novem

*noven （受 decem, 影響，參見 nōnus < *h₁newnos），源自原始印歐語 *h₁néwn̥。與梵語 नवन् (navan), 古希臘語 ἐννέα (ennéa), 古英語 niġon（英語nine）等同源。

perque novem luces expers undaeque cibique
rore mero lacrimisque suis ieiunia pavit
nec se movit humo

For nine whole days she sat, tasting neither drink nor food,
her hunger fed by naught save pure dew and tears,
and moved not from the ground.

per idem tempus annorum novem, ab undevicensimo anno aetatis meae usque ad duodetricensimum, seducebamur et seducebamus

During this period of nine years, from my nineteenth year to my twenty-eighth, I went astray and led others astray.

397 CE – 401 CE, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, Confessions 4.1.1:

et nunc divide terram in possessionem novem tribubus et dimidiae tribui Manasse

Now therefore divide this land for an inheritance unto the nine tribes, and the half tribe of Manasseh


decem

源自原始印歐語 *déḱm̥。與梵語 दश (daśa), 古希臘語 δέκα (déka), 古英語 tīen (英語ten)等同源。

Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohortibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent […]

凱撒卸下軍隊，選定一個方便的扎營地點。當他從俘虜口中得知敵軍駐在什么地方時，便在海邊留下十個營的步兵和三百騎兵守衛艦只 […]

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5.9:

sic magna fuit censuque virisque perque decem potuit tantum dare sanguinis annos

當初特洛亞的人力物力何等强大，十年流血戰爭都支持住了

et audientes decem coeperunt indignari de Iacobo et Iohanne

那十個門徒聽見，就惱怒雅各、約翰。


duodecim

Atque omnium primum ad cursus lunae in duodecim menses discribit annum

首先，他根據月亮的運行規律，把一年分成十二個月

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 1.19:

Thomas autem unus ex duodecim qui dicitur Didymus non erat cum eis quando venit Iesus

But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them when Jesus came.


duodeviginti

字面意思為“二十減二”；源自duo (“二”) + dē (“從”) vīgintī (“二十”)。對比octōdecim。

castra in altitudinem pedum XII vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum muniri iubet.

He orders him to fortify a camp with a rampart twelve feet in height, and a trench eighteen feet in breadth.

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.5:

G. et L. in duodeviginti mensium spatio amisit ambos, Gaio in Lycia, Lucio Massiliae defunctis.

He lost Gaius and Lucius within the span of eighteen months, for the former died in Lycia and the latter at Massilia.

121 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum divi Augusti.65:


oinos

繼承自原始意大利語 *oinos，來自原始印歐語 *óynos。


duodequinquaginta

字面意義為「五十除去二」; duo (“二”) + dē (“除去、免掉”) + quīnquāgintā (“五十”)

「48」除了寫成 duodēquīnquāgintā 以外，還可以表示作 quadrāgintā octō (“四十、八”) 或 octō et quadrāgintā (“八和四十”)。


octo

源自原始印歐語 *oḱtṓw。與梵語 अष्ट (aṣṭa), 古希臘語 ὀκτώ (oktṓ), 古英語 eahta (英語 eight)等同源。Rubenbauer/Hofmann 認為源自原始印歐語的雙數（基於4的數字系統，表示“4根指尖的兩倍”）。

huic a stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo,
binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso.

then nigh the root / A pole eight feet projecting, earth-boards twain, / And share-beam with its double back they fix

c.''' 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgicon 1.171:

T. etiam Quintius Cincinnatus Praenestinos, qui usque ad urbis Romae portas cum bello venerant, persecutus ad flumen Alliam vicit, octo civitates, quae sub ipsis agebant, Romanis adiunxit, ipsum Praeneste adgressus in deditionem accepit.

Titus Quintius Cincinnatus, also, having pursued the Praenestini, who had advanced in a hostile manner to the very gates of Rome, defeated them on the river Allia, annexing eight cities that were under their dominion to the Roman empire; and, attacking Praeneste itself, forced it to surrender.

c.''' 370 CE, Eutropius, Breviarium historiae romanae 2.2:

octo annorum erat Iosias cum regnare coepisset et triginta uno anno regnavit in Hierusalem

約西亞八歲登上王位，在耶路撒冷統治三十一年。


quattuordecim

laudata olim et militari fama celebrata severitas eius angebat aspernantis veterem disciplinam atque ita quattuordecim annis a Nerone adsuefactos ut haud minus vitia principum amarent quam olim virtutes verebantur.

The strictness once so commended, and celebrated in the praises of the army, was galling to troops who rebelled against the old discipline, and who had been accustomed by fourteen years' service under Nero to love the vices of their emperors, as much as they had once respected their virtues.

c.''' 100 CE – 110 CE, Tacitus, Histories 1.5:

fecit ergo Salomon in tempore illo festivitatem celebrem et omnis Israhel cum eo multitudo magna ab introitu Emath usque ad rivum Aegypti coram Domino Deo nostro septem diebus et septem diebus id est quattuordecim diebus

And at that time Solomon held a feast, and all Israel with him, a great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath unto the river of Egypt, before the LORD our God, seven days and seven days, even fourteen days.


quindecim

quindecim omnino generibus uvarum nominatis, tribus oleae, totidem pirorum, malo vero tantum Assyrio, ceteris omnibus neglectis
#*:: in all, fifteen varieties of the grape has he named, three of the olive, the same number of the pear, and the citron of Assyria, and has neglected the rest

77-79 AD, Gaius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia, liber XIV, vii

erant autem Sibae quindecim filii et viginti servi
#*:: Now Ziba had fifteen sons and twenty servants.

405, Jerome and others, Vulgate, Samuelis II 9:10 (Regnum II)


sedecim

nunc sedecim alarum coniuncta signa pulsu sonituque et nube ipsa operient ac superfundent oblitos proeliorum equites equosque

Now the united standards of sixteen squadrons will bury and overwhelm with the crash and din and storm of their onset these horses and horsemen that have forgotten how to fight.

c.''' 100 CE – 110 CE, Tacitus, Histories 3.2:

hii filii Zelphae quam dedit Laban Liae filiae suae et hos genuit Iacob sedecim animas

These are the sons of Zilpah, whom Laban gave to Leah his daughter, and these she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen souls.


septem

源自原始印歐語 *septḿ̥。與梵語 सप्तन् (saptán)、古希臘語 ἑπτά (heptá)、古英語 seofon (英語 seven)、古教會斯拉夫語 седмь (sedmĭ)同源。

at Nileus, qui se genitum septemplice Nilo ementitus erat, clipeo quoque flumina septem argento partim, partim caelaverat auro

But Nileus, who falsely claimed he was born of the seven-fold Nile, had upon [his] shield the seven streams, part in silver and part engraved in gold

quam diligens Iacob ait serviam tibi pro Rahel filia tua minore septem annis

And Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter.


septendecim

tribuni plebis, si iis uideretur, ad populum ferrent ut, qui minores septendecim annis sacramento dixissent, iis perinde stipendia procederent ac si septendecim annorum aut maiores milites facti essent.

The tribunes of the plebs might, if they thought good, make a proposal to the people that those who had taken the military oath when under seventeen years of age should have their pay reckoned to them on the same scale as if they had been enlisted at seventeen, or older.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 25:

Respondimus universum numerum tam sanorum quam aegrotorum esse ad unum et quinquaginta homines, ex quibus aegroti erant septendecim.
#*:: We answered, “We were in all (sick and whole) one–and–fifty persons, whereof our sick were seventeen.”


nonaginta

源自*nūnāgintā，源自原始印歐語 *h₁néwn̥(d)ḱomt (“九個十”)。與古希臘語 ἐνενήκοντα (enenḗkonta)同源。


tredecim

Miremur si, cum ex hac parte saecula plura numerentur quam ex illa anni, plus in tam longo spatio quam in aetate tredecim annorum fortuna uariauerit?

Where more generations are reckoned on one side than years on the other, can we be surprised that in such a long space of time there have been more changes of fortune than in a period of thirteen years?

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 9:

sed legio sexta et tredecim vexillariorum milia ingenti agmine sequebantur

Behind him, however, came in a vast body the 6th legion and 13,000 veterans.

c.''' 100 CE – 110 CE, Tacitus, Histories 2.83:

et Ismahel filius eius tredecim annos impleverat tempore circumcisionis suae

And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.


triginta

源自原始印歐語 *tri(d)ḱomt (“三十”)。與古希臘語 τριάκοντα (triákonta)、梵語 त्रिंशत् (triṃśát)等同源。


undeviginti

字面意思為“從二十中取出/減去一”，源自ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) vīgintī (“二十”)。對比不用減法表示的novendecim、novemdecim。

Annos undeviginti natus exercitum privato consilio et privata impensa comparavi
#*:: 我十九歲的時候，用自己的力量和金錢招募了一支軍隊。

c. 14 C.E., Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus, "Res gestae Divi Augusti", 1.1

Intervalla quoque siderum a terra multi indagare temptarunt, et solem abesse a luna undeviginti partes quantam lunam ipsam a terra prodiderunt.

許多人都嘗試探尋地球和星星之間的距離，也給出過結果：日月距離是地月距離的十九倍。

c.''' 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 2.83:


undecim

來自早期*oinodecem，來自原始印歐語 *óynom déḱm̥t，相當於ūnus (“一”) + decem (“十”)。

ubi et ipse Cn. Fuluius cum undecim tribunis militum cecidit

It was here that Cn. Fulvius fell together with eleven military tribunes.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 27:

stans autem Petrus cum undecim levavit vocem suam et locutus est eis viri iudaei et qui habitatis Hierusalem universi hoc vobis notum sit et auribus percipite verba mea

But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words:

405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Actus Apostolorum.2.22:


viginti

源自原始意大利語 *wīgentī，源自原始印歐語 *h₁wi-(h₁)-ḱm̥t-ih₁，源自*dwi-(h₁)-dḱm̥t-ih₁、*dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti (“兩個十”)。與梵語 विंशति (viṃśatí)、古希臘語 εἴκοσι (eíkosi)、古愛爾蘭語 fiche、威爾士語 ugain、布列塔尼語 ugent、吐火羅語A wiki同源。

他二十歲。

"And sounded, and found it twenty fathoms: and when they had gone a little further, they sounded again, and found it fifteen fathoms."

qui submittentes invenerunt passus viginti et pusillum inde separati invenerunt passus quindecim


septuaginta

源自早期的 *septmāginta，源自原始印歐語 *septm̥̄ḱomt，源自早期的 *septḿ̥-dḱomt (“七-十”)。與 septem、古希臘語 ἑβδομήκοντα (hebdomḗkonta)同源。


sexaginta

源自原始印歐語 *sweḱsḱomt，源自早期的 *swéḱs-dḱomt (“六-十”)。與古希臘語 ἑξήκοντα (hexḗkonta)同源。


quinquaginta

源自原始印歐語 *penkʷēḱomt，源自早期的 *pénkʷedḱomt (“五-十”)。與古希臘語 πεντήκοντα (pentḗkonta)、梵語 पञ्चाशत् (pañcāśát)等同源。


quadraginta

源自原始印歐語 *kʷétwr̥dḱomt (“四-十”)。與古希臘語 τετρώκοντα (tetrṓkonta)、梵語 चत्वारिंशत् (catvāriṃśát)等同源。


octodecim

Quarum talis erat compositio: Stylus, vel stipes columnae octodecim habebat cubitos altitudinis

1543, Petrus Comestor, Historia Scholastica, III Kings, "De porticu"

Si corpus Alucretur partes novem vel decem vel undecim vel duodecim, adeoque progrediatur post concursum cum partibus quindecim vel sexdecim vel septendecim vel octodecim.

1687, Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, "Axiomata, sive Leges Motus"


novemdecim

Posteaquam vero sequentibus temporibus Turcarum tyrannide oppressa esset Bassarabia Aronis principis perfidia tradita Tigine cum duabus partibus, novemdecim tantum regiones, neque hae integrae, hodiernis principibus remanserunt.

1714, Demetrius Cantemir, Descriptio Moldaviae, caput IV


novendecim

Tum vero adduxit ad cubicula visenda quae nobis parata erant, numera novendecim.

Novendecim alii Domini, quorum quilibet habet annuos reditus

1649, Bernhardus Varenius, Descriptio Regni Iaponiae, XI


duodetriginta

字面意思為“從三十減去二”；duo (“二”) + dē (“從”) + trīgintā (“三十”)。


undetriginta

字面意思為“從三十減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + trīgintā (“三十”)。


duodequadraginta

字面意思為“從四十減去二”：duo (“二”) + dē (“從”) + quadrāgintā (“四十”)


undequadraginta

字面意思為“從四十減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + quadrāgintā (“四十”)。


quadraginta unus

quadrāgintā 來自原始印歐語 *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt，源自早期的 *kʷetwr̥-dḱomt (“四十-一”)；ūnus 則來自古拉丁語 oinos，源自原始意大利語 *oinos，源自原始印歐語 *óynos (“一，單”)。


undequinquaginta

字面意思為“從五十減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + quīnquāgintā (“五十”)。


undesexaginta

字面意思為“從六十減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + sexāgintā (“六十”)。


undeseptuaginta

字面意思為“從七十減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + septuāgintā (“七十”)。


duodeseptuaginta

字面意思為“從七十減去二”：duo (“二”) + dē (“從，除去”) + septuāgintā (“七十”)。


undeoctoginta

字面意思為“從八十減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + octōgintā (“八十”)。


undenonaginta

字面意思為“從九十減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + nōnāgintā (“九十”)。


duodenonaginta

字面意思為“從九十減去二”：duo (“二”) + dē (“從”) + nōnāgintā (“九十”)。


duodecentum

字面意思為“從一百減去二”：duo (“二”) + dē (“從”) + centum (“一百”)。

(新拉丁語) 九十八，98


undecentum

字面意思為“從一百減去一”：ūnus (“一”) + dē (“從”) + centum (“一百”)。

nec congruēbant ad hōrās eius līneae, pāruērunt tamen eī annīs ūndēcentum, ...

77-78 — Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, Book VII, section 214


trecenti

Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohortibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent […]

愷撒從行伍中走出來，選定扎營的地點；當他從俘虜那發現敵軍的一部分兵力駐扎在某地時，就留下十隊人和三百匹馬在海邊守著船，其餘的一起去追趕敵軍 […]

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5.9: