philosophy

philosophies (third-person singular present)
philosophying (present participle)
philosophied (past participle)

Plato hath (in my seeming) loved this manner of Philosophying, Dialogue wise in good earnest, that therby he might more decently place in sundry mouthes the diversity and variation of his owne conceits.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 12, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:


plump

源自中古英語 plump、plompe，借自中古荷蘭語 plomp或中古低地德語 plump。

plumper (comparative)
more plump (comparative)
plumpest (superlative)
most plump (superlative)

丰满的，胖嘟嘟的，圆润的

a plump baby; plump cheeks

胖嘟嘟的婴儿，圆鼓鼓的脸

The god of wine did his plump clusters bring.

1651, Thomas Carew, To my friend G. N. from Wrest

My ideal is to be idle and to love a plump girl.

2015, Anton Chekhov, The Life and Genius of Anton Chekhov: Letters, Diary, Reminiscences and Biography: Assorted Collection of Autobiographical Writings of the Renowned Russian Author and Playwright of Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard, The Three Sisters and The Seagull, e-artnow (ISBN 9788026838401)

He was a plump little man and we had been walking uphill at a pace—set by him—far too rapid for his short legs. He breathed stertorously, and half the drops which glimmered on his rotund face were not rain but sweat.

1956，Delano Ames，章號 23, in Crime out of Mind:


plump

plumps (third-person singular present)
plumping (present participle)
plumped (past participle)

(及物带 for) 赞成，支持

A recent poll by the New York Times found that although most Brazilians plump for arch-rival Argentina as the team they most want to lose, the second-biggest group want Brazil itself to stumble.

2014，“Brazil in a nutshell”, in The Economist:


plump

源自中古英語 plumpen，与中古荷蘭語 plompen、中古低地德語 plumpen、德語 plumpfen有关。

扑通 （重重掉落的声音）

As she beheld her, poor Mrs. Mack's heart fluttered up to her mouth, and then dropped with a dreadful plump, into the pit of her stomach.

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:


congee

源自晚期中古英語 congie，源自古法語 congié、congiet（现代法語 congé），源自拉丁語 commeātus (“通行许可，批准离开”)，源自commeō (“来和去”)，源自con- + meō (“走，通过”)。比喻义借自法語 congé中的词义演化。

正式免职； 免职；(原意且尤其幽默讽刺地指) 突然离职

So courteous conge both did giue and take,
With right hands plighted, pledges of good will.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

屈膝礼，鞠躬等礼貌动作 （原指在离开时做的动作，但后来也指问候、表示服从或尊敬时做的）

“My daughter Rebecca, so please your Grace,” answered Isaac, with a low congee, nothing embarrassed by the Prince’s salutation, in which, however, there was at least as much mockery as courtesy.

1820，沃尔特·司各特，艾凡赫，卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

His speech thus spake the Moor, and took his leave,
he and his meiny where the bátels lay:
formal farewells to chief and crews he gave,
exchanging congees with due courtesy.

1880，Richard Francis Burton，Os Lusíadas，卷 I，頁 23:


portal

Last, but very much not least, are the portals of the Ffestiniog Railway's Moelwyn Tunnel. The tunnel's story itself is well told - it was part of the preservationists' deviation required to get around a reservoir that had flooded the earlier route. But the reason for its inclusion here is that it is probably the most recently constructed, properly architected tunnel portal in Britain.

2020年August26日，Tim Dunn，“Great railway bores of our time!”, in Rail，頁s 48–49:


pox

源自中古英語 pocke的复数形式。见pock。

poxes (third-person singular present)
poxing (present participle)
poxed (past participle)

Jack had a moſt ſcandalous tongue, and perſuaded Peg that all mankind, beſides himſelf, were pox'd by that ſcarlet-faced whore, †Signiora Bubonia. “As for his brother Lord Peter, the tokens were evident on him, blotches, ſcabs, and the corona. […]”

[1750?]，Dr. [John] Arbuthnot，“The History of John Bull: Part II, Chapter III”, in The History of John Bull [by Dr. Arbuthnot]. And Poems on ſeveral Occasions by Dr. Jonathan Swift, with Several Miſcellaneous Pieces, by Dr. Swift and Mr. Pope，London: D. Midwinter, A. Tonson，頁 60:


precious

源自中古英語 precious，借自古法語 precios (“珍贵的，昂贵的，宝贝的，至爱的；做作的”)，源自拉丁語 pretiōsus (“珍贵的，昂贵的”)，源自pretium (“价值，价格”)，参见price。

more precious (comparative)
most precious (superlative)

People are a good thing, the most precious resource in a rich economy, so the progressive-minded feel. Only misanthropists disagree or the dottier Malthusians who send green-ink tweets deploring any state assistance for child-rearing.

2013年August16日，Polly Toynbee，“Britain's booming birthrate”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 10，頁 21:

The crown had many precious gemstones.

那个皇冠上镶着很多昂贵的宝石。

Writers are often very precious about their work.

Hearing what a struggle it was for her, I began to understand why some people are so precious about being Irish. Being second-generation Irish, she had the option to hide behind her accent. Instead she would thump her fist to defend Irish people from those speaking out against them.

2016年November20日，Katie Walsh，“Why are Irish people so precious about Irishness?”, in The Irish Times，Dublin: Irish Times Trust, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-04-01:

It’s all owing to your precious caution that they got hold of it. If you had let me burn it, and taken my word that it was gone, it would have been a heap of ashes behind the fire, instead of being whole and sound, inside of my great-coat.

In the abstract, Stuhlbarg’s twinkly-eyed sidekick suggests Joe Pesci in Lethal Weapon 2 by way of late-period Robin Williams with an alien twist, but Stuhlbarg makes a character that easily could have come across as precious into a surprisingly palatable, even charming man.

2012年May24日，Nathan Rabin，“Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:


precious

“It isn't fair, my precious, is it, to ask us what it's got in its nassty little pocketses?”

She sat down with the dogs in her lap. "I won't neglect you for any one, will I, my preciouses?"

1909，Mrs. Teignmouth Shore，The Pride of the Graftons，頁 57:


prejudice

來自中古英語 prejudice，來自古法語 prejudice，來自拉丁語 praeiūdicium (“前例，前判；傷害，損害”)，來自prae- (“之前”) + iūdicium (“審判”)。

præjudice (alternative)
p͛judice (alternative)
prejudices (plural)

/ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/

Though often misled by prejudice and passion, he was emphatically an honest man.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 7, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

[…] the first did in the forepart sit, / That nought mote hinder his quicke preiudize: / He had a sharpe foresight, and working wit […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

We both of us happen’d to know, as well as the Stationer, that Riddlesden the Attorney, was a very Knave. He had half ruin’d Miss Read’s Father by drawing him in to be bound for him. By his Letter it appear’d, there was a secret Scheme on foot to the Prejudice of Hamilton, (Suppos’d to be then coming over with us,) and that Keith was concern’d in it with Riddlesden. [...]

1793，Benjamin Franklin，The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, §20:

for no injury is thereby done to any one, no prejudice to another man's goods

1702, W. Popple (translator), John Locke, A Letter concerning Toleration […]


prelude

源自中古法語 prélude (“测试性地演奏乐器”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 preludium，源自拉丁語 praelūdere。

intrada

序曲，前奏曲 （自17世纪50年代）

overture

序曲，前奏曲 （自17世纪50年代）

（默认导入的）标准库或标准函数

In the same way that Rust has a general prelude that brings certain types and functions into scope automatically, the std::io module has its own prelude of common types and functions you'll need when working with I/O.

2018，Steve Klabnik，Carol Nichols，The Rust Programming Language，No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁 232:

Swimmings of the head and intestinal pains seemed the prelude of dissolution.

1869, William Chambers, Robert Chambers, Chambers's Miscellany of Instructive & Entertaining Tracts (page 2)

On the other hand, the nationalitarian phenomenon is one in which the struggle against the imperialist powers of occupation has as its object, beyond the clearing of the national territory, the independence and sovereignty of the national State, uprooting in depth the positions of the ex-colonial power— the reconquest of the power of decision in all domains of national life, the prelude to that reconquest of identity which is at the heart of the renaissance undertaken on the basis of fundamental national demands, and ceaselessly contested, by every means available, on every level, and notably on the internal level'.

1981，Anouar Abdel-Malek，Social Dialectics: Nation and Revolution，頁 13:


preponderance

preponderancy

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

preponderancy

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

preponderation

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

[S]trong proofs are at hand to shew, that in the Irish people there is a large admixture, if not an overwhelming praeponderance, of Iberian elements.

1857，R[obert] Harries Jones，“Part the Second”, in The Japhetic Races. A Historical and Ethnological Inquiry into the Consanguinity of Various European Races. […]，Göttingen: Printed at the University Press by W. Fr. Kaestner, →OCLC, section II，頁 36:

Is there a preponderance of female protagonists in commercial fiction, and if so, what does it mean?

1997年August17日，Patricia Holt，“Just add sand; trash fiction for end-of-the summer beach reading”, in San Francisco Chronicle，San Francisco, Calif.: Hearst Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 1:

Subtle, institutional discrimination was evident in the preponderance of blacks and underprivileged whites fighting the war.

2000年April17日，Paul Van Slambrouck，“California’s brightest star is, well, gray”, in The Christian Science Monitor，Boston, Mass.: Christian Science Publishing Society, →ISSN, →OCLC:

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

In a few weeks he [William III of England] had changed the relative position of all the states in Europe, and had restored the equilibrium which the preponderance of one power had destroyed.

1851，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 XI, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 49:

But even less disgruntled observers have insisted that pain and unpleasure are more common in dreams than pleasure: for instance, Scholz (1893, 57), Volkelt (1875, 80), and others. Indeed two ladies, Florence Hallam and Sarah Weed (1896, 499), have actually given statistical expression, based on a study of their own dreams, to the preponderance of unpleasure in dreaming.

1953，Sigmund Freud，“Distortion in Dreams”, in James Strachey（譯者）, The Interpretation of Dreams (First Part) (The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud)，卷 IV, London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 出版於 1971, →ISBN，頁 134:


procession

源自中古英語 processioun，借自古法語 pourciession，源自拉丁語 prōcessiō (“行进，前进；（晚期拉丁语）宗教队伍”)，源自prōcēdere，prōcessus (“前行，前进”)的过去分词，详见proceed。

In many a form I see thee oft
In myriad manners are thy praises told
In old processions carved on Grecian urns

Before he closed and opened his eyes, the bails on the wicket behind Johnny Masih were shattered. That was the beginning of a procession. The second ball clean bowled the batsman. The third ball was a catch for the wicketkeeper.

2012，K. L. Mohana Varma，Cricket-Indo: The Story of an Indo-Pak One-Day Cricket Turf War，頁 205:

Scotland moved nicely to 45 without loss before I took the first wicket and then it became a procession.

2015，Steve Dolman，Edwin Smith: A Life in Derbyshire Cricket，頁 36:


procession

processions (third-person singular present)
processioning (present participle)
processioned (past participle)

To procession the lands of such persons as desire it.

1856，Alexander Mansfield Burrill，A Law Dictionary and Glossary, PROCESSIONING:


quartz

借自德語 Quarz，源自中古高地德語 quarz、twarc，源自某種西斯拉夫語支的語言（比較波蘭語 twardy (“硬的”)、捷克語 tvrdý (“硬的”)），源自原始斯拉夫語 *tvьrdъ。

The telescope and collimator have each an object-glass consisting of a single lens of quartz 1½ inch diameter and a focal length of 18½ inches for the sodium yellow light, but not more than 16 inches for the highest rays measured.

望遠鏡和準直器各有一個物鏡，由直徑1.5英寸的石英單透鏡組成，鈉黃光的焦距為18.5英寸，但測量的最高光線的焦距不超過16英寸。

1883，George Downing Liveing, James Dewar，“On the Ultra-Violet Spectra of the Elements”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society，卷 174, Barrison and Sons, part I，頁 188:

Subsequently, the old Malay brought him the present specimen in a state of torpidity, telling him he had found it in a cavity of the quartz reef.

1892年April18日，Armiger Barczinsky，“The Golden Snail”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 272，頁 331:

My meat eats me. Who waits at the gate? / Mother of quartz, your words writhe into my ear. / Renew the light, lewd whisper.

1948，Theodore Roethke，“The Shape of the Fire”, in The Lost Son and Other Poems:


radioactive

於1898年由皮埃尔·居里和玛丽·居里借自法語 radio-actif所創的新詞，等同於radio- + active。

radio-active (alternative)
more radioactive (comparative)
most radioactive (superlative)

radioactive waste

Uranium is a radioactive material.

As a matter of fact many of our best drinking waters have all sorts of unspecified qualities. Burton water, for example, is radioactive by Beetham's standards up to the ninth degree.

1917，H. G. Wells，“The First Vision”, in The Soul of a Bishop:

對人或思想有危險且令人厭惡的

Even sleazy tactics and his radioactive mouth may not be able to contain this debacle.

And while Biden’s other nominees have done little to provoke Republican backlash thus far, [Neera] Tanden is “radioactive,” as Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas) put it.

2020年November30日，Burgess Everett, Caitlin Emma, Theodoric Meyer，引 John Cornyn, “Joe Biden's 'radioactive' nominee”, in POLITICO:

If, by some miracle, Democrats hang on to one or both houses of Congress this November, it will be because of Cawthorn, Paul Gosar, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Lauren Boebert and other would-be G.O.P. candidates trying to be just like them — the Radioactive Republicans.

2022年April4日，Gail Collins, Bret Stephens，“Which ‘Radioactive Republicans’ Are We Betting On?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


radioactive

radio-active (alternative)
radioactives (plural)

Any ship nearby will receive a lethal dose of gamma rays, neutrons, and other radioactives.

2016，Travis S. Taylor, Les Johnson，On to the Asteroid:


relapse

源自拉丁語 relapsus，relabi (“向后滑，掉回”)的过去分词，源自re- (“反，往后”) + labi (“滑，落”)。

relapses (third-person singular present)
relapsing (present participle)
relapsed (past participle)

倒退回，恢复，回到 （某种状态或行为）

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

He has improved recently but keeps relapsing into states of utter confusion.

他近来情况有所好转，但是总是有混乱状态复发。

to relapse into a stupor, into vice, or into barbarism

重新陷入神志不清的状态，重新走上犯罪道路，重回野蛮

to relapse into slumber after being disturbed


relapse

a drug relapse

Alas! from what high hope to what relapse / Unlooked for are we fallen!

1671，John Milton，“The Second Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC:


remittent

more remittent (comparative)
most remittent (superlative)

intermittent指开始和停止反复，而remittent指过程持续不断，但强度忽轻忽重。

A remittent fever is when at certain periods the fever is more violent than at others, but the patient never intirely free from it.

1761, Hugh Smith, The Family Physician, London, p. 3, footnote,

Yet nine years elapsed before it [the dictionary] saw the light. His throes in bringing it forth had been severe and remittent, and at last we may almost conclude that the Caesarian operation was performed by the knife of Churchill, whose upbraiding satire, I dare say, made Johnson’s friends urge him to dispatch.

1791，James Boswell，The Life of Samuel Johnson，卷 1, London: Charles Dilly，頁 176:

I bethought myself to go upstairs and see how the dying woman sped, who lay there almost unheeded: the very servants paid her but a remittent attention: the hired nurse, being little looked after, would slip out of the room whenever she could.

1847，Charlotte Brontë，章號 21, in Jane Eyre:

The noise of the conflict, the shouting and roar of an uncounted multitude of men in the heat and fury of combat, not to more than mention the evidences of the conflict—arrows, bolts, and stones in overflight and falling in remittent showers—would have dispersed them in ordinary mood; but they were under protection—the Madonna was leading them—to be afraid was to deny her saving grace.

1893, Lew Wallace, The Prince of India, or Why Constantinople Fell, New York: Harper, Volume 2, Book 6, Chapter 9, p. 404,

The evening was a little chilly, and a fire of logs had been lighted in the study where we were, and the remittent flame and the glow on the walls reminded me of the old days.

1895，Arthur Machen，“Adventure of the Missing Brother”, in The Three Impostors，London: John Lane，頁 97:

（指症状）缓和的，减轻的

[…] the long, long fever of life, which with him never knew a remittent moment, had robbed him of that which every man has a right to expect, some pleasure in the course of his existence.

1875，Charlotte Riddell，章號 14, in The Uninhabited House:


remittent

If you would have died from fever, you would have died at Ujiji when you had that severe attack of remittent.

1872，Henry Morton Stanley，章號 15, in How I Found Livingstone，London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle，頁 598:


rheumatism

首見於1601年,源自拉丁語 rheumatismus (“风湿”) < 古希臘語 ῥευματισμός (rheumatismós，“液體，流出物，稀黏液”) < ῥευματίζομαι (rheumatízomai，“我患有风湿”) < ῥεῦμα (rheûma，“溪流，流動”) < ῥέω (rhéō，“我流動”)。(這個詞源⁽⁺⁾能找到來源嗎？)

The old man had become a confirmed invalid, confined by chronic rheumatism to his chair.

这位老人已被确诊患病，因慢性风湿病而只能坐在椅子上。


schizophrenia

首次可考于1908年，源自新拉丁語 schizophrenia，源自德語 Schizophrenie，尤金·布鲁勒所造，源自古希臘語 σχίζω (skhízō，“分开，分裂”) + φρήν (phrḗn，“心智”) + 英語 -ia。

日常使用中常与dissociative identity disorder（分离性身份障碍，又叫multiple personality disorder）混淆起来。

[…] one can understand how the cultural disorientation which beset the African Continent has confused Africa's political behaviour, creating a political schizophrenia that made nation-building impossible.

2006，Bertus Praeg，Ethiopia and Political Renaissance in Africa，頁 213:

Nevertheless, a certain amount of schizophrenia pertains to the study of World Englishes as New Englishes, for while new Englishes are regarded as valid varieties in their own right, the description and delineation of them in linguistic terms is conducted through the gaze of native-speaker norms.

2012，James Lambert，“Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes，頁 305:


sclerosis

From 古希臘語 σκλήρωσις (sklḗrōsis，“an induration”), from *σκληροῦν (sklēroûn，“硬化”), from σκληρός (sklērós，“hard”)

Suppressing dissent dooms the society to sclerosis, decline and collapse.

2019年December6日，Charles Hugh Smith，Suppressing Dissent Guarantees Disorder and Collapse:


sedentary

源自中古法語 sédentaire，源自拉丁語 sedentārius (“坐着的”)，源自sedeō (“坐”)。

more sedentary (comparative)
most sedentary (superlative)

[…]the Egyptians; whose Sages were not sedentary, scholastic Sophists, like the Grecian[…]

1765 [1738]，Bishop William Warburton，The Divine Legation of Moses Demonstrated，頁 220:

[…]that any education that confined itself to sedentary pursuits was essentially imperfect, that the body as well as the mind should be cultivated[…]

1844年October3日，Benjamin Disraeli，The Acquirement of Knowledge，An address delivered to the members of the Manchester Athenæum:

不活跃的，平静的，缓慢的

Such restless revolution day by day
 Repeated, while the sedentary earth
 That better might with far less compass move[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The Soul, considered abstractedly from its Passions, is of a remiss and sedentary Nature, slow in its Resolves, and languishing in its Executions.

1711年December22日，Joseph Addison，“No. 255”, in The Spectator:

till length of years
 And sedentary numbness craze my limbs
 To a contemptible old age obscure.

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […]”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，行s 569-571:


sedentary

Endosomatic electrodermal activity (skin potential level and skin potential response) as an indirect indicator of sympathetic nervous system activity was measured in 35 sedentary male students and 22 trained athletes of two groups during resting and after an acute exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of skin potential parameters between sedentaries and trained athletes before and after the acute exercise in bicycle ergometer.

1998，Effect of acute exercise on skin potential in sedentaries and trained athletes.:

The non-sedentaries rather do not without grain or rice, but the sedentaries have, in Wirth's table, not much less sheep and goats than the non-sedentaries. That is a reason to suppose that the sedentaries can cope without the non-sedentaries

With the decline and eventual downfall of the south, it was their relationship with the Arab sedentaries of the north which assumed greater importance;

2005，The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1, Volume 2，頁 19:

Smiths are not nomadic among the nomads and sedentary among the sedentaries, nor half-nomadic among the nomads, half-sedentary among sedentaries.

2012，Deleuze, The Dark Precursor: Dialectic, Structure, Being，頁 37:

"These baths are great both for active people like sportsmen, as well as for sedentaries who spend too much time behind their desks," explains Dicioni Lino

2015，Road to Beauty Day 8: Hairstyling Tips on the Road:


seep

sipe的变体，其源自中古英語 *sipen，源自古英語 sipian，源自原始日耳曼語 *sipōną，派生自*sīpaną（对比中古荷蘭語 sīpen (“滴”)、德國低地德語 siepern (“渗透”)，古旧德語 seifen (“滴血”)），源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*sib- (“倒出，滴”)（对比拉丁語 sēbum (“板油”)、古希臘語 εἴβω (eíbō，“滴”)。参见soap。

seeps (third-person singular present)
seeping (present participle)
seeped (past participle)

The crack is seeping water.

If the crack is seeping water, the foam totally stops the leakage.

Just when I thought I was done checking it over, I smelled coolant....remove the engine cover and bam! 1 inch crack is seeping coolant!


seep

Another idea was that filamentous bacteria covering the hairs [of the Yeti crab] would either neutralize gases emitted from the vent or serve the crab directly as a food source. And this last idea received support when a second species of Yeti crab was discovered on cold seeps on the deep-sea floor near Costa Rica.

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，頁 356:


senile

1660年代借自法語 sénile，來自中古法語 senile，來自古法語 senile，來自拉丁語 senīlis (“屬於或與老年有關的”)，來自senex (“老人”)，源自原始印歐語 *sénos (“老的”)。

more senile (comparative)
most senile (superlative)

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June，Charles T. Ambrose，“Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 200:

Her mother was senile, but they called it dementia now.

2019，Colson Whitehead，The Nickel Boys，Fleet，頁 183:


senile

Seniles differ markedly in their early adult intelligence level, and in their social, vocational, and educational histories.

1979，Oscar J. Kaplan，Psychopathology of Aging，頁 54:


shrewd

约1300年，中古英語 schrewed (“堕落的，邪恶的”，字面意思是“受诅咒的”)，源自schrewen (“诅咒”)，源自schrewe、schrowe、screwe (“邪恶的人或物”)，源自古英語 scrēawa (“邪恶的人”，字面意思是“咬人的人或物”)。等价于shrew + -ed。还见shrew
“精明”一意出现于16世纪初叶，在17世纪前逐渐得到正面意。

shrewder (comparative)
shrewdest (superlative)

会在城里混的，会在江湖上混的

Willie is very aware of this fact and lets Johnny Attell know that there is a fly in the ointment, and Johnny, who is a very shrewd article, has his chauffeur drive him to Bradford Street so he can change the kid's mind.

2003，Ron Ross，Bummy Davis vs. Murder, Inc，頁 287:

The most persistent tormentor was Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, who scored a hat-trick in last month’s corresponding fixture in Iceland. His ability to run at defences is instantly striking, but it is his clever use of possession that has persuaded some shrewd judges that he is an even better prospect than Theo Walcott.

2011年November10日，Jeremy Wilson，“England Under 21 5 Iceland Under 21 0: match report”, in Telegraph:

They were wont to please the Fairies, that they might doe them no shrewd turnes, by sweeping clean the Hearth and setting by it […]

1687，John Aubrey，Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme，頁 29:


shriek

源自弃用词shrick（1567年）、shreke，早期形式screak、skricke的变体（1500年代前），源自中古英語 scrycke，源自某北日耳曼語支/斯堪的纳维亚语言（对比瑞典語 skrika、丹麥語 skrige、冰島語 skríkja），源自原始日耳曼語 *skrīkijaną、*skrik-（对比英語 screech）。还见screech。

shrieks (third-person singular present)
shrieking (present participle)
shrieked (past participle)

Feebly ſhe ſhriekt, but ſo feebly indeed / That Britomart heard not the ſhrilling ſound.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 4，頁 95:

It was the owl that shrieked.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

"[O]h, yes! the loon does shriek dreadfully - particularly when there's fine rain[.]"

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 286:

The ghostly owl, shrieking his baleful note.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 33:

She shrieked his name to the dark woods.


sneer

可能与中古高地德語 snerren (“讲八卦”)有关。

sneers (third-person singular present)
sneering (present participle)
sneered (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-sneer.wav

So General Oakfield's friends taunted him with having been beaten, and Blackeston's friends sneered at him for not having called the general out. Blackeston, a studious and sensitive man, felt the taunts of his friends as only a student can.

1890，Henry Kingsley，Old Margaret: And Other Stories，頁 393:

to sneer fulsome lies at a person

There was a quick scuffle within the cabin. "Leave me alone, I say, and git!" cried the cook. "Can't I be friendly without you hollerin?" sneered the miner. "You wouldn't have been 'lowed to stay round here if it hadn't been for me."


sneer

可能与中古高地德語 snerren (“讲八卦”)有关。

He supposed then (with a sneer—M. Paul could sneer supremely, curling his lip, opening his nostrils, contracting his eyelids)—he supposed there was but one form of appeal to which I would listen [...]

1835，Charlotte Brontë，章號 XXX, in Villette:

And wordy attacks against slavery drew sneers from observers which were not altogether undeserved. The authors were compared to doctors who offered to a patient nothing more than invectives against the disease which consumed him.

1963，C.L.R. James，The Black Jacobins，第2nd Revised版，頁 24:

It was a casual sneer, obviously one of a long line. There was hatred behind it, but of a quiet, chronic type, nothing new or unduly virulent, and he was taken aback by the flicker of amazed incredulity that passed over the younger man's ravaged face.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 8, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

During [Tucker] Carlson’s keynote, he wedged sneers at his critics for crying “racist!” in between racist remarks about [Ilhan] Omar, jeremiads against the media (“I know there’s a bunch of reporters here, so . . . screw you”), and an attack on Elizabeth Warren and her donors (“She’s a tragedy, because she’s now obsessed with racism, which is why the finance world supports her”)—all to gleeful applause.

2019年July24日，David Austin Walsh，“Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:


sociologist

/səʊsɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/

The great sociologist Zygmunt Bauman argued that philo-Semitism and anti-Semitism both fall under “allosemitism”: literally Othering the Jew. He defined it not as resentment of what is different, which is xenophobia, but rather of what defies order and clear categories. In 1997, he wrote, “The Jew is ambivalence incarnate. And ambivalence is ambivalence mostly because it cannot be contemplated without ambivalent feeling: it is simultaneously attractive and repelling.”

2020年January28日，Mairov Zonszein，“Christian Zionist philo-Semitism is driving Trump’s Israel policy”, in The Washington Post:


solvent

源自法語 solvent，源自拉丁語 solventem，solvens的宾格单数、solvō的现在分词。等价于solve + -ent。

Furthermore, this increase in risk is comparable to the risk of death from leukemia after long-term exposure to benzene, another solvent, which has the well-known property of causing this type of cancer.

2013 July-August，Philip J. Bushnell，“Solvents, Ethanol, Car Crashes & Tolerance”, in American Scientist:


solvent

Surprisingly, this analysis revealed that acute exposure to solvent vapors at concentrations below those associated with long-term effects appears to increase the risk of a fatal automobile accident.


soybean

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March18日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，存檔自the original on 2013-05-16，頁 134:


specimen

來自拉丁語 specimen (“標記，標誌，範例”)，來自speciō (“觀察，注視”)。

樣本 樣鈔，供印刷廠測試或查驗印刷品質的紙幣

early specimens of the art of Picasso

To assure a defendant's acquittal, a lawyer usually needed only to convince the jury that the victim was a pretty sorry specimen of a human being.

2006，Bill Neal，Getting Away with Murder on the Texas Frontier:

樣本 樣票，給郵政局長和郵政管理部門的郵票，以便檢查是否為偽造郵票

early specimens of the art of Picasso


sphincter

借自晚期拉丁語 sphinctēr (“肛門肌肉”)，源自古希臘語 σφῐγκτήρ (sphĭnktḗr，“環，帶；收縮的肌肉”)，最終源自前希臘時期的底層語言。可能與 sphinx 有關。

the sphincter of the bladder

the iris sphincter in the eye

She decided that she would force him to climax first by the sheer strength of her young animal control, the strength of her sphincters […]

1982，Lawrence Durrell，Constance (The Avignon Quintet)，Faber & Faber，頁 836:


stifle

动词派生自晚期中古英語 stuflen (“因炎热而难以呼吸；淹水，因呛水窒息”) [以及其他形式]，之后词源不详，可能源自stuffen (“通过窒息杀死；因闷热窒息；压制，灭杀；剥夺植物的生长条件”) + -el- (动词的衍生性中缀，可能意指指小，程度增强或反复性动作和事件)。 stuffen派生自古法語 estofer、estouffer (“使...窒息，勒死；（比喻义）压制，抑制”) [以及其他形式]（现代法語 étouffer），变换自estoper、estuper (“阻塞；绷紧，使...变厚”)（现代法語 étouper (“填补”)），受到了estofer (“给...装垫子”)（现代法語 étoffer）的影响。estoper派生自通俗拉丁語 *stuppāre，源自拉丁語 stuppa (“粗亚麻”)（作为填塞材料，源自古希臘語 στύπη (stúpē)、στύππη (stúppē)（对比στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)），可能源自前希臘時期的底層語言）+ -āre。据《牛津英语词典》，其派生自古諾爾斯語 stífla (“筑坝；阻塞”)的说法“在词形和词义方面难有说服力”。
名词派生自动词。

stifles (third-person singular present)
stifling (present participle)
stifled (past participle)

smother

使...窒息；将...闷死

suffocate

使...窒息；将...闷死

使...窒息；将...闷死

I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room.

1708，Jonathan Swift，Accomplishment of the First Prediction:

The army stifled the rebellion.

I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.

1723，Daniel Waterland，A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:

In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.

2011年October29日，Neil Johnston，“Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:


stubborn

源自中古英語 stiborne、stibourne、stoburn、stoburne、styburne、stiborn。其词源不详。
一理论认为可能源自*stybor、*stibor，源自古英語 stybb (“树桩”) + 形容词构成后缀 -or，如出现于古英語 bitor、英語 bitter的后缀。

But I have to say that one thing you inherited from your mother is a whole lot of stubborn.

2003，Dana Stabenow，A Grave Denied, →ISBN，頁 86:

That takes a lot of stubborn for a seventy-something man.

2014，Victoria Hamilton，Muffin But Murder, →ISBN:

Stubborn is not eating pizza out of a square pan because you know it won't taste as good as a round one. Stubborn is spending twelve thousand dollars to fix a five-hundred-dollar truck just because it's “your baby.”

2016，Ken Robert Baugh，Just Passing Time, →ISBN:

The extremely low number of control plants infected by stubborn disease suggests that natural spread of stubborn in the vicinity of the experiments is much slower than that reported for psylla-borne greening in South Africa (Schwarz, 1964).

1966，Israel Journal of Botany - Volumes 15-17，頁 131:

With evidence that the causal agent of stubborn is spread by insects, control or prevention of this disease will prove more difficult than formerly thought to be.

1967，Walter Reuther，The Citrus Industry, Volume IV, →ISBN，頁 129:

Sectorial infection of stubborn could be stable for long periods, but may be manifested once the trees are severely pruned, this causing the system spread of S. citri to other non-infected parts.

2012，Vincenzo Vacante & Uri Gerson，Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region, →ISBN:


suffocate

源自拉丁語 suffōcāre，源自sub- (“在...之下”) + fōx (“喉咙”)

suffocates (third-person singular present)
suffocating (present participle)
suffocated (past participle)

（使...）窒息，（使...）缺氧

Open the hatch, he is suffocating in the airlock!

打开舱口！他在气闸室里要窒息了！

It is because of freedom, one netizen replied: Like air, you may not realize its importance, but when suffocating, you would know how precious it is.

2020年November2日，Jiu Xiao，“Chinese Communist Party Officials Push Anti-U.S. Propaganda While Sending Families to Live in the U.S.”, in Minghui:

He suffocated his wife by holding a pillow over her head.

他用枕头盖住妻子的头使她窒息而死。

Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene vi]:

（使...）窒息，（使...）喘不过气，压倒

I'm suffocating under this huge workload.

这一大堆工作让我喘不过气来。

If the trend to private cars continues, the more quickly will the road traffic suffocate itself, [...].

1962 April，“London Airport rail link”, in Modern Railways，頁 222:


sumptuous

源自法語 somptueux，源自拉丁語 sumptuōsus，源自sūmptus (“耗费，费用”)，源自sumō (“拿”) + -tus (名词构成后缀)。

more sumptuous (comparative)
most sumptuous (superlative)

Though poor the peasant’s hut, his feasts though small,

I wandered on until I came to a sumptuous palace with a garden adorned with fountains and fishponds, and groves and flowers, and orchards laden with delicious fruit.

Cabaye pulled all the strings in a dominant home performance and capped a majestic individual display with a sumptuous first-time finish into the far corner for his second goal of the afternoon.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:


syllabus

借自中世紀拉丁語 syllabus (“列表”)，因一次印刷错误而普及使用。在15世纪70年代版的西塞罗著“Ad Atticum” IV.5和8内，其宾格复数本是 sittybas，卻印刷成了 syllabos。这个变化形式受到了古希臘語 συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō，“放在一起”)的词干的影响，该词衍生出σῠλλᾰβή (sŭllăbḗ，“音节”)；而其实际上来自σιττύβα (sittúba，“羊皮纸标签，目录”)，词源不详。

In the first half of the year, teachers attended the training workshop for the new K-10 Chinese syllabus. In July, almost all the teachers attended the teacher training courses provided by OCAC.

2019年November23日，A Falun Dafa practitioner in Australia，“Eliminating Attachments While Helping Coordinate a Minghui School”, in Minghui:

‘I checked online for a beginner syllabus,’ she say. ‘A syllabus is a plan for how we would work, what I can teach you.’

2020，Abi Daré，The Girl With The Louding Voice，Sceptre，頁 183:


taper

源自中古英語 taper，源自古英語 tapor (“蜡烛，灯芯”)，其词源不详。可能源自拉丁語 papyrus (“纸莎草”，中世纪时指“蜡烛芯”)。若如此，则是papyrus和paper 的同源對似詞。另可能源自凱爾特語族中某个与愛爾蘭語 tapar、威爾士語 tampr (“火把”)有关的词，亦对比梵語 तपती (tápati，“温暖，发热”)。还见tepid。

Strike on the Tinder, hoa: / Giue me a Taper: […]

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]，頁 311，行 157:

He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.

1813年August13日，Thomas Jefferson，Letter to Isaac McPherson:

The red glare of the tapers flung a strange unnatural hue on the painted windows of the little Gothic chapel, where none slept save the noble of name, and the high of blood—purple and crimson, the colours mingled together in fantastic combinations, till the rainbow-hued figures seemed to move with supernatural life.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 160:

Love used to carry a bow, you know,
But now he carries a taper;
It is either a length of wax aglow,
Or a twist of lighted paper.

the taper of a spire

The legs of the table had a slight taper to them.

Her hair hangs over her ears and flows to a taper at the back of her neck where it is held in place with a wide and circular black clasp.


throng

源自中古英語 throng、thrang，源自古英語 þrang、ġeþrang (“挤压，人群，吵嚷”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *þrangwą、*þrangwō (“人群”)，源自*þrangwaz (“挤压”)，源自原始印歐語 *trenkʷ- (“殴打，击打；砍劈；按压”)。与荷蘭語 drang、德語 Drang同源。亦对比德語 Gedränge (“人群”)。

Not to know me argues yourselves unknown,
The lowest of your throng.

不认得我证明你们自己不出名，
你们的群体地位最低。

1667，John Milton，“Book 4”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Perhaps you suppose this throng / Can't keep it up all day long?

1885，Gilbert and Sullivan，“Act 1”, in The Mikado:

Miss Phyllis Morgan, as the hapless heroine dressed in the shabbiest of clothes, appears in the midst of a gay and giddy throng; she apostrophises all and sundry there, including the villain, and has a magnificent scene which always brings down the house, and nightly adds to her histrionic laurels.

1905，Baroness Emmuska Orczy，章號 2, in The Affair at the Novelty Theatre:

Here, mingled with the Persians, who were rushing to the higher ground with the same effort as ourselves, we remained motionless until sunrise of the next day, so crowded together that the bodies of the slain, held upright by the throng, could nowhere find room to fall, and that in front of me a soldier with his head cut in two, and split into equal halves by a powerful sword stroke, was so pressed on all sides that he stood erect like a stump.

1939, en:Ammianus Marcellinus, John Carew Rolfe, Ammianus Marcellinus, Volume 1, Harvard University Press, page 463:

I imagine throngs of people – well-dressed, sipping spritzes – in front of a boat that, to me, is a coffin which held 700 people.

2019年May12日，Lorenzo Tondo，“I have seen the tragedy of Mediterranean migrants. This ‘art’ makes me feel uneasy”, in The Guardian:


throng

throngs (third-person singular present)
thronging (present participle)
thronged (past participle)

By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.

1935，George Goodchild，章號 5, in Death on the Centre Court:


trance

动词派生自中古英語 traunce、trauncen、trancen (“四处移动(?)；蹦跳(?);踏地”)（派生出现代英語 trounce，同义，参见该词条）。动词应该派生自名词。

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

So saying, he led the way out through halls and trances that were weel kend to my gudesire, and into the auld oak parlour; […]


tuberculosis

結核，肺結核（自1839年）

With smallpox gone, tuberculosis is today the deadliest infectious disease on the planet.

随着天花的消失，肺结核成为当今地球上最致命的传染病。

2019，Bill Bryson，The Body: A Guide for Occupants，Black Swan (2020)，頁 380:


turgid

源自拉丁語 turgidus (“肿胀的”)，源自turgeō (“肿胀”)。

more turgid (comparative)
most turgid (superlative)

I have a turgid limb.

A vegetable that is fully moist and firm will seem both crisp and more tender than the same vegetable limp from water loss. When we bite down on a vegetable turgid with water, the already-stressed cell walls readily break and the cells burst open; in a limp vegetable, chewing compresses the walls together, and we have to exert much more pressure to break through them.

2004，Harold McGee，章號 5, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen，Scribner, →ISBN:

These were all basic tenets, but the principals wrote them down as if they had never heard them before—and maybe they hadn’t, or at least not for many years. Perhaps that’s why bureaucratic prose becomes so turgid, whatever the bureaucracy.

1976，William Zinsser，On Writing Well, 30th Anniversary Edition，第Kindle版, Harper Perennial, 出版於 2012, →ISBN，頁 172:

Published TV-scholarship sure reflects this mood. And the numbingly dull quality to most “literary” television analyses is due less to the turgid abstraction scholars employ to make television seem an OK object of aesthetic inquiry […]

1997，David Foster Wallace，“E Unibus Pluram: television and U.S. fiction”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again，第Kindle版, Little, Brown Book Group:


ultrasonic

more ultrasonic (comparative)
most ultrasonic (superlative)

聲波或振動，其頻率超過人類耳朵可以聽到的最高閾值20k赫茲（千赫）；超聲的

The wheel shop also has equipment for ultrasonic testing of axles for flaws; and systematic checking of locomotive axles and crank pins is carried out as they pass through the shops.

车轮车间还配备了对车轴进行缺陷超声波检测的设备；机车车轴和曲柄销在通过车间时还要进行系统检查。

1961 March，C. P. Boocock，“The organisation of Eastleigh Locomotive Works”, in Trains Illustrated，頁s 159–160:


unicellular

Among unicellulars, the rate of increase is beyond belief.

1931，Ezra Bowen，An hypothesis of population growth:

In unicellulars the uncoupling of the various nutritional and energy sources is much more widely spread.

1986, Johan A J Metz, O Diekmann, The dynamics of physiologically structured populations

More or less distinct specialisation of reproductive elements in some unicellulars.

一些單細胞生物的生殖器官或多或少有明顯的特化。


vanguard

By some paradoxical evolution rancour and intolerance have been established in the vanguard of primitive Christianity. Mrs. Spoker, in common with many of the stricter disciples of righteousness, was as inclement in demeanour as she was cadaverous in aspect.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 4, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

[O]ne minute this "Jihadi John" was struggling to get by, and get accepted, in drizzly England, unemployed with a mortgage to pay and a chip on his shoulder, and the next he stands in brilliant Levantine sunlight, where everything is clear and etched, at the vanguard of some Sunni Risorgimento intent on subjecting the world to its murderous brand of Wahhabi Islam.

2014年November17日，Roger Cohen，“The horror! The horror! The trauma of ISIS [print version: International New York Times, 18 November 2014, page 9]”, in The New York Times:


versatile

源自拉丁語 versātilis (“容易转的，容易转变的”)，源自versātus，versō (“转；改变”)的过去分词，vertō (“转”)的反复态。

more versatile (comparative)
most versatile (superlative)

[ˈvɜː.səˌtaɪɫ]

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versatile.wav

double-decker

可攻可受的 （既能插入又能被插入的）

The versatile anther is an important step up in flowering plant evolution and it may be the most widespread of all simple anther types.

1996，William G. D'Arcy，The anther: form, function, and phylogeny:

可攻可受的 （既能插入又能被插入的）

Among men who do engage in anal intercourse, about one-quarter are tops, one-quarter are bottoms, and one-half are versatile.

2017，Simon LeVay，Gay, Straight, and the Reason why: The Science of Sexual Orientation:


versus

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versus.wav

v

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

v.

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

在皮尤研究中心於2008年11月進行的民意調查中，有一半的受訪者認為兩黨在接下來的一年會更多合作，而只有36%的人認為氛圍會變得更對立。

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times [紐約時報]:

If, for example, we select random people entering a workout gym, versus if we pick random people entering a hospital, we will get very different samples.

例如，如果我們選擇進入健身房的隨機人群，與選擇進入醫院的隨機人群相比，我們將得到非常不同的樣本。

2005，Robert E. Weiss，Modeling Longitudinal Data，Springer, →ISBN，頁 104:


wholesome

來自早期的holesome，來自中古英語 holsom、holsum、helsum、halsum，來自古英語 *hālsum、*hǣlsum，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hailasam，來自原始日耳曼語 *hailasamaz，等同whole + -some。與薩特弗里斯蘭語 heelsoam、荷蘭語 heilzaam、德國低地德語 heelsaam、德語 heilsam、冰島語 heilsamur、新挪威語 helsesam、瑞典語 hälsosam (“健康的”)等同源。

more wholesome (comparative)
wholesomer (comparative)
most wholesome (superlative)
wholesomest (superlative)

Though hard, my friends, yet wholesome are the truths, taught in affliction's school, whence the pure soul rises refined, and soars above the world.

1750，“Theodora”, Thomas Morell 作詞, George Frideric Handel 作曲:

A wholeſome tongue is a tree of life: but peruerſneſſe therein is a breach in the ſpirit.

溫良的舌，是生命樹；乖謬的嘴，使人心碎。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 15:4，列 1:

The more solicitous of the two was Nurse Cramer, a shapely, pretty, sexless girl with a wholesome unattractive face.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 171:

There's something tragic, but almost pure
 Think I could love you, but I'm not sure
 There's something wholesome, there's something sweet
 Tucked in your eyes that I'd love to meet

2017年April13日，Mitchy Collins, Samantha Derosa, Christian Medice，“Broken”, in Finding It Hard to Smile，演出者 Lovelytheband:

Around the same time, “wholesome” memes of cute doggos and puppers rejuvenated social media feeds that seemed daily filled with fresh horrors.

2019，Gretchen McCulloch，Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language，Riverhead Books, →ISBN:

The comment section on a recent post making fun of a “cute” and “wholesome” Doomer Girl meme is mixed.

2020年February3日，Kaitlyn Tiffany，“The Misogynistic Joke That Became a Goth-Meme Fairy Tale”, in The Atlantic:


wretched

源自中古英語 wrecched (“经历悲惨的；可悲的，不幸的，不高兴的；贫困的；低贱的；可怜的人”) [以及其他形式]，源自wrecche (“经历悲惨的；可悲的，不幸的，不高兴的；贫困的；低贱的；可鄙的，恶劣的，邪恶的；小气的；无足轻重的”)（源自晚期古英語 wrecc，源自古英語 wreċċa (“被驱逐者”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *wreg- (“跟；猎”)） + -ed (构成形容词的后缀)。 英语词可作wretch (已弃用形容词，与本词同义) + -ed (构成形容词的后缀)分析。

wretcheder (comparative)
more wretched (comparative)
wretchedest (superlative)
most wretched (superlative)

damned

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

bloody

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

blasted

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

bleeding

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

I felt wretched after my wife died.

我妻子死了以后我痛不欲生。

Mario Balotelli replaced [Carlos] Tevez but his contribution was so negligible that he suffered the indignity of being substituted himself as time ran out, a development that encapsulated a wretched 90 minutes for City and boss Roberto Mancini。

2011年April11日，Phil McNulty，“Liverpool 3 – 0 Man City”, in BBC Sport，存檔自the original on 2023-01-27:

All those wretched quarrels, in his humble opinion, stirring up bad blood – bump of combativeness or gland of some kind, erroneously supposed to be about a punctilio of honour and a flag, – were very largely a question of the money question which was at the back of everything, greed and jealousy, people never knowing when to stop.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16: Eumaeus]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos]，頁 598:


haj

"The defendant has also piloted planes taking haj pilgrims from Indonesia to Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia to Indonesia.

被告還曾駕駛飛機將朝聖者從印尼送往沙烏地阿拉伯，以及從沙烏地阿拉伯送往印度尼西亞

2009年January15日，“Five Australians jailed for entering Papua province”, in Herald Sun，源於 AAP:


asinine

源自拉丁語 asinīnus (“驴的”)。

more asinine (comparative)
most asinine (superlative)

They danced on silently, softly. Their feet played tricks to the beat of the tireless measure, that exquisitely asinine blare which is England's punishment for having lost America.

1922，Michael Arlen，“2/2/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

Don Quixote had put himself but a little way ayont the village of Don Diego, when he encountered two apparent priests, or students, and two husbandmen, who came mounted on four asinine beasts.

1881，Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra，The Ingenious Knight: Don Quixote de la Mancha，頁 84:


asshole

早期形式arsehole的变体，源自中古英語 arshole、arcehoole，等价于ass + hole。同源词包括挪威語 rasshøl (“屁眼”)、瑞典語 arsle (“屁眼”)。亦对比德語 Arschloch (“屁眼，混蛋”)。自14世纪70年代起可考，取代了早期古英語 earsþyrel (“肛门”，字面意思是“屁股的洞”)。中古英语中最初的记录作ers hole (Glouc. Cath. Manuscript 19. No. I., dated 1379, cited after OED)、ars-hole (Bodleian Ashmole MS. 1396, dated ca. 1400, ed. Robert Von Fleischhacker as Lanfrank's "Science of Cirurgie", EETS 102, 1894, cited after OED.)
俚语比喻用法可追溯回20世纪，当时，20世纪20年代，用于指让人讨厌的地方（对比shithole），然后至晚在20世纪50年代用来指让人讨厌的人(Harvard Advocate 137, March 1954)。也有同位用法（如“You're an asshole moralist”, T. Chamales, 1957）。

asshole是美式英语形式，对应的英式英语形式为arsehole。

指人作贬义词时，粗俗程度和语气不如fucker或cunt。尽管本质上是中性词，但一般指男性，指女性时一般使用特指性别的bitch等词。

She said she couldn't wiggle when she had the doorknob in her asshole.

1910，“Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York Third Department”, in Google Books, retrieved 2014-07-27:

'You talk as if you were born without an asshole,' he cried to Commander Semmes.

1954，Ira Wolfert，An Act of Love: A Completely Retold Version of the Novel, →OCLC，頁 54:

混蛋，混球，傻屄，狗东西

He philosophised all day about Morandi, Klee, Miró and Picasso, and was such an asshole that he spelled "cunt" with a "d".

1965，Jan Cremer，譯者 R. E. WyngaardandAlexander Trocchi, I, Jan Cremer, →OCLC，頁 78:

You oughta have better sense than to trust anyone with anything in this asshole place.

1976，Felix Goodson，Sweet Salt, →ISBN，頁 254:

... but when he started bugging the bartender to shut the asshole TV off because he wanted to have a serious discussion...

1979，Ronald Sukenick，Long Talking Bad Conditions Blues, →ISBN，頁 83:


asshole

Esshole, Asshole, the hole under the fire to hold ashes.

1775，Tim Bobbin [John Collier]，The Miscellaneous Works of Tim Bobbin, Esq., →OCLC，頁 68:


astute

拉丁語 astūtus，源自astus (“精明，技艺”)。

astuter (comparative)
astutest (superlative)

astute analysis

astute observation

astute remark

The best headteachers are like submarine captains – cool-headed, astute decision-makers – who trust their colleagues and surroundings to indicate where their ship is headed.

23 September 2014，A teacher，“Choosing a primary school: a teacher's guide for parents”, in The Guardian:


avid

來自法語 avide，來自拉丁語 avidus (“渴望的，想要的；貪婪的”)，來自aveō (“想，渴望，請求”)。

more avid (comparative)
avider (comparative)
most (superlative)
avidest (superlative)

（對某事物表現岀） 感興趣的；熱衷的，忠實的；熱切的

I'm an avid reader.

an avid fan of 1960s sci-fi movies

1960年代科幻片的狂熱影迷。

A blanket disdain for indigenous foods doesn't explain the delay, because Spain was avid to adopt a different New World root.

1999，Larry Zuckerman，The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World:

We waited for something to happen, for anything to happen, we were avid for some event to unfold itself out of the burning nothing to save us.

1996，Janette Turner Hospital，Oyster，Virago Press，頁 3:


sorra

'Sorra a friend I have - sorra a friend, Masther Richard; and I did not spake to the priest this year or more, and I darn't go near him,' said the poor Palmerstown lass that was once so merry.

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:

Sorra a bite she ates but she drinks the mixture with it.
她一口也沒有吃，但她把混合物和它一起喝了。

1879, Chambers's Journal (volume 56, issue 2, page 589)


influenza

借自意大利語 influenza (“影響”)，源自拉丁語 influentia。influence 的同源對似詞。

In early 1919 the Board also issued a film, Dr Wise on Influenza, in which a character called 'Brown' spreads the disease by enacting poor behaviours.
This did address transport - by boarding a crowded omnibus, "Brown may be scattering germs throughout the carriage and giving influenza to a number of people".

1919年初，委员会还发行了一部电影《怀斯医生谈流感》，片中一个名叫“布朗”的角色通过做出不良行为传播疾病。
这部电影确实涉及交通问题——登上一辆拥挤的公共汽车后，“布朗可能会在整个车厢内传播细菌，并将流感传染给许多人”。

2020年April8日，Dr David Turner，“How railway staff were conduits and victims of a pandemic [铁路工作人员如何成为疫情的传播者和受害者]”, in Rail，頁 32:


relaxer

Are you a doer or a relaxer? If you said “some of both,” then you're right on track.

您是行動派還是放鬆派？如果您回答「兩者皆有」，那麼您說得對。

2014，Rusty Gregory, Alan Chasen，Living Wheat-Free For Dummies，頁 172:


Cretaceous

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁s 3–4:


Jurassic

借自法語 Jurassique，名取自瑞士的侏罗山。

Those fears and excuses seem positively Jurassic more than eighty years later.

2009 March，Byron Rempel，“Women's Ski Jumping Takes Aim at the Winter Olympics”, in Skiing Heritage Journal，卷 21, 號 1，頁 17=:

For every three shops or restaurants that looked as if they might have had a poster of Che Guevara somewhere on the premises, there was one stubborn Jurassic retailer offering knit suits for older women or an Italian restaurant that offered all-you-can-eat garlic bread and didn't call itself a trattoria.

2017，Dean Koontz，The Silent Corner，頁 93:

Well, thirty compared to twenty-five seemed Jurassic to me back then.

2017，Giuliana Prada，Hiding Boys in Bathrooms: A Decade of Dating Debacles:


Cenozoic

ceno- + -zoic，源自古希臘語 καινός (kainós，“新的”) + ζωή (zōḗ，“生命”)

/ˌkeɪnəʊˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsɛnɵˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsiːnɵˈzəʊɪk/

The whole history of the earth is divided into five eras, with corresponding rock-systems. These are: 1. Archæan or Eozoic¹ era, embodied in the Laurentian system; 2. Palæozoic² era, embodied in the Palæozoic or Primary system; 3. Mesozoic³ era, recorded in the Secondary system; 4. Cenozoic,⁴ recorded in the Tertiary and Quaternary systems; and, 5. The Psychozoic era, or era of Mind, recorded in the recent system.

1883, Joseph Le Conte, Elements of Geology: A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader, D. Appleton and Company, New York,

The researchers found that the first day of the Cenozoic was peppered with cataclysms. When the asteroid struck, it temporarily carved a hole 60 miles across and 20 miles deep.

2019年September10日，Katherine Kornei，“A New Timeline of the Day the Dinosaurs Began to Die Out”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


kor

來自希伯來語 כֹּר。

cor的另一種寫法：希伯來和腓尼基的體積單位

Solomon responded by committing 20,000 kors of pure oil and 20,000 kors of wheat in annual payments. A kor of oil is an ancient Hebrew unit of liquid of about 58 gallons. A kor of wheat is equal to 6.25 bushels.

2002，Don Victor Bovey，In Touch With Eternity，頁 161:


cinema

借自法語 cinéma，截断自cinématographe（由卢米埃尔兄弟在19世纪90年代造出），源自古希臘語 κίνημα (kínēma，“运动，移动”) + γράφω (gráphō，“书写，记录”)。

电影产业，电影业，影视业

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日，“Travels and travails”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁 55:

In the long history of Spanish cinema[…].

在西班牙電影業的漫長歷史中 […] 。


kappa

借自日語 河童 (kappa)。

It was not quite possible for a kappa to go pale, but this one managed, shrinking partly into its shell.

2013，Laura VanArendonk Baugh，Kitsune-Mochi: Kitsune Tales #2，頁 94:


mode

來自古法語 mode m，來自拉丁語 modus (“方法，方式；節奏，旋律”)。modus 的同源對似詞。

方式，辦法 一個系統的狀態，由該系統的一個本徵函數所代表 與信號或振動相關的狀態

What was the mode of entry?

An effectual and inexpensive mode of Protecting Wall-Trees from Spring-Frosts.

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

1855，Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society，卷 9，頁 205:

common-mode

differential-mode

normal mode of vibration

方式，辦法 一個系統的狀態，由該系統的一個本徵函數所代表 電磁場的波型

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

longitudinal mode

transverse mode

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

In insert mode, characters typed are directly inserted into the buffer.

在插入模式粗体文本下，键入的字符直接插入到缓冲区中。

方式，辦法 裝置上用於特定目的的一系列設定

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

airplane mode; night mode

The car was then placed into its Level 2 driving mode, much like you would for the current adaptive cruise control systems.

然后，汽车进入二级驾驶模式，类似于当前的自适应巡航控制系统。

2024年May4日，Mat Gallagher，“I tried Mercedes’ new autonomous driving in busy city streets – it's mind-blowing”, in T3:

方式，辦法 玩法變化，例如難度

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

Campaign mode (the career mode that includes the notorious Gran Turismo driving school) is off limits while offline. Also unavailable offline: buying new cars, viewing your garage, editing car liveries, and even the "taking photos of fancy cars in exotic scenery" mode.

战役模式（包含臭名昭著的“GT赛车”驾驶学校的生涯模式）在离线状态下无法使用。此外，离线状态下也无法使用以下模式：购买新车、查看车库、编辑车辆涂装，甚至包括“在异国风光中拍摄豪车”模式。

2017年October17日，Jonathan M. Gitlin，“Gran Turismo Sport is extremely limited in offline mode”, in Ars Technica:

I've stumbled over gaming's simplest hurdles, been humiliated by the lowliest of enemies and will often go for an easy mode if one's available, and yet I've run through Bloodborne twice without ever really breaking much of a sweat.

我曾在游戏中最简单的障碍跌倒过，被最卑微的敌人羞辱，并且如果可以选择简单模式，我基本上就会选，然而我已经两次通关《血源诅咒》，却从未真正出过什么大汗。

2018年March6日，Martin Robinson，“Dispelling the myths of Bloodborne”, in Eurogamer:

Selfie modes, meanwhile, let you add filters and change characters’ facial expressions，來自Link in The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker to Arthur Morgan in Red Dead Redemption 2.

同时，自拍模式可让您添加滤镜并更改角色的面部表情，从《塞尔达传说：风之杖》中的林克到《荒野大镖客2》中的亚瑟·摩根。

2019年February25日，Jordan Erica Webber，“Point and shoot: what's next for photography in video games?”, in The Guardian:

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

方式，辦法 形式，僅實質性質存在的東西

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。


delirious

源自delirium + -ous，参见拉丁語 delirus (“愚蠢的，糊涂的，疯狂的”)。

more delirious (comparative)
most delirious (superlative)

/dɪˈlɪɹɪ.əs/

/dɪˈlɪəɹɪ.əs/

[…]the angelic form of a creature whose very existence was a gigantic balm of Gilead to the lacerated body of our hero, and, in a half delirious state of mind, he felt like leaping mountains to raise prostrate female forms, and to become blessed with hymeneal joys of the most glorious character; but, his imagination soon forsook him, and a raging fever, accompanied by the most violent deadly delirium, ensued, which lasted a fortnight.

1872，Simon Mohler Landis，The Social War, Chapter III: Deacon Stew raves at Lucinda's Love for Victor:


tahan

借自馬來語 tahan。

"Many local artists cannot tahan me," he says, using the Malay word for "tolerate". "If you live next to Picasso, can you tahan or not?"

“許多當地的藝術家受不了我，”他說道，用馬來語詞彙來表達“忍受”。“你要是住在畢加索隔壁，你能忍得了不？”

2017，Wong Kim Hoh, It Changed My Life: What Tan Swie Hian wants - a free mind，The Sunday Times:

The 3.2km meandering naturalised river at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park used to be a 2.7 km long straight concrete Kallang channel in the past, which would not otherwise have been able to tahan as much rainwater as it now does.
碧山-宏茂橋公園裡頭這條長3.2km、蜿蜒前行的天然河流，過去曾是長2.7km而筆直的加冷水道，根本不能像現在一樣容納那麼多雨水。

2017, Zhangxin Zheng, Here’s why you shouldn’t be alarmed by pictures of “flooding” in Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Mothership.sg

If you’re buying a new car, especially a better one than your previous, it’s gonna be able to tahan your need for speed. Step on the pedal only la, why so kancheong?
如果你要買新車，尤其是比以前那輛更好的，那它要滿足你對速度的要求。踩踏板就是啦，那麼緊張幹嘛呢？

2017, 8 Things Malaysians Immediately Do When They Get a New Car... Which One Have You Done?, CILISOS (Current Issues Tambah Pedas)


kiln

源自中古英語 kilne，源自古英語 cylene或cyline (“大炉子”)，源自拉丁語 culīna (“厨房，厨房火炉”)。

One typical Grecian kiln engorged one thousand muleloads of juniper wood in a single burn. Fifty such kilns would devour six thousand metric tons of trees and brush annually.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 2, in Internal Combustion:


languid

借自拉丁語 languidus (“虚弱的，迟缓的，懒散的”)。

more languid (comparative)
most languid (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-languid.wav

无精打采的；懒散的，懒洋洋的

languid movements

languid breathing

As love without esteem is capricious and volatile; esteem without love is languid and cold.

March 10 1753，Samuel Johnson (attributed)，The Adventurer:

George had an air at once swaggering and melancholy, languid and fierce.

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 21, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

Toil is the portion of day, as sleep is that of night; but if there be one hour of the twenty-four which has the life of day without its labour, and the rest of night without its slumber, it is the lovely and languid hour of twilight.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 1:


languid

As may be required, a small hole is bored in either of the languids, or in the back of the pipe in the space between the two languids. By this means, in addition to the current of air passing between the languids and the lower lip, […]

1913，William Horatio Clarke，Standard Organ Building，頁 150:


accelerometer

用於檢測和測量振動的儀器

Working with NR, ScotRail and Porterbrook, Perpetuum has fitted sensors with gyroscopes and accelerometers to trains that are already in passenger service.

Perpetuum 與 NR、ScotRail 和 Porterbrook 合作，為已經投入客運服務的火車安裝了帶有陀螺儀和加速計的傳感器。

2022年March23日，“Network News: Hitachi on-train track monitoring trial expands to Scottish routes”, in RAIL，期 953，頁 13:


alizarin

glass headed pins,
oil-golds and copper greens,
anthracite blues, alizarins,

1946，Elizabeth Bishop，“Roosters”, in North and South:

In 1883, the German output of alizarin, the brilliant red chemical that imitated natural carmine, reached twelve thousand tons, dwarfing the amount being produced by Perkin's factory in London.

1883年，德国生产的茜素——一种可仿制天然胭脂红的鲜艳红色化学染料——年产量已达1.2万吨，使得伦敦珀金工厂的产量相形见绌。

2010，Siddhartha Mukherjee，The Emperor of all Maladies，Fourth Estate, 出版於 2011，頁 82:


amorphous

源自古希臘語 ἄμορφος (ámorphos，“无形体的，无形状的，畸形的”)（其源自ἀ- (a-，“无，没”) + μορφή (morphḗ，“形体”) + -ous）。

more amorphous (comparative)
most amorphous (superlative)

formless

形状不定的，形状模糊的，不规则的

shapeless

形状不定的，形状模糊的，不规则的

And people talking all the time about the AfD is just what it wants: to foster the impression that the others are ganging up against it. The “authentic” voice of “real people” v the amorphous elite.

2023年September27日，John Kampfner，“German politics has a built-in firewall against the far right. It’s beginning to crack”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


antipathy

源自古希臘語 ἀντιπάθεια (antipátheia)，ἀντιπαθής (antipathḗs，“感觉相悖的”)的状态名词，源自ἀντί (antí，“反对”) + πάθος (páthos，“感觉”)的词根。

"Truly I am one very likely to encourage romance in any young lady! Did you ever know me to patronise moonlight walks, or talk even forgivingly of cottages and roses? and have I not a natural antipathy to honeysuckle?"

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 3，頁s 164-165:

Deep antipathy to Hillary Clinton exists within the FBI, multiple bureau sources have told the Guardian, spurring a rapid series of leaks damaging to her campaign just days before the election.

4 November 2016, Spencer Ackerman writing in The Guardian, The FBI is Trumpland': anti-Clinton atmosphere spurred leaking, sources say

The sagebrush belongs to the composite family, and its immediate cousins are widely distributed. They are known as the artemisias, and there are a host of them, many with important uses in the economy of civilization. Artemisia absinthium is popularly known as wormwood; from it comes the bitter, aromatic liquor known as eau or crême d'absinthe. Many of its cousins grow in Asia and Europe, including the mugwort, used by the Germans as a seasoning in cookery; southernwood, used by the British to drive away moths from linen and woolens and to force newly swarmed bees, which have a peculiar antipathy for it, into the hive

June 1917, The National Geographic Magazine Volume 31, No. 6, Our State Flowers/The Sagebrush

Now when the Master-at-arms noticed whence came that greasy fluid streaming before his feet, he must have taken it—to some extent wilfully, perhaps—not for the mere accident it assuredly was, but for the sly escape of a spontaneous feeling on Billy's part more or less answering to the antipathy on his own.

1891，Henry Melville，章號 13, in Billy Budd:


atmospheric pressure

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:


azure

源自中古英語 asure，源自古法語 azur，派生自阿拉伯語 لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward，“青金石”)，l 被误解为法语冠词 l' 而被删去。阿拉伯语词源自古典波斯語 لاجورد (lājward，“青金石”)，源自巴达克山处Lajward地区的名字。
对比意大利語 azzurro及西班牙語 azul。

天青色，蔚蓝色；天青色染料

In robes of azure.

1815，William Wordsworth，Extracts from An Evening Walk:

For our blues we have the azures and ceruleans, lapis lazulis, the light and dusty, the powder blues, the deeps: royal, sapphire, navy, and marine […]

2014，William H. Gass，On Being Blue: A Philosophical Inquiry，頁 59:

azure：

In Bb [Glover's Roll], the conventional letter B is used to indicate azure in most items.

azure (纹章学)：

Not like those steps / On heaven's azure.

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


azure

When Britain first, at Heaven's command / Arose from out the azure main.

‘I forget your coat of arms.’
‘A human foot d’or, in a field azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel.’

1846，Edgar Allan Poe，The Cask of Amontillado:


azure

azures (third-person singular present)
azuring (present participle)
azured (past participle)

Our readers are aware that much of the sugar sold in many countries goes through an azuring treatment; blue is added to granulated sugar with the view of making it appear whiter than it actually is.


beryl

繼承自中古英語 beryl，來自古法語 beril，來自拉丁語 bērillus、bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos，“綠柱石”)，來自普拉克里特語 [具體何詞?]，來自梵語 वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)。

The sunset had been magnificent, and the Thames was floating in dark radiance; the waves wearing that transparent clearness, which gives more the idea of melted beryl, than aught else: every little circle in the water had that trembling light which characterises precious stones.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Fête”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 57:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012年March18日，Lee A. Groat，“Gemstones”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 2，頁 128:

The crown was set with six beryls of excellent size and color.

The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl …

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 1:16:


bristle

源自中古英語 bristil、bristel、brustel，源自古英語 bristl、*brystl、*byrstel，源自原始西日耳曼語 *burstilu，原始西日耳曼語 *bursti的指小词，源自原始日耳曼語 *burstiz（对比荷蘭語 borstel、德語 Borste (“野猪的鬓毛”)、冰島語 burst），源自原始印歐語 *bʰr̥stís（对比中古愛爾蘭語 brostaid (“招惹”)、拉丁語 fastīgium (“顶部的”)、波蘭語 barszcz (“猪草”)），等价于brust + -le。

bristles (third-person singular present)
bristling (present participle)
bristled (past participle)

過時，新英格兰和纽约上州农村口音

He sat down with his elbows upon the desk, his gorilla hands clasped together, his beard bristling forward, and his big grey eyes, half-covered by his drooping lids, fixed benignly upon me.

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Disintegration Machine:

the hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 5, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

ports bristling with thousands of masts

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 2, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

Kieran Tierney did not want to risk a challenge on Pulisic, who darted on to the ball with far greater purpose, and the dink over Emi Martínez bristled with composure.

2020年August1日，David Hytner，“Aubameyang at the double as Arsenal turn tables on Chelsea to win FA Cup”, in The Guardian:

（带at）警惕，警觉，惧怕

The employees bristled at the prospect of working through the holidays.

员工们害怕整个假期都要工作。

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013年June22日，“Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 70:

If only the industry could be honest and explain why it has been forced, owing to government policies, to increase fares over the quarter century since privatisation. Instead, it is defensive and clearly bristles with annoyance when someone merely states the facts.

2021年May5日，Barry Doe，“The Independent has a better grasp than GWR's spokesman”, in RAIL，期 930，頁 58:


caldera

借自西班牙語 caldera (“釜”)，來自晚期拉丁語 caldāria (“熱水澡”)，來自拉丁語 caldārium。chowder 的同源對似詞。

/kælˈdɛə.ɹə/

The lakes of both Rotorua and Taupo occupy calderas left from enormous prehistoric eruptions, and magma lies at shallow depths beneath a number of centres.

2000，Tony Waltham，“Geyser watching”, in Geology Today，卷 16, Iss. 3, p. 99::


cap

源自中古英語 cappe，源自 古英語 cæppe，源自晚期拉丁語 cappa。cape、chape和cope 的同源對似詞。

We should put a cap on the salaries, to keep them under control.

我们应给工资设限，使其得到控制。

The G7 countries have agreed to impose a price cap on Russian oil in an attempt to stem the flow of funds into the Kremlin’s war coffers. […] The level of the cap is still being discussed.

2022年September2日，Alex Lawson，“G7 countries agree plan to impose price cap on Russian oil”, in The Guardian:

Did he think they were going to put a cap in his ass right in the middle of Metreon?

入選國家隊；在國際賽場上亮相。

Rio Ferdinand won his 50th cap for England in a game against Sweden.

里奥·费迪南在对阵瑞典的比赛中第50次代表英格兰队出场。

Overall, though, England’s injury-diminished side coped well on the night when Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Jordan Pickford and Tammy Abraham all won their first caps.

2017年November10日，Daniel Taylor，“Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian (London):

He that will give a cap and make a leg, in thanks for a favour he never received, deserveth rather to be blamed for want of wit, than to be praised for store of manners.

1655，Thomas Fuller，The Church History of Britain, from the Birth of Jesus Christ until the Year MDCXLVIII，卷 1, London: Thomas Tegg and Son, 出版於 1837，頁 9:


carbon dioxide

carbon dioxid (alternative)
carbondioxid (alternative)

/ˌkɑːbən dʌɪˈɒksʌɪd/

同類詞：carbon monoxide

There were dozens of presentations in 2008, including: […

2008年有数十场演讲，其中包括： […] “二氧化碳对气候变化的夸大性作用”。

2008年December9日，Jeff Jacoby，“Skepticism on climate change [對氣候變化的懷疑]”, in The International Herald Tribune, →ISSN:

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

24亿年前，当蓝藻进化出光合作用时，地球上的氧气含量猛增：利用太阳能将水和二氧化碳转化为碳水化合物并消耗氧气的能力。

2013 September–October，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，存檔自the original on 2013-09-03:


cave in

caves in (third-person singular present)
caving in (present participle)
caved in (past participle)

cave

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

break

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

crush

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

give way

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

stave

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

stave in

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

cave in to someone's threats

After he asked me a few times, I finally caved in and had a slice of cake.

他问了我好几次，我拗不过去就吃了一块蛋糕。

Eventually the NUR overplayed its hands with an all-out strike. And when Peter Parker, the then-chairman of BR, who was well regarded among his staff, called their bluff by threatening to close down the entire network, they caved in.

2022年December14日，Christian Wolmar，“Productivity should play no part in pay negotiations”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 46:


classification

On those remote pages it is written that animals are divided into (a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e) mermaids, (f) fabulous ones, (g) stray dogs, (h) those that are included in this classification, (i) those that tremble as if they were mad, (j) innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a verfy fine camel's hair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a flower vase, (n) those that resemble flies from a distance.

1937-1952，Jorge Luis Borges，Other Inquisitions:

I’m using mathesis — a universal science of measurement and order …
And there is also taxinomia a principle of 'classification' and ordered tabulation.
Knowledge replaced universal resemblance with finite differences. History was arrested and turned into tables …
Western reason had entered the age of judgement.

1997: Chris Horrocks, Introducing Foucault, page 69 (Totem Books, Icon Books; ISBN 1840460865


ultime

the true and ultime operations of Heat

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Nothing was wanting now to the perfecting of this League, but the ultime and compleating act, the solemn confirmation by Oath.

1654，Hamon L'Estrange，The Reign of King Charles:


ignominy

借自法語 ignominie，源自拉丁語 ignōminia，源自ig- (“不”) + nomen (“名声”)（前缀为in-的同化形式）。

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

Calvin: Our great plan backfired and I'm the one who got soaked! Oh, the shame! The ignominy!

a. 1994, Bill Watterson, Homicidal Psycho Jungle Cat, Andrews McMeel, ISBN 0-83621769-1, page 168:

It was tribal, almost relentless and, in the case of the official England band, there was a degree of ignominy, too, for repeatedly playing a tune for which the words go “Fuck the IRA”, something that could lead to a full breakdown of their relationship with the FA.

2014年November18日，Daniel Taylor，“England and Wayne Rooney see off Scotland in their own back yard”, in The Guardian:

The lawyer who shot to ignominy last week with a racist rant at a Manhattan lunch spot apologized Tuesday on social media, where a video of his threat to call immigration agents on Spanish-speaking workers had first gone viral.

2018年May22日，Liz Robbins, Maya Salam，“‘I Am Not Racist’: Lawyer Issues Apology One Week After Rant”, in New York Times:

"I studied to be a diplomat and have been a diplomat for twenty years," Bondarev wrote. "The (Russian foreign) ministry has become my home and family. But I simply cannot any longer share in this bloody, witless and absolutely needless ignominy."

2022年May23日，“Russian diplomat in Switzerland says he resigns over Ukraine invasion”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2022-05-26, Europe:


integrity

借自中古法語 intégrité、源自拉丁語 integritās。entirety 的同源對似詞。

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹɪti/

Living a lie saps us of integrity and moral cohesion to the point that we can no longer distinguish between the artifice being propped up and the real world.

2023年June22日，Charles Hugh Smith，2023-2030: Artifice Vs. Doom-Loops:


coccyx

拉丁語 coccyx，源自古希臘語 κόκκυξ (kókkux，“布穀鳥”)，因從側面看起來像布穀鳥彎曲的嘴喙而得名。

He lands on the concrete path and bounces on his coccyx, which cracks the base of his spine.

2018，Richard Powers，The Overstory，Vintage (2019)，頁 129:


coherent

自 co- + haereō 演變為拉丁語 cohaērēns，再演變為中古法語 coherent，再演變而來。By surface analysis, cohere + -ent。

cohærent (alternative)
more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

統一的、有調理的、連貫的、前後一致的

A sentence like this one cannot be understood unless somehow we can store the underlined words for several seconds, while we wait for the rest of the sentence to arrive, with the information needed to complete a coherent thought.

像這樣的語句是無法理解的，除非我們能以某種方式將畫底線的單字儲存幾秒鐘，同時等句子剩餘部分到來並提供所需資訊，才能完成連貫的思想。

1997年，伯納德·巴爾斯，“Psychology in a World of Sentient, Self-Knowing Beings: A Modest Utopian Fantasy”, in Mind and Brain Sciences in the 21st Century，麻省理工學院出版社, 出版於 1999年, →ISBN，頁 7:

Anglia, is part of a wider phenomenon of the seventh century - the development of recognisable, coherent kingdoms from the fragmented tribal society which emerged from the ruins of Roman Britain.

從羅馬不列顛廢墟中興起的零散部落社會，在七世紀發展成了獨特、統一的王國——盎格利亞，這是當時一種普遍的現象之一。

2005年，湯姆威廉森，Sandlands: The Suffolk Coast and Heaths，Windgather, 出版於 2005 年, →ISBN，頁 15:

She intimidated me so much that I could hardly get out a coherent sentence in her presence.

她嚇壞我了，以至於我在她面前說不上來一句完整的話。

2011，克萊爾·克萊因·達特諾，Behind the Walled Garden of Apartheid: Growing Up White in Segregated South Africa，Media Mint Publishing, 出版於 2011年, →ISBN，頁 124:

調理清晰的、有邏輯的、一致的

Perhaps Khrushchev did have a coherent plan in mind at the time he placed the nuclear missiles in Cuba.

或許赫魯雪夫在古巴發射核飛彈時腦中有過邏輯縝密的計畫。

2007年，肯尼斯·R·哈蒙德，Beyond Rationality: The Search for Wisdom in a Troubled Time，牛津大學出版社, 出版於 2007年, →ISBN，頁 108:

It will dissolve at death with the decay of the body, but it is a perfectly coherent belief that the faithful God will not allow it to be lost but will preserve it in the divine memory.

死亡後，它會隨著身體的腐爛而消散，但忠誠的上帝不會讓它消失，而是會將它保存在神聖的記憶中——這是一種完美連貫的信仰。

2009年，約翰·波金霍爾、尼古拉斯·畢爾，Questions of Truth: Fifty-One Responses to Questions about God, Science, and Belief，威斯敏斯特約翰·諾克斯出版社, 出版於 2009年, →ISBN，頁 23:

Presenting a balanced and coherent argument is an important aspect of a nonempirical dissertation and you need to spend some time considering the most useful route through your argument.

提出中肯且連貫的論點是非實證性論文的重要一環，思考最有效的論證思路要花上一點時間。

2009年，嘉莉·溫斯坦麗，Writing a Dissertation For Dummies，約翰威立, 出版於 2009年, →ISBN:

The underlying problem with transport policy is that there no coherent strategy. Ministers have tended to encourage greater use of motor vehicles through both transport and (particularly) planning policies, while simultaneously warning of the terrible consequences of unfettered growth of road use.

交通政策的潛在問題在於缺乏一個連貫的策略。部長傾向於同時通過交通政策和 (尤其是) 規劃政策來鼓勵更多地使用機動車輛，同時又警告道路使用無節制增長的可怕後果。

2020年December2日，克里斯汀·沃爾瑪，“Wales offers us a glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, in 《鐵路》，頁 56:


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”，字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (plural)
Christmasses (plural)

Charlie Brown Christmas tree, Charlie Brown's Christmas tree

Christmastime, Christmas time, Christmas-time

if ifs and buts were candy and nuts, we'd all have a merry Christmas

like turkeys voting for Christmas, like turkeys voting for an early Christmas

think all one's Christmases have come at once

Do you celebrate Christmas?

This Christmas we’ll open presents, then go to grandma’s for dinner.

这个圣诞节我们先拆礼物，然后去奶奶那里吃晚饭。

Be gladde, lordes, bothe more and lasse, / For this hath ordeyned our stewarde / To chere you all this christmasse / The bores heed with mustarde.

[[15th century] (date written)，“A Caroll Bringyng in the Bores Heed”, in [Christmasse Carolles]，London: […] Wynkyn de Worde, 出版於 1521, →OCLC; republished in Joseph Ames，Typographical Antiquities: Being a Historical Account of Printing in England: […]，London: […] W[illiam] Faden, and sold by J. Robinson, […], 1749, →OCLC，頁 96，列 2:

The lord chancellor holds his fittings in this hall, and in former days, like the Temple, it had its revels and great Chriſtmaſſes. […] The account of the great feaſt in the hall of the Inner Temple, by the ſerjeants, in 1555, is extremely worth conſulting: and alſo of the hoſpitable Chriſtmaſſes of old times.

1798 July，“Account of Lincoln’s Inn: With a Perspective View of the Hall and Chapel”, in The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure; […]，卷 CIII, London: […] W[illiam] Bent, […], →OCLC，頁 42，列 2:

“Lawk!” says our old granddam, who has taken the liberty of looking over our manuscript while we were gone to mix a glass of water and something. “Lawk!” says she, “how can you write such stuff? Christmas, indeed! you’ve no Christmas now. Do you call this Christmas? It’s more like a vapour bath. Such weather! Lawk, how times are changed! the Christmasses I remember! the good, old-fashioned Christmasses, when there was snow on the ground six feet deep, and poor people were starved to death by dozens, and you couldn’t go out without having your fingers frost-bitten, and coals were at six shillings a hundred, and canals froze up so that you couldn’t get your goods, and the roads all impassable, and daren’t ask a few friends to merrymake for fear of losing three or four of ’em going home in snow-drifts, and—oh, those were Christmasses! we shall never see such times again!”

1840 January，Sylvanus Swanquill [pseudonym; John Hewitt]，“Merry Christmas and Happy New Year”, in The New Sporting Magazine，卷 XVIII, 期 105, London: Walter Spiers, […], →OCLC，頁 53:

Reader have your Christmasses hitherto been marked with happiness? Thank God for it. […] Then mamma died—and later in your college days, dear Herbert, when you were both as tall as men, but as fond of play as ever—and we used to spend such happy Christmasses, till our dear father died, / “That was our first sad winter, the one which followed his death, for you remember how sadly we all missed him, and we were still in mourning—but the next one was a happy day, for Lawry was so full of spirits—and that was our last happy Christmas. Herbert darling, Lawrence has left the last impression of happiness on my memory—he, who has since broken up our domestic peace, and for a long time spoilt our Christmasses—Heaven bless him![…]”

1859，[Florence] Marryatt，章號 XXIX, in Temper. A Novel.，New York, N.Y.: Dick & Fitzgerald, […], →OCLC，頁 205:

I'm dreaming of a white Christmas / With every Christmas card I write / May your days be merry and bright / And may all your Christmases be white

1942年July30日，Irving Berlin （作曲作詞）, “White Christmas”, 演出者 Bing Crosby, New York, N.Y.: Decca Records, →OCLC:

Have yourself a merry little Christmas / Let your heart be light / Next year all our troubles will be out of sight

1943 (date written)，“Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas”, in Ralph Blane 作詞, Hugo Martin 作曲, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas: 源自the M.G.M. Picture Meet Me in St. Louis，演出者 Judy Garland, New York, N.Y.: Leo Feist, 出版於 1944, →OCLC:

The last time I saw her was a week before Christmas, 1980. We took down a fat branch of berried Megginch holly, which we stuck in a pot for a Christmas tree, hung with silver balls and glitters. Aunt Victoria looked at it, smiled and unexpectedly said, “Christmas.” Surely she was sitting there dreaming of Christmasses long past: Christmas in the South China Sea, the Christmas lights of Hong Kong, hot Christmasses so long ago in the Anchises under the Southern Cross stars, or even longer ago of Christmasses at Megginch, singing carols round the lighted Christmas tree in the hall, while Queen Victoria’s goddaughter in her starched white dress and bronze shoes had worn the sparkling pendant given her by the great Queen.

1994，Cherry Drummond，The Remarkable Life of Victoria Drummond, Marine Engineer，London: The Institute of Marine Engineers, →ISBN，頁 354:

I don't want a lot for Christmas / There is just one thing I need / I don't care about the presents / Underneath the Christmas tree / I just want you for my own / More than you could ever know / Make my wish come true / All I want for Christmas is you

1994年October29日，Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff （作曲作詞）, “All I Want for Christmas Is You”, in Merry Christmas，演出者 Mariah Carey, New York, N.Y.: Columbia Records, →OCLC:


Christmas

Two of the girls carry between them on a stick what they call "the garland", […] The "garland" in shape reminds me of the "Christmas" which used to form the centre of the Christmas decorations in Yorkshire some few years ago, except that the latter had a bunch of mistletoe inside the hoops.

1893 September，Percy Manning，“[Folk-lore Miscellanea.] May-Day at Watford, Herts.”, in Folk-lore: A Quarterly Review of Myth, Tradition, Institution, & Custom，卷 IV, 期 III, London: David Nutt, […] for The Folk-lore Society, →OCLC，頁 403:


Christmas

Christmases (third-person singular present)
Christmasses (third-person singular present)
Christmasing (present participle)
Christmassing (present participle)
Christmased (past participle)
Christmassed (past participle)

(Moving to the holly boughs.) Come on; let's finish Christmassing the place.

1966，James Goldman，The Lion in Winter: A Comedy in Two Acts，New York, N.Y., Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif.: Samuel French, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii，頁 17:

Haddonfield was completely Christmased deep in December. It was lovely to see the beautifully decorated shops. Huge bows adorned the streetlamps, aerosol snow framed the windows, and people bundled up were moving in and out of the shops as the aroma of spice and clove from holiday candles scented the air.

2012，Robin S. Shapiro，“It’s Never too Late to Play the Violin”, in Touchstones: Essays on Spirituality and Healing，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 27:

The 2016 campaign via TBWA Sydney asks the question, ‘How do Australians Christmas?’ with a film to be launched today featuring global superstar and style icon, Cate Blanchett.

2016年November3日，Ricki Green，“David Jones asks ‘How do Australians Christmas?’ in new campaign via TBWA Sydney”, in Campaign Brief，存檔自the original on 2023-12-24:

I've Christmased since those palmy days / In many a varied spot, / And suffered many a weary phase / Of Christmas cold and hot.

1878，“Ironbark” [pseudonym; George Herbert Gibson]，“Christmas in Australia”, in Southerly Busters，Sydney, N.S.W.: John Sands, […], →OCLC，頁 73:

I have spent Christmas on the Severn, at Sharpness Point; in Paris, under siege, and among scenes of heartrending distress; among the Scotch hills, with Presbyterian severity, and I have Christmased in Normandy, where every tree seems green with mistletoe.

1878 December，Horace L. Nicholson，“Baulked by a Berry”, in The St. James’s Magazine and United Empire Review，卷 XXXIV, London: Charing Cross Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1879, →OCLC，頁 1107:

Prince Albert Victor on arrival in India will land at Bombay, and travel through Southern India, proceeding from Madras by sea to Calcutta. He will Christmas at Calcutta, and then make a tour through Bengal, and pay a visit to the frontier.

1889年July6日，“Facts and Fancies”, in St. Stephen’s Review，期 330, London: The Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 9，列 1:

André Maurois will be one of the spearheads of the Harold R[eginald] Peat list for the coming season, a result of Mr. Peat’s holiday visit to England, where he Christmassed with H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells.

1938 January，Program: A Magazine for Program and Entertainment Committees，卷 4, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Program Company, →OCLC，頁 7:

Christmasing in Khartoum, writing in his Cairo study about the Al Azhar University, overseeing the publication of learned articles about Moslem medievalism, attending conferences and tea parties hosted by his former AUB students, feted constantly in many an Arab capital, and filling up his diary with descriptions of the bazaars of Lucknow and the exotic birds of Asia, [Bayard] Dodge was reaping the bounty of a life devoted to the Arabs and Moslem culture.

1993，Robert D[avid] Kaplan，“End of the Rainbow”, in The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite，New York, N.Y.: The Free Press, →ISBN, part I (Dream)，頁 80:

In particular, please keep my brother in your prayers as he Christmases in Afghanistan.

2012年October26日，Lorrene Desbien，“December 22”, in Losing Sarah: A Mother’s Journey to Peace，Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 64:


Christmas

略自Jiminy Christmas，可能是Jiminy Cricket或Jiminy Crickets的变体，是Jesus Christ的委婉形式。

真是的，天啊，我靠 （表示厌烦或惊讶）

"I've been tottering on the edge … Christmas!" His eyes brightened with a sudden thought. "How stupid I've been!" he cried at once.

1930，Ellery Queen [pseudonym; Frederic Dannay, Manfred Bennington Lee]，“‘The Time has Come …’”, in The French Powder Mystery: A Problem in Deduction，New York, N.Y.: Frederick A[bbott] Stokes Company, →OCLC，頁 269:

She said, "All right with you, Bertie?" / "Oh Christmas! he said. "I suppose so."

1959，Ngaio Marsh，“On the Scent”, in False Scent，New York, N.Y.: Jove Books, 出版於 November 1981, →ISBN, section 3，頁 158:


fig

源自中古英語 fige、fygge（←fyke，源自古英語 fīc，见fike），借自盎格魯-諾曼語 figue，借自古法語 figue，源自古奧克語 figa，源自通俗拉丁語 *fīca (“无花果”)，源自拉丁語 fīcus (“无花果树”)，源自某先印欧语系语言，可能是腓尼基語 𐤐𐤂 (pg，字面意思是“成熟无花果”)（对比聖經希伯來語 פַּגָּה (paggâ，“掉下来的新鲜无花果”)、古典敘利亞語 ܦܓܐ (paggāʾ)，方言阿拉伯語 فَجّ (fajj)、فِجّ (fijj)）。（另一閃米特語族词根（对比阿卡德語 𒈠 (tīʾu，字面意思是“无花果”)）被借入古希臘語，作σῦκον (sûkon)（→英語 sycophant；皮奥夏τῦκον (tûkon)）以及亞美尼亞語中作թուզ (tʻuz)。）肥皂制造相关义项的出现是因为肥皂上的颗粒类似无花果上的。fico 的同源對似詞。

fico

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

whit

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

无花果树 （自14世纪）

And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.

他們二人的眼睛就明亮了，纔知道自己是赤身露體，便拿無花果樹的葉子，為自己編作裙子。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 3:7:

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

About Rebecca and Jos he did not care a fig.

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 6, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

“You may flog, and welcome, master,” said he, “if you'll give me a fig o' tibbacky.”

1874，Marcus Clarke，For the Term of His Natural Life，Penguin, 出版於 2009，頁 109:

This was followed by his presenting his sable acquaintance with a fig of tobacco, whereupon, instead of thanking the donor in the usual way, the black signified his gratitude by throwing a spear at twenty or thirty yards' distance.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 289:


fig

figs (third-person singular present)
figging (present participle)
figged (past participle)

认为...无意义，侮辱说...是无意义的

When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like / The bragging Spaniard.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

使...出现白色颗粒 （肥皂） （19世纪中叶至20世纪中叶）

For filling figged soaps silicate of potash is best adapted, as soda prevents in a measure the proper crystallization. [...] Artificially figged soap [...makes] a very close imitation of the naturally figged soap.

1893，Henry Gathmann，American Soaps，頁 204:

Figging is usually considered to indicate a good quality of soft soap, but such is really not the case. A first-class soft soap can be made which will not fig, while, on the other hand, a poor soap can be produced which will fig.

In the cold soaps, the water soluble color is added in liquid form after saponification has started. In figged soaps, the color is crutched in after saponification is completed.

1938，Harry Bennett，The Standard Book of Formulas:


fig

Ginger, a showy, fast horse — as if he had been figged with ginger under his tail; a red-haired man.

1874，The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal，頁 176:

He must be "figged." Figging consists in pushing a piece of crushed ginger into the return of the wretched creature — a practice which is now illegal, and of which information should be given to the R.S.P.C.A. whenever detected.

“Is something amiss with the horse, Parr?” His gaze left the horse for a second as he glanced at Grace. “Yes, the horse has been figged. Now I just need to figure out who the culprit is.”

2015，Becky Lower，The Cotillion Ball Saga，Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:


tsunami

借自日語 津(つ)波(なみ) (tsunami)，源自津 (tsu，“港口”) + 波 (nami，“波浪”)。

浪潮 （大规模难以阻挡的趋势，事态）

It seemed that what started out as a handful of isolated cases gradually turned into a tsunami of complaints.

2009，John Bernard Kelly，An Accidental Atheist: A Memoir，Aquinine books, →ISBN，頁 306:

It set off a tsunami of debate among the more esoteric critics, who either loved it or hated it but could not ignore it.

2009，Marc Eliot，American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood，Crown Archetype, →ISBN，頁 86:

The next decade would culminate in a tsunami of legislation, civil litigation, and criminal prosecutions in which assisted suicide was both criminalized (as in Michigan) and decriminalized (as in Oregon).

2012，Demetra M. Pappas，The Euthanasia/Assisted-Suicide Debate，ABC-CLIO, →ISBN，頁 60:

The editor paid a heavy price - he was subsequently compelled to offer a grovelling and humiliating personal apology, following a tsunami of protest.

2020年August26日，Nigel Harris，“Comment Special: Catastrophe at Carmont”, in Rail，頁 4:


tomorrow

來自中古英語 tomorwe、tomorwen，來自古英語 tō morgne (“明天”，副詞)，來自tō (“在”) + morgne（morgen (“早晨”)的與格），來自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz (“早晨”)，或許來自原始印歐語 *mergʰ- (“閃爍”)，等同於to- + morrow。

to-morrow (alternative)
tomorrows (plural)

Tomorrow will be sunny.

Oh seek, my love, your newer way; / I'll not be left in sorrow. / So long as I have yesterday, / Go take your damned to-morrow!

1926，Dorothy Parker，“Godspeed”, in Enough Rope，頁 69:


condensed milk

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-condensed milk.wav

She holds the condensed milk tin over the first mug and watches the pale yellow milk stream down in a thin, viscous line.

她把炼乳罐放在第一个杯子上方，看着淡黄色的牛奶流成一条细而粘稠的线。

2008，Preeta Samarasan，Evening is the Whole Day，Fourth Estate，頁 86:


Brazil

源自葡萄牙語 Brazil（Brasil的舊拼法），來自brasil (“巴西木”)，原意為「如餘燼般紅」，源自brasa (“餘燼”)，最終可追溯至原始日耳曼語 *brasō (“燃屑、劈啪作響的煤塊”) + -il (“類，似”)（來自拉丁語 -īlis (形容詞後綴)）。

巴西（南美洲講葡萄牙語的國家）

In February, a young man from an isolated Indigenous tribe in Brazil made brief contact with the outside world before returning to the Amazon rainforest.

2025年2月，一名來自巴西孤立原住民部落的年輕男子短暫接觸外界後，返回了亞馬遜雨林。

2025年April4日，Lex Harvey and Esha Mitra，“US tourist arrested after allegedly attempting to contact ‘world’s most isolated’ tribe”, in CNN:


Cape Verde

对葡萄牙语 Cabo Verde 的部分翻译。源自 cabo （“角，岬”） + verde （“绿色的”）。

2013年10月，佛得角政府要求其国名在所有语言中都为 Cabo Verde 而不使用先前的部分翻译的译名（如 Cape Verde , Kaap Verde）。Cabo Verde的名称已开始在英语中使用，但仍不如 Cape Verde 常用。

佛得角（西非岛国）。官方名称：佛得角共和国（Republic of Cabo Verde）

In the Cape Verde Islands, the electoral victory of Movement for Democracy ushered out sixteen years of one-party rule.

1992，Richard Nixon，“The Southern Hemisphere”, in Seize the Moment，Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 250:


tofu

借自日語 豆腐(とうふ) (tōfu)，來自中古漢語 豆腐 (dəuᴴ bɨo^X)。dubu 的同源對似詞。

同類詞：tempeh

First, marinate the tofu. In a bowl, whisk the kecap manis, chilli sauce, and sesame oil together. Cut the tofu into strips about 1cm thick, mix gently (so it doesn't break) with the marinade and leave in the fridge for half an hour.

首先将豆腐腌制一下。在碗里加入甜酱油、辣椒酱和芝麻油，并搅拌在一起。将豆腐切成约1厘米厚的条，与腌料轻轻混合（以免破裂），然后放入冰箱半小时。

2012年May8日，Yotam Ottolenghi, Sami Tamimi，Ottolenghi: The Cookbook，Random House, →ISBN，頁 79:


grapefruit

被廣泛地認為是grape + fruit的行銷術語，暗指樹上葡萄狀的果實，19世紀早期Ciardi提出了另一種說法：柚子的植物學名稱之一是Citrus grandis，意思是「大柑橘 [水果]」，這是由於其果實的大小。一個新的柚子品種可能首先被稱為「greatfruit」（參見greatfruit），經過同化過程，這個詞被念成「grapefruit」。

grapefruits (plural)
grapefruit (plural)

Results have begun to come in and at Comfort Castle this month I spent a useful and happy half day carting round 8 children in my car to their homes where we all helped to fill in with good soil and manure, their excellently dug holes and planted the grapefruit.

Grapefruit is high in vitamin C. The pink and red varieties contain vitamin A (betacarotene) and lycopene, an antioxidant that may help prevent cancer. Grapefruit contains a chemical that can alter intestinal absorption of some medications and lead to higher than normal blood levels of some drugs and potential problems.

2002，“Fruits”, in Encyclopedia of Foods: A Guide to Healthy Nutrition，Academic Press, →ISBN, part II (Encyclopedia of Foods)，頁 176，列 3:

Once loaded by Canaveral, the grapefruit are transported to Japan, where the shipments are unloaded by employees of Japanese stevedoring companies. The grapefruit are then received by the Japanese importers.

2002，NLRB Advice Memorandum Reporter，Labor Relations Press，頁 100:


broccoli

1699年來自意大利語 broccoli，為broccolo (“甘藍芽，頭”)的複數，brocco (“幼芽，嫩芽”)的指小（也是brocade的源頭），來自拉丁語 broccus (“尖的，鋒利的，突出的；有獠牙的”)，可能是高盧語的源頭，與原始凱爾特語 *brokkos (“獾”)或原始凱爾特語 *brozdos (“頂端，尖端”)相關（對照蘇格蘭蓋爾語 brog (“鋒利的器具，鑽子”)、威爾士語 procio (“刺，戳”)、古英語 brord (“尖端，尖”)）。更多請見brochure、brad。

broccolo (alternative)
brocoli (alternative)
brockely (alternative)
broccolis (plural)
broccoli (plural)

I be smokin' broccoli, mama told me eat my veggies

抽支大麻爺最愛，老媽叫我吃蔬菜

2014，“Kodak Black”, in Heart Of The Projects，演出者 Skrilla:

All I want is cottage, roll a cigar full of broccoli

鄉村小屋要一間，捲起大麻吸口菸


Kenya

借自基庫尤語 [具體何詞?]，源自肯亞山（Mount Kenya）之名。

肯尼亞，肯亞（國家名，位於東非；法定名稱：Republic of Kenya）

The object of the builders was to push on to Uganda as quickly as possible; one result was that Kenya was "discovered" on the way.

建设者的目标是尽快推进到乌干达。结果之一是肯尼亚在途中被“发现”。

1950 April，Timothy H. Cobb，“The Kenya-Uganda Railway [肯尼亞-烏干達鐵路]”, in Railway Magazine，頁 262:


Peking duck

仿譯自漢語 北京烤鴨／北京烤鸭 (Běijīng kǎoyā)。等价于Peking + duck。

During out third day in Peking, we received word that Premier Chou En-lai would have dinner with us. We sat in a banquet room in the Great Hall of the People and enjoyed a fabulous meal of Peking duck.

1980，Gerald Ford，A Time to Heal，New York: Berkley Books, →ISBN，頁 94:


Tonga

Chitonga

班圖語的一種，屬於博塔特維（Botatwe）語支，在尚比亞／贊比亞以及辛巴威／津巴布韋使用

Enela cleared their way through the throng, speaking in Tonga, a heavy language that freighted the air with ceremony.

2019，Namwali Serpell，The Old Drift，Hogarth: