debug

debugs (third-person singular present)
debugging (present participle)
debugged (past participle)

（美国，计算机科学义）音频

It ranged from the pre-design development of essential components, through the stage of type test and flight test and "debugging" right through to later development of the engine to higher powers and efficiency.

1945，The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society，卷 49，頁 183:

It debugs all program errors, including those that are hardware initiated.

1970，Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation，卷 2，頁 36:

Additionally, it's up to you to remember to remove this cron entry when you've debugged the firewall.

2015，Steve Suehring，Linux Firewalls: Enhancing Security with nftables and Beyond，頁 140:

从...移除窃听装置等隐藏监控设备

Typical fees: $75 to check a particular telephone, $125 to debug one room, $500 to debug a suite of offices— all plus expenses and transportation.

1969，John Millar Carroll，The Third Listener: Personal Electronic Espionage，頁 30:

It conducts background investigations of new CIA employees and CIA contractors, administers polygraph tests to employees and agents, debugs offices at Langley and overseas stations, patrols the buildings and grounds, protects the director and other key CIA officials, and investigates security problems.

2012，Ronald Kessler，Inside the CIA，頁 172:

It is good to acquire information about how to perform the debugging operation and the type of tools that will be used，源自which you may already have an idea of the technical and instrumental skills, having acquired a plenty of technical information after reading this chapter.

2013，F. Garzia，Handbook of Communications Security，頁 620:

从...除虫，尤指除虱子

Mr. Moses started out his garden this year with only two toads. As they were differently marked, they soon became known as "Henry" and "Frank." Henry was strong in the pursuit of "ants." Every morning he is seen perched on his favorite hill "anting" for breakfast. Frank's occupation is that of debugging the roses and beating up the paths for miscellaneous insects.

1905年June15日，A. J. R.，“With the Long Bow”, in The Minneapolis Journal，Minneapolis, Minn., retrieved 2017-02-15，頁 14:

You can debug yourself at home with various over-the- counter medications.

1999，Stephen E. Goldstone，The Ins and Outs of Gay Sex: A Medical Handbook for Men，頁 59:

If you find nits, it's time for some serious debugging.

2011，Jay Heinrichs，Home Remedies from a Country Doctor:

Before we moved into our new quarters we, and our belongings, had to be deloused and debugged.

2013，Peter Jackson，Sacrifice, Captivity and Escape: The Remarkable Memoirs of a Japanese POW，頁 165:


debug

（美国，计算机科学义）音频

It may appear odd in the example that the no debug all command was entered before and after the debug was done. The first command is unnecessary, but getting into this habit can save you!

2009，Dale Liu，Cisco CCNA/CCENT Exam 640-802, 640-822, 640-816 Preparation Kit:

What should be the next steps following a test failure during debug?

2019, James K. Peckol, Embedded Systems: A Contemporary Design Tool (page 539)


template

templet变换而来，可能源自法語 templet，temple (“织布工的担架”)的指小词，其原形为tempe的变换形式，源自拉丁語 tempora (“寺庙”)。第二个音节的变换是因为与plate的类比。与法羅語 tamba (“伸展，放松”)、冰島語 þamb (“大肚子”)同源。

模板（为其他分子合成提供图案的大分子）

Classically, the functional product of coding genes is a protein whose synthesis is directed by an mRNA-template.

2002，S. Lottin et al.，“Thioredoxin post-transcriptional regulation by H19 provides a new function to mRNA-like non-coding RNA”, in Nature，卷 21, 期 10:


template

templates (third-person singular present)
templating (present participle)
templated (past participle)

Only that part of the floor timber that bears on the planking and keel need be templated; […]

1994，Howard I. Chapelle，Boatbuilding, →ISBN，頁 368:

Metal phosphates that are templated by transition-metal complexes are rare.

2003，Yu Wang et al.，“Synthesis and characterization of a new layered gallium phosphate templated by cobalt complex”, in Journal of Solid State Chemistry，卷 170, 期 1, →DOI:


ATM

ass to mouth (“從肛門拔出後直接入口”)之首字母縮略詞。

Too often California is relegated to serving as the nation’s political ATM.


hypertext

We do not read hypertext the same way we read a novel, and browsing the Web is a different experience from reading a book or newspaper.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2009, Christian Vandendorpe, Phyllis Aronoff, and Howard Scott (Phyllis Aronoff, Howard Scott, transl.), 源自Papyrus to Hypertext: Toward the Universal Digital Library, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252076257, p 1:

Further, hypertext systems, because of their ease of construction, are very rich in text, graphics and visual illustrations.

1999，Ray McAleese，Hypertext: Theory into Practice，Intellect Books, →ISBN，頁 2:

Did Nelson realize at the time that he had met Xanadu's second parent? Probably not. The inventor scattered his ideas as widely as possible, with little care about where they landed. But as the decades passed, it would be Gregory who oversaw the attempt to transform Xanadu into a real product. He never received much public notice, but through all the project's painful deaths and rebirths, Gregory's commitment to Nelson's dream of a universal hypertext library never waned. If Ted Nelson is Xanadu's profligate father, Roger Gregory is Xanadu's devoted mother, and in retrospect, his role appears to have been intertwined with a terrible element of sacrifice.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1995, Gary Wolf, "The Curse of Xanadu", WIRED


bottleneck

"Permissive" working allows more than one train to be in a block section at one time but trains must be run at low speed in order to stop on sight behind the train in front. Such working is often authorised to allow freight trains to "bunch" together to await a path through a bottleneck instead of being strung out over several block sections, as would be necessary if absolute working were in force.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: The collisions at Connington”, in Modern Railways，頁 232:

At one time, Reading was regarded as a notorious bottleneck in the rail network, almost incapable of managing the number of services that needed to pass through the station each day. [...]
 A road widening scheme at Cow Lane has also allowed two-way traffic to run beneath the railway for the first time, helping to remove a notorious road traffic bottleneck in the town.

2020年December2日，Andy Coward，“New-look Reading is willing and able”, in Rail，頁s 58, 59:


fax

facsimile 的截斷形式，首次可考于1979年。

faxes (third-person singular present)
faxxes (third-person singular present)
faxing (present participle)
faxxing (present participle)
faxed (past participle)
faxxed (past participle)

Hands trembling with excitement and impatience, I faxxed my credit history to Jerry Raskin, the real estate agent listed, and received an appointment to view the place.

1990，Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine，卷 14，頁 82:

Plaintiff contented that in a game show in London, England, in January of 1988, Mr. Steinberg entered into an oral agreement with Atari representatives to become the exclusive distributor of Atari Games’ products; that the proposed agreement was dictated at this meeting; and that within two days Mr. Steinberg sent defendant a faxxed confirmation of this oral arrangement reached at the London trade show.

SENATOR BAUCUS, IT IS THE THIRD STATEMENT, YOUR CHALLENGE, THAT HAS LED TO THE MOST FRUSTRATION FOR THE PEOPLE I AM REPRESENTING TODAY. WE TOOK YOU AT YOUR WORD AND HAVE RALLIED AND CONVOYED TO MAKE YOU AWARE OF US, TELEPHONED, WRITTEN LETTERS, FAXXED YOU, AND SPOKE WITH YOU PERSONALLY TO LET YOU KNOW HOW WE FEEL.

1992，Montana National Forest Management Act of 1991: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session on S. 1696; October 22, 1991，Washington: United States Government Publishing Office, →ISBN，頁s 140–141:

A few of the corporations involved have frankly acknowledged the roadblock: their own fear of the POW/MIA movement. Some companies scheduled for a trade mission to Vietnam dropped out after receiving a faxxed message from the National P.O.W. Strike Force summed up by its leader: “We will go out of our way to destroy your company because you want to do business with filthy Communists who are holding American prisoners.”

1993，H. Bruce Franklin，M.I.A., or, Mythmaking in America，第revised and expanded paperback版, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁 194:

Thanks to Franz Amador and Tony Barrett for helpful discussions. We gratefully acknowledge Oren Etzioni’s emergency faxxing service. This research was funded in part by National Science Foundation Grant IRI-8957302, Office of Naval Research Grant 90-J-1904, and a grant from the Xerox corporation.

1993，Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence，Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, →ISBN，頁 737，列 1:

His logistic: to dress in the skin of the worker, / the technician, the programmer, / infiltrating himself in their milieu, / their offices, their plants, & their boards, / a bug in their systems, / crossing up the controls and the panels, / the wiring, the wave lengths, / the faxxing of messages, the spy-satellites / & their receptors, / changing their conceptions, their charts.

1994，Olga Elena Mattei，“Part One: Poetry [§] The Angel of the Millennium (Accident at the Nuclear Plant)”, in In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States，Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press, →ISBN，頁 139:

He already has the copy of the other fingerprints that Leo faxxed to him for comparison.

1995，Lucha Corpi，Cactus Blood: A Mystery Novel，Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press, →ISBN，頁 151:

On May 12, 1995, Julie Hirshen (GAO) faxxed a draft portion of the GAO Cooperative Threat Reduction report dealing with MPCA.

1995年May17日，Ken Luongo，“Comments on GAO Report on CTR Program Concerning MPCA (note to Ken Sanders)”, in Weapons of Mass Destruction: Reducing the Threat 源自the Former Soviet Union: An Update (United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requesters)，出版於 June 1995, “Background”，頁 76:

[162] / Faxxing from Israel / 03-695-0132 / [163] / Calling from abroad / 972-3-695-6868 / Faxxing from abroad / 972-3-695-0132

1996，Middle East Peace Process: Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session; September 20, 1995，Washington: United States Government Publishing Office, →ISBN，頁 25:

Please advise how one faxxes from the Pilot Pro. Faxxing would greatly enhance my use of the Pilot. / Thanks!

1997年May18日，Mike Story，“Confirmed....Pilot Modem Has FAX capability!!”, in alt.comp.sys.palmtops.pilot (Usenet):

Please have Georgia Dixon of Sen Craig’s office have a current copy of the Canadian Endangered Species list faxxed to her from Ottawa, Canada.

1999，Appendix E: Response to Public Comments: Final Environmental Impact Statement For Open Road and Open Motorized Trail Analysis (Motorized Road and Trail Travel Plan):


blame

繼承自中古英語 blamen，源自古法語 blasmer，來自晚期拉丁語 blasphēmāre (“責罵，辱罵”)，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。從本土詞wite (“責備、指責、譴責、懷疑”)（來自中古英語 wīten、中古英語 wītan）變為常見用語。

blames (third-person singular present)
blaming (present participle)
blamed (past participle)

though my loue be not so lewdly bent, / As those ye blame, yet may it nought appease / My raging smart [...].

尽管我的爱不像你说的卑贱，/ 然而我剧烈的痛苦一点未减，/ 也没法熄灭我心中的火焰 …

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

That was the year that Sir Richard was writing his volume on Domestic Life in Tartary. The critics all blamed it for a lack of concentration.

1919，Saki, ‘The Oversight’，The Toys of Peace:

I covered the serious programmes too, and indeed, right from the start, I spent more time praising than blaming.

2006，Clive James，North Face of Soho，Picador, 出版於 2007，頁 106:

For knighthoods loue, do not so foule a deed, / Ne blame your honour with so shamefull vaunt / Of vile reuenge.

别这样无耻复仇，丢自己的脸。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VIII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

more broadcast (comparative)
most broadcast (superlative)

And ſuch a double Sowing is of the greateſt Importance; for on the thick Growth of a Crop very much depends on the Bigneſs of it at Harveſt, becauſe, by ſuch a thick Growth, the Weeds are overcome and kept down from hurting the Oats; and, likewiſe, the Heats and Droughts kept the better out from parching up the Roots of the Oats, which, in too thin a Crop, often prove fatal to it; for, when Oats are ſown in the random or broadcaſt Way, there is no more Mold allowed their Roots than what the Harrows and Roll give them; which, at beſt, is but a ſuperficial and moſt thin Covering, and, therefore, the more liable to ſuffer by Droughts, which is different from the Way of ſowing Oats in Drills.

1744，William Ellis，“Of White Oats”, in The Modern Husbandman: Or, The Practice of Farming: As it is Now Carried On by the Most Accurate Farmers in Several Counties of England. For the Month of April. …，Dublin: Printed by and for George Faulkner, →OCLC，頁s 48–49:

They alleged that, as soon as the Opium Commission was appointed, the various anti-opium organisations began to be extremely active and a determined campaign was carried on against the use of the drug by the circulation of a mass of anti-opium literature and the broadcast distribution of handbills and pamphlets.

1923，Song Ong Siang，“The Tenth Decade (1909–19)：第一段”, in One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore: […]，London: John Murray, […], →OCLC，頁 444:

There must be action on and participation in broadcast methods of public education, face to face, in groups, or by use of the mails. This, however, is of secondary importance to the man-to-man job of education in care with fire in the woods.

1931 June，M. A. Mattoon，“Application of Methods to Minimize Human Risks and Physical Dangers”, in Fire Handbook: Region Seven: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 8:

For radio-transmission it has been found that certain passages of a rhythmical nature come out more clearly if wooden-headed sticks are used. The Timpani sometimes tend to sound blurred and even to have a blurring effect on the rest of the orchestral ensemble in broadcast music, when ordinary soft sticks are used in a strongly marked rhythm.

1946，Ch[arles]-M[arie] Widor，Edward Suddard, transl.，“Percussion Instruments”, in The Technique of the Modern Orchestra: A Manual of Practical Instrumentation，第rev. and new版, London: Joseph Wiliams Limited, 29, Enford Street, Marylebone, W.1, →OCLC; reprinted Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2005, →ISBN，頁 208:

通過電磁波傳輸訊息或信號的；廣播的

The new limitations would still prohibit foreigners from wholly or directly owning broadcast licensees, allowing only indirect ownership through a stake in a controlling parent of a broadcast licensee.

2013年November14日，Alina Selyukh，“U.S. FCC eases foreign investment limit for broadcast stations”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2017-08-16:


broadcast

[O]n reporting to Captain Thrasher he informed me that his orders were to take a detachment of forty men across the French Broad River and turn them loose to wander broadcast over the country as a protection to foraging parties of quartermasters and commissaries, […]

1864年January15日，J[oseph] B[enjamin] Polley，“Some ‘Escape’ Stories”, in A Soldier’s Letters to Charming Nellie，New York, N.Y., Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 出版於 1908, →OCLC，頁 195:

The commercial traveller, a personage unknown to antiquity, is one of the striking figures created by the manners and customs of our present epoch. […] Our century will bind the realm of isolated power, abounding as it does in creative genius, to the realm of universal but levelling might; equalizing all products, spreading them broadcast among the masses, and being itself controlled by the principle of unity,—the final expression of all societies.

1885，Honoré de Balzac，[Katherine Prescott Wormeley, transl.]，“The Illustrious Gaudissart [Scenes from Provincial Life.]”, in The Duchesse de Langeais: With An Episode under the Terror, The Illustrious Gaudissart, A Passion in the Desert, and The Hidden Masterpiece (The Comedy of Human Life)，Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, 3 Somerset Street, →OCLC, chapter I，頁 217:

A special letter of warning against the ravages of the potato-tuber moth in the shape of a press notice has been sent broadcast to newspapers, as well as to others, throughout the country.

1913，F[rank] H[urlbut] Chittenden，“Protection of the Fall Crop and Seed Potatoes”, in The Potato-tuber Moth (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 557)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 6:

When [rape is] grown broadcast the superphosphate may be incorporated with the surface soil by the harrow when preparing the ground for the seed or in covering the same.

1893，Thomas Shaw，“Fertilizers for Rape”, in The Rape Plant: Its History, Culture, and Uses (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 11)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office; published by authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, →OCLC，頁 15:


broadcast

No one knows how long it will be until a broadcast from a studio in New York will be viewed in India as well as in Indiana, will be seen in the Congo as it is seen in Chicago. But as surely as we are meeting here today, that day will come; and once again our world will shrink.

1961 May 9, Newton Minow, "Television and the Public Interest":

After nearly 40 years of continuous broadcast in Hong Kong, a 24-hour transmission of the BBC World Service will go silent in the former British colony, replaced with programming from China's state radio channel. The move by Radio Television Hong Kong, owned by the local government, was meant to "enhance the cultural exchange between the mainland and Hong Kong", a spokesman said.

經歷40年不間斷的廣播，BBC國際頻道在香港的24小時傳輸將被中國國有電台頻道所取代，結束其在這片英國前殖民地的使命。受政府所管理的香港電台發言人稱，此次對BBC國際頻道的移除是為了“加強內地與香港之間的文化交流”。

2017年August13日，Benjamin Haas，“Radio silence: 24-hour broadcast of BBC World Service dropped in Hong Kong: After four decades in the former British colony, BBC World Service is to be mostly replaced with China’s state radio channel”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-08-16:

The DJ was feeling nervous before his first national broadcast.

這位DJ在第一次作客全國廣播節目前，顯得很緊張。

We interrupt this broadcast at the request of the police department to bring you the following special bulletin: The dead body of Miss Paula Canfield, missing student at Westlake University and daughter of the multi-millionaire Harold Canfield, has been found in the Arroyo Seco near the Colorado Street Bridge.

按照警方的要求，我們暫停本次廣播節目，並為您播報特別消息：近日失蹤的西湖大學學生、千萬富翁哈羅德·坎菲爾德先生的千金寶拉·坎菲爾德小姐的遺體，已於阿羅約塞科，靠近科羅拉多街橋的位置被發現。

1943，Wilfrid H. Pettitt，Nine Girls: A Play in Prologue and Two Acts，Chicago, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, →OCLC; 再版 Woodstock, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, 1971, →ISBN, Act I, scene i，頁s 15–16:

Radio Free Europe was established by a group of private citizens in December 1949, for the purpose of conducting a propaganda campaign against six Communist-dominated satellites in central and eastern Europe. […] Its program consisted of daily half-hour broadcasts, first to Czechoslovakia and then to Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania.

自由歐洲電台於1949年12月由私人團體建立，用於對中東歐的六個蘇聯衛星國進行政治宣傳。 […] 電台節目包括每天半小時的（對外宣傳）廣播節目，首先是對捷克斯洛伐克，後來擴展到匈牙利、波蘭、保加利亞、羅馬尼亞和阿爾巴尼亞。

1958，Robert T. Holt，“Introduction”, in Radio Free Europe，Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, →OCLC，頁 3:

Since my laſt, I went to ſee a piece of Daniel Fitch's, of Pluckley, Kent. He has two acres of broadcaſt, the oldeſt I have ever ſeen, ſown twenty years ago with barley, like clover.

1785，W. Belcher，“Observations on Lucerne”, in Annals of Agriculture, and Other Useful Arts，卷 III, 期 18, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by H. Goldney, No. 15, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 433:

It was stated by Mr. Miller, that the common method was, formerly, to sow the barley-seed with a broadcast at two sowings; the first being harrowed in once, but the second not until the seed is buried; […]

1807，“BARLEY”, in The Complete Farmer; or, General Dictionary of Agriculture and Husbandry: Comprehending the Most Improved Methods of Cultivation; the Different Modes of Raising Timber, Fruit, and Other Trees; and the Modern Management of Live-stock: With Descriptions of the Most Approved Implements, Machinery, and Farm-buildings，第5th wholly re-written and enlarged版, London: Printed by Rider and Weed, Little Britain, for R. Baldwin [et al.], →OCLC，列 2:


broadcast

broadcasts (third-person singular present)
broadcasting (present participle)
broadcast (past participle)
broadcasted (past participle)

過去式和過去分詞可用 broadcast 或 broadcasted，但 broadcast 更常用。截止2019年，Google Books 給出326,000個有關 "was broadcast"的結果，而"was broadcasted"的結果為12,900個。

When the boys reached the business section of Bayport they found that Jackley's confession had already become known. The local radio station had broadcast it in the afternoon news program and people everywhere were discussing it.

1927年June1日，Franklin W. Dixon [pseudonym: Leslie McFarlane]，“A Surprise”, in The Tower Treasure (The Hardy Boys; no. 1)，New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:

Practicing vocational service to the limit of one's vision makes a difference whether an employer regards his employees as "robots or human beings"; it makes a difference in the kind of advertisements he publishes or broadcasts; it makes a difference how he reacts under pressure from a competitor; it makes a difference in the quality of his service.

1967 January，“Four Avenues of Service”, in Adventure in Service (Pamphlet [Rotary International]; 52)，Evanston, Ill., Zurich: Rotary International, →OCLC，頁 69:

The TV is broadcasting a FUZZY PICTURE that shows the weatherman from WVII, the Bango ABC affiliate.

1999 February，Stephen King，“Act 3”, in Storm of the Century，第trade paperback版, New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, →ISBN，頁 175:

The state of Rhode Island was the scene, on October 30, 1974, of yet another scare involving an adaptation of The War of the Worlds. Broadcast on radio station WPRO, Providence, the drama frightened listeners across the state. The play began with reporters covering a "meteor crash" near Jamestown, the purported Martian landing site. […] City fire stations and other radio and TV outlets reported being inundated with inquiries from anxious callers, as was WPRO, which received more than a hundred calls.

2005，Robert E. Bartholomew，“Introduction”, in H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, The War of the Worlds，New York, N.Y.: Cosimo Books, →ISBN，頁 8:

The Royal Shakespeare Company will today become the first theatre in the UK to broadcast Shakespeare direct into schools. A production of Richard II, starring David Tennant in the title role, is going to be streamed free of charge into classrooms up and down the country.

2013年November15日，“Shakespeare broadcast direct into schools for first time”, in ITV News，存檔自the original on 2017-06-13:

將訊息傳播到廣大地區；（尤指）一次性將同一封電郵發給許多人

The break with imperialism and the liberation of Russia from the predatory war, the publication of the secret treaties and the solemn abrogation of the policy of seizing foreign soil, the proclamation of national freedom and the recognition of the independence of Finland, the declaration of Russia as a "Federation of Soviet National Republics" and the militant battle-cry of a resolute struggle against imperialism broadcast all over the world by the Soviet government in millions of pamphlets, newspapers, and leaflets in the mother tongues of the peoples of the East and West—all this could not fail to have its effect on the enslaved East and the bleeding West.

[1934]，Joseph Stalin，“The October Revolution and the National Question”, in The October Revolution: A Collection of Articles & Speeches (Marxist Library)，London: Martin Lawrence, →OCLC, section III (The International Importance of the October Revolution)，頁s 15–16:

However, truth and lies can usually be confirmed or denied by speaking with eyewitnesses of events in order to verify what took place. The amount of time separating the event in question from when it was broadcasted also makes a difference.

2014，Greg[ory J.] Monette，The Wrong Jesus: Fact, Belief, Legend, Truth … Making Sense of What You’ve Heard，Colorado Springs, Colo.: NavPress in alliance with Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 178:

Urban legend has it that someone is monitoring all those e-mails broadcast from your work address. Hard to imagine a more boring job but the truth is, and I shouldn't have to tell people this, the record of those e-mails is in a server somewhere and it can be monitored.

2016，Richard A. Moran，“That Permanent Record”, in The Thing about Work: Showing Up and Other Important Matters: A Worker’s Manual，Brookline, Mass.: Bibliomotion, →ISBN:

She [Françoise Dolto] is most well known in France for her broadcasts on France-Inter, Lorsque l'enfant parait; she broadcasted for twelve minutes every day of the week for two years, answering parents' questions.

2009，Sian Morgan，“Françoise Dolto: A Biography”, in Theory and Practice in Child Psychoanalysis: An Introduction to the Work of Françoise Dolto，London: Karnac Books, →ISBN，頁 22:

I ſhall content myſelf, […] to ſay that the ſeed ſhoud be ſown in the garden, or very good ground, in rows, or broadcaſt, and as ſoon as the plants are of the ſize of a gooſe-quill, to be tranſplanted in rows of eighteen inches diſtance, and eighteen inches apart, one plant from the other: […]

1789，Thomas Boothby Parkyns，“Some Account of the Racine de Disette, or Root of Scarcity, of Its Utility, and the Mode of Treating It; from a Letter of Thomas Boothby Parkyns, Esq., Addressed to the Secretary of the above-mentioned Society [the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce].—From the Same Work [vol. 5 of the Transactions of the Society].”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, in Pall-Mall, →OCLC，頁 80，列 1:

I wanted to grow my own cut flowers for the big day so three months earlier I broadcasted an annual seed mix across a few recently cleared borders.

2013年November9日，Sarah Price，“Breathing new life into an old garden [print edition: New life, old garden]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening)，London，存檔自the original on 2016-05-15，頁 G1:


chairman

這個詞在歷史上指男性，但現在也用於女性。

When I got ready to leave, why, Chairman Mao came down to the plane. Chairman Mao gave me some Chinese rugs and told me that I was the only prisoner of war that had ever come through there from North China.

2003，William L. Taylor，Wake Island : the Alamo of the Pacific，History Channel, →OCLC:

Unsurprisingly, the Group was highly critical of the BTC's organisation and finances, and this prompted Marples to bring forward the Transport Act 1962, which created BR as a standalone entity with its own Board, headed by a full-time chairman. Beeching accepted this latter position, and initially became the BTC chairman in June 1961.

2023年March8日，David Clough，“The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 43:

負責用便攜式椅子、轎子或類似運輸工具抬人的人

Mr Western entered; but not before a small wrangling bout had passed between him and his chairmen; for the fellows, who had taken up their burden at the Hercules Pillars, had conceived no hopes of having any future good customer in the squire […]

1749，Henry Fielding，Tom Jones，Folio Society, 出版於 1973，頁 618:

Mr. Winkle, catching sight of a lady's face at the window of the sedan, turned hastily round, plied the knocker with all his might and main, and called frantically upon the chairman to take the chair away again.

1836，Charles Dickens，The Pickwick Papers:


climate

源自中古英語 climat < 古法語 climat < 拉丁語 clima < 古希臘語 κλίμα (klíma，“latitude”，字面意思是“傾斜”)。

As fruits of hotter countries, transearthed in colder climates, have vigour enough in themselves to be fructuous according to their nature: but, that they are hindered by the chilling nips of the air, and the soil, wherein they are planted.

就像来自较热地区的水果，在较冷的气候下移植，本身也具有足够的活力，可以按照其自然节律结出果实：但是，它们受到空气和移栽地土壤的寒冷所阻碍。

1904，Owen Felltham, William Henry Oliphant Smeaton，Resolves:

And the effects from climate change are already extreme.

气候变化的影响已经非常极端。

2018，VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns:

Industries that require a lot of fossil fuels are unlikely to be popular in the current political climate.

在当前的政治环境下，需要大量化石燃料的行业不太可能受到欢迎。

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

皮尤研究中心2008 11月的民意调查显示，有一半的受访者认为两党在未来一年将加强合作，而只有 36% 的受访者认为对抗的气氛将变得更浓。

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

This isn't the time for militant unionism. If I were at ScotRail, in the current climate I'd trade a pay freeze [sic: pay rise?] for job security.

现在不是搞激进工会主义的时候。如果我在苏格兰铁路公司，在目前的形势下，我会用冻薪（原文如此，意思是加薪？）来换取工作保障。

2020年December2日，Philip Haigh，“A winter of discontent caused by threat of union action”, in Rail，頁 63:


coast

源自中古英語 coste (“肋骨；身体的一边；建筑物的一边；立体图形的面；海岸；海湾；海洋；凹；界限；土地；国家；地区；地方，地点；天的分区；方位；方向；用来表示方向的地点”) [以及其他形式]，源自古法語 coste (“肋；侧；海岸”)（现代法語 côte (“肋骨；海岸；山丘”)），源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，源自原始印歐語 *kost-。

地区，区划 （14-17世纪）

P. Crescentius, in his lib. 1 de agric. cap. 5, is very copious in this subject, how a house should be wholesomely sited, in a good coast, good air, wind, etc.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，章號 II, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition ii, section 3:

空中的区域 （14-17世纪）

the learned Merlin, well could tell, / Vnder what coast of heauen the man did dwell […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


coast

源自中古英語 costeien (“在一个边界上移动；沿着...走；陪同；穿越，穿过；邻接于”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 [具體何詞?]、古法語 costoier (“靠在，与...邻接”) […]（现代法語 côtoyer (“划过，经过；擦肩”)），源自拉丁語 costicāre，源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，还见词源 1。

coasts (third-person singular present)
coasting (present participle)
coasted (past participle)

（指车等不依靠引擎动力）滑行

When I ran out of gas, fortunately I managed to coast into a nearby gas station.

我没油了，还好我想办法把车推到了附近的一家加油站。

We steamed easily across the first part of the Tay Bridge, and then after passing over the long spans in mid-stream we coasted smoothly down the 1 in 114 gradient, and around the sweeping curve through Esplanade Station.

1947 January and February，O. S. Nock，“"The Aberdonian" in Wartime”, in Railway Magazine，頁 7:

Avanti West Coast has introduced the use of coasting with its Pendolino fleet, in an effort to keep disruption during overhead line equipment failures to a minimum. [...] The Class 390s coasted for three miles without power between Harrow & Wealdstone and Wembley Central, running under damaged OLE.

2020年September23日，“Network News: AWC employs coasting to minimise disruption”, in Rail，頁 26:


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

同類詞：moderate、liberal、progressive、libertarian、centrist、fascist、communist、socialist

During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, this commitment brought him into frequent critical confrontation with entrenched forms of conservative thinking (in academic areas from history and social science to the more abstract domains of ethical and political philosophy),[…]

1999，Nicholas Walker，“The Reorientation of Critical Theory: Habermas”, in The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 489:


conservative

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

We have always been conscientiously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propriety be called the Conservative, party.

Operative treatment should be reserved for those patients in whom conservative treatment has failed and who are motivated with regard to sports.

2000，G. Puddu et al.，“Achilles Tendon Injuries”, in The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, →ISBN，頁 200:


design

We have designs on winning the league next season.

我們的目標是贏得下個賽季的聯賽。

To be hateful of the truth by design.

I give it you without any other design than to shew you that I reckon nothing dear to me, when I want to do you a pleasure.

我把它給你，沒有任何其他目的，只是想讓你知道，當我想讓你高興時，我什麼都不看重。

1763，Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz，History of Louisisana，PG，頁 40:

At length, one night, when the company by ſome accident broke up much ſooner than ordinary, ſo that the candles were not half burnt out, ſhe was not able to reſiſt the temptation, but reſolved to have them ſome way or other. Accordingly, as ſoon as the hurry was over, and the ſervants, as ſhe thought, all gone to ſleep, ſhe ſtole out of her bed, and went down ſtairs, naked to her ſhift as ſhe was, with a deſign to ſteal them […]

1762，Charles Johnstone，The Reverie; or, A Flight to the Paradise of Fools，卷 2, Dublin: Printed by Dillon Chamberlaine, →OCLC，頁 202:

Lisicki will rise from her current ranking of 62 to at least 35 in the world on the back of her efforts at the All England Club, but she will have serious designs on a first Grand Slam title after overcoming the 2007 runner-up.

2011年June28日，Piers Newbery，“Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport:


design

designs (third-person singular present)
designing (present participle)
designed (past participle)

She designed his retirement from the Royal Irish Artillery, and had negociated an immediate berth for him on the Staff of the Commander of the Forces, and a prospective one in the household of Lord Townshend […]

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:

The huge square box, parquet-floored and high-ceilinged, had been arranged to display a suite of bedroom furniture designed and made in the halcyon days of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when modish taste was just due to go clean out of fashion for the best part of the next hundred years.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 1, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

He was designed to the study of the law.

1700，John Dryden，Translations from Ovid's Epistles, Preface:


device

來自中古英語 devys，來自古法語 devis，來自拉丁語 dīvīsus，dīvidō (“分發”)的過去分詞。

Every cycle shall be equipped with: … (b) an audible warning device consisting of a bell …

1949. Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Chapter VI. Provisions Applicable to Cycles in International Traffic

An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic the way real kidneys cleanse blood and eject impurities and surplus water as urine.

如今，人工肾脏仍然意味着一台大小和冰箱差不多的透析机。这种设备模仿真正肾脏净化血液的方式，并以尿液的形式排出杂质和多余的水。

2013年June1日，“A better waterworks”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 5 (Technology Quarterly):

His device is against Babylon, to destroy it.

祂定意攻擊巴比倫，將他毀滅。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 51:11:

He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands cannot perform their enterprise.

破壞狡猾人的計謀，使他們所謀的，不得成就。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 5:12:

Their recent device of demanding benevolences.

1827 Hallam, Henry, The English Constitution, Harper

Drawings and pictures are more than mere ornaments in scientific discourse. Blackboard sketches, geological maps, diagrams of molecular structure, astronomical photographs, MRI images, the many varieties of statistical charts and graphs: These pictorial devices are indispensable tools for presenting evidence, for explaining a theory, for telling a story.

在科学论述中，图画、图片可不仅仅是装饰品。它们包括了黑板上的草图、地质图、分子结构图、天文照片、核磁共振图像、各种统计图表和图形。这些图像手段是展示证据、解释理论、讲述故事所不可或缺的工具。

2012年March18日，Brian Hayes，“Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 2，頁 106:

It will be out of faſhion to weare ſwords, / Maſques, and devices welcome, I ſalute you […]

c. 1634，James Shirley (falsely attributed to John Fletcher)，The Coronation:


diet

源自中古英語 diet、dyet、diete，源自古法語 diete，源自中世紀拉丁語 dieta (“养生；集会”)，源自拉丁語 diaeta，源自古希臘語 δίαιτα (díaita)。

The diet of the giant panda consists mainly of bamboo.

大熊猫的日常食物大多是竹子。

It is common policy to order no more diet than will be used within one month.

2013，Martin D Buckland, Lynda Hall, Alan Mowlem，A Guide to Laboratory Animal Technology，頁 56:

日常消费，日常消耗，日常使用

He's been reading a steady diet of nonfiction for the last several years.

这几年他都一直在读纪实文学。

Last week the aging video game retailer emerged as the hottest stock on Wall Street, a story just unexpected and absurd enough to fill the new Trump-shaped void in our nation’s media diet.

2021年February3日，Farhad Manjoo，“Can We Please Stop Talking About Stocks, Please?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


diet

lite

简化版的，精简的，迷你的

健康的，低脂、低盐、低糖的

diet soda

Many grocery chains offer premium-priced lean or diet hamburger; but the fat content is usually at least 10 percent, sometimes 15 percent or more.

1982，Consumer Guide，Dieter's Complete Guide to Calories, Carbohydrates, Sodiums, Fats & Cholesterol，頁 18:

The difference in weight (mass) of the regular and the diet drink of the same brand roughly equals to the amount of sugar in the regular drink.

1998，Andy Sae，Chemical Magic from the Grocery Store:

Diet Light (Pizarro 724; snacks S2-7; 9:30am-10pm)
This perennially busy place serves not-very-diet, but yummy nonetheless, ice cream (S2 to S5) and whopping servings of mixed fruit (S3) – with ice cream.

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:diet。


diet

源自中古英語 dieten、dyeten、diȝeten，源自古法語 dïeter以及中世紀拉丁語 diētāre。

diets (third-person singular present)
dieting (present participle)
dieted (past participle)

When all signs of effusion, dulness, pain, œgophony, and cough had disappeared he was dieted, stimulated, and tonicked.

1887，Medical Press and Circular，卷 94，頁 461:

As illustrating the belief that the Baptism by Blood was accompanied by a real regeneration of the devotee, Frazer quotes an ancient writer who says that for some time after the ceremony the fiction of a new birth was kept up by dieting the devotee on milk, like a new-born babe.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 45:

Let him[…]diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation, where he travelleth.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Travel”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

But partly led to diet my revenge […]。

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):


drown

源自中古英語 drownen、drounen、drunen (“溺死”)，其词源不详。
《牛津英语词典》提出一个不可考的古英语形式*drūnian。 Harper 2001指出古英语druncnian、ġedruncnian（→中古英語 drunknen、dronknen (“溺死”)），它们“可能受到了古諾爾斯語 drukkna的影响”（对比冰島語 drukkna、丹麥語 drukne (“溺死”)）。Funk & Wagnalls认为词源不详。有理论指出（如ODS）其可能直接借自古諾爾斯語 drukkna，但《牛津词典》认为在“发音和各种原因上解释不通”，除非引入不可考变体古諾爾斯語 *drunkna的可能性。

drowns (third-person singular present)
drowning (present participle)
drowned (past participle)

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaʊn]

用比喻义指掩盖其他事物的声音时，现在常用形式drown out。

We are drowning in information but starving for wisdom.

我们淹没在信息的海洋中，却仍希求智慧。

Penny Guy: Bloody hell, Rog, whadda you want? / Roger O'Neill: To drown in your arms and hide in yer eyes, darlin'.

He drowns his sorrows in buckets of chocolate ice cream.

他靠大桶巧克力冰淇淋来消愁。

Though most men being in sensuall pleasures drownd, / It seemes their Soules but in the Senses are.

1599，John Davies，Nosce Teipsum，London: John Standish，頁 19:

Unluckily that worthy Officer having, in a literal Sense, taken his Fill of Liquor, had been some Time retired to his Bolster, where he was snoaring so loud, that it was not easy to convey a Noise in at his Ears capable of drowning that which issued from his Nostrils.

1749，Henry Fielding，章號 XIV, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VII，頁s 71–72:


earthquake

繼承自中古英語 erthequake，可以拆解為 earth + quake。取代了中古英語 eorð byfung (“地震”)，後者源自古英語 eorþbeofung (字面意思是“土地搖動”)。

地震（由火山活動或地質斷層周圍的運動引起的地面震動）（自14世紀起）

Her alablaster brest she soft did kis, / Which all that while shee felt to pant and quake, / As it an Earth-quake were: at last she thus bespake.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Last year's earthquake crushed his house, his livelihood and very nearly his leg, he said, pointing to a plastered limb that refuses to heal.

特指發生在地球上的地面震動 （20世紀起）

Since the response of some man-made structures to the ground motion near the epicenter is highly dependent on frequency, a significant difference in potential damage to the structures is expected between earthquakes and moonquakes.

1988，Jürgen Oberst, Yosio Nakamura，“A seismic risk for the lunar base”, in The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century，卷 1, NASA，頁s 231–233:

The wave patterns, too, are strikingly different: The secondary (S) waves and surface waves on lunar seismograms are not generally as clearly defined and distinct as are those of earthquakes.

2006，Bruce A. Bolt，Earthquakes, Fifth Edition:

唐突劇變；具嚴重破壞性的事件

As we have seen, economic earthquakes often result in political shockwaves. […] He highlights a correlation between those states with the highest robot density and those states that unexpectedly swung behind Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election, namely Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

2019年July11日，John Thornhill，“Does tech threaten to rerun the worst of the Industrial Revolution?”, in Financial Times:

Leo Varadkar has announced he is standing down as Ireland’s prime minister and also giving up his role as leader of the Fine Gael party in the ruling coalition, in a surprise move described by pundits as a “political earthquake” for the country.

2024年March20日，Jon Henley，“Leo Varadkar steps down as Irish prime minister in shock move”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


earthquake

earthquakes (third-person singular present)
earthquaking (present participle)
earthquaked (past participle)

Watch the Philippines very closely for the next little while. There is rumbling and earthquaking deep within Pinatubo and increased earthquaking within Mayon.

1993，Gyeorgos C. Hatonn，The Best of Times: The Worst of Times，頁 129:


estimate

借自拉丁語 aestimatus，是aestimō的過去分詞，舊形式為aestumo (“重視，尊敬，評價”)；來自古拉丁語 *ais-temos (“切銅的人”)，意指在羅馬共和國鑄造牆壁的人。參見esteem 的同源對似詞，以及aim。

“They know our boats will stand up to their work,” said Willison, “and that counts for a good deal. A low estimate from us doesn't mean scamped work, but just that we want to keep the yard busy over a slack time.”

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 3, in Well Tackled!:

估計數：對某些肯定數量的上限

The desired norm estimate is now obtained from the identity... [referring to an earlier statement saying that a certain norm is less than or equal to a certain expression]

1992，Louis de Branges，“The convergence of Euler functions”, in Journal of Functional Analysis, →DOI，頁 185:


estimate

estimates (third-person singular present)
estimating (present participle)
estimated (past participle)

I estimate that I need 400 board feet of lumber to complete a job, and then order 350 because I do not want a surplus, or perhaps order 450 because I do not want to make any subsequent orders.

1965，Ian Hacking，Logic of Statistical Inference:

Higher real prices for durables are estimated to have reduced their consumption per capita by 1.09% in 1930, […]

2003，Alexander J. Field, Gregory Clark, William A. Sundstrom，Research in Economic History:

It is always very difficult to estimate the age in which you are living.

1870，John Campbell Shairp，Culture and Religion in Some of Their Relations:


flee

源自古英語 flēon，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleuhaną，源自原始印歐語 *plewk-、*plew- (“飞；流；跑”)。
同源词包括荷蘭語 vlieden、德語 fliehen、冰島語 flýja、瑞典語 fly、哥特語 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan)。英语内与fly有关，还与flow有较远的关系。

flees (third-person singular present)
fleeing (present participle)
fled (past participle)

The prisoner tried to flee, but was caught by the guards.

囚犯企图逃跑，但是被看守抓住了。

The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bolde as a lyon.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 28:1:

As they turned into Hertford Street they startled a robin from the poet's head on a barren fountain, and he fled away with a cameo note.

1922，Michael Arlen，“Ep./4/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

When, however, the plant spirits were not strong enough in themselves, then the family called in the Medicine Man. He appeared, a "monster of so frightful mien", with noise making apparatus which produced such a terrifying din that even the hardiest demon was likely to flee.

1940，Rosetta E. Clarkson，Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens，The Macmillan Company，頁 254:

Many people fled the country as war loomed.

战争将至，很多人都逃出了国外。

Thousands of people moved northward trying to flee the drought.

几千人为了逃离干旱而北迁。

The Government, having lit the fuse, is not going to be allowed to flee the explosion.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: Passed to you, Mr. Macmillan”, in Modern Railways，頁 220:


kidnap

kidnaps (third-person singular present)
kidnapping (present participle)
kidnaping (present participle)
kidnapped (past participle)
kidnaped (past participle)

Hello, ladies. How’s the Big Apple?
Rotten, Jerry. Clover’s been kidnapped.
Oh dear. That’s the second time this month.

2002年September6日，Michelle and Robert Lamoreaux，“Model Citizens”, in Totally Spies!，季数 1, 集数 9, spoken by Alexandra “Alex” (Jess Harnell as Jerry and Katie Leigh), Marathon Media, 經由 Teletoon:


laboratory

來自中世紀拉丁語 labōrātōrium。

/ˈlæbɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹətɹi/

/ləˈbɒɹət(ə)ɹiː/

/ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/

Again she read the passage that had riveted her attention; and, rising from her seat, carried the still open volume, and laid it on a slab by the furnace in the laboratory: it was a celebrated treatise on poisons, written in the fifteenth century.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Laboratory”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 325:

[Isaac Newton] was obsessed with alchemy. He spent hours copying alchemical recipes and trying to replicate them in his laboratory. He believed that the Bible contained numerological codes.

2014年June21日，“Magician’s brain”, in The Economist，卷 411, 期 8892:


mob

源自中古英語 mob，mobile的縮略,，源自英語 mobile (“mōbile (vulgus)”)。遊戲中的意思源自mobile，由Richard Bartle用於早期MUD。

mobs (third-person singular present)
mobbing (present participle)
mobbed (past participle)

圍觀（某人），有時充滿敵意。

Politicians have been turning up to Glastonbury for years, but this year the leader of the opposition was among the most hotly anticipated attractions: when he arrived on site, his Land Rover was mobbed by fans.

2017年June26日，Alexis Petridis，“Glastonbury 2017 verdict: Radiohead, Foo Fighters, Lorde, Stormzy and more”, in the Guardian:


patient

源自中古英語 pacient，源自中古法語 patient，源自古法語 pacient，源自拉丁語 patiens，patior (“受苦；忍耐”)的现在分词，源自原始印歐語 *peh₁- (“恨；伤”)。

patienter (comparative)
more patient (comparative)
patientest (superlative)
most patient (superlative)

Be patient: your friends will arrive in a few hours.

耐心点，你朋友过几个小时就来了。

Asari Cultural VI: Due to our lifespan-sometimes reaching 1,000 years of age-we are patient in our decisions, and prefer long-term solutions over short-term gains.

2017，BioWare，Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC，幕：Nexus:

耐心的，坚持的，持之以恒的

patient endeavour

a patient wait

patient analysis

Whatever I have done […] is due to […] patient thought.

c. 1692, Sir Isaac Newton, letter to Dr. Richard Bentley

“Her personal life and her art were very intertwined: You can’t really separate them,” explains Sophia Jansson. “She mirrored her own a reality onto a fictional reality.” And this is perhaps the nub of the Moomin’s enduring appeal: a combination of adventuresome spirit and philosophy, all of which Jansson derived from close and patient observation, of human relationships and of the natural world alike.

December 15, 2016, Hettie Judah in the New York Times, Beloved Children’s-Book Characters, in Their Own Immersive World

In contrast, the Westminster Gazette in 1912 was much more positive about railway staff, praising the "...army of porters hustling and bustling hither and thither with barrows groaning under the weight of bags and baggage and... the ever-patient and long-suffering guards, courteously giving information and advice to the querulous passengers... to the porter the Christmas season means a continuous round of heavy labour, extremely tiring to both nerves and temper, and this fact the public too often seem either to forget or ignore."

2022年December14日，David Turner，“The Edwardian Christmas getaway...”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 35:

To this outward structure was joined that strength of constitution, patient of severest toil and hardship; insomuch that for the most part of his life, in the fiercest extremity of cold, he took no other advantage of a fire, than at the greatest distance that he could, to look upon it.

1661，John Fell，“Doctor Henry Hammond”, in Ecclesiastical Biography，卷 5, 出版於 1810，頁 380:


patient

患者，接受治疗的人或动物

An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]。But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.

2013年June1日，“A better waterworks”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 5 (Technology Quarterly):

受动者 （接受动作的语法对象）

The subject of a passive verb is usually a patient.

被动动词的主语通常为受动者。

The number of a first or second person participant is generally marked for both agent and patient in all aspects.

1982，Paul J. Hopper，Tense-aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics, →ISBN:

Since we have argued that the absolutive argument in Dyirbal is the grammatical subject of its clause, we must conclude that in the antipassive construction the agent replaces the patient as grammatical subject.

2004，Paul Kroeger，Analyzing Syntax: A Lexical-Functional Approach, →ISBN，頁 292:

Malice is a passion so impetuous and precipitate, that it often involves the agent and the patient.

c. 1658，Dr. Henry More，Government of the Tongue:

For it seems clear that the subject of change is the changed, i.e. the patient -- on one proviso. the proviso is that there be an agent or changer.

1988，Sarah Waterlow, Sarah Broadie，Nature, Change, and Agency in Aristotle's Physics, →ISBN，頁 159:

How does a person change from a patient to an agent in shaping and living a course of life?

1994，Larry Cochran, Joan Laub，Becoming an Agent: Patterns and Dynamics for Shaping Your Life, →ISBN:

According to the tradition, when an agent acts on a patient, the change is located in the patient. If the patient reacts on the agent, then the agent is a patient in the new relation.

1999，Lloyd P. Gerson，Aristotle: Logic and metaphysics, →ISBN，頁 127:

The starting point is that all events involve an agent and a patient. Agents and patients are modelled as (material or non-material) objects, and can therefore be represented as points in conceptual spaces.

2010，Mohua Banerjee, Anil Seth，Logic and Its Applications: Fourth Indian Conference, ICLA 2011, →ISBN，頁 7:


propaganda

來自新拉丁語 prōpāganda，是Congregātiō dē Prōpāgandā Fidē的簡稱，意為「傳佈信仰聖部」，為拉丁語 prōpāgō (“傳播”)的離格陰性動名詞。propagation 的同源對似詞。現在政治含意來自第一次世界大戰，最初非貶義詞。

/ˌpɹɒpəˈɡændə/

[ˌpɹɒp.əˈɡæn.də]

[ˌpɹɑp.əˈɡɛə̯n.də]

They established a government propaganda commission, called the w:en:Creel Commission, which succeeded, within six months, in turning a pacifist population into a hysterical, war-mongering population which wanted to destroy everything German, tear the Germans limb from limb, go to war and save the world.

2002，Noam Chomsky，“Selections”, in Media Control:


starve

源自中古英語 sterven，源自古英語 steorfan (“死”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sterbaną (“僵硬；死”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terp- (“弱，麻”)，或原始印歐語 *sterbʰ- (“僵硬”)，源自*ster- (“僵”)，或者上述词的异文合并。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 sterve (“死，消失”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 stjerwa (“死”)、西弗里斯蘭語 stjerre (“死”)、荷蘭語 sterven (“死”)、德國低地德語 starven (“死”)、德語 sterben (“死”)、冰島語 stirfinn (“脾气差的；刚愎的”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 shterp (“贫瘠的；贫瘠的土地”)。

starves (third-person singular present)
starving (present participle)
starved (past)
starved (past participle)
starven (past participle)

famish

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

while the grass grows, the steed starves

During the Cultural Revolution I was exiled to Xincai County in Henan Province. There, 36 percent of the people starved to death in the early 1960s.

1990，Chen Yizi (陳一諮)（被引）, Children of the Dragon: The Story of Tiananmen Square, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 48:

"When all of you starve to death, Shasta, don't come crying to me, that's all."

2007，Lisa Wingate，A Thousand Voices，頁 76:

I was half starved waiting out in that wind.

我在那风里等人，被冻了个半死。

Wheniver he wor starved, he used to get th' seck o' coils ov his back, an' walk raand th' haase till he gat warm agean.

1869 February，John Hartley，The original illuminated clock almanack:

One i' th' morning an' me starv'd to th' death wi' waitin' up.

1886，A Queer Supper，John Heywood, section 8:

Sometimes he remarks, “ ’Tis these dreadful frostis that spiles everything. ’Tis enough to sterve anybody.”

1898，J. Arthur Gibbs，“When the May-Fly is Up”, in A Cotswold village; or, Country Life & Pursuits in Gloucestershire，London: John Murray, →OCLC，頁 164:

死亡；（晚期用法中指）慢慢死去

Seuen moneths he ſo her kept in bitter ſmart, / Becauſe his ſinfull luſt ſhe would not ſerue, / Vntill ſuch time as noble Britomart / Releaſed her, that elſe was like to ſterue / Through cruell knife that her deare heart did kerue.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），第II部分 (卷 IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 4，頁 6:


suffer

源自中古英語 suffren，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suffrir，源自拉丁語 sufferō (“献上，支撑，承受，遭受”)，源自sub- (“下”) + ferō (“撑着”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer- (“负，持”)。取代了原生词古英語 þrōwian。

suffers (third-person singular present)
suffering (present participle)
suffered (past participle)

If you keep partying like this, your school-work will suffer.

你老是天天去聚会的话，你成绩会变差的。

Our correspondent found that timekeeping had suffered following the substitution of Class 5 4-6-0s on these workings.

1961 October，“Motive Power Miscellany: Scottish Region”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 638:

I've been suffering your insults for years.

我忍受你的侮辱已经很多年了。

We hope you never have to suffer the same pain.

我们希望你不用吃一样的苦。

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013年July6日，“The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8843，頁 68:

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203:

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland:


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

suspects (third-person singular present)
suspecting (present participle)
suspected (past participle)

揣測；想象或假設某事物為真或存在

to suspect the presence of disease

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

1667，John Milton，“Book 9”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Mr. Campion appeared suitably impressed and she warmed to him. He was very easy to talk to with those long clown lines in his pale face, a natural goon, born rather too early she suspected.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

WikiLeaks did not cause these uprisings but it certainly informed them. The dispatches revealed details of corruption and kleptocracy that many Tunisians suspected, but could not prove, and would cite as they took to the streets.

2013年June7日，Gary Younge，“Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 18:

to suspect the truth of a story

An inhabitant of Gubio, in the duchy of Urbino, in Italy, suspecting the fidelity of his wife, he, in a fit of jealousy, in order to find out whether his suspicion was true, did what the ecclesiastick history informs us Origen did from devotion.

1785，James Ridgway，A Dictionary of Literary Conversation:


suspect

more suspect (comparative)
most suspect (superlative)

What I can do or offer is suspect.

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 2:

In his first book since the 2008 essay collection Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature, David Quammen looks at the natural world from yet another angle: the search for the next human pandemic, what epidemiologists call “the next big one.” His quest leads him around the world to study a variety of suspect zoonoses—animal-hosted pathogens that infect humans.

2013年January18日，Katie L. Burke，“Ecological Dependency”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 1，存檔自the original on 2017-02-09，頁 64:

Facing a backlash over the use of the term “cosmopolitan,” [Josh] Hawley later defended himself against accusations of antisemitism on Twitter as “an ardent advocate of the state of Israel and the Jewish people.” But this conflation of the state of Israel and the Jewish people is the entire point. To today’s far right, Israel is a firm ally against Islam, while “cosmopolitans,” many of whom just happen to be Jewish, are suspect.

2019年July24日，David Austin Walsh，“Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:

What appears suspect about the Beeching Report is how quickly it was railroaded through, with the answers manufactured before the questions were asked.

2023年March8日，Howard Johnston，“Was Marples the real railway wrecker?”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 52:


resource

Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent,[…]. This trend will put additional strain not only on global energy resources but also on the environmental prospects of a warming planet.

2013 September-October，Michael Sivak，“Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?]”, in American Scientist，存檔自the original on 2014-02-06:

By French-Style Revolution I don't mean a violent overthrow of the ruling elite as much as a tumultuous reset of how resources and power are distributed. Systems become vulnerable to such resets when they become highly asymmetrical in how they distribute resources and power, and rigid in their defense of the extreme inequality of the distribution.

2023年December10日，Charles Hugh Smith，Could America Have a French-Style Revolution?:


los

繼承自中古英語 lusk，來自古英語 lox，來自原始西日耳曼語 *luhs，來自原始日耳曼語 *luhsaz。與低地蘇格蘭語 los、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Luks、低地德語 Luks、荷蘭語 los、德語 Luchs、盧森堡語 Luuss等同源。

The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.

猞猁是從美國北部某地帶來的。

A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

1592，Thomas Thomasius，Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:


wiktionary

It has also spawned a wiktionary, wikiquotes, wikinews, wikibooks and the wikimedia information commons

2007，Martin Parker, Valerie Fournier, Patrick Reedy，The Dictionary of Alternatives: Utopianism and Organization，頁 313:


wiktionary

However, with the increase in free resources like wiktionaries, or the increase in the number of translated materials available on the Internet

2011，Zygmunt Vetulani，Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science:

PanLex draws on various lexical resources, including dictionaries, wiktionaries, glossaries, lexicons, word lists, terminologies, thesauri, wordnets, ontologies, vocabulary databases, namedentity resources, and standards

2011，Nikolas Coupland，The Handbook of Language and Globalization:

維基媒體基金會所營運的自由的線上詞典中的一個；某一特定語言的維基詞典

In fact the English Wiktionary edition contains entries for more than 400 languages, so that out of this source, more language specific wiktionaries could be created than there are actually officially listed.

2013，Anaïd Donabédian, Victoria Khurshudian, Max Silberztein，Formalising Natural Languages with NooJ，頁 18:


gen

Nose around any modest-sized station and the odds are you'll find that the chargeman's office doubles as a bashers' club, a place where shivering spotters can get warm and catch up on the gen.

2015，Nicholas Whittaker，Platform Souls: The Trainspotter as 20th-Century Hero:

I had some recent gen that they had been seen quite recently at Kunoth Well, a little dot on the map on the edge of the Tanami Desert.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 172:


gen

gens (third-person singular present)
genning (present participle)
genned (past participle)

使用自動程式生成，尤指計算機程式

Defining the devices so that they will be genned during the sysgen and installation is the other half.

1991，Bruce H. Hunter, Karen Bradford Hunter，UNIX Systems: Advanced Administration and Management Handbook:

The older, genned files are difficult to keep up-to-date and are unsupported for some newer NICs.

1993，Debra R. Niedermiller-Chaffins, Drew Heywood，Inside Novell NetWare, →ISBN，頁 100:

As the capacities of the large servers are exceeded, a new server is genned into the RAC cluster.

2010，Donald K. Burleson，Oracle Tuning: The Definitive Reference, →ISBN，頁 1109:

The Turing factories on Isis's small moon had fallen short of productivity goals, though another two factory units had been genned.


gen

Samples could be taken from the original, and plans could be made, but genning could not be initiated until death had occurred.

2008，Bart Dahmer，Primal Screams, →ISBN，頁 36:

Her nurturer ears, genned to be hyper-sensitive, had to be hurting from the noise.

2011，Karen Sandler，Tankborn, →ISBN，頁 28:


gen

詞源未知。可能來源包括：
* argent 的截斷形式
* generalise 的截斷形式，來自英語 shilling的反讀。

The betting also began to shift. "Sixpence Ned wins!" cried three or four; "Sixpence he loses!" answered another; "Done!" and up went the halfpence. "Half-a-crown Joe loses!"—"Here you are," answered Joe, but he lost again. "I'll try you a 'gen'" (shilling) said a coster; "And a 'rouf yenap'" (fourpence), added the other. "Say a 'exes'" (sixpence).—"Done!" and the betting continued, till the ground was spotted with silver and halfpence.

1851，Henry Mayhew，“Gambling of Costermongers”, in London Labour and the London Poor，卷 1，頁 17:

"Give me two gen, then, and take the whole bloody tol. I've walked me teef orf afore rouf this mornin', and wot 'ave I got? Two bloody yenneps! I ask yer."


gen

"Mladenovic playing in what the young gen is calling a crop top, but what my gen is calling a bra," Bouchard tweeted. "Sign of the times that Wimbledon has no issue with that. Still can remember the year some had troubles because of 'too short' skirts lol."

2022年June28日，“Wimbledon tennis: Fans react to Kristina Mladenovic's eye-catching outfit”, in The New Zealand Herald:

It’s anyone’s guess whether such attitudes will persist into adulthood, but if Gen Z (and the gens to come) do prove more alco-skeptic than their forbears then the above twelve steps are deftly primed to cash in.

2022年July4日，Ben Schott，“Is There Anything That Gen Z Won’t Drink?”, in The Washington Post:

按時間順序排列的某件事的具體版本

For my fellow first-gens, get ready to hide a smirk, because your life story is likely hidden somewhere in this chapter. For the uninitiated—that is, the person who's never had a thing to do with the Arab way of doing things (namely dating)—I advise you to buckle up.

2004，Sally Bishai，“Courtship, Marriage and the Ubiquitous ‘Dating Thing’”, in Mid-East Meets West: On Being and Becoming a Modern Arab American，Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 57:

[…] I witness firsthand the difficult "downstream" outcomes (Grusky 2014) of social class stratification in a university setting where approximately 3,400 undergraduates (13% of the undergraduate population) are first in their families to attend and/or graduate from college (first-gens). Most of these students are low income and nearly 1,200 first-gens have grown up in poverty.

2016，Dwight Lang，“Witnessing Social Class in the Academy”, in Working in Class: Recognizing How Social Class Shapes Our Academic Work，Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, part 2 (Teaching)，頁 102:

The Family Values and Framing Strategy steps address soft issues as what is the purpose of the new investment strategy, is there a desire to engage and train the next generation (Next Gens), and is there building buy-in and engagement across the family members important to strengthen family unity.

2017，Temple Fennell，“SCIE: Sustainable Cycle of Investing Engagement”, in Kirby Rosplock, The Complete Direct Investing Handbook: A Guide for Family Offices, Qualified Purchasers, and Accredited Investors (Bloomberg Financial Series)，Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 242:


Robert

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 Robert，源自古高地德語 Hrodperht（Ruodberht）在古古法蘭克語的同源詞，源自原始西日耳曼語 *Hrōþiberht，源自原始日耳曼語 *Hrōþiberhtaz (字面意思是“閃耀的榮譽”)。Rupert 的同源對似詞。

諾曼征服英格蘭以來，最常用的英語人名之一。

源自日耳曼語族的男性人名。

My brother Robert? Old Sir Robert's son? / Colbrand the giant, that same mighty man?

:Template:RQ:Shakespeare King John: Act I, Scene I:

I hadn't even considered names for a girl. Robby it would be. Robert Douglas. Where the Douglas came from is another story, but the Robert came from me because I liked the sound. Robert was formal, dignified, important. Robert. And that was nearly as nice as the chance I'd have to call my little brother Rob and Robby.

1984，John Edgar Wideman，Brothers and Keepers: A Memoir，Mariner Books, 出版於 2005, →ISBN，頁 93:


Handel

源自德語的姓氏：（尤指格奥尔格·弗里德里希·亨德尔（1685年–1759年），一位英籍德（神圣罗马帝国）裔巴洛克风格作曲家.

Handel's masterpiece, Messiah, is one of the incontrovertible masterpieces of the Western canon, a work whose place in the musical life of the nation looks, with the benefit of hindsight, to have been assured since its first performance in 1742.

2014年April17日，Tom Service，“Handel's Messiah: the sound of our better selves”, in The Guardian:


cadmium

1817年，來自古希臘語 Καδμεία (Kadmeía，“爐甘石”)，一種含鎘的礦物混合物，以國王Κάδμος (Kádmos，“卡德摩斯”)的名字命名。

鎘（一種化學元素（符號 Cd），原子序數為48：一種柔軟的銀白）

CSPI says the Trump Administration could take steps to protect consumers from each of these chemicals and support FDA’s broader post-market assessment efforts. It could ensure that FDA sets health-protective limits on heavy metals, like lead, arsenic, and cadmium, in foods consumed by children.

CSPI表示，特朗普政府可以採取措施保護消費者免受這些化學物質的侵害，並支持FDA更廣泛的市場後評估工作。它可以確保FDA為兒童食用的食品中的重金屬（如鉛、砷和鎘）設定保護健康的限值。

2025年January15日，“FDA moves to eliminate carcinogenic Red 3 from foods”, in Center for Science in the Public Interest:


cajole

借自法語 cajoler，可能是中古法語 cageoler (“松鸦鸣叫”)（源自gajole，geai (“松鸦”)的方言指小词） + 古法語 gaioler (“诱至笼中”)的混成词，后者源自中世紀拉丁語 gabiola，源自晚期拉丁語 caveola（其衍生出英語 caveola），拉丁語 cavea (“笼子，畜栏”)的指小词。详见cage、cave、cavum和cavus。

cajoles (third-person singular present)
cajoling (present participle)
cajoled (past participle)

Then he cajoled with his brother, and persuaded him what service he had done him.

1722, Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders, ch. 12:

If you are cajoled by the cunning arguments of a trumpeter of heresy, or the praises of a puritanic old woman, is not that womanish?

1820, Sir Walter Scott, The Abbot, ch. 27:

He had tried bullying, and without success. He would try cajoling and temptation.

1894, Horatio Alger, Only An Irish Boy, ch. 19:

[W]ith eloquent arts he had cajoled a young girl into a secret marriage.

1898, Gilbert Parker, The Battle Of The Strong, ch. 37:

Schulman, general manager of the "G. F. C.," had been sending out messengers to hunt for him, and finally had got him in his office, arguing and pleading, cajoling and denouncing him by turns.

For weeks, the White House, the Pentagon and Senate Democrats have been working overtime to cajole, convince and placate Republicans.

2010 August 4, Michael Scherer, "NonSTARTer? Obama's Troubled Nuclear Treaty," Time:

But the wife was visibly unimpressed by Ms. Baskin’s half-furnished home (they had just moved in) and thrown-together spaghetti dinner. “It was basically clear that his wife had been cajoled into attending,” said Ms. Baskin, 33. “She settled on to our rickety Ikea kitchen chairs like she was lowering herself into a coal mine.”

2012年July13日，Alex Williams，“Why Is It Hard to Make Friends Over 30?”, in New York Times:


calamity

源自中古法語 calamité，源自拉丁語 calamitās (“损失；灾难”)。

Yet, at that moment, she felt as if the acquisition of these gems were a calamity. Their possession involved separation from her uncle，源自every relic of home affections, and from all that yet lingered with her of her childhood.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“Age and Youth”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 15:

They were behind twice, first in the 11th minute when James Morrison scored a goal that was a personal calamity for Hart, and then four minutes into the second half when Kenny Miller eluded Gary Cahill to score with a splendid left-foot drive.


calendar

源自中古英語 kalender，源自古法語 calendier，源自拉丁語 calendarium (“账簿”)，源自kalendae (“一个月的第一天”)，源自calō (“严肃发表，召集”)，源自原始印歐語 *kelh₁-。

a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assembly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court

在立法大会上展示的（要讨论的）法案列表；法庭审判时列出的事由清单

Shepherds of People, had need know the Kalenders of Tempeſts in State; which are commonly greateſt, when Things grow to Equality; As naturall Tempeſts are greateſt about the Æquinoctia.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Seditions and Troubles. XV.”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC，頁 76:

The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen.[…]The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.

1963，Margery Allingham，“Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC，頁 249:


admonish

源自中古英語 admonesten、admonissen，源自古法語 amonester（现代法语admonester），源自一不可考的晚期拉丁語或通俗拉丁語词*admonestrāre，源自拉丁語 admoneō (“提醒，警告”)，源自ad + moneō (“警告，忠告”)。见premonition。

admonishes (third-person singular present)
admonishing (present participle)
admonished (past participle)

reprimand

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

chide

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

Better is a poore and a wise child, then an old and foolish king who will no more be admonished.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 4:13:

And further, by these, my sonne, be admonished: of making many bookes there is no end, and much studie is a wearinesse of the flesh.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 12:12:

[…] But then things take a turn, the men starting to keel over as Walder seems to admonish them for leaving certain threads hanging. […]

2017年July16日，Brandon Nowalk，“Chickens and dragons come home to roost on Game Of Thrones (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:


advocate

借自古法語 advocat，来自拉丁語 advocātus（advocāre (“呼籲”)）的過去分詞，借译自古希臘語 παράκλητος (paráklētos)（英語 paraclete的词源）。advoke、avouch和avow 的同源對似詞。

advocates (third-person singular present)
advocating (present participle)
advocated (past participle)

（及物动词）主张，拥护，鼓吹。

我喜歡樹，但我不主张住在樹里。

I like trees, but I do not advocate living in them.

“localist” politicians who advocate self-determination to be voted into power

主張用選票實現自治的“本土派”


ambiguous

源自拉丁語 ambiguus (“左右搖擺的，性質可疑的”)，該詞衍生自ambigere (“四處走動、徘徊、懷疑”)，由ambi- (“周圍、大約、兩側”)與agere (“驅動、移動”)組成。

more ambiguous (comparative)
most ambiguous (superlative)

And forasmuch as in this same question I am ambiguous, and Simplicius is resolute....

鑑於在此問題上我仍游移不定，而辛普利休斯立場堅決...

1662，Thomas Salusbury，Mathematical collections and translations, in two tomes - Salusbury:


ammonia

來自拉丁語 sal ammoniacus (“阿蒙的鹽，氯化銨”)，因為它在埃及的（朱庇特）阿蒙神廟附近被發現而得名。Ammon衍生自古希臘語 Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)，來自埃及語 jmn (i-mn:n-A4)。

Never use ammonia to clean metal writing pens.

千萬不要用氨水來清洗金屬筆。

Slowly we rode down to the camp - a very sorrowful party. We took "Nep" straight to the surgery, where the doctor instantly applied injections of ammonia, then the new remedy for snake bite.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 95:


appraisal

She hated that silent appraisal, watching someone compare her to a version that she might have been.

2020，Brit Bennett，The Vanishing Half，Dialogue Books，頁 47:


arduous

源自拉丁語 arduus (“高耸的，险峻的，难以企及的，困难的，费事的”)，与愛爾蘭語 ard (“高的”)有关。

more arduous (comparative)
most arduous (superlative)

/ˈɑːd͡ʒuːəs/

/ˈɑːɹd͡ʒuəs/

The movement towards a peaceful settlement has been a long and arduous political struggle.

这个和平解决争端的努力是一场费时费力的政治斗争。

Chelsea survived and can now turn their attentions to the Champions League final against Bayern Munich in Germany later this month as they face an increasingly arduous task to finish in the Premier League's top four.

2012年May5日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:arduous。

（因陡峭，险峻等）难以越过的

Beyond the river, an arduous slope rises 3286 feet in 13 miles.

1974，Sue Bowder，The American biking atlas & touring guide，頁 77:

Mike looked up from the arduous mountain trail. They'd been climbing for five hours and he was beginning to feel irritable.

1999, Scott Ciencin, Mike Fredericks, Dinoverse:

Survivor reaches as many as 28 million viewers who watch contestants win a new Pontiac or guzzle Mountain Dew after scaling an arduous cliff.

2006，Jack W. Plunkett，Plunkett's Entertainment & Media Industry Almanac 2006:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:arduous。


artery

晚期中古英語 arterie，借自古法語 artaire和拉丁語 artēria (“气管；动脉”)，源自古希臘語 ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (ărtērĭ́ā，“气管；动脉”)。

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels. The reason plaque forms isn’t entirely known, but it seems to be related to high levels of cholesterol inducing an inflammatory response, which can also attract and trap more cellular debris over time.

2013 July–August，Stephen P. Lownie，David M. Pelz，“Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 號 4, →DOI，頁 292:

The 98-mile Edinburgh-Carlisle 'Waverley Route' provided over a century of service as an Anglo-Scottish artery, prior to its closure by British Rail, and its loss provoked anger in the Scottish Borders.

2020年May6日，Graeme Pickering，“Borders Railway: time for the next step”, in Rail，頁 52:


asthma

借自古希臘語 ἆσθμα (âsthma，“费力呼吸，哮喘”)。

"He kind of spat," said Piggy. "My auntie wouldn't let me blow on account of my asthma. He said you blew from down here." Piggy laid a hand on his jutting abdomen.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

awkwarder (comparative)
more awkward (comparative)
awkwardest (superlative)
most awkward (superlative)

clumsy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

lubberly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

ungraceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

unhandy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

dexterous

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

gainly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

graceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

handy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

skillful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

任性的 （指人）；不方便的，難以應付的，棘手的

He's a right awkward chap.

These cabinets are going to be very awkward when we move.

我們搬家時這些陳列櫃會很難處理。

Clearing up rock and fallen vegetation at such an awkward site required a team of specialist geoengineers.

2020年August26日，Andrew Mourant，“Reinforced against future flooding”, in Rail，頁 61:


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

笨拙的人；尷尬的情況；任性的人等 （可以使用上述形容詞形容的人或物）

Another important branch of deportment was to seat the awkwards stiffly on the extreme edge of a chair, fold the hands on the very precarious lap, droop the eyes in a pensive way.

1912，Eliza Ripley，Social Life in Old New Orleans, Being Recollections of My Girlhood，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

'What periods are you talking about?' / 'The monthly awkwards. Didn't the girls at Molyneux have them when you were managing director?' / The Rabbit leaned forward, sniffing the air in the immediate vicinity. 'Either you've been drinking or you've got some girl into trouble. Or am I being unfair to you and it's both?'

1998，Leo Marks，Between Silk and Cyanide: The Story of SOE's Code War，London: HarperCollins, →ISBN:

That is a way to make awkwards. And it's not fun to hang out with awkwards more than once.

2014，Grace Helbig，Grace's Guide: The Art of Pretending to Be a Grown-up，New York, N.Y.: Touchstone Books, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN，頁 76:


baffle

不详。可能与法語 bafouer (“藐视”)或已弃用的法語 befer (“嘲笑”)有关，经由苏格兰语bauchle (“羞辱”)。

baffles (third-person singular present)
baffling (present participle)
baffled (past participle)

hoodwink

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

deceive

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

制止，阻止，挫败 （自17世纪）

the art that baffles time's tyrannic claim

1798，William Cowper，On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture:

It may have been the failure of Christianity to emancipate itself from expiatory theories of moral responsibility, guilt, innocence, reward, punishment, and the rest of it, that baffled its intention of changing the world.

1898，George Bernard Shaw，Caesar and Cleopatra:

So they had to search the world again for a sphinx. And still there was none. But they were not men that it is easy to baffle, and at last they found a sphinx in a desert at evening watching a ruined temple whose gods she had eaten hundreds of years ago when her hunger was on her.

1915，Edward Plunkett, Lord Dunsany，Fifty-One Tales:

当众羞辱 （尤指骑士） （16-17世纪）

He by the heeles him hung upon a tree, / And baffuld so, that all which passed by / The picture of his punishment might see […].

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VI, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

pretences to baffle with his goodness

a. 1678 (date written)，Isaac Barrow，“(please specify the chapter name or sermon number). The Duty of Prayer”, in The Works of Dr. Isaac Barrow. […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], 出版於 1830–1831, →OCLC:


brim

源自中古英語 brim、brem、brimme (“河边，岸边，湖边，海边”)，可能源自中古英語 brim (“海，海浪，海滨”)。见上文。同源词包括荷蘭語 berm (“岸，河岸”)、巴伐利亞語 Bräm (“边界”)、德語 Bräme、Brame (“边界”)、丹麥語 bræmme (“边界，边缘”)、瑞典語 bräm (“边界”)、冰島語 barmur (“边界，边缘”)。与berm有关。

brims (third-person singular present)
brimming (present participle)
brimmed (past participle)

The room brimmed with people.

It was a hint of life in a place that still brims with memories of death, a reminder that even five years later, the attacks are not so very distant.

Djokovic, brimming with energy and confidence, needed little encouragement and came haring in to chase down a drop shot in the next game, angling away the backhand to break before turning to his supporters to celebrate.

2011年July3日，Piers Newbury，“Wimbledon 2011: Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in final”, in BBC Sport:


callous

源自拉丁語 callōsus (“皮肤硬的”)，源自callum (“硬的皮肤”) + -ōsus。

more callous (comparative)
most callous (superlative)

冷淡的，无情的，铁石心肠的

She was so callous that she could criticise a cancer patient for wearing a wig.

她无情到会因为癌症病人戴假发而责备他。

Re-watching some of the audition rounds of these shows now, you're struck by how callous the judges' comments often were, and how they presented a cruel spectacle in which the audience were set up to laugh at the "deluded" members of the public who believed they could sing.

2021年September15日，Laura Martin，“How talent shows became TV's most bizarre programmes”, in BBC:


calorie

借自法語 calorie，由拉丁語 calor演變而來。最初在19世紀被定義為大卡路里，幾十年後才被定義成小卡路里。

Biotics possess extraordinary abilities, but they must live with minor inconveniences. The most obvious issue is getting adequate nutrition. Creating biotic mass effects takes such a toll on metabolism that active biotics develop ravenous appetites. The standard Alliance combat ration for a soldier is 3000 calories per day; biotics are given 4500, as well as a canteen of potent energy drink for quick refreshment after hard combat.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Biotics: Life as a Biotic Codex entry:


candid

源自拉丁語 candidus (“白色的”)。

candider (comparative)
candidest (superlative)

He knew not where to look for faithful advice, efficient aid, or candid judgement.

1884，Washington Irving，The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus:

Asked about the Brexit vote, the candid president told Marr: «I am not the one to judge or comment on the decision of your people.»

21 January 2018, Oli Smith, in The Sunday Express


caustic

源自拉丁語 causticus (“腐蚀性的”)，源自καυστικός (kaustikós，“腐蚀性的”)。

more caustic (comparative)
most caustic (superlative)

"How now!" said Scrooge, caustic and cold as ever.

The bargain was not concluded as easily as might have been expected though, for Scadder was caustic and ill-humoured, and cast much unnecessary opposition in the way

Madame Beck esteemed me learned and blue; Miss Fanshawe, caustic, ironic, and cynical

The Secretary and the Assistant-Secretaries would say little caustic things about him to the senior clerks, and seemed somewhat to begrudge him his new honours.

this set of worthies, who were only too prone to shut up their emotions with caustic words.

1886，Thomas Hardy，The Mayor of Casterbridge:

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again;[…]。 Our table in the dining-room became again the abode of scintillating wit and caustic repartee, Farrar bracing up to his old standard, and the demand for seats in the vicinity rose to an animated competition.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

though he came too late / To join the martyrs, there was still a place / Among the tempters for a caustic tongue / / To test the resolution of the young / With tales of the small failings of the great


cheque

I was not carrying cash, so I wrote a cheque for the amount.

我没有带现金，所以我写了一张支票。

They do not, however, all deal with the same banker, and when A gives a cheque to B, B usually pays it not into the same but into some other bank.

然而，他们并不都与同一家银行打交道，当 A 给 B 一张支票时，B 通常不是将支票存入同一家银行，而是存入另一家银行。

1848，John Stuart Mill，Principles of Political Economy [政治經濟學原理]，出版於 1920，頁 62:

Sometimes abbreviations are used (which would be explained on the statement) and only the last three figures of the cheque number may be given. ‘Sundries’ are cash or cheques paid into the account.
有时会使用缩写（会在声明中解释），并且只能提供支票号码的最后三位数字。“杂项”是指存入账户的现金或支票。

1999, Sam Seunarine, Office Procedures for the Caribbean, 2nd edition, reprinted 2001, page 126,

You can avoid dealing with paper cheques — written or printed — by paying your bills online.

您可以通过在线支付账单来避免处理纸质支票——无论是手写的还是印刷的。

2007，Eric Tyson，Tony Martin，Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies:

The daily cheque clearings began around 1770 when bank clerks met at the Five Bells (a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London) to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash.
每日支票结算始于1770年左右，当时银行职员在 Five Bells（伦敦金融城倫巴底街的一家小酒馆）会面，在一个地方兑换所有支票并以现金结算余额。

2009, R. Rajesh, T. Sivagnanasithi, Banking Theory Law & Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page 206,


chloride

源自chlor(ine) + -ide，由英國的化學家漢弗里·戴維在1812年造出。

/ˈklɔːˌɹaɪd/

potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate

Another type, also common in the Taipei area has more chlorides than sulfates, and while it is also hot, its flavor is more salty than sour. The springs at Chinshan on the north coast are typical of this type.

另一种温泉在台北地区也很常见，氯化物含量比硫酸盐多，虽然也很热，但味道偏咸而不是酸。北海岸金山的温泉就是这种温泉的典型代表。

1982年February21日，“Wulai: Hot springs resort with treasury of culture”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XXII, 期 7, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 2，列 2:

Klopfer and Gamble (1966) gave 16 female goats (C. hircus) 5 min of contact with their young at parturition. Nine of the mothers had been temporarily rendered anosmic (could not smell) at parturition by spraying a 10% cocaine hydrogen chloride solution into their nostrils 20–90 min prior to parturition. […] Eight of the nine females who were anosmic at parturition but could smell at reintroduction accepted their own offspring, as well as alien young during reinstatement.

2008，Edward O. Price，“Maternal and Neonatal Behavior”, in Principles and Applications of Domestic Animal Behavior: An Introductory Text，Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Cambridge, Mass.: CABI, →ISBN，頁 149:

The Renew is also free of polyvinyl chloride, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons and halons.

Renew 也不含聚氯乙烯、石棉、氯氟烃和海龙。

2009年February12日，Azadeh Ensha，“A Cellphone That Is Made With the Environment in Mind”, in The New York Times:


cleft

源自中古英語 clift，源自古英語 ġeclyft，源自原始西日耳曼語 *klufti，源自原始日耳曼語 *kluftiz，等价于cleave + -t。对比荷蘭語 klucht (“直白喜剧”)、瑞典語 klyft (“洞”)、德語 Kluft。还见cleave。

Then came some palsied oak, a cleft in him / Like a distorted mouth that splits its rim / Gaping at death, and dies while it recoils.

1855，Robert Browning，Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came, section XXVI:


cleft

clefts (third-person singular present)
clefting (present participle)
clefted (past participle)

将...单独提取出来并强调（指从句子中）

This may be so because in most languages the most natural clefting involves NP's, and it is in fact hard in most languages to cleft the verb, although some — notably Kwa languages in West-Africa — allow such clefting.

1983，Switch-reference and Universal Grammar: Proceedings of a Symposium on Switch Reference and Universal Grammar, Winnipeg, May 1981:

When the affected object is clefted, the clefted constituent may be assigned a contrastive reading on the event denoted by the clause, as is shown in (62).

2002，Claire Lefebvre，A Grammar of Fongbe，頁 521:

The strategy the language employs is to cleft the clause containing the wh-phrase, as exemplified in (3) […]

2013，Katharina Hartmann，Cleft Structures，頁 270:


collapse

She suffered a terrible collapse after slipping on the wet floor.

她在湿地板上滑倒后昏迷不醒。

The top six are assured of continental competition and after making a statement of intent against Stoke, it would take a dramatic collapse for Newcastle to surrender their place.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:

However the collapse in demand for rail and air travel caused by the pandemic has had a knock-on effect for the project's funding.

2021年May5日，Paul Clifton，“Network News: Heathrow Western Rail Access scheme 'on hold'”, in RAIL，期 930，頁 26:


collide

來自拉丁語 collidere (“撞击或碰撞在一起”)，來自com- (“一起”) + laedere (“打，猛力反抗，傷害”)；參見lesion。

collides (third-person singular present)
colliding (present participle)
collided (past participle)

When a body collides with another, then momentum is conserved.

当一个物体与另一个物体碰撞时，动量是守恒的。

Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.

1865, John Tyndall, The Constitution of the Universe (1869), page 14

And this friendly was not without its injury worries, with defender Gary Cahill substituted early on after a nasty, needless push by Dries Mertens that caused him to collide with goalkeeper Joe Hart, an incident that left the Chelsea defender requiring a precautionary X-ray at Wembley.

2012年June2日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-0 Belgium”, in BBC Sport:


complacence

源自late 中古英語 complacence，源自中世紀拉丁語 complacentia，源自拉丁語 complaceō (“高兴，满足”)。

O thou, my sole complacence.

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

He told his sister, if she pleased, the new-born infant should be bred up together with little Tommy; to which she consented, though with some little reluctance: for she had truly a great complacence for her brother […]

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:


complexion

源自中古英語 complexion (“气质，性格”)，源自古法語 complexion（法語 complexion），源自中世紀拉丁語 complexiō (“气质，性格”)，源自complector，complexus (“缠绕，围绕”)的过去分词。

体液学说中，4种体液所构成的“气质”

Ne ever is he wont on ought to feed / But todes and frogs, his pasture poysonous, / Which in his cold complexion doe breed / A filthy blood […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto X”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

a rugged complexion

a sunburnt complexion

"I shall do nothing for the next week but study my costume and complexion," said she. "Ethel and myself will consider our conquests as proper compliments to your kindness."

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“Asking for an Invitation”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 28:

This new-comer was a man who in any company would have seemed striking. In complexion fair, and with blue or gray eyes, he was tall as any Viking, as broad in the shoulder.

1910，Emerson Hough，章號 I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Nurse Cramer had a cute nose and a radiant, blooming complexion dotted with fetching sprays of adorable freckles that Yossarian detested.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 171:

It was a little unfortunate that the fib unfibbed gave their consultations something the complexion of that close understanding which exists between penitent and confessor.

1910，Bernard Capes，Why Did He Do It?，頁 207:

But the purely marginal jottings, done with no eye to the Memorandum Book, have a distinct complexion, and not only a distinct purpose, but none at all; this it is which imparts to them a value.


complexion

complexions (third-person singular present)
complexioning (present participle)
complexioned (past participle)

给...某种颜色，给...上色

源自the pale refinement of her genteel heroine to the sallow complexioning of poor white trash, Stowe colors her narrative with the hues of the body.

2003，Leland Krauth，Mark Twain & Company: Six Literary Relations，頁 118:


conspicuous

源自拉丁語 conspicuus (“可见的，引人注目的”)，源自cōnspicere (“注意到”)，源自con- (“与，和”) + specere (“看”)。

more conspicuous (comparative)
most conspicuous (superlative)

He was conspicuous by his absence.

“No, don't,” replied the superintendent; “in fact, I'd rather you made yourself conspicuous elsewhere. Go down to the landing stage and cross to New Brighton or Wallasey—doesn't matter which—and come back. No doubt you will be seen, and reported to have gone across.”

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 7, in Well Tackled!:

[...] 1. Handsignalmen, where needed, ought to wear a conspicuous orange/yellow cape (like many road workmen) to draw attention to them.

1964 April，“Letters: Rethinking emergency procedures”, in Modern Railways，頁 274:


conventional

more conventional (comparative)
most conventional (superlative)

A “moving platform” scheme[…]is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.

2013年June1日，“Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 13 (Technology Quarterly):

They wear conventional clothes, eat conventional food, and keep conventional hours.

他们穿普通的衣服，吃普通的食物，按普通的时间工作。

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

The history of our study of our solar system shows us clearly that accepted and conventional ideas are often wrong, and that fundamental insights can arise from the most unexpected sources.

1980，Carl Sagan，Cosmos: A Personal Voyage:


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

banter

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chat

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chinwag

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

dialogue

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

discussion

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

interlocution

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

powwow

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

table talk

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

understanding

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

familiarity

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

I had an interesting conversation with Nicolas yesterday about how much he's getting paid.

昨天我与尼古拉斯就他的薪水进行了一次有趣的谈话。

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

A little less conversation, a little more action please / All this aggravation ain't satisfactioning me

1968，Mac Davis, Billy Strange （作曲作詞）, “A Little Less Conversation”, 演出者 Elvis Presley:

行為，舉止；生活方式（自14世紀）

Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee.

你們存心不可貪愛錢財；要以自己所有的為足；因為主曾說：『我總不撇下你，也不丟棄你。』

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 13:5:

There are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and therefore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

性交（16世紀–19世紀）

criminal conversation

Ariadne[…]quitted her Lover Theseus, for the tumultuous Conversation of Bacchus.

1723，Charles Walker，Memoirs of the Life of Sally Salisbury:

Our travellers had happened to take up their residence at a house of exceeding good repute, whither Irish ladies of strict virtue, and many northern lasses of the same predicament, were accustomed to resort in their way to Bath. The landlady therefore would by no means have admitted any conversation of a disreputable kind to pass under her roof. Indeed, so foul and contagious are all such proceedings, that they contaminate the very innocent scenes where they are committed, and give the name of a bad house, or of a house of ill repute, to all those where they are suffered to be carried on.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:
 Folio Society 1973, p. 333:


conversation

conversations (third-person singular present)
conversationing (present participle)
conversationed (past participle)

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

Gone now are the "high-minded" style, the "adapted from literature" feel, the voice-over narration, and the abstract conversationing about ideas, values...

1983，James Frederick Mason, Hélène Joséphine Harvitt，The French review:

...he has breakfasted me, dined me, conversationed me, absolutely caressed me. He has been really most kind and paternal...

1989，Robert L Gale，A Henry James encyclopedia:

After all this conversationing, Scottie, my usual dance partner, was getting antsy and wanted to dance.

2002，Georgie Nickell，I Only Smoke on Thursdays:


convince

源自拉丁語 convincō (“說服，駁斥”)，來自con- + vincō (“攻佔，征服”)。convict 的同源對似詞。替代本土古英語 oferreċċan。

convinces (third-person singular present)
convincing (present participle)
convinced (past participle)

[…]his two Chamberlaines / Will I with Wine, and Waſſell, ſo conuince, / That Memorie, the Warder of the Braine, / Shall be a Fume,[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135:

And therfore, God neuer wrought Miracle, to conuince Atheiſme, becauſe his Ordinary Works conuince it.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Atheisme. XVI.”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC，頁 90:

Which of you conuinceth mee of ſinne?

你們中間誰能指證我有罪呢？

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 8:46，列 1: