semiconductor

In this sense we are to understand the following table in which bodies are classed as conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors; those bodies being conveniently designated as conductors which, when applied to an electroscope charged with either kind of electricity discharge it almost instantaneously; semiconductors being those which discharge it in a short but measurable time, a few seconds, for instance; while nonconductors effect no discharge even, in the course of a minute.

1876, Adolphe Ganot, Natural Philosophy for General Readers and Young Persons，頁號 422:

The following table of conductors may therefore be used in inverse order as a table of resistances, the good conductors being bodies of slight resistance, the semiconductors being bodies of great resistance, and the insulators being bodies of so great resistance that they almost effectually oppose the passage of any current.

因此，下表的導體可以按相反的順序用作電阻表，良導體是電阻小的物體，半導體是大電阻的物體，絕緣體是電阻非常大而幾乎可以有效地阻止任何電流通過的物體。

1901, George W. Jacoby, A System of Physiologic Therapeutics: Electrotherapy:


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)


calorie

借自法語 calorie，由拉丁語 calor演變而來。最初在19世紀被定義為大卡路里，幾十年後才被定義成小卡路里。


albedo

借自拉丁語 albēdō。

leucosis

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


atmospheric pressure

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013 June 7, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 188, 期 26，頁號 36:


amorphous

源自古希臘語 ἄμορφος (ámorphos, “无形体的，无形状的，畸形的”)（其源自ἀ- (a-, “无，没”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “形体”) + -ous）。

more amorphous (comparative)
most amorphous (superlative)

formless

形状不定的，形状模糊的，不规则的

shapeless

形状不定的，形状模糊的，不规则的


center of gravity

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-center of gravity.wav


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō, “燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679 February 28, Thomas Birch, 引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, 出自 Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author, 卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁號 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747, Bryan Robinson, A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, 出自 The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register, 卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁號s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770 November 1, “Investigator” [pseudonym], “Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, 出自 Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave] 編, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, 卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁號 497，列號 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, When the World Screamed:


coherent

自 co- + haereō 演變為拉丁語 cohaērēns，再演變為中古法語 coherent，再演變而來。字面分析等同於 cohere + -ent。

more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

有相干性的 (波)、有同調性的 (波)


equilibrium

源自拉丁語 aequilībrium，源自aequus (“相等”) + lībra (“平衡”)。

equilibriums (plural)
equilibria (plural)

/ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/

It now appears that the locomotive did not blow up, as was commonly stated at the time, but that the aeroplane flew so low as to come into contact with the dome of the engine, knocking it off. It was the combination of the impact and the uprush of steam that so disturbed the equilibrium of the raider as to cause it to crash.

1943 May and June, “Notes and News: Effective Locomotive "Ack-Ack" Fire”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 180:


isotropy

down this road, as they watched, came a wagon, then a couple of riders, then a coach and another wagon, in daylight which slowly lost its stark isotropy and was flowed into by clouds and chimney smoke and even episodes of weather

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage 2007, page 478,


magnetic field

magnetic flux density, magnetic induction

magnetic field intensity, magnetic field strength, magnetizing field

David (1904) and Brunhes (1906) first observed magnetizations in lava flows that were roughly opposed to that of the present earth's magnetic field.

1983, Ronald T. Merrill, Michael W. McElhinny, The Earth's Magnetic Field: Its History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective, Academic Press，頁號 135:

In contrast to the IQHE^([Integer Quantum Hall Effect]), the fractional quantum Hall effect occurs in much stronger magnetic fields, and in this case electrons cannot be considered as noninteracting ones.

1996, V. R. Khalilov, Electron Strong Magnetic Field, [1988, V. R. Khalilov, Elektroni v silnom magnetom poli, Energoatomizdat, Moscow], Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, page 123,

The magnetic field B bears the same relation to a hypothetical magnetic charge m as the electric field bears to the electric charge q, so the development of the previous chapter can be taken over completely. The stress tensor for a magnetic field Bᵢ is identical in form to that for the electric field. The energy density is obviously B²/8π and the magnetic field is a physical reality just like the electric field. Electric and magnetic fields superpose linearly[…]. This is perhaps a convenient place to remark that a magnetic field exerts no force whatever on an electric charge.

2007, Eugene N. Parker, Conversations on Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Cosmos, Princeton University Press，頁號 25:

The turian homeworld, Palaven, has a metal-poor core, generating a weak magnetic field and allowing more solar radiation into the atmosphere.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC，PC，幕：Turians: Biology Codex entry:

The scientific instruments of the day recorded rapid fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field, as powerful electrical currents flowed through the upper atmosphere.

2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, 出自 RAIL, 期 996，頁號 30:


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。


level

源自中古英語 level，源自古法語 livel、liveau m（后作nivel）、niveau，源自拉丁語 libella f (“平衡，水平”)，libra f (“平衡，水平”)的指小词。参见libra、librate。libella和niveau的同源對似詞。
动词源自中古英語 levelen，其派生自名词。

leveler (comparative)
leveller (comparative)
levelest (superlative)
levellest (superlative)

The earth's oceans remain level in relation to the pull of gravity.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


triple point

A solid sublimes only when the pressure of its vapor is below that of the triple point for that substance.

2006, David B. Troy, Paul Beringer, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, →ISBN，頁號 179:

三相點：入射衝擊波、反射衝擊波、馬赫桿和一個滑流的交匯點

When the incident shock wave is at position “a” the second triple point, T, is still inside the zone where the vibrational degree of freedom has not yet reached its equilibrium and the dissociational degree of freedom is still frozen at that position, as its excitation can be assumed to start only after vibrational equilibrium is reached.

2007, Gabi Ben-Dor, Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena, →ISBN，頁號 198:

A triple point may have a convex Mach stem, in which case the SS points upward.

2012, George Emanuel, Shock Wave Dynamics: Derivatives and Related Topics, →ISBN，頁號 81:

One constant, however, is that the flow, just downstream of the incident shock, at a triple point, must be supersonic.

2015, George Emanuel, Analytical Fluid Dynamics, Third Edition, →ISBN，頁號 130:


accelerator

* 1611年初次使用。
* (機動車)： 1900年首次使用。
* accelerate + -or


commensurate

源自拉丁語 com- (表示一起的前缀) + mēnsūrō。

more commensurate (comparative)
most commensurate (superlative)

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/


emf

EMF (“電動勢”)的大小寫替代形式


ionium

釷-²³⁰₉₀Th的同位素。


jiffy

不详，据说是窃贼黑话，原指“光”。亦曾作“giffy”，因此有人提出其与gliff有关。指信封时，其为Jiffy bag商标的通用化形式。

光在真空内穿过特定距离的时间 （一般是一厘米）


moment of inertia

The moment of inertia of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a given angular acceleration about a given rotational axis, analogous to how mass determines the force needed for a given acceleration.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

The moments of inertia of a heterogeneous body whose boundary is a surface of uniform density may sometimes be found by the method of differentiation.

1882, Edward John Routh, The Elementary Part of a Treatise on the Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies, 4th版, MacMillan & Co.，頁號 10:

Consequently, the moment of inertia of a body relative to any axis can be found when that for the parallel axis through its centre of gravity is known.

1884, Benjamin Williamson, An Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus, 4th版, Appleton and Company，頁號 292:


torque

借自拉丁語 torqueō (“扭轉”)。


torque

借自拉丁語 torqueō (“扭轉”)。

對……施加扭矩以使繞軸旋轉


muon

早期词语mu-meson的缩约；該粒子現在已被重新歸類為輕子。由意大利的物理學家恩里科·費米在1951造出，見其著作《基本粒子》（Elementary Particles）。

The μ-meson of Powell (called here muon) is instead a disintegration product of the pion, only weakly linked to the nucleons and therefore of little importance in the explanation of nuclear forces.

1951, Enrico Fermi, Elementary Particles:

The spectrum of electrons arising from the decay of the negative mu meson has been determined. The muons are arrested in the gas of a high pressure hydrogen filled diffusion cloud chamber.

1955 March, CP Sargent, “Diffusion Cloud-Chamber Study of Very Slow Mesons”, 出自 Physical Review:


neutrino

由義大利的物理學家恩里科·费米在1933造出，源自 neutron + 意大利語 小稱後綴 -ino。

But researchers at the CERN lab near Geneva claim they have recorded neutrinos, a type of tiny particle, travelling faster than the barrier of 186,282 miles (299,792 kilometres) per second.

2011 September 22, Nick Collins, “Speed of light 'broken' by scientists”, 出自 Daily Telegraph:


absolute zero

絕對零度（首次記錄於19世紀早期。）


power

源自中古英語 power、poer，源自古法語 poeir，源自通俗拉丁語 *potēre，源自拉丁語 possum、posse (“能够”)，见potent。对比法語 pouvoir。取代了古英語原生词汇anweald。

He needed a lot of power to hit the ball out of the stadium.

他需要很大力量才能将球打出体育馆。

After the pylons collapsed, this town was without power for a few days.

输电塔塌了以后，这个镇子已经停电好几天了。

“My father had ideas about conservation long before the United States took it up.[…]You preserve water in times of flood and freshet to be used for power or for irrigation throughout the year. […]”

1913, Robert Barr, 章號 4, 出自 Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

[Rural solar plant] schemes are of little help to industry or other heavy users of electricity. Nor is solar power yet as cheap as the grid. For all that, the rapid arrival of electric light to Indian villages is long overdue. When the national grid suffers its next huge outage, as it did in July 2012 when hundreds of millions were left in the dark, look for specks of light in the villages.

2013 July 20, “Out of the gloom”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8845:

效率，效果 （电的）功率

We need a microscope with higher power.

我们需要一个倍数更高的显微镜。


heat exchanger

The transmission oil is cooled in a heat exchanger through which the cooling water is circulated, to assist rapid warming of the engine system and to bring engine and transmission into their true interdependence.

1960 June, “The N.B. Loco. Co. diesel-hydraulic Type "2" locomotive”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 345:


color temperature

The typical color temperature of a standard incandescent lamp is about 2400 K.

标准白炽灯的典型色温约为2400K。


Van Allen radiation belt

來自詹姆斯·范·艾倫，英國物理學家。


x-band

X波帶/X頻帶，範圍從8.0到12.0赫茲。


actinon

氡的同位素（²¹⁹₈₆Rn）；錒射氣


boiling point

/ˈbɔɪlɪŋ ˌpɔɪnt/


metacentric height

The distance from a ship's center of gravity (G) to its metacenter is known as the metacentric height (GM). GM is a measure of the vessel's ability to right itself when experiencing an overturning moment. For the same vessel, a higher GM value indicates a greater initial static stability.

2017 December 12, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.12 Stability Information - 1.12.1 Concepts”, 出自 Marine Accident Report: Sinking of US Cargo Vessel SS El Faro, Atlantic Ocean, Northeast of Acklins and Crooked Island, Bahamas, October 1, 2015，於2022-05-15歸檔自原頁面，頁號 132:


antimatter

來自anti- + matter。1898年由英國物理學家阿瑟·舒斯特在《自然》期刊文章"Potential Matter.—A Holiday Dream"中使用，當時指的是反重力的物質。現代意義最早見於1940年代。

[ˈæ.ɾ̃iˌmæ.ɾɚ]


Mach

源自捷克語 Mach、斯洛伐克語 Mach、波蘭語 Mach 及其他相關語言，源自以 Ma- 開頭的人名的截尾形式 + 斯拉夫語後綴 -ch 組成的暱稱。亦有可能來自匈牙利語 Mács。還有些情況是源自越南語或高棉語。

沒有複數形式。 一般接在數字前面，如上面的例子。

The jet traveled at Mach 3.

噴氣機以3馬赫的速度飛行。


tenacity

tenac(ious) + -ity，源自中古法語 ténacité，源自拉丁語 tenācitās。


coefficient of thermal expansion

coefficients of thermal expansion (plural)


kurchatovium

名稱來自伊格爾·瓦西里耶維奇·庫爾恰托夫（Игорь Васильевич Курчатов (Igorʹ Vasilʹjevič Kurčatov)） + -ium。

Research on the production and properties of kurchatovium isotopes has continued; Ghiorso et al. exposed Cf²⁴⁹ to C¹² and C¹³ ions to produce two new α-active isotopes of kurchatovium (which they called rutherfordium, Rf) having A fo 257 and 259, the T_(1/2) being 4.5 and 3 sec respectively.

1973, V. I. Gol'danskii and S. M. Polikanov, The Transuranium Elements (trans. J. E. S. Bradley), p. 113:

Kurchatovium-260 was obtained by bombarding a target of plutonium-242 with accelerated neon-22 ions. As to its chemical properties, kurchatovium differs from actinide elements but is close to hafnium.

1975, A. M. Petrosiants, From Scientific Search to Atomic Industry, p. 52:


dyon

雙荷子，具有電荷和磁荷的假想粒子


thoron

氡的同位素（²²⁰₈₆Rn）；⿹气土


adsorb

源自法語 adsorber，源自拉丁語 ad- + sorbēre (“吸”)。

The gas was purified by adsorbing the impurities onto active carbon.

通过将杂质吸附到活性炭上来净化气体。


anyon

源自 any + -on，因為當粒子交換時，它們可以具有任何相。由弗朗克·韋爾切克在1982年造出（《物理評論快報》）。

勿與 anion 混淆。

The anyon concept has been used to describe phenomena in connection with the fractional quantum Hall effect (FOHE).

1995, Erik B Karlsson, Solid State Phenomena: As Seen by Muons, Protons, and Excited Nuclei:


magnino

一种超轻费米子，据称在宇宙早期凝聚成铁磁状态


translinear

具有指數（而不是線性）電流、電壓關係的電路的