl of 50.3 metres.

The Gods, with horror and amaze, look’d down,
Beholding rocks from their firm basis rent;
Mountain on mountain thrown,
With threatening hurl, that shook th’ aethereal [var.: aerial] firmament!

1695, William Congreve, “To the King, on the Taking of Namure. Irregular Ode.”, 出自 Poems Upon Several Occasions, Glasgow, 出版於 1752，頁號 16:

I laid down this law with all the girls and expected to receive a hurl of abuse back.

Benjamin W. Evans, Tales 源自The Kerb (page 25)

Open the window! I've gotta take a hurl.


heretofore

源自中古英語 heretoforn，等价于here (“这里”) + toforn (“之前”)，源自古英語 toforan (“之前”)。还见here、tofore。

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔə/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔə/

We now make available these works which were heretofore unpublished.

我们将发布这些迄今都未出版过的作品。

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:heretofore。

The Permanent Way: Britain's Railroads in the Making. By Horace Greenleaf and G. Tyers. […]There is no doubt that the permanent way has failed heretofore to attract popular interest to an extent comparable with its importance, but possibly the publicity given recently to various forms of experiment is tending to change this.

1948 September and October, “Railway Literature”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 351:

同類詞：hereinelsewhere

heretofore referred to as

heretofore mentioned


gutter

源自中古英語 gutter、guttur、goter，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 guttere，源自古法語 goutiere（法語 gouttière），最终源自拉丁語 gutta (“滴”)。

The gutters must be cleared of leaves a few times a year.

每年都需要清理几次天沟里的叶子。

You can decide to use the bumpers to avoid the ball going down the gutter every time.

肮脏，粗俗，低俗 （尤指色情有关）

Get your mind out of the gutter.

别想那些不三不四的东西。

What kind of gutter language is that? I ought to wash your mouth out with soap.

怎么能说出这种脏话？嘴巴也太不干净了。


gutter

使...恶化；强调...变差

The students' performance guttered after the school event.

The patient's state would soon gutter.


hallelujah

來自希伯來語 הַלְלוּיָהּ (hal'luyáh, “讚美耶和華”)。

Hallelujah! It’s finally the weekend!

哈利路亞（感謝）！終於到了周末！


housewarming

a housewarming gift

They had their first argument on the evening Gadney moved in, their housewarming spat, he later called it.

2004, Jacob M Appel, “Gadney's Immunity”, 出自 Southwest Review, 卷 89, 期 4，頁號 580:

Fortunately, Dave had left them a packet of rollie tobacco and papers for a housewarming


irk

源自中古英語 irken (“使...劳累”)，源自古諾爾斯語 yrkja (“工作”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wurkijaną (“工作”)，源自原始印歐語 *werǵ- (“劳”)。同源词有冰島語 yrkja (“撰写”)、瑞典語 yrka (“催促，争辩”)、古英語 wyrċan (“工作”)。详见work。

It irks me doing all this work and have someone wreck it.

做了那么多东西最后被人给毁了，让我非常气恼。


handful

源自中古英語 handful、hondful，源自古英語 handfull (“一手，一抓”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handufullō、*handufulliz (“满手，一手”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handuz (“手”) + *fullaz (“满的”)，等价于hand + full (“满...的东西”)或hand + -ful。同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 Hondful (“满手，一手”)、西弗里斯蘭語 hânfol (“满手，一手”)、荷蘭語 handvol (“满手，一手”)、德語 Handvoll (“满手，一手”)、丹麥語 håndfuld (“满手，一手”)、瑞典語 handfull (“满手，一手”)、冰島語 handfylli (“满手，一手”)。

I put two or three corns in my mouth, liked it, stole a handful, went into my chamber, chewed it, and for two months after never failed taking toll of every pennyworth of oatmeal that came into the house. - Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. VI

我放了两三粒到嘴巴里，觉得很喜欢，便偷了一把，回到房间嚼着吃，然后两个月内我都在给收到家里的每一批燕麦片收通行费。

难缠的人或事物，麻烦的人或事物

Those twins are a real handful to look after.

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February, G. Freeman Allen, “Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 91:

Many times dogs are surrendered for reasons such as changes in the family unit, a death in the family, no time to care for a dog, or because that cute little puppy is now a 100 lb untrained handful.

2008, Dog Fancy (volume 39, issue 11, page 76)


feed

繼承自中古英語 feden，繼承自古英語 fēdan (“喂食”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *fōdijan，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *fōdijaną (“喂养”)，源自原始印歐語 *peh₂- (“守卫，放牧，喂食”)。同源詞包括西弗里斯蘭語 fiede (“滋养、喂养”)、荷蘭語 voeden (“喂养”)、丹麥語 føde (“生產；喂养”)、瑞典語 föda (“生產；喂养”)、冰島語 fæða (“喂养”)、拉丁語 pāscō (“喂养、滋养”)。參見 food、fodder。

Feed the dog every evening.

If thine enemy hunger, feed him.

你的仇敵若餓了，就給他吃。

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 12:20:

Spiders feed on gnats and flies.

While feeding, the basking shark swims at about two knots per hour, and this enables it to eat and breathe in the same motion.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN，頁號 89:

Feed the fish to the dolphins.

DR SIMEON: I said I'd feed you. I didn't say who to.

2012 December 25 (airdate), Steven Moffat, The Snowmen (Doctor Who)

把東西交給機器處理；給料

Feed the paper gently into the document shredder.

将纸张轻轻送入文档碎纸机。

We got interesting results after feeding the computer with the new data.

在向计算机输入新数据后，我们得到了有趣的结果。

Springs feed ponds with water.

If grain is too forward in autumn, feed it with sheep.

假如秋季作物長得太過頭，就把羊放到地裡。


feed

繼承自中古英語 fede、fed，源自詞源1。

同類詞：fodder

They sell feed, riding helmets, and everything else for horses.

他们出售饲料、马用头盔和其他马用物品。

a satellite feed

同類詞：feeder、feedbin、hopper

the paper feed of a printer

They held a crab feed on the beach.

他们在海滩上举行了螃蟹盛宴。

I've subscribed to the feeds of my favourite blogs, so I can find out when new posts are added without having to visit those sites.

我已经订阅了我最喜欢的博客的提要，这样我就可以知道何时添加了新帖子，而无需访问这些网站。

Refresh the top of your various “feeds” — the running column of content on some versions of Facebook, Twitter and Instagram — and you will see the latest news at the top. The further back you scroll, the older the material gets.

2016年March15日, Mike Isaac, “Instagram May Change Your Feed, Personalizing It With an Algorithm”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

Despite spending years studying these toxic dynamics and the better part of a month watching them up close in strangers’ feeds, I was still, like so many, surprised to see it all reflected at the ballot box. We shouldn’t have been surprised; our divisions have been in front of our faces and inside our feeds this whole time.

2020年November24日, Charlie Warzel, “What Facebook Fed the Baby Boomers”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


holler

field holler

田间劳作歌 （历史上黑人奴隶在田间劳动时唱的歌）

field call

田间劳作歌 （历史上黑人奴隶在田间劳动时唱的歌）

I heard a holler from over the fence.

我听到围栏另一边谁喊了一声。

If you need anything, just give me a holler.

你有什么需要的话喊我一声就行。


holler

You can holler at your computer as much as you want, but it won't help anything.

你对电脑喊破嗓子，也不会有一点用的。


holler

hollow的另一種寫法。

the holler tree


helix

來自拉丁語 helix，來自古希臘語 ἕλιξ (hélix, “盤繞或螺旋的東西”)。

helix piercing


hitch

可能源自中古英語 hicchen、hytchen、icchen (“猛地移动”)，词源不详，其他语言中难以找到同源词。对比itch、hike。

His truck sported a heavy-duty hitch for his boat.

The banquet went off without a hitch

The service operated according to plan on the Monday morning with only a few hitches.

1961 July, “Glasgow emergency - the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 432:

Over the next week, the hitch in my dad's stride eased a bit. But we'd run out of things to talk about.

2008 October, Davy Rothbart, “How I caught up with dad”, 出自 Men's Health, 卷 23, 期 8, →ISSN，頁號 110:

The deal sounds too good to be true. What's the hitch?

这生意好得不像真的。那么条件是什么呢？

She served two hitches in Vietnam.

U.S. TROOPS FACE LONGER ARMY HITCH; SOLDIERS BOUND FOR IRAQ, ... WILL BE RETAINED

2004, June 3, Stephen J. Hedges & Mike Dorning, Chicago Tribune; Orlando Sentinel; page pg. A.1


hitch

She hitched her jeans up and then tightened her belt.

她把牛仔裤一把扯上来，然后系上皮带。

He hitched the bedroll to his backpack and went camping.

他把铺盖卷固定到背包上，然后去露营了。

Philander went into the next room, which was just a lean-to hitched on to the end of the shanty, and came back with a salt mackerel that dripped brine like a rainstorm. Then he put the coffee pot on the stove and rummaged out a loaf of dry bread and some hardtack.

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 8, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:

The company has hitched its future to artificial intelligence — whether with its voice-enabled digital assistant or its automated placement of advertising for marketers — as the breakthrough technology to make the next generation of services and devices smarter and more capable.

2020年December3日, Cade Metz, Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google Researcher Says She Was Fired Over Paper Highlighting Bias in A.I.”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

Frank’s breath hitched in his throat when he saw the knife being pointed at him.

Frank看到刀对着他的时候，他的呼吸在喉咙中开始变得不畅。


instructive

more instructive (comparative)
most instructive (superlative)

didactic

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

educative

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

informative

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

informatory

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

Well, that was an instructive lesson.

嗯，這是一個有啟發性的教訓。

Some commentators have suggested that the activity represented by WallStreetBets and Trumpism are part of the same populist, anti-elite phenomenon, but if Trumpism in general is instructive at all here, it’s as a reminder that self-described anti-elite movements can, in fact, turn out to be much more complicated than that.

一些評論家認為，WallStreetBets所代表的活動和特朗普主義是同一民粹主義、反精英現象的一部分，但如果特朗普主義一般來說在這裡有指導意義的話，那就是提醒人們，自稱的反精英運動事實上可能比這複雜得多。

2021年January29日, John Herrman, “Everything’s a Joke Until It’s Not”, 出自 The New York Times:


ingrain

繼承自中古英語 engreynen，源自法語短语en grain，并得到了短语(dyed) in grain的增补。见grain。

The dirt was deeply ingrained in the carpet.

The lessons I learned at school were firmly ingrained in my mind.

我在学校学的课已经深深刻入我的脑海。


instigate

源自拉丁語 īnstīgātus，īnstīgāre (“促使；煽动”)的过去分词，源自前缀in- (“...里”) + *stigare，与stinguere (“推动，刺激”)有关。对比德語 stechen (“戳，扎”)、英語 stick。

to instigate a riot

If the man perceives that his partner has arousal or orgasmic difficulties, this is likely to influence his desire to instigate sexual activity and/or his enjoyment and pleasure in being sexual with his partner.

2017, Desa Markovic, Working with Sexual Issues in Psychotherapy

to instigate someone to a crime

he might instigate them to swear against the law of God

1678, Robert Barclay, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity


impending

I have no time right now because of an impending paper submission deadline.

我现在没时间，论文要截稿了。

Randall and Kate aren’t satirical characters. They’re rational thinkers who unwittingly stumble into a Dr. Strangelove type of situation when they discover mankind’s impending doom, and team up with Dr. Teddy Oglethorpe (Rob Morgan) to report their findings to President Orlean (Meryl Streep).

2021年December7日, Jesse Hassenger, “Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence cope with disaster in the despairing satire Don’t Look Up”, 出自 AV Club:


injectant

A variety of fatty injectants may be used to create artificial marbling in meat.

多種脂肪注射劑可用於在肉中產生人造大理石花紋。


eke out

源自弃用词eke (“添加，使...增加”) + out。

The old man eked out his pension by selling vegetables from his garden.

老人靠卖花园里的蔬菜来让自己的养老金多一些。

Now the reaſons why they teach the calves to drink ſo ſoon are various. [...] Secondly, the goodwife ſaves milk by this way of drinking, for ſhe quickly ekes out the milk with pottage, &c.

1694年October8日, John Houghton, compiler, “A Letter from a Lancashire Friend about Breeding Cattle. […]”, 出自 Richard Bradley 編, Husbandry and Trade Improv’d: Being a Collection of Many Valuable Materials Relating to Corn, Cattle, Coals, Hops, Wool, &c. […] In Three Volumes, 期 CXIII, London: Prin[t]ed for Woo[d]man and Lyon […], 出版於 1727, →OCLC，頁號 303:

[T]he author [William Belsham] ekes out his volume with a great many extraneous details, which relate to a ſubſequent period; [...] The whole work is ſingularly confuſed and deſultory: and, indeed, the plan which the author adopts, is altogether incompatible with that unity and coherence which is eſſential to hiſtory.

1805 July, “Art. XIV. History of Great Britain. By William Belsham. Vol. XI. and XII. London, 1805. 8vo. [book review]”, 出自 The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal, 卷 VI, 期 XII, Edinburgh: Printed by D. Willison, […], for Archibald Constable & Co. […], and Longman Hurst Rees and Orme, […], →OCLC，頁號 428:

He eked out a living selling vegetables from the garden.

他靠卖花园里的蔬菜勉强度日。

[…]stylistically raw work known as outsider art that was frequently made by Southern blacks and whites who eked out livings as farmers or repairmen.

2001年October23日, Roberta Smith, “Howard Finster, Folk Artist and Preacher, Dies at 84”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

But before too long, the rations that Parivash was ekeing out to feed them fell short and the tension that sprang from so many families piled in together overflowed.

2011, Kamin Mohammadi, “Displaced”, 出自 The Cypress Tree: A Love Letter to Iran, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN; paperback版, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, →ISBN，頁號 197:

British tycoon Richard Branson stole the show here Wednesday, announcing that he and his family would be on Virgin Galactic's first trip into space, as Airbus and Boeing eked out more plane orders.

2012年July12日, Ben Perry, “Branson’s spaceship steals the spotlight at airshow”, 出自 Yahoo! News，於2020-04-26歸檔自原頁面:

Her stomach growled at the prospect of eating roast rabbit for breakfast; the last time she had eaten meat had been three days ago. Since then, they had been ekeing out the last dusty contents of a sack of oats, watered down and cooked to make a sloppy gruel.

2013, Meriel Fuller, 章號 1, 出自 The Knight’s Fugitive Lady (Harlequin Historical; 370), Don Mills, Ont.: Harlequin Enterprises, →ISBN，頁號 7:


indict

來自中古英語 enditen、endyten，來自古法語 enditer，來自晚期拉丁語 indictāre，來自拉丁語 in- + dictāre。indite的同源對似詞。
不規則的拼寫是由於該詞是從古法語借入中世紀英語的，而不是像dictāre的大多數其他後裔那樣從拉丁語借入。 （可見dight)。在母音大推移的過程中，借用的/iː/常轉變為/aɪ/；而「c」代表的是後來圖形拉丁化的嘗試。

a book that indicts modern values

一本控告現代價值觀的書籍

his former manager was indicted for fraud

他的前經紀人因欺詐而被起訴


homely

源自中古英語 homly、hoomly、hamely (“家庭的，熟悉的，平常的”)，源自古英語 *hāmlīc (“家的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *haimalīk (“家的”)，等价于home + -ly。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hamely (“个人的，私人的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heimelik、荷蘭語 heimelijk (“秘密的，暗中的”)、德語 heimlich (“秘密的，暗中的”)、丹麥語 hemmelig (“秘密的”)、瑞典語 hemlig (“秘密的，掩盖的”)、法羅語 heimligur (“像家的”)、冰島語 heimlegur (“家里的；平常的”)。

homelier (comparative)
more homely (comparative)
homeliest (superlative)
most homely (superlative)

I am seeking a beautiful homely girl for marriage.

我想找一个注重家庭的女子结婚。

简易的，平常的，朴实无华的 （自14世纪末叶）

a homely garment

homely fare

homely manners

Now Strephon daily entertains
 His Chloe in the homeliest strains.

1731, Alexander Pope, Strephon and Chloe, Lines 211-212:

There is no simple way to define precisely a complex arrangement of parts, however homely the object may appear to be.

2001, Sydney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁號 167:


infallible

源自中世紀拉丁語 infallibilis，源自拉丁語 in- + fallibilis。对比法語 infaillible。字面分析等同於 in- + fallible。

more infallible (comparative)
most infallible (superlative)

没有任何错误或缺点的，无懈可击的

He knows about many things, but even he is not infallible.

他懂的东西很多，但是就算是他也不是完美的。

That there may be Certainty upon an infallible Evidence in Matters of Science, I readily grant you. But since there once were Scepticks in Philosophy as well as Religion, such as doubted of every thing, I very much question, whether the whole World be agreed in this Point; unless you could assure me, that Race of Seekers is now extinct.

1720, Samuel Fancourt, “The Remarker's second Objection produced and examined”, 出自 An Essay Concerning Certainty and Infallibility: Or, Some Reflections Upon a Pamphlet Stiled, “The Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm Considered, in Some Short Remarks on the Doctrine of the Blessed Trinity Stated and Defended.” In a Letter to the Author of Those Remarks, London: R. Cruttenden，頁號 35:

Try this infallible cure for hiccups.

[L]isten patiently [...] and you will easily perceive why I am reserved upon that subject. I will not lead you on, unguarded and ardent as I then was, to your destruction and infallible misery.

1818, Mary Shelley, 章號 4, 出自 Frankenstein，於2011-10-30歸檔自原頁面:

In precisely the same way does a quack doctor prescribe his infallible nostrum to every patient, without taking into account differences of constitution, or [...]

1833, James Rennie, “The Word Gardening”, 出自 Alphabet of Scientific Gardening for the Use of Beginners, London: William Orr，頁號 2:


incongruous

源自拉丁語 incongruus，源自in- (“不”) + congruus (“一致的”)。

more incongruous (comparative)
most incongruous (superlative)

/ɪŋˈkɑŋ.ɡɹu.əs/

20 and 25 are incongruous with respect to 4.

20和25关于模4不同余。（即20和25分别除以4时所得余数不同）


intolerance

Religious intolerance is a serious problem in Brazil.


interchangeable

/ɪntɚˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒəbl̩/

[ɪɾ̃ɚˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒəbl̩]

Eli Whitney's development of interchangeable parts was a breakthrough for modern manufacturing. Prior to that, each part had to be made custom.

伊莱·惠特尼发明的可互换零件是现代制造业的一大突破。在此之前，每个零件都必须定制。

Sometimes the same words mean opposite things. Sometimes the opposite is true. Shock absorbers are called shocks. Slow down and slow up are interchangeable.

1997, George Carlin, Brain Droppings, New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁號 104:

The English, until relatively recently, seem to have imagined “English” and “British” to be interchangeable, as if Britain was just a bigger England.

2014年September16日, Ian Jack, “Is this the end of Britishness”, 出自 The Guardian:


infinitesimal

源自拉丁語 infinitesimus，源自infinitus (“无穷的”) + -esimus，类似于centesimus (“百分之一”)。

more infinitesimal (comparative)
most infinitesimal (superlative)

Do you ever get the feeling that you are but an infinitesimal speck, swallowed by the vastness of the universe and beyond?

你有没有想到过，自己就是一个小得不能再小的小点，被淹没于广阔无垠的宇宙和宇宙之外的空间中？

Then you could say that the doorway exploded. But the particular verb doesn't do the action justice. Rather, it shattered into infinitesimal pieces.


inflection

源自早期形式inflexion，借自中古法語 inflexion，借自拉丁語 inflexiōnem (“变化”, 字面意思是“弯曲”)。英语词形中的⟨ct⟩是受到了inflect或相关词correction等的影响导致的。

In English, word order often does the work that inflection did in Latin

英语中，语序常代替拉丁语中的屈折。

an inflection for gender, number, or tense

English's regular inflection for number in plural nouns is the suffix -s.

英语复数名词的规则屈折变化词缀是后缀-s。

屈折变化形式，屈折变化词形

Recite every inflection for each of these words.

把这些单词的所有屈折词形都背出来。

If he's lying, his inflection changes.

他说谎时他的语调会变化。

inflection point

inflection from the rules


immortalise

源自 immortal + -ise。也許是仿照中古法語 immortaliser 的拼寫。

His heroic deeds were immortalised in song and tale.

他的英雄事蹟在歌曲和故事中永垂不朽。

The clocks at either end of the stadium had just ticked past 92 minutes when Branislav Ivanovic made the run that will immortalise him in Chelsea's history.

當布蘭尼斯拉夫·伊萬諾維奇跑出令他在切爾西隊史上名垂千古的一幕時，球場兩側的時鐘剛剛過去92分鐘。

2013年May15日, Daniel Taylor, The Guardian:


intricacy

the intricacy of a knot

the intricacy of accounts

the intricacy of a cause in controversy

There are many intricacies in the plot of this novel.

这篇小说的情节十分错综复杂。


intent

自中古英語 entente起即出现，源自古法語 entent或entente，最终源自拉丁語 intentus。后拼写被调整来向拉丁语词形靠拢。对比intention。

more intent (comparative)
most intent (superlative)

a mind intent on self-improvement

Uruguay were quick to the ball, strong in the tackle and seemed intent on showing they were a better team than had been apparent in their defeat to Costa Rica.

2014, Daniel Taylor, "World Cup 2014: Uruguay sink England as Suárez makes his mark," guardian.co.uk, 20 June:


interstellar

It can take centuries for light to travel interstellar distances.

光要传播星际距离可能需要几个世纪的时间。

Space is littered with interstellar particles.

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle版:


impromptu

The party began with an impromptu rendition of 'Happy Birthday'.

派对开始时大家不约而同地演唱了《生日快乐》。

an impromptu speech


ignominious

源自法語或古法語 ignominieux，源自拉丁語 ignōminiōsus (“可耻的”)，源自ignōminia (“名誉扫地”)，源自ig- (“不”) + nomen (“名誉”)（前缀为in-的同化形式）。 就词形分析为ignominy + -ious。

more ignominious (comparative)
most ignominious (superlative)

The time when the pseudovirtuous men and women die a painful and ignominious death has yet to come.

The golden eagle, which glittered in the front of the legion, was the object of their fondest devotion; nor was it esteemed less impious than it was ignominious, to abandon that sacred ensign in the hour of danger.

1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol I, ch 1—pt ii:

And it came to pass that they took him; and his name was Nehor; and they carried him upon the top of the hill Manti, and there he was caused, or rather did acknowledge, between the heavens and the earth, that what he had taught to the people was contrary to the word of God; and there he suffered an ignominious death.

Greene died of a debauch; and Marlowe, the gracer of tragedians, perished in an ignominious brawl.

1902, Thomas Ebenezer Webb, The Mystery of William Shakespeare: A Summary of Evidence，頁號 242:

For Roy Hodgson it was a desperate and ignominious way to end his four years as England manager. Whatever else happened in that time, his period in office will probably always be remembered for the full-on humiliation that accompanied this defeat and the knowledge it will rank among the more infamous results in the history of the national team.

2016年June27日, Daniel Taylor, “England humiliated as Iceland knock them out of Euro 2016”, 出自 The Guardian, London:

And yet it also seems that Khashoggi avoided anything as ignominious as personal bankruptcy.

2017年June7日, Adam Lusher, “Adnan Khashoggi: the 'whoremonger' whose arms deals funded a playboy life of decadence and 'pleasure wives'”, 出自 The Independent, London:


incidentally

more incidentally (comparative)
most incidentally (superlative)

The book discussed the subject, but only incidentally.

这本书讨论了这个主题，但只是顺带说了一下。

Incidentally, did you hear anything new from your brother yesterday?

对了，你有没有从你哥哥那里听来什么新消息？


insipid

源自法語 insipide，源自拉丁語 īnsipidus (“没有味道的”)，源自in- (“不，无”) + sapidus (“好吃的”)。一些词义可能受到了insipient (“愚笨的”)的影响。

more insipid (comparative)
most insipid (superlative)

boring

平平无奇的，乏味的，平庸的

vacuous

平平无奇的，乏味的，平庸的

dull

平平无奇的，乏味的，平庸的

bland

平平无奇的，乏味的，平庸的

characterless

平平无奇的，乏味的，平庸的

colourless

平平无奇的，乏味的，平庸的

The diners were disappointed with the plain, insipid soup they were served.

用晚餐的人喝到他们上的寡淡无味的汤以后非常失望。

平平无奇的，乏味的，平庸的

The textbook had a most insipid presentation of the controversy.

教科书对那个争议的介绍非常乏味无趣。


inscrutable

从晚期拉丁語 īnscrūtābilis借入中古英語，源自in- (“不”) + scrūtō (“观察”)，对应于in- + scrutable。

more inscrutable (comparative)
most inscrutable (superlative)

His inscrutable theories would years later become the foundation of a whole new science.

他晦涩难懂的理论在多年后会变成一个新学科的基础。

She called my vanity license plate inscrutable! 'ICU81MI'? Hilarious!

2007年October11日, Robert Carlock, “Jack Gets in the Game”, 出自 30 Rock, 季数 2, 集数 2, 角色 Tracy Jordan（Tracy Morgan）:


immutable

源自中古英語 immutable，源自拉丁語 immūtābilis (“无法改变的”)。im- + mutable。

The government has enacted an immutable law.

Mutable as is our nature, it delights in the immutable: and we expect as much constancy as if all time, to say nothing of our own changeableness, had not shewn that ever "the fashion of this world passeth away."

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XIV, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 171:

In the trustless cryptocurrency world, you can still trust the cryptocurrency community and its mechanisms to ensure that the blockchain contains an accurate and immutable—unchangeable—record of cryptocurrency transactions.

2019, Peter Kent, Tyler Bain, Cryptocurrency Mining For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁號 30:

Constants are immutable.


inaugural

源自法語 inaugural，源自inaugurer，源自拉丁語 augurare (“起誓”)。

起始的，落成的，标志开始的

2009 was the inaugural season for New York Yankees' new stadium.


intricate

more intricate (comparative)
most intricate (superlative)

细致的，精细的；错综复杂的

The architecture of this clock is very intricate.


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。

fling

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

hurl

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

He hurtled the wad of paper angrily at the trash can and missed by a mile.

他生气地朝垃圾桶丢了一捆纸，但是丢偏了很远。

Soone as thoſe glitterand armes he did eſpye, / That vvith their brightneſſe made that darknes light, / His harmefull club he gan to hurtle hye, / And threaten batteill to the Faery knight; […]

[1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto VII”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 42，頁號 283:

Away, thou east wind, snarling like a scold! / […] / Now, like sheep-shearer, from some mountain fold, / Thou hurtlest air with twisting, fleecy flakes / Of martial snow, that like a tyrant bold, / His pleasure in his neighbour's vineyard takes, / Nor careth for the wreck that everywhere he makes.

1882, Charles Miller, “The Delaying Spring”, 出自 The Three Scholars and Other Poems, Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot, […], →OCLC，頁號 58:

（尤指吵闹地） 冲刺；横冲直撞

The car hurtled down the hill at 90 miles per hour.

那辆汽车以145公里的时速呼啸驶下山丘。

Pieces of broken glass hurtled through the air.

His gorgeous ryder from her loftie ſted / VVould haue caſt dovvne, and trodd in durty myre, / Had not the Gyaunt ſoone her ſuccoured; / VVho all enrag'd vvith ſmart and frantick yre, / Came hurtling in full fiers, and forſt the knight retyre.

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book I, Canto VIII”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 17，頁號 119:


intransigent

借自法語 intransigeant，源自西班牙語 intransigente，源自拉丁語 in- (“不”) + trānsigēns，trānsigō (“达成共识”)的过去分词，源自trāns (“穿越，跨越”) + agō (“做”)。

more intransigent (comparative)
most intransigent (superlative)

transigent

不妥协的，不让步的，顽固的

不妥协的，不让步的，顽固的

Don't waste your time trying to change his mind: he's completely intransigent.

别浪费时间去说动他了，他不会让步的。

Since I have been asked to do this in very brief compass, the harsh tone and terse style of my presentation will make my contentions appear more dogmatic and intransigent than I should wish them to be.

1966, H. Feigl, “Is Science Relevant to Theology?”, 出自 Inquiries and Provocations: Selected Writings, 出版於 2012, →ISBN:

Much of the new integration will come in the school districts that have been the most intransigent since the Supreme Court outlawed school segregation in its landmark 1954 decision.

1970年August31日, John Berbers, “Nixon Aides Voice Integration Hope”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

On the Spanish side, the war increased the anti-Cuban animosity and distrust felt by the most intransigent peninsulares.

1993, Leslie Bethell, Cuba: A Short History, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁號 27:


loudmouth

big mouth

嗓门大的人 （尤指态度高傲的人）

blowhard

嗓门大的人 （尤指态度高傲的人）

blusterer

嗓门大的人 （尤指态度高傲的人）

boaster

嗓门大的人 （尤指态度高傲的人）

braggart

嗓门大的人 （尤指态度高傲的人）

嗓门大的人 （尤指态度高傲的人）

I hear every word spoken by the loudmouth in the next office.

隔壁办公室那个嗓门特别大的人说的每个字我都听得一清二楚。


guillotine

借自法語 guillotiner (“用断头台处刑”)，源自guillotine（见词源1） + -er (构成一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

对...使用断头台或其他器械

Many counterrevolutionaries were guillotined during the French Revolution.

很多反革命者在法国大革命期间被用断头台处死。


lopsided

more lopsided (comparative)
most lopsided (superlative)

Carrying a heavy suitcase, he walked with a lopsided gait.

他提着很重的箱子，走路时歪到一边。


insouciant

源自法語 insouciant，源自in- (“不”, 前缀) + souciant (“担忧的”)，1828年。

more insouciant (comparative)
most insouciant (superlative)

an insouciant gesture

"I am quite serious in saying that your loss must and would be felt; but I verily believe," added she, after a moment's hesitation, "that you are so insouciant yourself, that you cannot believe that every body else is not equally indifferent."

1834, [Theresa Lewis], 章號 XII, 出自 Countess of Morley [Frances Talbot Parker] 編, Dacre: A Novel. [...] In Three Volumes, 卷 II, London: Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, […], →OCLC，頁號 220:

It was there [Cadiz, Spain] that on Sunday I had seen the populace disport itself, and it was full of life then, gay and insouciant.

1905, William Somerset Maugham, 章號 XXXVIII, 出自 The Land of the Blessed Virgin: Sketches and Impressions in Andalusia, London: William Heinemann, →OCLC，頁號 215:

When we left the Marr house, he [Peter] had boldly said to Felicity, "May I see you home?" And Felicity, much to our amazement, had taken his arm and marched off with him. […] As for me, I was consumed by a secret and burning desire to ask the Story Girl if I might see her home; but I could not screw my courage to the sticking point. How I envied Peter his easy, insouciant manner!

1913 August, L[ucy] M[aud] Montgomery, “The Christmas Harp”, 出自 The Golden Road, Boston, Mass.: The Page Company, 出版於 April 1926, →OCLC，頁號s 31–32:

[…] [Jack] Nicholson turned to an assistant, bummed a cigarette, flashed one of his wolfish, insouciant grins and said, "We all have our little secrets, Seany."

2004年April26日, Richard Schickel, “Sean Penn: Necessary Actor”, 出自 Time，於2008-03-06歸檔自原頁面:


impression

His head made an impression on the pillow.

他的頭在枕頭上留下痕跡。

He tried to make a good impression on his parents.

他試圖給父母留下好印象。

Their empires, triumphs, conquests, and projects, have left little impression behind them, notwithstanding the attention they once attracted, and the violent convulsions which they caused in the state of the world.

1805, Henry Kett, “Conclusion”, 出自 Elements of General Knowledge, Introductory to Useful Books in the Principal Branches of Literature and Science. […], 卷 I, Philadelphia, Pa.: […] [T]he Press of H. Maxwell, for F. Nichols, […], and J. A. Cummings, […]，頁號s 387–388:

The stories did not seem to me to touch life. […] They left me with the impression of a well-delivered stereopticon lecture, with characters about as life-like as the shadows on the screen, and whisking on and off, at the mercy of the operator.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 1, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Though most of the cases here cover European encounters with non-Europeans, it is not the intention of the book to give the impression that genocide is a function of European colonialism and imperialism alone.

2008年June1日, A. Dirk Moses, “Preface”, 出自 Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History, Berghahn Books, →ISBN，頁號 x:

I have the impression that he's already left for Paris.

我印象中他已經動身去巴黎了。


leftmost

Start with the leftmost one and work towards the right.

從最左邊的那個開始，然後向右走。


loudly

loudlier (comparative)
more loudly (comparative)
loudliest (superlative)
most loudly (superlative)

He spoke loudly so that his brother could hear him from across the street.

他說得很大聲，這樣他兄弟在街對面也能聽得見。

And still when loudliest howls the storm, / And darkliest lowers his native sky, / The king's fierce soul is in that form, / The warrior's spirit threatens nigh!

1846, R[obert] S[tephen] Hawker, “The Wreck”, 出自 Echoes from Old Cornwall, London: Joseph Masters, […], →OCLC, stanza X，頁號 76:


kinky

kinkier (comparative)
kinkiest (superlative)

kinky hair


hide

源自中古英語 hiden、huden，源自古英語 hȳdan (“隐藏，保留”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdijan (“隐藏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdijaną (“藏匿”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewdʰ- (“盖，包”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewH- (“盖”)。
动词原为弱变化。钦定版圣经中，过去分词使用了hid和hidden。
同源词包括荷蘭語 huiden、低地德語 (ver)hüden、(ver)hüen (“隐藏，掩盖”)、威爾士語 cuddio (“隐藏”)、拉丁語 custōs、古希臘語 κεύθω (keúthō, “隐藏，掩盖”)、梵語 कुहरम् (kuharam, “洞穴”)。与hut和sky有关。

The blind man, whom he had not been able to cure with the pomade, had gone back to the hill of Bois-Guillaume, where he told the travellers of the vain attempt of the druggist, to such an extent, that Homais when he went to town hid himself behind the curtains of the "Hirondelle" to avoid meeting him.

1856, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part III Chapter XI, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日, Timothy Garton Ash, “Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 6，頁號 18:

He hides his magazines under the bed.

他把他的杂志藏在床底下。

The politicians were accused of keeping information hidden from the public.

政治家被指责对公众隐瞒信息。


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos, “浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos, “掩盖”)。

人本身 （尤其在关乎其安全时使用）

to save his own hide

better watch his hide

同類詞：ass

The rotter who simpers that he sees no difference between the power of money and the power of the whip, ought to learn the difference on his own hide—as I think he will.

1957, Ayn Rand, Francisco d'Anconia's speech in Atlas Shrugged:


inaudible

Dogs can hear this whistle, but for people it is inaudible.

狗可以听到这个哨音，但是人听不到。

At first his voice was almost inaudible; but soon the spirit mastered the body, and his hollow but distinct tones gained a supernatural strength.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XXXII, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 267:


ludicrous

首次出现于1619年。源自拉丁語 lūdicrus，源自lūdō (“玩耍”)。

more ludicrous (comparative)
most ludicrous (superlative)

He made a ludicrous attempt to run for office.

他做出了去竞选这种荒唐的事。


lullaby

源自中古英語 lullen (“使...镇静”) + bye。首次可考于约1560年。对比古英語 bī, bī (叹词)。

sing a lullaby


lummox

不详。首次記錄於1825年，是东安格利亚俚语。可能源自“dumb ox”，受到了lumbering的影响，或者，源自方言词lummock (“笨拙地走”)或与之同源，其亦词源不详。

You've broken the plates, you great lummox!

盘子被你弄碎了，大傻子！

I love you, Gal. You're lovable. Big lovable bloke. Loveable lump. Loveable lummox. Gal Dove, party boy. Big oaf.

2000, Louis Mellis, David Scinto, Sexy Beast (motion picture), 角色 Don Logan（Ben Kingsley）:


lousy

lousier (comparative)
lousiest (superlative)

riddled

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

-ridden

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

inundated

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

jam-packed

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

teeming

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

No offense, but his cooking is lousy.

无意冒犯，但他做的菜真的难吃。

I cleaned the lousy garage.

我打扫了又脏又乱的车库。

I caught a cold and I've been feeling lousy all week.

我感冒了，我一个星期都特别难受。

I've had enough of lousy backstabbing at this place.

我已经在这个地方上过够多的当了。

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

The place was lousy with students.

The benignant influence crept like gas through the Row. […] And triangulation might possibly have located it in the Palace Flophouse and Grill. Certainly the Palace was lousy with it. Mack and the boys were charged. Jones was seen to leap from his chair only to do a quick tap dance and sit down again.

[I talked to] Annabeth about the Greek gods who hung out in New York and made her life difficult. Apparently North America was lousy with ancient gods. We had a full-blown infestation.

2016, Rick Riordan, The Hammer of Thor，頁號 6:


jiffy

不详，据说是窃贼黑话，原指“光”。亦曾作“giffy”，因此有人提出其与gliff有关。指信封时，其为Jiffy bag商标的通用化形式。

一会，一下子 （自1780年）

I’ll be back in a jiffy.

Most of the limbs of the law do every thing in a jiffy; but ask what they mean, and they would be as much puzzled, as if you required of them the explanantion of a common act of parliament.

1780, The Town and Country Magazine, vol. 12, p. 88, February 1780.

"Who says I filched a vipe?" demanded the indignant thief. "Say it agin', and I'll wisit your wittualling hoffice§ [footnote: § The Mouth.] in two jiffies, my queer von! I'se as 'onest a k'racter as hany, and doesn't know vot conweyancing‖ [footnote: ‖ Picking pockets, stealing.] is: d' ye 'ear that?"

1836, George W[illiam] M[acArthur] Reynolds, “Chapter XV”, 出自 The Youthful Impostor. A Novel. [...] In Two Volumes, 卷 I, Philadelphia, Pa.: E. L. Carey & A. Hart, →OCLC，頁號 200:

Of course it's kill or be killed, so at it you go, like Carter and his wild beasts, only in right down earnest, two or three more Tigers joining in, clash slash, and the sparks flying as thick as in a smith's forge, or at a Terrific Combat at the Surrey or the Wells. Such a shindy is too hot to last, and, accordingly, if you're alive at the end of two jiffies, the chance is that you find yourself making quite a melodramatic Tableau—namely, your bloody sword in one hand, a Chinese pigtail in the other, and four or five weltering Tartars lying round your feet!

1842 December, “the Editor” [Thomas Hood], “More News from China”, 出自 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist, 卷 LXVI, 期 CCLXIV (Third Part), London: Henry Colburn, Great Marlborough St., →OCLC，頁號 427:

Here Godfroy nodded pleasantly to Claude, who bowed, and was off— / —In a jiffy* to his men, who greeted him with loud hurrahs. In another jiffy, he was on a barrel, making them an oration. In another jiffy, he had hold of a horse, somehow—for the man had contrived already to make himself so popular in Viot, that he could have anything he liked for the asking. [Footnote: * Jiffy.—Let not the reader scorn the word; it is in Webster. "Jiffy, a moment."—Webster.]

1864, Ulric De Lazie [pseudonym?; copyright entered by Edmund D. Griffin], Dreams within Dreams; a Plagiarism of the Seventeenth Century; Being, Like Most Visions of the Night, a Medley of Old Things and New, New York, N.Y.: P. O'Shea, 104 Bleecker Street, →OCLC，頁號 233:

Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern. Then, for a jiffy, I hung on and fought for breath.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, 章號 7, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁號 166:

"Plonker!" Harry shouted. Sgt Glum arrived at the double from the newly extended kitchen were the SAS were billeted. / "Sah?" / "Prepare the men, Sergeant, we're on the march in two jiffies." "Yessah! Where to, sah?"

2012, Nigel Peace, “The Wilderness”, 出自 5ign5 of 1if3: A Hilarious Novel of Life and Death, Gobowen, Shropshire: Local Legend Publishing, →ISBN:


landlocked

被陆地包围的，内陆的，不临海的

Switzerland is landlocked and obviously will never be a great sea power and must always trade overland.

瑞士是内陆国家，因此不会有很强的海军实力，只能进行陆地贸易。

Located in Kowloon, with an area of 9.36 km², Wong Tai Sin is the only district in Hong Kong that is totally landlocked. It has a population of 420,183 (2011) and a high density of 44.891/km².

2020, Eunice Mei Feng Seng, Resistant City: Histories, Maps and the Architecture of Development, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁號 https://books.google.com/books?id=4mLcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT228，列號s 1, 2:


lambaste

1637年首次可考。可能是lam (“打”) + baste (“打”)构成的复合词。

The sergeant lambasted the new recruits daily.

Her first novel was well and truly lambasted by the critics.

他的第一本小说被书评猛烈批评。

Indeed, part of the problem was that Armstrong was rowing back on so much previous behaviour and years of aggressive lambasting of reporters, officials and team-mates who had claimed he was doping. "I don't forgive Lance Armstrong, who lied to me in two interviews. And I suspect most of America won't, either," Kurtz wrote.

2013年January19日, Paul Harris, “Lance Armstrong faces multi-million dollar legal challenges after confession”, 出自 The Guardian:

Labour frontbencher Louise Haigh (Shadow Transport Secretary for heaven's sake!) initially lambasted TOCs before the handful of specialist rail commentators fell on her tweets and she changed her tune, refocusing her fire on Government.

2023年August9日, Nigel Harris, “Comment: Disinterested and dishonest”, 出自 RAIL, 期 989，頁號 3:


inane

源自中古法語 inane，源自拉丁語 inānis (“空的，没用的”)，其词源不详。

inaner (comparative)
more inane (comparative)
inanest (superlative)
most inane (superlative)

Francesca followed, reluctant enough in her secret; for though she would not have admitted it even to herself, she did shrink from the infliction of the inane solemnities with which her father garnished his discourse—to say nothing of the ungracious reflections which so often glanced at herself.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XXIX, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 237:

God, if she had to listen to another conversation about some kid she didnʼt know—how Tina J. stole the stage at the talent show or Bobby R. won the tee ball game or any other number of inane accomplishments.

2020, Brit Bennett, The Vanishing Half, Dialogue Books，頁號 156:

This supremely gifted kid told me that in the early elementary grades, the songs sung in music class were so inane that he wanted to skip grades already! Eventually he did, so better late than never.


hobnob

源自hob and nob、hob or nob (干杯时所喊出的一个短语，可能意为give and take，指轮流干杯或轮流买酒，现已古旧)，源自方言词hab nab (“有或没有，指去喝酒的邀请”)，源自古英語 habban (“拥有”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，掠”)） + nabban (“没有”)（源自ne（最终源自原始印歐語 *ne (“不，否”)） + habban）。

The three friends had a hobnob outside the bar.

The American people are largely under the influence of animal magnetism. Whether they are drawn to the levée of a Tom Thumb or to a hobnob with the Russians, the safety-valves of their joyous feelings are sure to be opened when the Stars and Stripes flaunt over their churches, public buildings, and private dwellings.

1865, [James Dawson Burn], “The Cities of America—New York”, 出自 Three Years among the Working-classes in the United States during the War, London: Smith, Elder and Co., 65, Cornhill, →OCLC，頁號 117:

[T]he musical and dramatic critiques in our daily papers are dishonest, shameful, utterly unworthy, and a scandal to journalism and Ireland! Praise is lavishly dispensed because the system pays, […] 'A full house' on Saturday will procure a longer advertisement on Monday morning, another 'free pass' all round, and a hobnob perhaps with Signor, Senora, Herr Bugle, Madame, or Madamoiselle.

1873年February1日, “Waifs [from the Irish Builder]”, 出自 The Musical World, 卷 51, 期 5, London: Published by Duncan Davison & Co., 244, Regent Street, →OCLC，頁號 69，列號 2: