QWERTY

美國發明家克里斯托弗·萊瑟姆·肖爾斯 (1819–1890)發明了QWERTY鍵盤
1873年的Sholes打字機，配備qwerty了鍵盤
來自QWERTY鍵盤上排的前六個字母。

qwerty (alternative)
Qwerty (alternative)

表示鍵盤上用於鍵入的按鍵的標準佈局，其中最上面字母行的最左邊的鍵順序是 Q-W-E-R-T-Y 。

It was the Monotype model D keyboard introduced in 1907 which became the standard for printers, with a "qwerty" typewriter lay and removable keybars which made the keyboard independent of the matrix case arrangement.

1978，Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science，卷s 24 (Printers and Printing to Public Policy, Copyright), New York, N.Y., Basel: Marcel Dekker, →ISBN，頁 109:

The older children we came to know had had a great deal of experience with written language, and they certainly had a firm grasp of the alphabetic sequence. They were annoyed with the arrangement of letters on the typewriter keyboard, which begins at the second from the top row and proceeds left to right with the letters, "Q," "W," "E," "R," "T," and "Y." Computer professionals, who refer to this arrangement as the "QWERTY keyboard," have pointed out that, although it originated in order to avoid jam-ups of frequently used keys on the manual typewriter, the QWERTY arrangement is now completely obsolete but apparently here to stay. Third and fourth graders knew only that QWERTY had no logic that they could discern, and, until they developed basic keyboard familiarity, it greatly delayed their attempts at finding the keys they needed.

1991，Marilyn Cochran-Smith，Cynthia L. Paris，Jessica L. Kahn，“Hunting, Pecking, and Checking: Learning to Write with Word Processing”, in Learning to Write Differently: Beginning Writers and Word Processing (Language and Educational Processes)，Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing, →ISBN，頁 137:

[…] The Dvorak typewriter keyboard is, it has been claimed, ergonomically superior to the standard "Qwerty" arrangement. But having settled on the current standard keyboard, largely by historical accident, now manufacturers are supposedly reluctant to produce Dvorak keybboards so long as almost all typists are trained on Qwerty, while typists don't want to train on Dvorak when almost all keyboards are Qwerty. Even the inferior keyboard as a matched choice is superior to failing to coordinate at all.

1992，Jack Hirshleifer，John G. Riley，“Strategic Uncertainty and Equilibrium Concepts”, in The Analytics of Uncertainty and Information (Cambridge Surveys of Economic Literature)，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 出版於 2002, →ISBN, section 9.1 (Nash Equilibrium)，頁 330:

The ‘QWERTY’ layout of keyboards is also a cause for concern. The design means that the fingers of the left hand (the less dominant hand for most Westerners) do 57 per cent of the work in typing English text. RSI symptoms are often found to be more intense in the left hand of keyboard users.

1993年September11日，John Ballard，“RSI on Trial: More People Suffering from Repetitive Strain Injury are Seeking Compensation in Court as Fresh Evidence Comes to Light about the Symptoms and Causes of this Crippling Disorder”, in New Scientist，London: New Scientist Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2016-04-13:

The typewriter using separate characters on type bars striking on a cylinder soon dominated the market. Because adjacent striking bars tended to jam when struck rapidly, manufacturers abandoned the alphabetical placement of letters on the keyboard in favor of the left-to-right "qwerty" disposition that takes into account the frequency and sequence of letters in English.

1994，Henri-Jean Martin，Lydia G. Cochrane, transl.，“Beyond Writing”, in The History and Power of Writing，Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN，頁 465:


ring in

rings in (third-person singular present)
ringing in (present participle)
ringed in (past participle)

All the world was only the two Copleigh girls, Saumarez and I, ringed in with the lightning and the dark; and the guidance of this misguided world seemed to lie in my hands.

He was ringed in on all sides by a solid circle of gleaming red sparks that shone from the grass. Held back by their fear, the graveyard rats surrounded him, squealing their hate.


rub out

rubs out (third-person singular present)
rubbing out (present participle)
rubbed out (past participle)

两个及物义项中，宾语可出现在助词前面或后面。若宾语为代词，则必须出现在助词前。

It was just a week to the day since Mr. Martin had decided to rub out Mrs. Ulgine Barrows.


run around

runs around (third-person singular present)
running around (present participle)
ran around (past)
run around (past participle)

“A very welcome, kind, useful present, that means to the parish. By the way, Hopkins, let this go no further. We don't want the tale running round that a rich person has arrived. Churchill, my dear fellow, we have such greedy sharks, and wolves in lamb's clothing. […]”

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 7, in The Mirror and the Lamp:


run around

Natrum sulp. is my specific for inflammations of the matrix of the nails or " run arounds."

1893，The New England Medical Gazette - Volume 28，頁 183:

The sketch shows the arrangement of run arounds for bringing the loaded trips into the bottom and for returning the empties to the proper quarter of the mine.

1914，Mine and Quarry - Volumes 8-11，頁 1176:

The Committee contends : First, that the turn of Brakeuien W. R. Tighe and W. F. Haworth was run around at Baird by the crews of Conductors Schwartz, Russell, Hubbard, and Whaley and thereby lost 200 miles, or four 50-mile run arounds.

1937，United States. National Railroad Adjustment Board，Awards: first division. 1- - Volume 7，頁 504:


scale up

scales up (third-person singular present)
scaling up (present participle)
scaled up (past participle)

rescale

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见scale、up。

rescale

在保持一定比例的情況下，增大某物的尺寸。

scale down

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见scale、up。

scale down

在保持一定比例的情況下，增大某物的尺寸。

shrink

在保持一定比例的情況下，增大某物的尺寸。

近義詞：expand、grow

Transects can be taken in localised settings and compared to local visual environments, as in this pilot study. But the technique can be scaled up to larger situations by taking multiple transects from multiple locales and combining the data.

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 12:


semicolon

The use of the semicolon has remained contentious and subject to fashion.

2021，Claire Cock-Starkey，Hyphens & Hashtags，Bodleian Library，頁 28:


serendipity

源自Serendip (“锡兰，斯里兰卡”，Serendib的变体) + -ity。由英国的作家及政治家Horace Walpole在1754造出，基于波斯故事锡兰三王子。据Walpole在给朋友写的信，故事中的王子“总是因偶然和卓识发现新的东西，而这些东西并不是他们一开始所探求的。”

Murphy's law

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

perfect storm

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

本词有时候用来作luck的广义同义词。在较为严谨的用法，比如科学领域，主要强调“能够发现其他东西的观察能力”。
19世纪70年代前，本词基本上不为人所知，而到了20世纪初叶才开始普及，到了中叶普及开来，现在得到广泛使用。

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

The most random serendipity brought the two of us together, and now, we are happily married! If I was just 15 seconds slower, I'd have never met her!

1754, Horace Walpole, The Letters of Horace Walpole, vol. 2, Letter 90, To Sir Horace Mann, Arlington Street, Jan. 28, 1754. The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 2

After I got here, in the first lockdown, my mum suddenly passed. It was the week of my final interview with the Mayor. It is serendipity that I am here when my dad really needs me.

2020年December2日，Andy Byford talks to Paul Clifton，“I enjoy really big challenges...”, in Rail，頁 54:


serviceable

源自中古英語 servisable，源自古法語 servisable，源自servise，就词形分析为service + -able。

more serviceable (comparative)
most serviceable (superlative)

Maguire was always extravagantly priced at £80m but a player who is a solid and serviceable Premier League defender and has become one of England manager Gareth Southgate's most trusted squad members now looks hopelessly out of form.

2020年October14日，Phil McNulty，“England 0-1 Denmark: 'Harry Maguire looked devoid of confidence in Nations League loss'”, in BBC Sport:


sideways

We realized the project could go sideways very quickly if we didn't get the sales and marketing people on our side.

我们意识到，如果不拉拢好市场营销那边的人，项目很快就会泡汤。

As we walked deeper into the darkness, we both knew this could go sideways in a heartbeat. We were sitting ducks. Birds on a wire. Canaries in a coalmine.

2011，D. P. Lyle，章號 78, in Hot Lights, Cold Steel, →ISBN，頁 340:

It feels like the probability of something going sideways here is higher.

2023年May20日，Tabby Kinder, George Hammond，引 Ivan Matkovic, “So long, San Francisco”, in FT Weekend, Life & Arts，頁 1:


sign off

signs off (third-person singular present)
signing off (present participle)
signed off (past participle)

Once the vice-president signs off on the project, we can start construction.

一旦副總統批准了這個項目，我們就可以開始施工了。

The town council, which closed the funicular last December for health and safety reasons, has yet to sign off the completion of £72,000 worth of remedial works to a retaining wall.

2023年August23日，“Network News: Hold-up for Cliff Railway reopening”, in RAIL，期 990，頁 14:


smoke and mirrors

來自魔術師使用的傳統障眼表演技巧。

Budget process? It's more like a magic show. It's wink and blink and smoke and mirrors and pulling rabbits out of hats, but almost all that ever comes up are designs to hide increases for the special interests.

1987 March 21, Ronald Reagan, Presidential Radio Address,

On revenue raising issues, Mr Harris reveals what a master of smoke and mirrors Bob Carr really is.

2007, Australian Senate, Parliamentary debates Australia: Senate,

It’s smoke and mirrors. It’s bogus. And it’s all too familiar. Every time we get close to passing reform, the insurance companies produce these phony studies as a prescription and say, "Take one of these, and call us in a decade."

2009 October 17, Barack Obama, Weekly Address: Taking the Insurance Companies on Down the Stretch,

As for the IRP, Secretary of State Grant Shapps continues to peddle snake oil, smoke and mirrors. His reaction to near-universal IRP condemnation from politicians, local and national media, and all but a few rail specialists was to dismiss the lot of us (in the condescending and patronising tone we have now come to expect) as "critics and naysayers".

2022年January12日，Nigel Harris，“Comment: Unhappy start to 2022”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 3:


solipsism

來自拉丁語 sōlus (“單獨”) + ipse (“自我”) + -ism。

The solipsism that too frequently infects high commands has no place on a battlefield.

2011，Bing West，No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah:

Self-mythology has always been part of The Darkness’ shtick, but here Hawkins and crew forget to back it up with music catchy enough to transcend the solipsism.

2012年August21日，Jason Heller，“The Darkness: Hot Cakes (Music Review)”, in The Onion AV Club:


striker

Olympiakos had barely been in the Arsenal half but should have levelled in the 14th minute. A low corner was not dealt with and the ball fell to the feet of striker Rafik Djebbour, who saw his close-range effort brilliantly cleared from the goalline by Arteta.

2011年September28日，Tom Rostance，“Arsenal 2 - 1 Olympiakos”, in BBC Sport:

"Dog-robber" has a definite significance to some army men; but unless one has spent some time in uniform he will probably have to search long for its meaning: an officer's servant or striker.

1921，Franklyn Bliss Snyder, Ronald Salmon Crane，The English of Business，頁 90:

'Twill prove a notable striker, like his father.

c. 1621–6，Philip Massinger，“The Unnatural Combat”, in The Plays of Philip Massinger，出版於 1845, act 4, scene 2，頁 54:


tabulate

源自table + -ate，对比晚期拉丁語 tabulātus (“有地板的”)，tabulō (“给...安装木板”)的完成时被动分词 + -ātus（最终源自原始印歐語 *-eh₂tos (从名词构成形容词的后缀，表示拥有某物或某种特质)。tabulō派生自tabula (“木板”)，其词源不详。可能源自原始印歐語 *teh₂-（*steh₂- (“站”)的变体） + *-dʰlom（*-trom (构成表示工具的名词的后缀)的变体）。

tabulates (third-person singular present)
tabulating (present participle)
tabulated (past participle)

enroll

将...登记在官方记录内

Let it be required to Tabulate or lay down this Number 3496. Firſt, from among your Sets of Rods (or out of your Caſe) take four of them, of which let one of them have the Figure 3 at the top thereof, and lay it upon your Tabellet cloſe to the Edge thereof, […]

1700，William Leybourn，“Instrumental Arithmetick. The Third Part. Teaching, by a New Artifice (not heretofore Published, to My Knowledge, in any Language.) The Manner how to Set Down any Decimal Fraction Required: … by Certain Scales Contrived, Suitable to the Coins, Weights and Measures Now Used in England. And for the Extracting of the Square and Cube Roots. Also, by Nepair’s Bones …”, in Arithmetick, Vulgar, Decimal, Instrumental, Algebraical. In Four Parts，第7th版, London: Printed by J. Matthews, for Awnsham and John Churchill, at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row, →OCLC, section II (By Nepair’s Bones), subsection IV (How to Apply to Lay Down any Numbers by the Rods), proposition I (Any Number being Given, how to Tabulate or Lay Down the Same by Rods)，頁 265:

It [the School Department] gives advice and instruction concerning their duties to thirteen thousand school directors and controllers, furnishes them blanks, receives and tabulates their reports, reviews their accounts, judges whether they have kept their schools open according to law, and, if so, pays them the State appropriation for their respecive districts.

1872 January，“[Official Department. Thirty-eighth annual report.] Report of the President of the Agricultural College”, in The Pennsylvania School Journal: An Educational Magazine，卷 XX, 期 7, Lancaster, Pa.: Wylie & Griest, Inquirer Printing House and Bindery, →OCLC，頁 226:

The inevitable deduction from the figures tabulated must be that the material prosperity of the people as a whole is making good progress.

1903年March25日，G[opal] K[rishna] Gokhale，引 Edward FitzGerald Law, “Budget Speech, 1903”, in Speeches of the Honourable Mr. G. K. Gokhale, […]，Madras: G[anapathi] A[graharam] Natesan & Co., […], 出版於 [1908], →OCLC，頁 62:

In addition to the evident needs mentioned above there is also a desire to standardize and tabulate results. The same desire in other fields has given rise to intelligence tests, psychological examinations, etc.

1924 November，William Hulbert Barrow，“A General Athletic Ability Test”, in American Physical Education Review，卷 XXIX, 期 9 (number 201 overall), [Springfield, Mass.]: [American Physical Education Association], →OCLC，頁 506，列 1:

[Herman] Hollerith, a statistician for the United States government, was faced with the task of tabulating the figures of the 1890 census at a time when such tabulating would take more than ten years if done by hand. […] Faced with this prospect, Hollerith conceived the idea of representing the census data as holes on punched cards and of building machines that would sort these cards according to the holes they contained and that would tabulate and otherwise analyze the data.

1974，Allan B. Ellis，“Common Conceptions about Computers”, in The Use & Misuse of Computers in Education，New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company, →ISBN, part I (What is a Computer?)，頁 15:

Mr. [Edward Drinker] Cope has examined a collection from the territory of Arizona and in the Colorado district; it contained 44 species. […] He tabulates them according to their range into the neighbouring provinces, and points out that, herpetologically, the Sonoran and Lower Californian provinces are nearly as distinct from each other as the Sonoran is from the Central, […]

1867，Albert Günther，“Reptilia”, in The Record of Zoological Literature. 1866，卷 III, London: John Van Voorst、Paternoster Row, →OCLC，頁s 121–122:

[John] Whethemstede's literary productions show his preference for encyclopedias in which he could tabulate under special headings the limits of his wide reading.

1941，R[oberto] Weiss，章號 II, in Humanism in England during the Fifteenth Century，Oxford: Basil Blackwell, →OCLC，頁 35:

You have to be an artist and a madman, […] in order to discern at once, by ineffable signs—the slightly feline outline of a cheekbone, the slenderness of a downy limb, and other indices which despair and shame and tears of tenderness forbid me to tabulate—the little deadly demon among the wholesome children; she stands unrecognized by them and unconscious herself of her fantastic power.

1955，Vladimir Nabokov，章號 5, in Lolita，Paris: Olympia Press, →OCLC; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Crest Giant, Fawcett World Library, 1959年December18日, →OCLC，頁 19:

将...登记在官方记录内

The order of Tabulating Summonds is now much alter'd, for no Summonds are Tabulated except Actions of Declarators, Improbations, Contraventions, and other Actions at the King's Advocats inſtance, […]

1687，George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh，“King James the Fifth, Parl. 5. [Act 52.]”, in Observations on the Acts of Parliament, …，Edinburgh: Printed by the heir of Andrew Anderson, printer to His Most Sacred Majesty, and are to be sold by Thomas Brown, and other book-sellers, →OCLC，頁 134:


tabulate

℞. the three kindes of ſaunders, and Diarrhodon Abbatis, ana. ℈. j. the bone of the Hartes heart one in number, ſugar roſate tabulate, or white ſugar diſſolued in roſe water as much as ſufficeth, make an Electuarie, gild it with leaues of pure golde in weight ℥. ß.

1596，Philip Barrough [i.e., Philip Barrow]，“Of Electuaries, and Conserues: of Lozenges, and Manus Christi”, in The Method of Phisick, Containing the Cavses, Signes, and Cvres of Inward Diseases in Mans Body, from the Head to the Foote. Whereunto is Added, The Forme and Rule of Making Remedies and Medicines, which Our Physitions Commonly Vse at this Day, with the Proportion, Quantitie, and Names of Each Medicine，第3rd corrected and augmented版, book VII, Imprinted at London: By Richard Field, and are to be sold in Paules Church yard at the signe of the brasen Serpent, →OCLC，頁s 404–405:

A Bad ſtomacke is otherwhiles no ſmall cauſe of this ſwouning, for it procureth before the ſwouning come a heate ouer the whole bodie. As ſoone as this ſhall be perceiued, it is not amiſſe to vſe for it confected Balſam wood, but in the ſtead thereof take Tabulates of Xyloaloe, which are very requiſite for it.

1605，Christopher Wirtzung [i.e. Christof Wirsung]，“Of the Hart, the Most Precious Part of Mans Body”, in Jacob Mosan（譯者）, The General Practise of Physicke: Conteyning All Inward and Outward Parts of the Body, with All the Accidents and Infirmities that are Incident vnto Them, euen from the Crowne of the Head to the Sole of the Foote: … in the Germane Tongue, and now Translated into English, in Diuerse Places Corrected, and with Many Additions Illustrated and Augmented, …，London: [Printed by Richard Field] Impensis [at the expense of] Georg[e] Bishop, →OCLC, § 1 (Of the Fainting of the Hart in Generall. [The Order of Life or Diet for This Faintnes of the Hart.])，頁 259:

For all faintness, hot agues, heavy fantasies and imaginations, a cordial was prepared in tabulates, which was called Manus Christi: the true receipt required one ounce of prepared pearls to twelve of fine sugar, boiled with rose water, violet water, cinnamon water, "or howsoever one would have them."

1834，[Robert Southey]，“Quack and No Quack, being an Account of Dr. Green and His Man Kemp. Popular Medicine, Herbary, Theory of Signatures, William Dove, John Wesley, and Baxter.”, in The Doctor, &c.，卷 I, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, →OCLC，頁 236:


tabulate

Tabulata (“横板珊瑚亚纲”) + -ate。Tabulata派生自拉丁語 tabulāta，源自tabulātum (“铺设地面的”)，源自tabula (“木板”) + -tum（源自-tus，最终源自原始印歐語 *-tus (从动词词根构成动作名词的后缀)）。详见词源1。这一目名源自珊瑚的形状tabulae (“平板”)。

横板珊瑚亚纲的；有横隔板的 （指细胞内发达的水平分隔板）

[W]e find the Zoantharia, in section (1), divided into tabulate and non-tabulate corals. The specimen before us is evidently tabulate, and we therefore follow the reference to section (2), where we find the tabulate corals divided into those with and those without cœnenchyma.

1865，Samuel Haughton，“Lecture VIII”, in Manual of Geology (Galbraith and Haughton’s Scientific Manuals, Experimental and Natural Science Series)，London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, →OCLC，頁 192:

On the Zoological Affinities of the Tabulate Corals; by Prof. A. E. Verrill。—The questions discussed in this paper were the position of the tabulate corals among Polyps, and the true value of the tabulate structure in classification. […] Prof. [Addison Emery] Verrill, therefore, concludes that the tabulate structure is of secondary importance as a character, in fixing their affinities, and that the Tabulata must be dismembered,—Halisites, Millepora, and their allies, being classed as Hydroids; and Pocillopora and Favosites with other extinct tabulated genera, as true Polyps.

1868 January，“American Association for the Advancement of Science”, in The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist: A Bi-monthly Journal of Natural Science, Conducted by a Committee of the Natural History Society of Montreal (Second Series)，卷 III, 期 4, Montreal, Que.: Dawson Brothers, Great St. James Street, →OCLC，頁s 294–295:

The large corallites are tabulate, with indistinctly differentiated walls, provided with obtusely triangular and irregular septa, and having their visceral cavities more or less freely connected with one another by lateral horizontal channels, which penetrate the interstitial tubular tissue.

1879，H[enry] Alleyne Nicholson，“Thecidæ and Helioporidæ”, in On the Structure and Affinities of the “Tabulate Corals” of the Palæozoic Period: With Critical Descriptions of Illustrative Species，Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC，頁 236:


tabulate

Both tabulates and rugosans evolved independently as part of the Ordovician Radiation; the tabulates appeared first in the Early Ordovician (~488 Mya), followed by rugosans about 20 My later.

2013，Walter M. Goldberg，“A Brief History of Reefs and Corals”, in The Biology of Reefs and Reef Organisms，Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, section 13-2 (An Introduction to Paleozoic Corals)，頁 272，列 2:


tantamount

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 tant amount，源自amunter，源自tant (“如此”) amonter (“总计”)。

more tantamount (comparative)
most tantamount (superlative)

等同的，基本上是...的

It's tantamount to fraud.

In this view, disagreement and treason are tantamount.

这个观点下，不同意就相当于叛变。

[…] expecting the woman to take her attacker into physical custody is tantamount to preventing the arrest. If she could handle him, she probably would not need to call the police in the first place.

In Bosnia, as in Rwanda, however, passive neutrality was tantamount to complicity with the perpetrators of “ethnic cleansing” and mass murder.

2003年March3日，Philip Gourevitch，“The Optimist”, in The New Yorker:

Russia has said that it considers the weapons and other increased military aid that Western governments are sending to Ukraine tantamount to war, and has implied that it might strike NATO convoys.

2022年March16日，Max Fisher，“As Russia Digs In, What’s the Risk of Nuclear War? ‘It’s Not Zero.’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


tantamount

tantamounts (third-person singular present)
tantamounting (present participle)
tantamounted (past participle)

[…] and yet this will not tant’amount to an immediate Divine inſtitution for Deacons, and how can it then for Presbyters ?

a. 1657，Jeremy Taylor，“Of the Sacred Order and Offices of Episcopacy, By Divine Institution, Apostolical Tradition, and Catholick Practice”, in Συμβολον Ἠθικο-Πολεμικον: or a Collection of Polemical and Moral Discourses，R. Royston，頁 126:


tantamount

价值或数量等同的事物 (定于用法合并进入了形容词内)

For end thereof, not despondency but madness : for when Cossey understood that Hobday had called his wife a tantamount, he waited for him outside, and gave him what he called a pair of clippers over the ear.

1977，Last Essays of Maurice Hewlett，頁 42:


teleport

Teleports provide access to multiple satellites and other media as well. Independently owned teleports may also provide competitive access to different satellite systems.

2004，D. K. Sachdev，Business Strategies For Satellite Systems，頁 131:


time-lapse

Operation London Bridge, also from 1975, tells the story of the busy station's redevelopment. Cutting neatly from the barrow boys of Borough Market to an aerial view of Borough Market Junction, the film uses time lapse photography to show the congestion rife in the area during the morning rush hour.

2021年March10日，Greg Morse，“Telling the railway's story on film”, in RAIL，期 926，頁 48:


troll

trolls (third-person singular present)
trolling (present participle)
trolled (past participle)

The actress was widely trolled online after accidentally revealing that she didn't know the names of the continents.

We like to troll, we like to go the night before one of their primaries, we just, we do a little trolling, it's called we do a little trolling.

2020年March2日，Donald Trump，President Trump Rally in Charlotte, North Carolina，經由 C-SPAN:

Cristiano Ronaldo's dislike of dessert has been trolled by a former teammate. ¶ Ben Foster proudly showed off his apple crumble, having joked that he was skipping dessert.

2021年September22日，Sam Cooper，“An old teammate of Cristiano Ronaldo's trolled his dislike of dessert by scoffing a giant pudding on his YouTube channel”, in Business Insider，New York, N.Y.: Insider Inc., →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2024-04-07:

Taylor Swift, who could've been crowned the queen of pranks in the early years of her career, is finding out what it feels like to be on the other side of a little onstage trolling.

2024年March11日，Sammi Burke，“See One of Taylor Swift's Dancers Troll Her on Stage During '22'”, in Parade，New York, N.Y.: The Arena Group, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2024-04-07:


Turing test

以英國數學家、邏輯學家和密碼學家艾倫·圖靈（1912–1954）命名。圖靈自己則使用 imitation game 一詞。

The Turing test used to be the gold standard for proving machine intelligence. This generation of bots is racing past it. We need to stay calm — and develop a new test.

圖靈測試曾是證明機器智能的黃金標準。這一代的機器人正在超越它。我們需要保持冷靜，並開發新的測試。

2023年January20日，Cade Metz，“The Chatbots Can’t Outsmart You. Yet.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


turnkey

more turnkey (comparative)
most turnkey (superlative)

無需進一步組裝或測試使用的；可立刻交鑰匙的

They wanted a turnkey solution for the entire system, but we could only provide the enclosure.

Third World countries no longer want to purchase nuclear projects on a turn-key basis; they want to receive advanced technical training as well.

1980, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 1980, Kathleen Bailey, When and why weapons; page 42

He cautioned that the house “is not turnkey,” and that because it is “so unusual,” it may take a while to sell. But, he added, “It’s a joy to be selling a property with its history.”

2023年March22日，Ben West，“This 835-Year-Old English Manor Needs Some Modern Love”, in The New York Times:


uninterruptible power supply

Examples of emergency power supplies include a storage battery or group of batteries, a generator driven by a fuel-supplied prime mover, or an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) […].

2009，Geoff Craighead，High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety，頁 357:

This upgrade comes after the installation of a $50,000 uninterruptible power supply system to compliment the facilities independent power supply.


zero-sum game

同類詞：win-win、lose-lose

Dalio is right, but somewhat self-serving. If hedge-fund managers are playing a zero-sum game, what is their social utility? […] Can it really be in America’s interest to have so much of its young talent playing a zero-sum game?

达利欧说得对，但多少有点自私。如果对冲基金经理们玩的是零和博弈，他们的社会效用又是什么？ […] 让这么多的年轻人才玩零和博弈真的符合美国的利益吗？

2011年July18日，John Cassidy，“Mastering the Machine”, in The New Yorker, →ISSN:

A zero-sum game, as its name suggests, is one in which, whatever the outcome, the payoffs to the players add up to zero, which means that what one player gains, the other(s) must necessarily lose.

零和博弈，顾名思义，就是无论结果如何，参与者的收益加起来为零，这意味着一个参与者获得的东西，另一个参与者必然会失去。

2013，Andrew M. Colman，Game Theory and its Applications: In the Social and Biological Sciences，Psychology Press, →ISBN，頁 55:

Listen, I know it's been hard / You know it’s no different for me / We’re less than a zero-sum game now / And baby, we both know that's not how it's supposed to be

听着，我知道这很难 / 你知道这对我来说也没什么不同 / 我们现在不再是一场零和博弈/ 宝贝，我们都知道事情不应该是这样的

2014，“The Writing's On the Wall”, in Hungry Ghosts，演出者 OK Go:

He said turning a lab-created animal into a wild population would be an “enormous challenge”, but the financial support for de-extinction research should not be seen as a “zero sum game”.

他说，将实验室培育的动物恢复为野生种群将是一个“巨大的挑战”，但对复活灭绝物种研究的资金支持不应被视为“零和博弈”。

2022年August16日，Adam Morton，“De-extinction: scientists are planning the multimillion-dollar resurrection of the Tasmanian tiger”, in The Guardian:


backblast

(火箭、導彈) 點火時向後發出的熱空氣氣流

Two Iraqi soldiers were brought in the morning after being wounded by the backblast of one of their own rocket-propelled grenades.

今早，兩名此前被自己的火箭推進榴彈後方熱氣流灼傷的伊拉克士兵已被帶回。

2008年April21日，Michael R. Gordon，“Civilians Suffer in Sadr City’s Daily Gun Battles”, in New York Times:


behavioural science

It is, therefore, important to study the applications of behavioural science in housing decision making.

因此，研究行为科学在住房决策中的应用非常重要。

2020，Helen Bao，Behavioural Science and Housing Decision Making: A Case Study Approach，Routledge, →ISBN:


pinealocyte

The pineal gland is lined on the inside with tissue called pinealocytes. These pinealocytes are similar to the rods and cones in the retina of your eye. That’s right; it’s the third eye! Your brain has a third eye in the center and it has retinal tissue. It also has the same wiring that your physical eyes do to the visual cortex in your brain! How did they know that all the way back when?

2017，片头起3:41, in The secrets of the pineal gland - full，spoken by David Wilcock (David Wilcock), YouTube: Collective Awakening:


Kultur

kultur的另一種拼寫法

The bestialization produced by war and militant patriotism came openly to the front with all the horrors of savagery, rapine, deportation, atrocities, and the inhuman slaughter of millions of human beings for the glory of the Fatherland and Kultur and for "the making of the world fit for Democracy."

1919，Boris Sidis，The Source and Aim of Human Progress:


spiel

借自德語 Spiel (“游戏”)和/或意第緒語 שפּיל (shpil)，两者均源自中古高地德語 spil，源自古高地德語 spil，源自原始西日耳曼語 *spil。与古英語 spilian (“玩”)同源。见speel。

（常指用于说服别人的）长篇大论

I'd love to be there with a real pretty spiel / But three little words can explain how I feel

1910，Irving Berlin （作曲作詞）, “Dear Mayme, I Love You”:

The spiel ran on; the sale was brief and brisk; / The bargains fell to bidders, one by one. / Hope flushed my cheekbones with a scarlet disk.

1939 May，Theodore Roethke，“The Auction”, in Poetry Magazine:


spiel

spiels (third-person singular present)
spieling (present participle)
spieled (past participle)

For a second our eyes met and he gave me a contemptuous smile, then he spieled again.

1952，Ralph Ellison，Invisible Man，Penguin Books (2014)，頁 433:


spiel

源自低地蘇格蘭語 spiel (“游戏；冰壶比赛”)，源自中古荷蘭語 或中古低地德語 spel。

The portion of ice set apart for a curling spiel was called the lead, rank, or rink (by which last name it is still described), and as it was then shorter than it is now — its ordinary length being 30 yards

1890，John Kerr，History of curling ... and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian curling club:

On the Dock and Greensands the classical discus, or quoit, has in season due its modicum of disciples, (b) When the Nith is frozen over its surface becomes the scene of many a curling spiel

1972，William M'Dowall, A. E. Truckell，History of the burgh of Dumfries:

A few organizational difficulties marred this spiel and the next, but thereafter most of the wrinkles were ironed out.

1989，Morris Kenneth Mott, John Allardyce，Curling Capital，Univ. of Manitoba Press, →ISBN，頁 13:


waltz

源自德語 Walzer ← walzen (“跳舞”) ← 古高地德語 walzan (“轉”) ← 原始日耳曼語 *walt- (“轉”) ← 原始印歐語 *wel- (“轉”)。

waltzes (third-person singular present)
waltzing (present participle)
waltzed (past participle)

窜进，把...带进 （尤指没有批准或没有邀请等）

He waltzed into the room like he owned the place.

他馬上竄進房間，好像那是他自己的地方一樣。

You can't just waltz him in here without documentation!

你不能就这样不走手续把他带到这里来。

Oxlade-Chamberlain, 18, became the youngest English Champions League scorer when he waltzed across the area to plant a low shot into the corner.

2011年September28日，Tom Rostance，“Arsenal 2 - 1 Olympiakos”, in BBC Sport:

The women in Ms. Telfer’s book waltz right by societal rules that would leave the rest of us at a standstill. We are left tsk-tsking, while also in awe.

2021年February25日，Mara Altman，“Glitzy, Tragic and Selfish: Female Con Artists Waltz by Society’s Rules”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


stark

源自中古英語 stark、starc，源自古英語 stearc、starc (“僵硬的；不屈的，固执的；强大的；猛烈的，凶猛的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *stark，源自原始日耳曼語 *starkuz (“强大的”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terg- (“僵硬”)。
同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 sterc (“强的”)、荷蘭語 sterk (“强的”)、低地德語 sterk (“强的”)、德語 stark (“强的”)、丹麥語 stærk (“强的”)、瑞典語 stark (“强的”)、挪威語 sterk (“强的”)、冰島語 sterkur (“强的”)。与starch有关。
短语stark naked实际上变换自中古英語 stert naked，源自stert (“尾巴”)，字面上等价于butt naked。

starker (comparative)
starkest (superlative)

猛烈的，凶猛的 （现在主要用于描述天气）

Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.

2013年May11日，“The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8835，頁 80:

His heauie head, deuoide of carefull carke, / Whose sences all were straight benumbd and starke.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 44:


stark

现代标准英语中，副词基本上仅用于“stark naked”，以及表示“发狂”意的短语，如“stark raving mad”。

He's gone stark, staring mad.

She was just standing there, stark naked.

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. …”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


gern

gerns (third-person singular present)
gerning (present participle)
gerned (past participle)

[He] gaped like a gulfe, when he did gerne, / That whether man or monster one could scarse discerne

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 13:


trinket

古英語 trenket (“一种刀”)，因此可能指的是一种作装饰的刀，可能源自trenchier (“切”)的一个古法語方言形式。对比trench。

trinkets (third-person singular present)
trinketing (present participle)
trinketed (past participle)

On June 26 the party of sun and wind - weathered visitors from the heart of the Texas plains , dressed in their blankets and buckskins , befeathered and trinketed , arrived at the capital city's Globe Hotel and took up residence there

1991，Stan Hoig，Jesse Chisholm, Ambassador of the Plains:


Führer

借自德語 Führer，模仿意大利語 Duce。

擔任納粹德國總理時的阿道夫·希特勒

When the Führer says we is the master race
We "Heil!" (Bronx cheer), "Heil!" (Bronx cheer) right in the Führer's face.

我們當著元首的面高喊「萬歲！」（布朗克斯歡呼），「萬歲！」（布朗克斯歡呼）。

1942，Oliver Wallace （作曲作詞）, “Der Fuehrer's Face”:


Kaiser

繼承自中古英語 kayser，源自古高地德語 keisar (“皇帝”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kaisar，源自原始日耳曼語 *kaisaraz。原始日耳曼語派生至古英語的詞彙是 cāser (“皇帝”)，但從中古英語 kayser (“皇帝”) 的詞形（而不是預期的 *caser、*coser）可以推斷出這個詞是後來從另一種日耳曼語言借來的，並非源自古英語的繼承詞；而現代英語的拼字和意義也似乎是受到現代德語影響而修改的，不是中古英語的直接延續。對照從斯拉夫語族借入的同源對似詞 tsar。

任何皇帝或獨裁者，或試圖成為皇帝或獨裁者的人

And Black Ivo is a veritable Kaiser.

而黑伊沃則是名副其實的皇帝。

[…] that President Poincare, the first servant of France, is still Louis XIV, the former War-Lord, the Kaiser of France […]

Senator Sherman vigorously assailed the Shantung agreement, declaring that it would make the Mikado a veritable Kaiser of the Far East and alienate the sympathies of the 400,000,000 Chinese – from the people of the United States.

謝爾曼參議員猛烈抨擊山東協議，宣稱這將使天皇成為名副其實的遠東皇帝，並使四億中國人對美國人民失去同情。

1919，Far Eastern Political Science Review - Volume 1，頁 49:

[…] which，from the banking point of view, the National City Bank is a veritable kaiser.

從銀行業的角度來看，國家城市銀行是名副其實的皇帝。


absolver

免除者，寬恕者，赦免者（首見於16世紀晚期）

[…] few men dislike the Lay-Excommunicators and Absolvers more than I do […]

1684，Richard Baxter，Whether Parish Congregations Be True Christian Churches，London: Thomas Parkhurst，頁 2:


admonition

源自中古英語 amonicioun，源自古法語 amonicion，源自拉丁語 admonitio，admonere的词干。17世纪时-d-在英语中被恢复。

/ˌædməˈnɪʃən/

But modesty cannot be implanted by admonition only—the elders must set the example.

1892，Plato，譯者 Benjamin Jowett, Laws (Plato):


adulation

/ˌædʒʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌædjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌæd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

He was uncomfortable with the adulation from his fans.

他受不了粉丝的过分追捧。

Now all this was very fine, but not at all in keeping with the Celebrity's character as I had come to conceive it. The idea that adulation ever cloyed on him was ludicrous in itself. In fact I thought the whole story fishy, and came very near to saying so.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 3, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


agrafe

衣服上的搭扣、鉤子、夾子

The belt was of gold, confined by a diamond agrafe.


ambivalence

源自德語 Ambivalenz (“同时存在的矛盾情感”)，源自拉丁語 ambo (“两者均”)和valentia (“强力”)，源自动词valere (“强，强大”)（参见valiant）。德语词由瑞士精神病学家尤金·布鲁勒在1910年造出，到了1929年，其义项在书面和一般语境中得到了拓展。

这个词常用于还常用于表达不在乎某个选择带来的后果。但表达这种词义更合适的词为indifference。

（对某事物、人等的）矛盾的感情，矛盾情绪

"I dearly loved my master, son," she said.
"You should have hated him," I said.
"He gave me several sons," she said, "and because I loved my sons I learned to love their father though I hated him too."
"I too have become acquainted with ambivalence, I said.

1952，Ralph Ellison，Invisible Man, Prologue:


ammoniacal

A quick scent, sweet and ammoniacal, rose from her pubis.

一股甜甜的、氨水般的气味迅速从她的耻骨上飘出。

2000，JG Ballard，Super-Cannes，Fourth Estate, 出版於 2011，頁 231:


anorak

* 源自格陵蘭語 annoraaq。
* (有怪癖的人)：最初指鐵道迷（因為他們在尋找火車的時候會穿著連帽衫）

Don't ever use the hood on your anorak; and, if you do, for heaven's sake don't pull the string tight so that you peep out like a little baby in a siren suit.

1980，Bill Oddie，Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book，頁 61:

He has described himself as the uber-geek, an anorak's anorak, a standard bearer for fellow Star Trekkies everywhere, and his air of bland, amiable bafflement has served him remarkably well in a string of TV and film roles.

2007年February15日，Maev Kennedy，“I used to say he was England's answer to John Cusack. Now I think he's England's answer to Jack Lemmon”, in The Guardian:


apéritif

/ɑːˌpɛɹɪˈtiːf/

/əˌpɛɹɪˈtiːf/

A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed.
 ‘Civilized,’ he said to Mr. Campion. ‘Humanizing.’ […] ‘Cigars and summer days and women in big hats with swansdown face-powder, that's what it reminds me of.’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess:


armistice

源自晚期拉丁語 armistitium，源自拉丁語 arma (“武器”) + sistēre（源自sistō (“停止；不动”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *steh₂- (“站起”)） + -ium (构成抽象名词的后缀)。同源词包括法語 armistice、意大利語 armistizio、葡萄牙語 armistício、西班牙語 armisticio。

停火，休战 （自17世纪）

135. An armistice is the cessation of active hostilities for a period agreed upon between belligerents. It must be agreed upon in writing, and duly ratified by the highest authorities of the contending parties.
 136. If an armistice be declared, without conditions, it extends no further than to require a total cessation of hostilities, along the front of both belligerents.

1863年April24日，Francis Lieber，“Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field [General Order No. 100]”, in General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force (Adjutant General’s Office; 1863)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 出版於 1864, →OCLC, section VIII (Armistice—Capitulation)，頁 83:

It has also become routine to interrupt wars in more lasting fashion by imposing armistices. Again, unless directly followed by successful peace negotiations, armistices perpetuate the state of war indefinitely because they shield the weaker side from the consequences of refusing the concessions needed for peace. […] Armistices in themselves are not way stations to peace but rather frozen wars.

2002，Edward N[icolae] Luttwak，“The Coming Together of Opposites”, in Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace，第revised and enlarged版, Cambridge, Mass., London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 出版於 2003 (2nd printing), →ISBN, part I (The Logic of Strategy)，頁s 59–60:

The Fifth Volume of this Collection makes its appearance at the moſt eventful period of the war—it includes, therefore, matter of the higheſt importance, and contains all the official documents reſpecting the late Negotiation—the war between this country and Spain, the progreſs of the French arms in Italy and Germany—the armiſtices and treaties concluded with the German and Italian powers— […]

1797，John Debrett, compiler，“Preface”, in A Collection of State Papers, Relative to the War against France now Carrying on by Great Britain and the Several Other European Powers; […]，卷 V, London: Printed for J[ohn] Debrett, […], →OCLC:

The government of Great-Britain lost no time after the war was known, in making to our cabinet proposals for an armistice. Those proposals were like all propositions between equal states, perfectly reciprocal. They require of us to suspend hostilities only, in consideration of suspending hostilities on their part. They are silent as to impressments—and would any person inquire why? It may be answered, that impressments had never been presented to Great-Britain as in themselves the cause of war— […]

1813，[John Lowell Jr.]，“No. IV. The Several Proposals for an Armistice Considered.”, in Perpetual War, the Policy of Mr. Madison. […]，Boston, Mass.: Printed by C[hester] Stebbins, →OCLC，頁 17:

Twice during the last quarter of a century the same railway vehicle has provided the scene of the signature of an armistice between Germany and France, and this famous vehicle is at present in Berlin, where it was placed on public exhibition in the Lustgarten on March 23.

1941 July，“The Armistice Coach”, in Railway Magazine，頁 316:

The day armistice was signed [chapter title] […] At five o'clock on the morning of 11 November 1918, a group of high-ranking German politicians and military officers entered a railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne. They were met by delegates from the countries with which they had been at war. Three days earlier the French, British and Americans had prepared an armistice document which they demanded the Germans accept within three days. Inside the carriage the Germans signed the surrender document put before them. The document signalled that the war would stop in six hours' time, at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918.

2003，John Malam，“The Day Armistice was Signed”, in 11 November 1918: The World War I Armistice (Dates with History)，London: CherrytreeBooks, Evans Brothers, →ISBN，頁s 12–13:


armistice

Armistice (“1918年，协约国与德国签订的停战协定；(引申义) 第一次世界大战的结束”)的大小寫替代形式

The armistice of November 1918 could represent many things: the end of the war, the victory. But for the Carnard [the newspaper Le Canard enchaîné], first and foremost, it represented dissention among the French. […] After the armistice and the emergence of the first difficulties of the peace, many more both on the right and in the center argued that the armistice should have been signed in Berlin—in a word, the armistice of November 11 was premature.

2002，Allen Douglas，“Web of Memory”, in War, Memory, and the Politics of Humor: The Canard Enchaîné and World War I，Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 151:

Later he [British Prime Minister David Lloyd George] meets with the House of Commons and, after an opening prayer is said, reviews the armistice terms, then moves for adjournment.

2018，Richard J. Connors，The Road to the Armistice 1918，Pittsburgh, Pa.: Dorrance Publishing Co., →ISBN，頁s 66–67:


artifice

The notion that consequence can be as easily managed as PR is the ultimate artifice and the ultimate delusion.

2021年November21日，Charles Hugh Smith，When Everything Is Artifice and PR, Collapse Beckons:

The heightened worlds of darkly comedic satire and soapy high-school romance make it easy enough to roll with unrealistic casting choices—and that goes for stage musicals, too, where some level of artifice is built into the format.

2021年September22日，Caroline Siede，“Dear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level”, in AV Club:


artifice

artifices (third-person singular present)
artificing (present participle)
artificed (past participle)

The Creator has so cunningly endowed our bodies that there is no labor to be done, no skill in artificing or fashioning the metals, that is beyond our reach.

1867，Egbert Pomroy Watson，The Modern Practice of American Machinists and Engineers […] :

Some of the greatest artists of their day either furnished designs or with their own hands artificed ornaments for domestic use,

Splints and slings, already described, are easily artificed out of small saplings or from stiff bark.

1922，Appalachian Mountain Club，The A.M.C. White Mountain Guide: A Guide to Trails in the Mountains:


atelier

借自法語 atelier，源自中古法語 astelier，源自astelle (“一小块木头；固定断骨”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂eḱs- (“轴”)） + -ier (表示住所位置的后缀)。

工坊，工作室，画室，作坊

The Dukes de Claulne, father and ſon, had laboratories for clock and vvatch making as vvell as for machinery. Theſe ateliers, as the French name them, vvere as fine and complete for the choice of tools as it vvas poſſible to find in Europe; […]

1792年November4日，W. Blakey，“[Mr. Blakey on Pendulums]”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine: And Historical Chronicle，卷 LXII, part II, 期 5, London: […] John Nichols, […]; [a]nd sold by Eliz[abeth] Newbery, […], 出版於 November 1792, →OCLC，頁 1005，列 1:

I paid a visit to the celebrated [Antonio] Canova in his vast and interesting atelier. He had been at Naples a short time before to form his own judgment of the situation intended for the equestrian statue of Napoleon, which we saw already almost finished in his atelier.

1839，Mathieu Dumas [i.e., Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas]，章號 VI, in [anonymous]（譯者）, Memoirs of His Own Time; including the Revolution, the Empire, and the Restoration. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 272:

At the meeting of the Society, February 6, it was stated that red glass was preferable to yellow for the windows of photographic ateliers.

1874年May8日，“Chemical News from Foreign Sources”, in The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. […]，卷 XXIX, 期 754, London: Henry Gillman, […], →OCLC，頁 207，列 1:

Hats with transparent tulle and crêpe brims and hemp or leghorn crowns are succeeding the small martial styles of which this atelier made quite a feature earlier in the season.

1915 March，“Present Fad for Toques and Helmets Succeeded by Vogue for Second Empire Styles”, in The Illustrated Milliner，第manufacturers’版, 卷 XVI, 期 3, New York, N.Y.: The Illustrated Milliner Company, →OCLC，頁 15，列 1:

Education opportunities improved with the advent of the Second Empire in 1850 and more ateliers began to take women students. But the atelier system, in which master painters trained a number of students in their studio, was a male-dominated world to which women's access was still restricted, even though the number of ateliers taking women increased – not just because not all artists would teach women, but because the atelier was itself a gendered social space that was not suitable for women.

1996，Reina Lewis，“Professional Opportunities for Women in Art and Literature”, in Race, Femininity and Representation，London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 出版於 2003, →ISBN，頁 59:

The first thing Diane did when she arrived home was to hurry into the atelier. She removed the half-finished portrait on the easel and replaced it with a blank canvas. She began to sketch the face of the man who had tried to kill her, but her hands were trembling so hard that she had to stop.

2004，Sidney Sheldon，章號 1, in Are You Afraid of the Dark?，New York, N.Y.: William Morrow, →ISBN，頁 11:

During the time Theyskens was presenting his precollection, a rumor began circulating in Paris: Procter & Gamble, the American conglomerate that owns Rochas, had decided to close the fashion branch of the company. Soon enough, the story was confirmed. The beautiful gowns would never be shown or produced; the atelier would be shuttered. […] ["T]he French world of fashion is being destroyed little by little. The French factories and ateliers were once dedicated to the little nuances. That luxurious approach and that refinement disappeared in the 80's and 90's, and I fear it may be disappearing again."

2006年August6日，Lynn Hirschberg，引 Olivier Theyskens, “Is there a place for Olivier Theyskens?”, in The New York Times Magazine，New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2017-02-02:


averse

源自拉丁語 aversus，avertere (“背过身；避免”)的过去分词。

more averse (comparative)
most averse (superlative)

adverse和averse两词有时会混淆，虽然两者词义并不相同。adverse常指某物与某人的利益相悖，即某人会称作adversity或adversary的东西 — （adverse winds; an attitude adverse to our ideals——逆风；与我们理想相悖的态度）。averse一般形容人，表示人反对，抵触某物（a leader averse to war; an investor averse to risk taking——厌恶战争的领导人；不愿冒风险的投资者）。averse常与to连用，构成如“I am averse to…”的形式。adverse少用于此类构式，因为它形容的是物不是人。

be averse to something / to do something

This is why the most eminent intellects have always been strongly averse to any kind of disturbance, interruption and distraction, and above everything to that violent interruption which is caused by noise; other people do not take any particular notice of this sort of thing.

2004，Arthur Schopenhauer，章號 2, in Essays of Schopenhauer:

“I assure you, cousin,” replied the old gentleman, “that the Baron, notwithstanding his unpleasant manner, is really one of the most excellent and kind-hearted men in the world. As I have already told you, he did not assume these manners until the time he became lord of the entail; previous to then he was a modest, gentle youth. Besides, he is not, after all, so bad as you make him out to be; and further, I should like to know why you are so averse to him.” As my uncle said these words he smiled mockingly, and the blood rushed hotly and furiously into my face.


averse

源自拉丁語 aversus，avertere (“背过身；避免”)的过去分词。

averses (third-person singular present)
aversing (present participle)
aversed (past participle)

[…] and, in this panegyrick of the Teutonick blood, I have so prolixly insisted, not only to vindicate our own, as being a stream of the same, and to evince the nobility thereof, but withal to convince the folly of those wretches among us, who aversing ours do so much adhere unto, and dote upon descents from France and Normandy.

The inconveniences aversing from clandestine marriages are pointedly depicted in the last two lines, teaching lessons of morality to all romantic babies.

1859，The Yale Literary Magazine，卷 24, 期 7，頁 302:


azote

借自法語 azote，源自古希臘語 ἀ- (a-，“无”) + ζωή (zōḗ，“生命”) + -τικός (-tikós，“形容词后缀”)。由法国化学家和生物学家安托万·拉瓦锡所造，他认为这空气中的这部分气体无法支持生命。

Azote is one of the most abundant elements in nature, and combined with calorique or heat, it forms azotic gas or phlogistic air, and composes two thirds of the atmosphere […].

氮是自然界中最丰富的元素之一，它与热源或热量结合形成氮气或燃素空气，占大气的三分之二 […] 。

1791，Erasmus Darwin，The Economy of Vegetation，J. Johnson，頁 73:

The proportion of azote gas to that of the oxigen obtained is as 64 to 36.

所得氮气与氧气的比例为64：36。

1801，Christopher Girtanner，“A Memoir, in which the Queſtion is examined, whether Azote be a ſimple or complex body?”, in Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts，卷 4，頁 170:

Hence it is obvious that deutoxide of azote is a compound of one volume of azote and one volume of oxygen gas united together, without any alteration of volume, consequently its specific gravity is the mean of that of oxygen and azotic gases.It is composed, by weight, of azote 0.9722 or 1.75, oxygen 1.1111 or 2. If we reckon the atomic weight of azote 1.75, this gas is obviously a compound of one atom azote and two atoms oxygen.

1823, Chemistry, entry in Charles Maclaren (chief editor), Encyclopædia Britannica, 6th Edition, page 366,

Those who have adopted these opinions, represent the atom of azote by the number 1.75. We consider the 5 compounds of azote and oxygen, as composed of 1 atom azote, united with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, atoms of oxygen.

1831，Thomas Thomson，A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies，卷 1，頁 133:


boucan

源自法語 boucan，源自古圖皮語 mokaém, bokaém (“木头烤架”)。

（图皮人或其他加勒比地区人口使用的）木质烤架

同類詞：grill、barbecue

These savages were so fond of this cookery, and of such endurance, that an Indian returning from the chase, fatigued and hungry, would often wait patiently by the boucan, or as they called it, the barbecu, the best part of a day, until a fish […]

1877，Angus Bethune Reach，Leonard Lindsay: or, The Story of a Buccaneer，頁 41:

The process is thus described: "The bones being taken out, the flesh was cut into convenient pieces and salted, and the next day was taken to the boucan". […] 源自adopting the boucan of the Carribees, the hunters in Hispaniola, the Spaniards excepted, came to be called boucaniers,

1891，James Burney，History of the Buccaneers of America，頁 49:

“Put them on the platforms in the boucans,” ordered Bart, pointing to a row of the curing huts. “We surrendered,” protested the officer, his face white under the moon. “What manner of brutes are ye? Would you roast us alive?”

"You will find it very unpleasant in the boucans after the charcoal gets properly started and the ammonia comes from the burning bones and hides."

2005，J. Allan Dunn，The Golden Dolphin and Other Pirate Tales from the Pulps，Wildside Press LLC, →ISBN，頁 212:


boycotter

As early as 1955[…], he spoke in what Sundquist calls his “ornate metaphorical style,” evident in his first speech to the boycotters.

2009年January18日，Anthony Lewis，“A New National Scripture”, in New York Times:


brancher

None of the brancher instructions have any effect whatsoever on any flags; instead, they are the instructions which look at the flags.

1983，Richard Mansfield，Machine Language for Beginners，頁 69:

This is pretty typical for a C-written brancher.

1999，Mickey Kawick，Real-time Strategy Game Programming Using DirectX 6.0，頁 37:


cajun

Cajun的大小寫替代形式

MOONEE VALLEY DRIFTERS Great country, cajun, and swing music to listen to and dance to.

2009年January29日，“Other music”, in Herald Sun:


canapé

Oliver was sitting on the edge of the canapé, swinging one leg over the other; and he stopped abruptly and stared, and then sank back, laughing softly to himself.

奥利弗正坐在沙发边上，一条腿搭在另一条腿上；他突然停下，盯着看，然后又坐了下去，轻轻地笑着。

1908，Upton Sinclair，The Metropolis，New York: Moffat, Yard & Company，頁 29:


fuck

源自中古英語 *fukken，可能源自日耳曼語族：源自古英語 *fuccian或古諾爾斯語 *fukka，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *fukkōną，源自原始印歐語 *pewǵ- (“击，打，刺”)。对比windfucker及其有争议的词源。
可能在772年时可考于一提到了一处地名Fuccerham的章程内，其可能意为“肏者之家”或“肏者之牧场”；1278年时出现于某记录中的“John le Fucker”可能不过为“Fulcher”的变体，类似“Fucher”、“Foker”等形式。在英语的所有发展阶段中，本词最早明确使用于与性有关的语境内可能是英国柴郡的一个1310年12月8日的法庭文件内，其提到了一个叫做“Roger Fuckebythenavel”的男子（可能是半开玩笑，或者暗指其有淫乱行为）。本词1598年首次出现在词典内。 低地蘇格蘭語 fuk/fuck可考记录出现较早，可能进一步佐证了其源自北日耳曼/斯堪的纳维亚的词源理论。进入16世纪后，本词开始被频繁使用，接替了jape和sard并广泛取代了swive。
大量基于民间词源理论的逆构词，比如fornication under consent of the king和for unlawful carnal knowledge，均不实。
义项10源自相关词义feck。

fucks (third-person singular present)
fucking (present participle)
fucked (past participle)

bugger

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

eff

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

to hell with

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

screw

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

mess

使用于动词短语：fuck with (“乱玩；戏耍，戏弄”)。

toy

使用于动词短语：fuck with (“乱玩；戏耍，戏弄”)。

Would you fuck me? I'd fuck me. I'd fuck me hard. I'd fuck me so hard.

1991，Ted Tally，The Silence of the Lambs (motion picture), spoken by Jame "Buffalo Bill" Gumb (Ted Levine):

She wanted to fuck him more than she had ever wanted to fuck any man in her life.

2007，Lionel Shriver，The post-birthday world, →ISBN:

They're both New Yorkers coasting on their reputations, they've both had three marriages, neither of them can shut up when in front of a camera, and perhaps most importantly, they both want to fuck Ivanka, which-which is weird for Trump because Ivanka is in his family, and it's weird for Giuliani because she isn't.

2018年May6日，“Rudy Giuliani”, in 上周今夜秀，季数 5, 集数 10, 約翰·奧利佛 (actor), 經由 HBO:

幹，肏，插入 （使用阴茎，假阴茎插入某人身上的孔、腔或乳沟等）

She shoved them up and together, pushing into me, forcing my foot to fuck her tits harder and harder while gasping as if I was shoving it deep into her body...

2006，Rachel Kramer Bussel，Glamour Girls: Femme/Femme Erotica:

Her pussy had never taken this much cock in her entire life. […] Xander took the hint and began fucking her mouth with his fingers, moving both hands to the same rhythm while his cock gained even more speed and started moving the couch back a few inches with every push. […]

2019年September25日，April Lust，Outlaw in Black: A Dark Contemporary Bad Boy Motorcycle Club Romance，E-Book Publishing World Inc.:

We decided to switch things around and have him fuck me tonight.

我们决定互换一下，让他今晚插我。

fuck me in the ass, really fuck my ass

A skinny, boyish-looking guy getting fucked by a huge muscle man.

瘦得像小孩的男人被大块头肌肉男插入

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

Fuck those jerks, and fuck their stupid rules!

去他妈的这帮王八蛋，他们都是什么傻逼规则！

Fuck the fuckin' Diaz Brothers, I bury those cockroaches!

1983年December9日，Scarface，spoken by Tony Montana (Al Pacino):

If he covered for a single motherfucker who's a kiddy-fucker, / fuck the motherfucker, he's as evil as the rapist.

I see you driving 'round town with the girl I love / and I'm like, "Fuck you!"

2010年August19日，“Fuck You”, 演出者 Cee Lo Green:

Goodman says he wants him to come in tomorrow and Moses is so afraid he's fucked up his chance again that he says yeah...

She knew something had fucked the plan when she grabbed the headset off the door.

Here we are a mile out to sea and you've fucked the motor.

2002，Peter Hawes，Royce, Royce, the people's choice:

The symbols, all warnings of impending doom, might well have read: “You have fucked the engine, you arsehole.

使用于动词短语：fuck with (“乱玩；戏耍，戏弄”)。

They couldn't hear a single note Ted was playing and the sound guy kept yelling at them to stop fucking with the levels so he could make adjustments.

2006，Kilian Betlach，This Feels Like A Riot Looks:

It's true. For 6 weeks in 1996, Chex Cereal fucked.

2022，“Snack Video Games”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver:


fuck

性伴侣 （常指随便的关系）

Let me ask you something, Rocky, man to man. I think she's the fuck of the century, what do you think?

1999，Joe Eszterhas，Basic Instinct (motion picture), spoken by Nick Curran (Michael Douglas):

In his mind, she was probably just another fuck, but in hers it had meant so much more than that.

2005, Jaid Black, Strictly Taboo, Berkley Sensations (2005), ISBN 9780425202456, unnumbered page:

If he's a lousy fuck, I can at least say I had a lousy fuck, and if he's a great fuck, well that's even better...

“He'd rather have his favorite fuck with him on the greatest adventure of his life than pay money to lie with ugly strangers. […]

2008, Nicole Galland, Crossed, Harper (2008), ISBN 9780060841805, page 32:

Finally he gets up his courage, crosses over to her and says in her ear, "Hello, Beautiful. Whaddya say to a little fuck?" She measures him coolly with her eyes. "Hello, little fuck."

1965，Gershon Legman，Rationale of the Dirty Joke: An Analysis of Sexual Humor:

She used to be a secretary but then she realized that she could run a business a hell of a lot better than those stupid fucks could.

I don't give a fuck.

Ryder: You know, it's hard to calculate how few fucks I give about Tann's opinion.

2017，BioWare，Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →OCLC，幕：Elaaden:


chétif

more chétif (comparative)
most chétif (superlative)

It was hard to believe this gay, good-looking young chap, laughing and making mock of the very religion he was going into, was the chétif little boy who used to follow the big Horace everywhere and couldn't live without him.

1974，GB Edwards，The Book of Ebenezer Le Page，New York, 出版於 2007，頁 130:


coexister

The anti-Babylonian autonomists equated national survival with the full independence of Judah under its present leadership, whereas the pro-Babylonian coexisters equated national survival with the socioeconomic and religiocultural preservation of the people of Judah.

2008，Norman K. Gottwald，The Hebrew Bible: A Brief Socio-Literary Introduction，頁 229:


sorrow

繼承自中古英語 sorow、sorwe、sorghe、sorȝe，繼承自古英語 sorg、sorh (“关心、焦虑、悲痛”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *sorgu，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *surgō（對比西弗里斯蘭語 soarch、荷蘭語 zorg、德語 Sorge、丹麥語、瑞典語和挪威語 sorg），源自原始印歐語 *swergʰ- (“看管、担心；生病、受苦”)（對比古愛爾蘭語 serg (“疾病”)、吐火羅語B sark (“疾病”)、立陶宛語 sirgti (“生病”)、梵語 सूर्क्षति (sū́rkṣati，“擔心”)）。雖然意思和詞形上和 sorry、sore 相似，詞源上和這兩者並無關聯。

She had nursed all the children, including Sandro, to whom she was devoted, and my husband was just as fond of her. His going away to America was a great sorrow to her, and she always kept the sacred light burning on a little altar for Sandro all the time of his long absence.

她照料了所有孩子，包括桑德罗，她对他十分疼爱，我丈夫也同样喜欢她。桑德罗要去美国，这对她来说是一件非常伤心的事，在桑德罗长期不在家的时候，她总是在小神坛上为他点亮圣灯。

1903，Maud Salvini，“Salvini as I Know Him”, in The Theatre，期 3，頁 312:

Vaublanc, in San Domingo so sympathetic to the sorrows of labour in France, had to fly from Paris in August, 1792, to escape the wrath of the French workers.

沃布朗在圣多明各对法国劳工的苦难深表同情，为了逃避法国工人的愤怒，他不得不于1792年8月逃离巴黎。

1963，C.L.R. James，The Black Jacobins，第2nd Revised版，頁 14:

Parting is such sweet sorrow.


sorrow

sorrows (third-person singular present)
sorrowing (present participle)
sorrowed (past participle)

‘Sorrow not, sir,’ says he, ‘like those without hope.’

他说：“先生，不要像那些没有希望的人那样悲伤。”

1749，Henry Fielding，Tom Jones，Folio Society, 出版於 1973，頁 424:

When, as sometimes happens, a lad dies from the effect of the operation, he is buried secretly in the forest, and his sorrowing mother is told that the monster has a pig's stomach as well as a human stomach, and that unfortunately her son slipped into the wrong stomach.

有时，如果一个小伙子因手术后遗症而死，人们就会把他秘密地埋在森林里，并告诉他悲痛的母亲，这个怪物既有人的胃，又有猪的胃，不幸的是，她的儿子掉进了错误的胃里。

1911，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 11，頁 241:


hang back

hangs back (third-person singular present)
hanging back (present participle)
hung back (past participle)

Ayala’s mix-up with Dean Whitehead left Cameron Jerome advancing from the flank, probably expecting at least one opponent would come across to block off the shot. It never happened. The next defender, Ben Gibson, hung back, mistakenly thinking Jerome would look for a team-mate, and the goalkeeper, Dimitrios Konstantopoulos, also seemed to be caught in two minds.

2015年May25日，Daniel Taylor，“Norwich reach Premier League after early blitz sees off Middlesbrough”, in The Guardian (London):


coqueluche

一种百日咳病人为了给头保暖而戴的兜帽

The coqueluchon or coqueluche was a kind of hood very generally worn at certain periods of the year, which seems to have given its name to the hooping-cough, because those who were attacked by that illness wore a coqueluche or monk's hood to keep their head warm.

1896，Alphonse Mariette，French and English idioms and proverbs: with critical and historical notes，頁 104:

[…] because the sick wore a coqueluche on their heads (as a part of the treatment prescribed) certainly owes its currency to Dr. Short, but he appears to have relied upon the authority of Schenkius […]

1922，Francis Graham Crookshank，Influenza，頁 73:


bona fide

源自拉丁語 bonā fidē (“以善意”)，bona fidēs (“善意”)的斜格。

Let thinking people, then, judge what must be the fate of a church, whose fundamental doctrines are disbelieved by men of sense and inquiry, whose articles are well known not to be subscribed bonâ fide by those who officiate in it […]。

1791，Joseph Priestley，Letters to Burke, section XII:


bona fide

有时被当做不存在的词*bonafy的过去分词，而误拼作*bonafied。

This is a bona fide Roman coin.

What intrigues us is what will happen when the ersatzes for the ersatzes come along. Will characters start substituting for actors, bona fide dogs for barking ladies; will people start looking at people again instead of television and at nature instead of at documentaries?

1955年June30日，“Ersatzes for Ersatzes”, in The Christian Science Monitor，卷 47, 期 182:

Ulysses Everett McGill: I am the only daddy you got! I’m the damn pater familias!
Wharvey Gal: But you ain’t bona fide!

2000，Joel Coen, Ethan Coen，O Brother, Where Art Thou?:


Jesus Christ

Jesus + Christ，源自中古英語 Jesu Crist、Jesus Crist，源自拉丁語 Iēsus Chrīstus。

Almighty God, give us the grace that we may cast away the works of darkness, and put upon us the armour of light, now in the time of this mortal life (in which thy son Jesus Christ came to visit us in great humility;)

1681，Church of England，The book of common prayer:


Jesus Christ

一些基督徒会认为属于亵渎神明。该用法的变体包括Jiminy Cricket、jeepers creepers及其他以J C起头的两个词。忌讳脏话但已经不小心说出了第一个辅音的人使用这些代替词通常可以接受。

我靠，天啊 （表达惊讶的秽语）

Oh Jesus Christ. Don't be so dramatic, okay?

2013，Richard Linklater, Julie Delpy, Ethan Hawke，Before Midnight (motion picture), spoken by Jesse (Ethan Hawke):


open up

opens up (third-person singular present)
opening up (present participle)
opened up (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-open up.wav

Some vacancies have opened up due to retirements.

因为有人退休所以出现了一些职位空缺。

Open up the door!

The executive pay gap is opening up again.

高管薪水差异又开始出现了。

Wilshire then opened up Everton's defence, but Van Persie lifted his finish over the onrushing Howard and also over the bar.

2011年February1日，Phil McNulty，“Arsenal 2 - 1 Everton”, in BBC:

The pigeon is moving as before with unhurried haste. [...] But it must be all out. If it wasn't, then it would open up and get away from that shadow of death behind it.

1934，Henry G. Lamond，An Aviary on the Plains，Sydney: Angus and Robertson，頁 211:


New Delhi

In a statement issued on 3 November, New Delhi said that it will study the recommendations on institutional changes outlined in the report of the UN Secretary General's panel that had stopped short of definitive recommendations on new permanent members.

新德里政府在11月3日发表的声明中表示，将研究联合国秘书长小组报告中提出的有关体制改革的建议，但该小组并未就新常任理事国提出明确的建议。

2005，Foreign Policy Annual, 2001-2009: Events，Gyan Publishing House, →ISBN，頁 420:

India claimed a diplomatic victory over Pakistan after Islamabad failed to win support for a U.N. resolution on Kashmir that New Delhi said violated its sovereignty. A group of countries led by Pakistan withdrew the resolution, which urged ...
伊斯兰堡未能赢得联合国对克什米尔问题的决议的支持，印度宣称对巴基斯坦取得了外交胜利，新德里称该决议侵犯了其主权。以巴基斯坦为首的一组国家撤回了该决议，该决议敦促……

1995, Asian Bulletin, Volume 20, Issues 1-6, APACL Publications [Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League], unnumbered page:

As Russia accords considerable priority to its strategic partnership with India, it has to reckon with the Indian factor and is therefore subject to pressure from New Delhi in its relations with China.

由于俄罗斯高度重视与印度的战略伙伴关系，该国在行动中将不得不考虑来自印度的因素，并因此在与中国的关系中受到来自新德里的压力。

2004年November1日，Joseph Y.S. Cheng，“Challenges to China's Russian Policy in Early 21st Century”, in Journal of contemporary Asia:


angpau

ang pow的另一種寫法

The lorchu' s angpau contained two Malaysian dollars, those of the thauke, 40 cents.

1990，Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography，頁 24:

It says the children receive angpau from the adults, while the old receive angpau from the young.

2003，Choo Ming Ding & Kee Beng Ooi，Chinese Studies of the Malay World: A Comparative Approach:


diam

借自馬來語 diam (“安靜的”)。

Diam lah, you have no gal let alone have a son or daughter.

閉嘴啦，你都沒有女朋友，更別說兒子女兒了。

2021年April8日，intruder，“God so loved the world”, in soc.culture.malaysia (Usenet):

If the answer is affirmative, then he is qualified to talk to us. Otherwise, diam lah.

假如答案是肯定的，他才有資格跟我們談。否則，那他還是閉嘴啦。

2023年December9日，“Najib wants more time for another run.”, in soc.culture.malaysia (Usenet):

So diam lah, baruah bangsat!

2013年June7日， <par@tmnet.net.my>，“Mooted online media control 'not politically motivated'”, in soc.culture.malaysia (Usenet):


foto

photo的另一種拼寫法

Have your foto
in a bathingsuit

1909, sign on an Atlantic City (New Jersey) beach, photographed and shown in National Geographic (August 2015), volume 228, number 2, page 132:

Reply with foto and phone to GCN box 719

1977年April23日，“Personal advertisement”, in Gay Community News，頁 18:

But it didn't matter, fotos or drawings. They were all illustrations of tall, slinky girls with abnormally large breasts striving to be contained within abnormally small brassieres […]

2000，Sam George Arcus，Deja Views of an Aging Orphan: Growing Up in the Hebrew National Orphan Home, →ISBN:


pisang

源自馬來語 pisang。

The orange crop was good; custard-apples, pisangs and pomeloes fair, the latter were poor in quality.

橙子收成不错；番荔枝、香蕉和柚子收成还不错，但柚子品质较差。

1906，Perak，Government Gazette: Supplements，頁 3:


pontianak

馬來西亞及印度尼西亞傳說中的一種吸血女鬼，據說是孕婦難產死後變成的

One of the most fearsome creatures of Malay folklore is the pontianak.

马来民间传说中最可怕的动物之一是吸血女鬼（「龐蒂雅娜」）。

2009，Andrew Hock-Soon Ng，“"Death and the Maide": The Pontianak as Excess in Malay Popular Culture”, in Draculas, Vampires, and Other Undead Forms: Essays on Gender, Race and Culture:


sais

來自印地語（印度斯坦），來自阿拉伯語 سَائِس (sāʔis，“馬夫、馬伕”)，來自سَاس (sās，“飼養馬匹”)。

馬夫或負責照顧馬的傭人。

Not one of them [horse dealers] will venture a horse, he is about to sell, in the stables of the intended purchaser, unless attended by one of his own syces, or grooms, who both knows and is known by the animal. If the horse be very old, or naturally dull, the syce takes care to ply him with spices and other stimulants; and if vicious, opium, and other anodynes are given; so that the horse is absolutely in a state of disguise.

1808，Thomas Williamson，Oriental Field Sports; being a Complete, Detailed, and Accurate Description of the Wild Sports of the East … In Two Volumes，卷 II, London: Printed by W[illiam] Bulmer and Co. Cleveland-Row, St. James's; for Edward Orme, Bond-Street, the corner of Brook-Street, and B. Crosby and Co. Stationers' Court, →OCLC，頁 213:

4th Troop 1st Brigade—3 rank and file, 1 syce, 17 horses, killed; […]

1849年April19日，“General Return of Casualties in the Army of the Punjaub in the Action at Goojerat on the 21st February 1849, between the British Forces under the Personal Command of General the Right Hon. Hugh Baron Gough, G.C.B., Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in India, and the Rebel Army under the Sirdar Chuttur Singh and Rajah Shere Singh”, in The Indian News, and Chronicle of Eastern Affairs，期 160, London, →OCLC，頁 179:

THE DUTIES OF THE SAIS OR GROOM. […] Now, if the good house-mother's proudest boast is that not even "the cattle within her gate" fail to feel her kindly care, she will often find it necessary to take an active part in teaching the sais his duty, and seeing that the horses receive proper attention. […] The old plan of a sais and a grass-cutter to each horse is a thing of the past, and the number of saises or grooms should have reference merely to the amount of harnessing and out-work necessary during the day.

1890, Flora Annie Webster Steel; Grace Gardiner, “The Duties of the Servants”, in The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook: Giving the Duties of Mistress and Servants, the General Management of the House and Practical Recipes for Cooking in all its Branches, Edinburgh: F. Murray, OCLC 228145908; reprinted Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 978-1-108-02193-7, page 68:

But apart from the story of the havildar, my own syce, a hillman who attends my pony, has actually seen two ghosts, with one of whom he held a long conversation.

1906，Charles A[tmore] Sherring，“Superstitions”, in Western Tibet and the British Borderland; the Sacred Country of Hindus and Buddhists, with an Account of the Government, Religion, and Customs of its Peoples，London: Edward Arnold, →OCLC，頁 100:

Dinner, dinner, dinner … but when he returned to the house for it, Mahmoud Ali had drifted away in his turn, to speak to his sais.

1924，E[dward] M[organ] Forster，A Passage to India，London: Edward Arnold & Co., →OCLC; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1952, →OCLC，頁 13:

The horse also, as if it had its own premonitions, refused to get on to those rickety planks, though the rest of the party had negotiated them safely. The sais (horse attendant), who had no such anxieties, crossed ahead of us and struggled for some minutes to drag the poor frightened animal, with myself on its back, across the chasm.

1974，Apa Pant，“Dreams and Destinations”, in A Moment in Time，Bombay: Orient Longman, →OCLC，頁 76:

We have not been able to get a good syce for our animal, and have had to make do with a young and inexperienced fellow.

1987，Sara Banerji，The Wedding of Jayanthi Mandel，London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., →ISBN:

Each pony had his sais, his groom, who lived and ate and slept with the animal, and had betted a good deal more than he could afford on the result of the game. There was no chance of anything going wrong, but to make sure, each sais was shampooing the legs of his pony to the last minute. Behind the saises sat as many of the Skidars' regiment as had leave to attend the match […]

2010，Rudyard Kipling with James Daley, comp., “The Maltese Cat”, in Great Horse Stories，Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, →ISBN，頁 95:

通常寫成syce：司機、駕駛。

House servants are usually either Chinese or Tamil, the former predominating, especially in towns of any size. The domestic staff will in general consist of a houseboy (in large establishments two houseboys), a water carrier (tukang ayer), whose duties include washing dishes and preparing baths, a cook, a gardener, a chauffeur or sais, and perhaps an ayah (if Chinese, amah) or two, according to the size of the family.

1935，Ralph Lionel German，Handbook to British Malaya, 1935，[London]: [R. L. German]: Obtainable from the Malay Information Agency, Waterlow and Sons, →OCLC，頁 50:

[A]fter their first few days there he had hired a syce, a Malay chauffeur. The syce, who had been squatting down, sheltering in the shade of the car, jumped to his feet at their approach, opening the doors for them with an efficient flourish.

1988，Margaret Pemberton，A Multitude of Sins，New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books, →OCLC:

Each establishment had a retinue of Chinese or Malay servants, on average consisting of a cook, one or two "house boys," a tukang kebun (gardener), a sais (chauffeur), and an ayah or amah (maid or nurse) to take care of ironing […]

1994，Laurence C[arl] Bergquist，Destiny: A Southeast Asia Saga, 1928–1953: Singapore, Malaya, Indonesia，Pacifica, Calif.: Pacifica Press, →ISBN，頁 51:

The lady – a very elegant Romanian by birth – arrived with her daughter Miriam, the English governess, the secretary, a detective, and last of all the syce, or chauffeur, who seated himself in the garden rather than wait in the large Rolls-Royce parked outside, with the family crest placed above the number plate.

1999，Mary Sydney Burke，The Soldier's Wife: Peace and War，London: Janus Publishing Company, →ISBN，頁 128:

[T]he expansion of the service economy, for the home, the office and the municipality, had created a more mixed labouring world. A wealthy European or Asian home would bring together a Chinese amah, or maid, a Malay syce, or chauffeur, and an Indian kebun, or gardener, operating through a Malay lingua franca. On a larger scale, in the invisible city, ethnic communities were pushed closer together, often for the first time.

2005，Christopher [Alan] Bayly with Tim[othy Norman] Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945，Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, →ISBN，頁 53:


sais

用來表示非標準發音的says。

'Yes,' sais I, 'what's left of me; but, good gracious,' sais I, 'you have got the 'heaves.' I hope it ain't catchin'.

1855 August，“Editor's Drawer”, in Harper's New Monthly Magazine，卷 XI, 期 LXIII, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 329 & 331 Pearl Street, Franklin Square, →OCLC，頁 425:

Well, he tak some young man un he go off to Alsaroke to steal horse, un I seet roun' un watch dat woman. She watch me. Pretty soon camp was hunt de buffalo, un I was hunt Snow-Owl's woman. Every one was excite, un dey don' tak no 'count of me. I see de woman go up leetle coulie for stray horse, un I follar her. I sais, 'How do? You come be my woman. We run off to Meestar MacDonnail's tradehouse.' […] She sais she afraid.

2000，Frederic Remington，“Sun-Down Leflare's Warm Spot”, in Stories of the Old West: Tales of the Mining Camp, Cavalry Troop, & Cattle Ranch，Norman, Ok.: University of Oklahoma Press, →ISBN，頁 203:


toko

toco (“體罰”)的另一種拼寫法

When a reglar Primroser gits toko, one wonders wot next there will come.

1892，Edwin James Milliken，“On Law and Order”, in The 'Arry Ballads，verse 1，頁 58，行 4:


yu

來自漢語 玉 (yù)、卣 (yǒu)。

The Yu, although of the hardness of rock crystal, is worked into an endless variety of forms […]

1818，Clarke Abel，Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China，頁 133:

Another stone with which it would be interesting to compare it is the celebrated yu stone of the Chinese, which Dr. Abel, in his work on China, conjectured to be a species of nephrite […]

1826, The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies:


zakat

源自：
* 波斯語 زکات (zakât)；
* 土耳其語 zekât，來自鄂圖曼土耳其語 زكات (zekat)；或
* 烏爾都語 زکات；
均源自阿拉伯語 زَكَاة (zakāh，“施捨，天課；淨化”)，來自زَكَوٰة (zakāh) (古舊)，來自亞拉姆語 זכותא/ܙܟܘܬܐ (zākūṯā，“善良，正直；優點；勝利”)，來自זכי (zəḵē，“獲得；克服，戰勝”)。

zakats (plural)
zakaah (alternative)
zakah (alternative)
zikat (alternative)
Zikat (alternative)

Zakât is an ordinance of God, incumbent upon every perſon vvho is free, ſane, adult, and a Muſſulman, provided he be poſſeſſed, in full propriety, of ſuch eſtate or effects as are termed in the language of the lavv a Niſâb, and that he has been in poſſeſſion of the ſame for the ſpace of one complete year, vvhich is denominated Havvlân-Hâvvl. The reaſon of this obligation is found in the vvord of God, vvho has ordained it in the Koran, ſaying, "Bestovv Zakât."

1791，[Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani]，章號 I, in Charles Hamilton（譯者）, The Hedàya, or Guide; a Commentary on the Mussulman Laws: […]，卷 I, London: […] T[homas] Bensley, →OCLC, book I (Of Zakât)，頁 2:

The Mahometan law insists on the legal obligation of society to support their indigent fellow-citizens, the Hedaya or Mahometan Guide begins, "take zakat," said Mahomet, "from the rich Mussulmans, and bestow it upon the poor Mussulmans: zakat or charity," says the code, "signifies alms imposed by law, in opposition to [sadka], voluntary charity." […] The zakat was a property-tax paid on all productions and profits, on merchandise, mines, &c.

1831，James Butler Bryan，章號 XII, in A Practical View of Ireland，來自the Period of the Union; with Plans for the Permanent Relief of Her Poor, and the Improvement of Her Municipal Organization: […]，Dublin: W. F. Wakeman, […]; London: Simpkin and Marshall, […], →OCLC，頁 327:

The Alcoran and all the subsequent teachings of the faithful enjoined a constant and liberal charity. […] The theory of the zakat, or tax, is that it is a voluntary gift. Contributing for the needs of the state followed in due course of time, and became obligatory. These taxes, or zakat, amounted by law to two and a half per cent. of the principal of certain assessed property.

1886，William A[ddison] Phillips，“The Mahometan System, and the Governments and Forms of Society Founded on It”, in Labor, Land and Law: A Search for the Missing Wealth of the Working Poor，New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC，頁 140:

Amongst these stations is the well-known place called Qaṭyā, which the people pronounce Qaṭya, where zakāt is collected from the merchants, their goods are examined, and their baggage most rigorously searched.

1958，Ibn Battuta，“Syria”, in H[amilton] A[lexander] R[osskeen] Gibb（譯者）, The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa A.D. 1325–1354 […]，卷 I, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press for the Hakluyt Society, →OCLC，頁 72:

Services given by the Sayyids are supposed to be free, but they should receive the Zikat, or one tenth of the fruits of the earth.

1963，Emrys L[loyd] Peters，“Aspects of Rank and Status among Muslims in a Lebanese Village”, in Mediterranean Countrymen: Essays in Social Anthropology of the Mediterranean，Paris: Mouton and Co., →OCLC，頁 170; republished in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader，卷s II (Life in the Cities, Towns, and Countryside), Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press for the American Museum of Natural History, 1970, →ISBN，頁 88:

[…] Russian goods were subject to numerous zakats as well as to taxes on buying and selling in the bazaars, on maintaining shops and stalls in the bazaars, and on the compulsory use of the official bazaar weights.

2004，Seymour Becker，“Economic Development”, in Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924，London, New York, N.Y.: RoutledgeCurzon, 出版於 2005, →ISBN, part 3 (The Russian Presence)，頁 136:

By tradition, zakat proceeds serve partly to deliver poor relief and partly to finance "praiseworthy activities," defined to include religious education and pilgrimage. In several countries, including Pakistan, zakat has become a legal obligation, and the government now organizes both its collection and its disbursement. In most parts of the Islamic world, however, zakat is collected and disbursed in a decentralized manner by local religious organizations[…].

2006，Timur Kuran，“Islam and Economics: Policy Prescriptions for a Free Society”, in Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas，Abingdon, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 43:

Zakat is a system of alms giving which constitutes one of the five pillars of Islam, and zakat committees operate as social welfare agencies by collecting zakats from able Muslims and distributing them to the less fortunate.

2009，Atta El-Battahani，“Ideological Expansionist Movements versus Historical Indigenous Rights in the Darfur Region of Sudan: From Actual Homicide to Potential Genocide”, in Darfur and the Crisis of Governance in Sudan: A Critical Reader，Ithaca, N.Y., London: Cornell University Press, →ISBN, part 1, section 1 (Origins and Evolution of the Conflict), endnote 16，頁 67:

In practice, the zakats seem to have varied a great deal with the context, the society, and local norms.

2020 March，Thomas Piketty，“Ternary Societies and Colonialism: Eurasian Trajectories”, in Arthur Goldhammer（譯者）, Capital and Ideology，Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, →ISBN, part 2 (Slave and Colonial Societies), footnote 76，頁 409:


They spent all day in their room, injecting and 69ing, injecting and 69ing.

他們整天待在房間裡，抽抽插插，你嗦我含。

1990，Ivan Stang，Three-fisted tales of "Bob": short stories in the subgenius mythos，期 1:

if the Bananas in Pajamas would have somehow teleported themselves to our arena, walked out to midcourt, started 69ing, and then finished each other off with a couple rusty trombones before sprouting wings and flying away[…]

如果睡衣香蕉人能把他們傳送到我們的競技場上，走到中場，開始六九，然後在長出翅膀飛走之前，拿幾隻生鏽的長號把對方幹掉 […]


bear market

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013年July6日，“The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8843，頁 68:


Casablanca

卡薩布蘭卡，達爾貝達（摩洛哥卡薩布蘭卡-塞塔特大區首府）

My dear Mademoiselle, perhaps you have already observed that in Casablanca, human life is cheap. Good night, Mademoiselle.

亲爱的小姐，也许您已经注意到，在卡萨布兰卡，人命是廉价的。晚安，小姐。

1942，Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, Howard Koch，Casablanca，spoken by Major Strasser:


Chloe

借自古希臘語 χλόη (khlóē，“绿色新芽”)，女神得墨忒耳的别称。

源自古希腊语的女性人名，科洛、克洛伊、克洛艾或克蘿伊

For it hath been declared unto me of you, my brethren, by them which are of the house of Chloe, that there are contentions among you.

因為革來氏家裡的人，曾對我提起弟兄們來，說你們中間有分爭。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 1:11:

Of Chloe all the town has rung; / By ev'ry Size of Poets sung. / So beautiful a Nymph appears / But once in Twenty Thousand Years.

Before he had met this one, Morgan had assumed that people called Chloe were either the neurotic brilliant daughters of Oxbridge dons or else silly screaming debutantes.

1981，William Boyd，A Good Man in Africa，H.Hamilton, →ISBN，頁 24:


Chrysler

來自1925年由Walter Chrysler創立並以其名字命名的汽車公司。姓氏源自德語 Kreißler。

一輛該品牌的汽車（以前常用作豪華車的例子 (20世紀中期)）

同類詞：(豪華車，奢華) Cadillac、Buick、Lexus

He was driving a brand-new Chrysler.

他開著一輛全新的克萊斯勒。

Hop in my Chrysler, it's as big as a whale
And it's about to set sail
I got me a car, it seats about twenty, so come on
And bring your jukebox money
The love shack is a little old place where
We can get together
Love shack baby

跳上我的克萊斯勒，它像鯨魚一樣大
它即將啟航
我有一輛車，可以坐二十個人，所以來吧
帶上你的點唱機錢
愛情小屋是一個我們可以聚在一起的小地方
愛情小屋寶貝

1989，the B-52s （作曲作詞）, “Love Shack”, in Cosmic Thing，演出者 the B-52s:


Cinderella

來自cinder（如little cinder girl）。對照法語 Cendrillon。

cinderella (alternative)
Cinderellas (plural)

/ˌsɪndəˈɹɛlə/

A very early example of this can be seen in the case of the Midland Main Line (MML). At the start of 1982, this was the Cinderella of the InterCity portfolio but building more High Speed Trains (HSTs) to replace 90mph trainsets was out of the question. During 1982-83, Bleasdale shuffled his HST pack by taking sets from the Eastern and Western Regions and allocated these to the MML.

2020年January2日，David Clough，“How InterCity came back from the brink”, in Rail，頁 64:


Columbus

借自拉丁語 columbus (“鴿子”)。Colombo 的同源對似詞。動詞指的是這位意大利探險家的行為。

Columbuses (third-person singular present)
Columbusing (present participle)
Columbused (past participle)

"But, boy the powers of mud, I belayve you fellers mane to make an indepindint cruise in the Orient, and go Columbusing all over the ocean boy the way ye's talk!"

1893，American Boys Afloat: Or, Cruising in the Orient，頁 150:

Callous as the old mummy was about anything and everything save his pet hobby, archaeology, he would sit up and take notice of such a vision ; and Peter felt that, having Columbused the discovery, he had the better right to it.

To the west of the river lay the country in which I went Columbusing — the enchanted desert whose southern boundary was where the sky reached down and merged with the earth curve, and whose northern limit was the Harqua Hala range […]

No street car line passes it, so you'll have to do a little Columbusing on your own account-to find it-—but it's worth discovering, and President Gardner's phophecy sounds conservative.

聲稱擁有某物（通常是被認為屬於他人的發現）

When his black friend tells him that many people knew about the bar before he did, his white friend retorts by saying that he “Columbused it”; i.e., discovered it for white people before a gaggle of hip white people flooded in.

2014，Justin Simien，Dear White People，Simon and Schuster, →ISBN，頁 97:

Of course, there is no bouncer, but we can be careful not to Columbus other culture's traditions.

2014年July6日，Brenda Salinas，“‘Columbusing’: The Art Of Discovering Something That Is Not New”, in NPR:

He then lists other things that have been Columbused, such as twerking by Miley Cyrus and hummus by “health conscious whities.”

2015，Frederic Charles Schaffer，Elucidating Social Science Concepts，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 54:


Dionysus

通过拉丁語 Dionȳsus，源自古希臘語 Διόνῡσος (Diónūsos)。

All hail slain and risen God / All hail Dionysus / Come blessed Dionysus, various nam'd, bull-fac'd / Begot from the thunder, Bacchus fam'd


Disney

英語姓氏源自諾曼語，源自古法語 de (“……的，從……，來自……”) + Isigny (Calvados 一地名)。地名則請參見 Isigny-sur-Mer。現代用法多派生自人名 Walt Disney。

迪斯尼/迪士尼 迪士尼樂園

We went to Disney with the kids this summer.

今年夏天我們跟孩子們一起去了迪士尼樂園。

And they included children down the seashore, they included going to the mountains; our first Disney child was not until 1978, no, ’77. […] I mean, when you say to somebody, “I’m going to give you a trip to Disney,” or “I’m going to buy you a Cabbage Patch doll,” and we’re doing this for you for absolutely nothing, that’s a reward in itself.

1990，Bill Berkowitz with Bill Sample (interviewee), Local Heroes，Lexington Books, →ISBN，頁 261:

If they found any phone number from the U.S., anything, they’d deport us right away because we came here on excursion with a whole bunch of people that was going to visit Disney. That’s what everybody usually do: They say, We going to visit Disney, and we going to stay there for a week, and then we going to go back, but they end up staying.

2008，Doug Stumpf，Confessions of a Wall Street Shoeshine Boy，HarperCollins, →ISBN，頁 155:

Angela asked if we could treat ourselves to a few days at Disney. […] The week included a couple of days in Disney, Dad’s 70ᵗʰ birthday and then the long trip home.

Angela 问我们是否可以去迪士尼乐园玩几天。 […] 这一周我们在迪士尼乐园玩了几天，庆祝了爸爸的70岁生日，然后是漫长的回家之旅。

I had decided to take them, my niece, and three nephews to Disney in Orlando, FL. I was going to try and make history. I was going to make an attempt at escorting more than four Dredd kids to Disney at once and live to tell about it.

我决定带他们——我的侄女和三个侄子去佛罗里达州奥兰多的迪士尼乐园。我打算创造历史。我打算尝试一下一次性护送四个以上《特警判官》里那样的孩子去迪士尼乐园，并且活着讲述这段经历。

2009，Cleo Stinyard III，Sex, Love, & Consequences, →ISBN，頁 213:


exorbitant

源自晚期拉丁語 exorbitāns，exorbitō (“偏离道路”)的现在分词，源自ex (“出，离”) + orbita (“车辙”)，见orbit。对比法語 exorbitant。

more exorbitant (comparative)
most exorbitant (superlative)

/ɪɡˈzɔːbɪtənt/

/ɛɡˈzɔːbɪtənt/

It’s a nice car, but they are charging an exorbitant price for it.

这车不错，但是价格太贵了。

You also have to pay exorbitant interest if you have credit card debt.

如果你有信用卡欠款的话，你可能也要交高昂的利息。

But whatever might be the internal thoughts of Macedonian officers, they held their peace before Alexander [the Great], whose formidable character and exorbitant self-estimation would tolerate no criticism.

1856，George Grote，“Military Operations and Conquests of Alexander, after His Winter-quarters in Persis, down to His Death At Babylon”, in History of Greece，卷 XII, London: John Murray, […], part II，頁 282:

[M]any low-income people are "unbanked" (not served by a financial institution), and thus nearly eaten alive by exorbitant fees.

2015年January18日，Charles M[cRay] Blow，“How expensive is it to be poor [print version: International New York Times, 20 January 2015, page 7]”, in The New York Times:


Katar

Between Katar and the nearest limits of the province of Sharja, namely, the village of Aboo-Debee, the desert comes right down to the sea

在卡塔爾和沙迦省最近的邊界之間，即 Aboo-Debee 村，沙漠一直延伸到大海

1864，W.G. Palgrave，“Observations in Central, Eastern and Southern Arabia”, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London，卷 34，頁 145:

Katar, the pearl-fishery coast east of Hasa. Its inhabitants, said to be 135,000 in number, find an almost exclusive occupation in the pearl trade.

卡塔爾，哈薩以東的珍珠漁業海岸。 其居民人數據說有 135,000 人，幾乎以珍珠貿易為業。

1875，Day Otis Kellogg，“Arabia”, in Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature，卷 2，頁 222:


Fox

* (姓氏)： 源自 fox (“狐狸”)。

和萊斯特城足球俱樂部有關的人，包括粉絲、球員、教練等

The Foxes played with plenty of initiative in the original tie at the Walkers Stadium and they started this tie in impressively positive fashion, producing the game's first two chances: Andy King's goal-bound half-volley from Steve Howard's header down was tipped over by Joe Hart and Sol Bamba headed the resultant corner wide.

2011年January18日，Phil Dawkes，“Man City 4 - 2 Leicester”, in BBC:


Kongo

more Kongo (comparative)
most Kongo (superlative)

In addition, an initial analysis of Kongo cosmology, cosmogony, and mythology allows us to see and appreciate the conceptual parallels between Kongo culture in Central Africa and in Cuba.

2013，Barbaro Martinez-Ruiz，Kongo Graphic Writing and Other Narratives of the Sign:


Seth

借自古希臘語 Σήθ (Sḗth)，源自聖經希伯來語 שֵׁת (Šet，字面意思是“被選中的，被指定的，被安置的”)。

And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth:

亞當活到一百三十歲，生了一個兒子，形像樣式和自己相似，就給他起名叫塞特。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 5:3:

源自希伯來語的男性人名。

The children suggested names. In his childhood the ones they knew would have been unheard-of (Scott, Ross, Damian, Liam, Seth) or, strangely enough, too old-fashioned for popular use (Joshua, Simon, Jack, George).

2011年November17日，Ruth Rendell，Myth / The Astronomical Scarf / Walter's Leg (Storycuts)，Random House, →ISBN:

'David, Seth and Aaron,' said Emma. 'Biblical names. I wonder if either of the parents is religious.' 'Jewish?' said Sam. 'They sound Old Testament to me.'

“大卫、塞斯和亚伦，”艾玛说。“圣经里的名字。不知道他们的父母有没有宗教信仰。”“犹太人？”萨姆说。“在我看来，他们的名字听起来像是《旧约》里的。”

2021年December7日，Elly Griffiths，The Midnight Hour，Brighton Mysteries, →ISBN，頁 34:


Krug

德語及犹太姓氏，源自名词Krug的两个词源的义项。对比Krueger。

Director of the ALA's Office for Intellectual Freedom since 1967, Mrs. Krug was a national leader in several legal cases that rose to the Supreme Court.

2009年April14日，Patricia Sullivan，“Judith Krug”, in The Washington Post:


Gemütlichkeit

gemuetlichkeit (alternative)
gemutlichkeit (alternative)

德語式拼寫Gemütlichkeit和英語化的gemutlichkeit（有時也作gemuetlichkeit）均有使用。英語化的詞形將首字母大寫改為小寫，並替換掉了變音符。兩式混合的 *Gemutlichkeit 或 *gemütlichkeit 一般認為是錯誤拼寫。

舒適，閒適，愜意，愉快的氛圍。

John never got over contrasting her taste in clothes coupled with her experiments in domestic interiors and gemutlichkeit.

[…] and Vincent Sheean "the king of gemutlichkeit".

1967，George Thayer，The Farther Shore of Politics，Simon and Schuster:

[…] where’d they all come from, these gray hustlers, what shadows in the Gemütlichkeit of the day were harboring them?

Mr. Corde believes in gemutlichkeit more than in public welfare.

Once the nation's largest producer of beer, it still is known as a brewing capital, and is famous for its gemutlichkeit (friendly hospitality).

1995年November12日，Brenda Warner Rotzoll，“Milwaukee: A Metropolitan Playground Within Reach”, in Chicago Tribune, TRAVEL，頁 1:

Once upon a time, intellectuals knew they could do their best thinking at home, not in a public venue, and that debate would be helped along by food and drink. But is such gemütlichkeit possible in this country in 2012, when our young century has already been strafed by culture wars and juvenile attack ads?

2012年August22日，Mark Oppenheimer，“After Dinner, the Fireworks”, in The New York Times:


Lettland

[…] homestead of this nation is not the whole of Livonia, but only a part of which is called Lettland; […]

1800，William Tools，View of the Russian Empire:

The Government of Lettland since July 1 last pays a bonus on farm tractors put into service in that country […]


Louvre

借自法語 Louvre，之后词源不详。可能源自古法蘭克語和日耳曼語族，或源自louveterie，又或源自拉丁語 Lupara。参见英语维基百科。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Louvre.wav

卢浮宫，罗浮宫 （位于法国巴黎的一座著名博物馆）

God above, this man was as chiseled as the statues she'd spied in the Louvre.

2011，Tara Kingston，Claimed by the Spymaster，頁 68:

I don't care if your split, power or squat position looks like it should be in the Louvre, you won't jerk a thing.

2010，Don McCauley，Power Trip: A Guide to Weightlifting for Coaches, Athletes and Parents，頁 130:

I preferred the Dutch apple pie, and my waitress for those few years had legs that belonged in the Louvre.

2006，Ted Nelson Lundrigan，Bob White，A Bird in the Hand，頁 85:

IF YOU ARE a young Joe DiMaggio or Mickey Mantle with a swing that belongs in the Louvre, somebody might get the idea you could win a batting title, even if it was only your second year with the New York Yankees.

1985 February，Phil Elderkin，“Don Mattingly: A.L. Batting Champion, A Born Hitter”, in Baseball Digest，卷 44, 期 2，頁 49:

For purposes of illustrating a lecture on calisthenics, a stick figure is a better picture of a squatting man than something from the Louvre.

1960，Thomas Felix Staton，How to Instruct Successfully: Modern Teaching Methods in Adult Education，頁 172:

They are cries which show that every one has his own place, and should stay in it, — M. de Guise in the streets, and you in the Louvre. Go to the Louvre, Sire; go to the Louvre.

1889，Alexandre Dumas，Dame de Monsoreau: Volume 1，頁 319:


Lyssa

Alyssa的缩短形式。

It was mornings like this when Lyssa really appreciated the indoor arena.

2002, Karle Dickerson, Joanna Campbell, Hoofprints in the snow

Anaisse sank down to the carpet in order to look her in her eye. She smiled. "My name is Anaisse. Where is your mother, Lyssa?"

2005，Anya Bast，Seasons of Pleasure: Summer and Autumn:

Lyssa, that's what I want to find out. Will you think about it?


Magdeburg

/ˈmaɡdəbɜːɡ/

馬格德堡公國，歷史上在該地區的公國

Since the reign of Charlemagne, this country is divided into High and Low Germany... the provinces of Lower Germany towards the north conſiſt of the Low Country of the Rhine, Triers, Cologn, Mentz, Weſtphalia, Heſſe, Brunſwic, Miſnia, Luſatia, High Saxony upon the Elbe, Low Saxony upon the Elbe, Mecklenburg, Lauenburg, Brandenburg, Magdeburg, and Pomerania.

1759，George Sale et al.，The Modern Part of an Universal History，卷 XXIX: History of the German Empire，頁 2:


Harare

借自修納語 Harare，一般認為來自 haarari (“它不睡覺”)，指的是瀑布。

哈拉雷（首都名，位於津巴布韋），舊名 Salisbury

Outside, the city meandered on more fluidly, like a river of precious things and possibilities. For Harare was wealthy in those days.

2006，Tsitsi Dangarembga，The Book of Not，Faber & Faber Limited (2021)，頁s 252–253:


Mahdi

借自阿拉伯語 مَهْدِيّ (mahdiyy，“...”)。

馬赫迪 (伊斯蘭教的救世主)

Ahmadis consider Mirza Ghulam Ahmed to be the Mahdi.

"Of course, my Lord. You asked what they were shouting, though. It was Mahdi! They directed the term at the young master. When they-"
"At Paul?"
"Yes, my Lord. They've a legend here, a prophecy, that a leader will come to them, a child of a Bene Gesserit, to lead them to true freedom. It follows the familiar messiah pattern."

1965，Frank Herbert，Dune (Fiction), →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 100–101:

Al-Afghani was a polyglot Persian who became an international agitator, aspiring [...] to unify the Muslim masses behind the Caliph (or even the Mahdi) and to become himself the Luther of an Islamic reformation.

2012，Piers Brendon, ‘Beginning the Dissent’，Literary Review，卷 401:

穆罕默德·馬赫迪·蒙塔扎爾

How can the scholars now be considered more important than the Mahdi himself?

2024年December24日，Husam AlHakim，The Shia Terrorist Threatening to Cut Off Our Heads:


supranational

超國家的，多國的，跨國的

同類詞：infranational、intranational、national、transnational、international

Global warming is a supranational problem.

全球暖化是一個超國家的問題。

The Systems Alliance is an independent supranational government representing the interests of humanity as a whole. The Alliance is responsible for the governance and defense of all extra-solar colonies and stations. […]

星系联盟是一个独立的超国家政府，代表全人类的利益。星系联盟负责所有太阳系外殖民地和空间站的治理和防御。 […]

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Systems Alliance Codex entry:

If its Middle-earth series becomes must-see TV around the world, it would mean millions of new devoted subscribers in the Amazon Prime fellowship, collectively paying billions of dollars, lured by a fleet of dwarves, elves, and hobbits that would, one might say, rule their shopping behaviors and bind them to one supranational force.

2017年November13日，Derek Thompson，“Why Amazon Thinks You Want to Watch a ‘Lord of the Rings’ TV Show (or Five)”, in The Atlantic:


supranational

同類詞：national、transnational、international

This segment of issuers is known as the supranationals, or supras. Together with regional and agency borrowers, the bonds issued by supranationals form a bond market segment known as SSA (supras, sub-sovereigns and agencies).

2021，Alexander During，Fixed Income Trading and Risk Management: The Complete Guide，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 147: