consist

源自中古法語 consister，源自拉丁語 consistō (“站在一起；停下；变硬，固化；同意；继续；存在”)，源自com- (“一起”) + sistō (“站立；使...站立”)。

consists (third-person singular present)
consisting (present participle)
consisted (past participle)

本动词主要为状态动词，基本上不用进行时。参见:Category:英語狀態動詞

District number twenty-five (25) shall consist the counties of Tompkins, Seneca and Yates.

1846，District School Journal for the State of New-York - Volume 7，頁 183:

First, because it is granted by all divines, that hypothetical necessity, or necessity upon a supposition, may consist with liberty.

1841，“The” Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance:

All things do not consist by Christ today, and all the way back to Adam all things have not consisted by Christ.

2010，Michael O'Buck，Eternal Life: A Question of Honor, →ISBN:

It is that contact between the mind and things does not consist, at any level, in perceptions of simple data or in associations of such unities, but always consists in apprehensions of more or less “structured” complexes.

1953，Jean Piaget，Origin of Intelligence in the Child，出版於 2013:

由...构成，由...组成，包含

The greeting package consists of some brochures, a pen, and a notepad.

欢迎礼包里有几本小册子，一支钢笔和一本笔记本。

The men resided in a huge bunk house, which consisted of one room only, with a shack outside where the cooking was done. In the large room were a dozen bunks ; half of them in a very dishevelled state,[…]。

1913，Robert Barr，章號 6, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日，Timothy Garton Ash，“Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 18:


conspiracy

源自中古英語 conspiracie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 conspiracie，源自拉丁語 cōnspīrātiō。conspiration 的同源對似詞。

Conspiracies, like all other exercises of human ingenuity, are of very different kinds. The gloomy plots arranged in old Italian halls...

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 3，頁 23:

Modern political religions may reject Christianity, but they cannot do without demonology. The Jacobins, the Bolsheviks and the Nazis all believed in vast conspiracies against them, as do radical Islamists today. It is never the flaws of human nature that stand in the way of Utopia. It is the workings of evil forces.

2007，John Gray，Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia:

Indeed, as I sat, forlorn, never having found my particular conspiracy of lemurs (how about that for a name for a group of lemurs? The name lemur itself comes from the Latin for “spirits of the dead”) …

2018年February8日，Jeffrey T. Laitman，“The Search for the Intersection of Form and Function: Looking for Clues into What Has Determined How, Why, and When Animals Came to Move the Way They Do”, in The Anatomical Record，卷 301, 期 3, →DOI:

The Oregon Zoo welcomed two red-ruffed lemurs this week, bringing the total number in the conspiracy — the name for a group of lemurs — to seven.

2018年November9日，“Red alert: New lemurs join zoo conspiracy”, in Oregon Zoo, retrieved 2019-11-05:


cobweb

源自中古英語 copweb、coppeweb，等价于弃用词cop (“蜘蛛”) + web。对比中古荷蘭語 kopwebbe、德國低地德語 Kobbenwebbe (威斯特伐利亚)。

蜘蛛网 （尤指图案混乱不规则的）

[…] there was stretched across his gateway a circular cobweb of the largest kind and quite entire. This looked so ominous that I actually turned aside and went in the back way.

1865，Henry David Thoreau，章號 X, in Cape Cod，Provincetown，頁 200:

A cobweb, night-spun, hung in an insidious circle from branch to branch, facing her. Early as it was, its first victim struggled in its gummy meshes.

1907，Barbara Baynton，Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton)，St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 出版於 1980，頁 286:

Once the cobwebs of a lack-lustre first half were blown away, Spurs were irresistible and Arsenal were simply unable to cope with the power of Mousa Dembele in midfield and the creation and running of Christian Eriksen and Dele Alli - combined with the inevitable goalscoring prowess of Kane.

2018年February10日，Phil McNulty，“Tottenham Hotspur 1 - 0 Arsenal”, in BBC:

I washed my face, trying to get the cobwebs of hard sex and an alcohol-induced sleep out of my head

2008，Burlan Eugene Ellison，The Ebony Coffin: A Jim Kirkwood Novel，頁 98:

Veyz mir, meaning something like “Oh . . . my!,” was a Yiddish expression that I had not employed for a long, long time. Yet in the cobwebs of my memory, that expression was still lurking inside. How interesting!

2012，Stanley M. Bierman，Napoleon's Penis: Plus Other Engaging and Outrageous Tales，頁 16:


consternation

"Out!" exclaimed her husband, with something like genuine consternation in his voice.

Their audience had been listening in increasing consternation.

2003，Terrance Dicks, Barry Letts，章號 17, in Deadly Reunion:

It was probably worth four millennia of consternation and regret.

February 27, 2006，Chuck Klosterman，“Invention's New Mother”, in Esquire:


crosshair

I'm just a crosshair / I'm just a shot away from you

2004，Franz Ferdinand (band) （作曲作詞）, “Take Me Out”, in Franz Ferdinand:


crosshair

crosshairs (third-person singular present)
crosshairing (present participle)
crosshaired (past participle)

Watching hopefully for a buck to come along behind the does, I eyed them through the scope of the borrowed .243. From time to time, I crosshaired the vital areas .

1970，Nebraskaland - Volume 48, Issues 8-49，頁 21:

The next moment it was crosshaired by the electronic sights .

That's when Dad noticed one of P. V.'s deputies standing behind a truck about a hundred feet away, crosshairing a rifle straight at him.

2011，Carolyn Dennis-Willingham，No Hill for a Stepper，頁 234:

A red glowing reticle crosshaired whatever the laser's muzzle was pointed at, together with flickering numbers giving range, bearing, and probable targetID.

2014，Ian Douglas，The Complete Legacy Trilogy:

She fired a smile at him, the likes of which he hadn't seen in years—since Meg, in fact, had crosshaired him at the junior prom with one of those flirtations that he never would've believed the president of the Methodist Girls' Youth Group was capable of.

My kinfolks had crosshaired in on the truth of the world.

2004，The Iron Mountain Review - Volume 20，頁 24:

Shell-shocked, babies and children smothered the instinct to cry and clammed to backs and shoulders and the heldout hand, brave as their parents clinging to the hope of return to their homes crosshaired by the demolition man, as they sought cover under leaves in a shuddering forest.


cockeyed

more cockeyed (comparative)
most cockeyed (superlative)

This morning I paid seventy cents for two little old dried-up slivers of bacon and one cockeyed egg.

1950, Langston Hughes, Simple Speaks His Mind, Chapter 12, in The Early Simple Stories, The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Volume 7, edited by Donna Akiba Sullivan Harper, University of Missouri Press, 2002, p. 60–61,

The Velcro closure of one sneaker had come loose and stuck up like a cockeyed tongue.

荒唐的，愚蠢的 （一般形容想法而非人）

I'm not going to go along with your cockeyed plot.

我可不想掺和进你那荒唐的阴谋里。

As time went on, and the desultory rifle-fire rattled among the hills, I began to wonder with increasing scepticism whether anything would ever happen to bring a bit of life, or rather a bit of death, into this cock-eyed war.

1938 四月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 III, in Homage to Catalonia，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:

While he [Bob Dylan] spent six decades singing about heartache, apocalypse and betrayal, a cockeyed humor has always informed his bleak worldview.

2021年May24日，Jason Zinoman，“Happy Birthday, Bob Dylan, Our Most Underappreciated Comic”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In the private office he said, "Mr. Barrow, I was going to quit."
 "Don't do that, son! You're the only executive I've got that isn't cockeyed all the time! […]"

1934，Sinclair Lewis，章號 12, in Work of Art，New York: P.F. Collier & Son，頁 166:


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd 的同源對似詞。

Crud is caked in the crevices of her jewellery. All of it needs cleaning.

2018，Tsitsi Dangarembga，This Mournable Body，Faber & Faber (2020)，頁 30:


crud

cruds (third-person singular present)
crudding (present participle)
crudded (past participle)

The covered cardboard boxes held and the packings in the crates suffered no further crudding.

2011，Henry Z. Kister，Distillation Troubleshooting，頁 203:


coelacanth

來自新拉丁語屬名Coelacanthus，來自古希臘語 κοῖλος (koîlos，“空心”) + ἄκανθα (ákantha，“脊”)，指的是1839年路易·阿加西發現的化石標本尾鰭呈空心射線。

cœlacanth (alternative)
coelacanths (plural)

Among them were ancient relatives of the piranhas and those popular aquarium fish the tetras, along with garfish and freshwater coelacanths, known as mawsonids.

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: A Natural History，頁 32:


cogeneration

The book project is part of a larger effort by Future Earth to build mechanisms for cogeneration of knowledge […]

2018，Thomas Elmqvist，The Urban Planet: Knowledge Towards Sustainable Cities，頁 xxix:


cohabitant

Even the discoveries, in the past several decades, that cats carry a parasite that could contribute to schizophrenia, and that outdoor cats wreak ecological disaster, haven’t budged a curiously imbalanced relationship with this furry companion—or maybe cohabitant is more accurate.

2016年November13日，Britt Peterson，“The Case Against Cats”, in The Atlantic:


culminate

自1647年起可考，源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus，culminare (“给...加冕”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 culmen (“顶点”)，早期形式columen (“顶峰”)，源自原始意大利語 *kolamen，源自原始印歐語词根*kol-, *kelH- (“展现；顶”)，其亦派生出英語 hill和holm。

culminates (third-person singular present)
culminating (present participle)
culminated (past participle)

peak

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

As when his beams at noon / Culminate from the equator.

1667，John Milton，“Book 3”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The type of Cycads culminated in the Mesozoic

1875，James Dwight Dana，Manual of Geology:

This culminates in a timetable change in December 2020, at which point EMR will introduce a sixth train each hour out of St Pancras.

2019 October，Tony Miles and Philip Sherratt，“EMR kicks off new era”, in Modern Railways，頁 53:

达到高潮，达到关键点，（尤指）结果，告终，收场

Mr. Bush has been marking the fifth anniversary of Sept. 11 with a series of speeches about terrorism that culminated with his televised address last night.

2006年September12日，“President Bush’s Reality”, in New York Times:

Their messy breakup culminated in a restraining order.

他们闹的一场分手最后以限制令收场。

The class will culminate with a rigorous examination.

这堂课最后会有一场严格的考试。

Approaching from the south on foot, elements of the CG battalion were first to come into contact and their attack culminated because the rate and accuracy of the VC small arms fire. The CG battalions attempted two assaults to penetrate[…]

2014年August15日，Major Kevin R. Kilbride，Military Assistance Advisory Group-Vietnam (1954-1963): The Battle Of Ap Bac，Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN:

As a result, the attack culminated the first day without additional artillery support. The towns of Eclisfontaine and Epinonville were not held on the first day as originally directed in the Corps plan.

2014年August15日，Major Bryan L. Woodcock，91st Infantry In World War I--Analysis Of An AEF Division's Efforts To Achieve Battlefield Success [Illustrated Edition]，Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN，頁 33:

以...告终，以...收场

The announcement by Tony Windsor and Rob Oakeshott in Canberra culminated more than a fortnight of intensive political horse-trading.

2010年September7日，“By the skin of her teeth”, in The Economist:


cult

Two former cult members explain the difficulties they had extricating themselves from it.

"Screw cults' views!" shouted the counterprotestors repeatedly.

Werner Erhard's highly successful est cult is partly derived from Scientology. Erhard had some experience with Scientology in 1969. Then he worked for a while in Mind Dynamics, itself an offshoot of Jose Silva's Mind Control.

1985，Rodney Stark，Religious movements: Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers，Paragon House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 167:

There are scores of modern religious cults and sects that have been influenced by Hinduism to varying degrees. Werner Erhard, founder of 'Landmark Education's 'The Forum',' and 'est' seminars, which have about 700,000 graduates, was influenced by Hinduism through Swami Muktananda, one of Erhard's principal gurus.

1996，John Ankerberg, John Weldon，Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs，Harvest House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 216:

Outsiders often criticize the extreme commitment of group members. But what is really happening is that leader and followers are conspiring to realize a vision that is falsified daily. For the cult is not paradise, and the leader is not God. Hence the follower is embattled; to squarely confront the many failings of the leader and the group is to call into question one's own great work. Only by daily recommitting himself can the follower continue to work toward his ultimate goal. Each follower works out a secret compromise, acknowledging some things while denying or distorting others. Clearly this is a high-risk strategy that may go awry.

1997，Len Oakes，“Followers and Their Quest”, in Prophetic charisma: The Psychology of Prophetic Charisma，Syracuse University Press, →ISBN，頁 137:

The difference between a cult and an established religion is sometimes about one generation.

1998年June17日，Scott McLemee，“Rethinking Jonestown”, in Salon.com:

If Jones' People's Temple wasn't a cult, then the term has no meaning.

Another potent element of the new cult milieu was the therapy sect, which offered believers the chance to achieve their full human potential through personal growth and self-actualization by taking total responsibility for one's actions. The prototypical movement of this kind was est (Erhard Seminar Training), in which intense and often grueling sessions forced followers to confront a new view of reality.

2000，Philip Jenkins，Mystics and Messiahs : Cults and New Religions in American History，London: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 180:

He sounds like a cult leader about to demand his followers drink poison. And it frankly doesn’t help that he looks like Jim Jones to a genuinely creepy degree.

2016年November6日，“Multilevel Marketing”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 3, 集数 29, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:

Marc Andreessen, a venture capitalist who has become one of Silicon Valley's most outspoken opponents of regulation, has described people who warn of existential risks from AI as a cult, no different from other millenarian movements that warn of impending social disasters.

2023年November25日，Richard Waters, John Thornhill，引 Marc Andreessen, “Tech's philosophical rift over AI”, in FT Weekend, Big Read，頁 6:


cupcake

Whatever else this cupcake might be up to, she was no piker.

不管這個小甜心還想幹什麼，她都不是個膽小鬼。

2006，Thomas Pynchon，Against the Day，Vintage, 出版於 2007，頁 604:

“Listen, cupcake,” Cash tried to soothe. “Sometimes when grownups get mad, they say things they don't mean. I'm sure your mother—”

「聽著，小甜心，」卡許試圖安撫她。「有時候大人生氣的時候，會說出一些他們本意不想說的話。我相信你的媽媽——」


cupcake

cupcakes (third-person singular present)
cupcaking (present participle)
cupcaked (past participle)

調情；以充滿愛意或親密的方式交談或行動

I watched Brian as he drove off down the street. I turned and went back inside the studio and found Len at my desk. “I saw you and Brian cupcaking out there.”

我看著 Brian 開車離開街道。我轉身回到工作室，發現 Len 在我的桌子旁。「我看到你和布萊恩在外面調情。」

2011，Deontra Woods，Blood, Sweat and Tears，頁 102:

But I figured Najah was cupcaking with Johan, Chelsea was eating something that didn't match while Greg rubbed her feet, and Kalena wasn't in a space to talk or listen.

但我猜 Najah 正在和 Johan 調情，Chelsea 在 Greg 幫她揉腳的時候吃著不搭調的東西，而 Kalena 則沒有心思說話或聆聽。

2013，Michelle Robinson，Right Before My Eyes II，頁 100:

She said, “You're always Cupcaking.” I replied, “I'm not cupcaking. I'm enjoying my conversation so hush.” David and I would stay on the phone all night and talk. It was normal for us.

她說：「你總是在調情。」我回答：「我沒有在調情。我只是享受我的對話，所以安靜點。」大衛和我會整晚打電話聊天。對我們來說這是很正常的。

2014，Zaneeya S.，Overcoming My Past，頁 170:

“Luck is cupcaking on Myanna.”
His eyebrows shot up. “Cupcaking?”
“Old man.” She giggled. “Crushing. Your boy has a big time crush on Myanna.”

「Luck 在和 Myanna 調情。」
他的眉毛挑了起來。「調情？」
「老男人。」她咯咯笑著。「暗戀。你的男孩對 Myanna 很有好感。」

Let's review the tale of the tape: My best friend is being held hostage, I boosted his ride and mobile, then cupcaked with a heater-packing widow-maker.

讓我們回顧一下這個故事：我的好朋友被劫持了，我搶了他的車和手機，然後還和一個帶槍的寡婦製造者調情。

2018，Carlos Bayne，Napkin Nights: The Crunk Chronicles:

“I have thought of nothing but you for many days.” / Leticia actually blushed. “You cupcaking me?”

「我已經好幾天只想著你了。」 / Leticia 居然臉紅了。「你在跟我調情嗎？」

2016，Janey Mack，章號 35, in Choked Up，New York, N.Y.: Kensington Books, →ISBN，頁s 247–248:

“Quit cupcaking me, sugar.” / She was sure she was imagining the warmth in his deep, crinkly eyes, but her belly did a flip and high-fived her heart, as though she truly had succeeded in making him like her.

「別再跟我調情了，甜心。」/她確信自己正在想像他深邃、皺紋滿布的眼睛裡的溫暖，但她的肚子卻翻了個身，在心裡擊掌，彷彿她真的成功讓他喜歡上了她。

2016，Pippa Grant writing as Jamie Farrell，Sugared (Misfit Brides; 4), →ISBN:

Juan winks at her. "Sorry about my language. The shock paralyzed my thinking and tongue." / She smiles brightly. "No worries. I'm a nurse. I've heard it all." / Is Juan cupcaking the She-Ra, Princess of Power?

Juan 朝她眨了眨眼睛。「對不起，我說錯話了。驚嚇麻痺了我的思維和舌頭。」 / 她燦爛地笑了。 「不用擔心，我是名護士，我什麼都聽過。」/ Juan 在和神力女超人希瑞調情嗎？

2018，Carlos Bayne，Napkin Nights: The Crunk Chronicles，[Morrisville, N.C.]: [Lulu.com], →ISBN, Chronicle VII, Chapter 2，頁 131:

把杯子蛋糕壓碎在……上；用杯子蛋糕覆蓋……

After waving and smiling a quick farewell, I turned back on my way out of the lunchroom – and ran smack into Rusty Kuznevoy, flattening his chocolate cupcake against his chest.[…]Rusty saw the smirk, and I appeared to be snickering at the toughest kid in fourth grade seconds after cupcaking him.[…]Maybe he’d forgotten all about being cupcaked?[…]I recalled my vow of supremacy from last year, the one I’d made just before I cupcaked Rusty, and I reasoned that my science project could also bring me some redemption for the events of yesterday.

在揮手微笑道別之後，我回頭走出午餐室──正好撞上 Rusty Kuznevoy，把他的巧克力杯子蛋糕壓在胸口上。 […] Rusty 看見了我的傻笑，而我在用杯子蛋糕砸了他之後，似乎還在對這個四年級最強悍的孩子冷笑。也許他忘記了被杯子蛋糕砸的一切？ […] 我想起了去年的誓言，那是我在用杯子蛋糕砸 Rusty 之前立下的誓言，我想我的科學專案也可以為我昨天的事帶來一些救贖。

2008，T. David Lee，108th Street，New York, N.Y.: Eloquent Books, →ISBN，頁s 60, 61, 169, and 199:

So Colin crouched down, allowing her to smash a slightly used cupcake against his nose.[…]Avery took the aprons from him, carefully folding them so more crumbs wouldn’t fall to the already cupcaked snow.

Colin 蹲下來，讓她把一個用過的小蛋糕砸在他的鼻子上。 […] Avery 從他手中接過圍裙，小心翼翼地折好，以免更多的碎屑掉到被杯子蛋糕砸了的雪地上。

2016，Rachel Hauck，A Royal Christmas Wedding (The Royal Wedding Series)，Zondervan，頁s 92–93:

She grabs another cupcake and quickly smushes it into the side of my face. I put down the camcorder and get her back. We’re now decorated in pink and white frosting. “I want a selfie of us,” she says. I pick up the camera and record us, cupcaked faces squeezed together, as we crack up.

她抓起另一個杯子蛋糕，迅速地把它抹到我的臉上。我放下攝影機，把她帶回來。我們現在用粉紅色和白色的糖霜裝飾。「我想要一張我們的自拍照，」她說。我拿起相機記錄我們，被杯子蛋糕砸了的臉擠在一起，我們開懷大笑。

2016，Christina Hoag，Girl on the Brink，Fire and Ice, →ISBN，頁 11:

Got any diabetes jokes you can share with readers? “I never got bullied the same as other kids—my house never got egged. It got cupcaked.” —Geoff Grant (Las Vegas, Nevada)

有什麼糖尿病的笑話可以分享給讀者嗎？「我從來沒有像其他孩子那樣被欺負過——我家從來沒有被雞蛋扔過。它被杯子蛋糕砸過。」——Geoff Grant（內華達州拉斯維加斯）

2016，Brian King，The Laughing Cure，Skyhorse Publishing, →ISBN:

“[…]That was after I cupcaked him.” Dead silence greeted her. It ticked on for a few seconds as Nicolette yanked her cupcake-covered T-shirt off and tossed it onto her bathroom floor. “Are you there?” “Yes. I’m trying to figure out if I had a brain aneurysm or if I heard you right,” returned Clara. “Clara!” Nicolette squeaked. “I need your advice right now.” “On what part? The bringing-home-a-guy-to-have-sex-with or the Viking-cake bit?” “Not a Viking cake. A Viking covered in cake—erm, cupcake,” stressed Nicolette.

「……那是在我把杯子蛋糕砸到他身上之後」。迎接她的是死一般的寂靜。沉默了幾秒鐘後，妮可萊特把她那件沾滿蛋糕的T恤扯了下來，扔到了浴室的地板上。「你還在嗎？」「在，我正在想我是得了腦動脈瘤還是沒聽錯。」克拉拉回道。「克拉拉！」妮可萊特尖叫。「我現在需要你的建議。」「哪方面？帶男人回家做愛的部分還是維京蛋糕那部分？」「不是維京蛋糕。是被蛋糕上覆蓋的維京人，呃，是杯子蛋糕。」妮可兒強調。

2018，Mandy M. Roth，Act of Brotherhood (Paranormal Security®= and Intelligence® (Psi-Ops®) an Immortal Ops® World Novel)，Raven Happy Hour, →ISBN:

“I cupcaked her.” “You did what?” “I cupcaked her. It was red velvet. I should’ve used a vanilla one, but I already picked a red velvet one.” “A cupcake.” “They had cupcakes for the birthday party. There was juice, too, but I didn’t have any. It had chunks.” “I don’t understand. What does that mean, you cupcaked her?” “You know, like I mashed a cupcake on her. In her face. Like at weddings and stuff.”

「我把杯子蛋糕砸在她身上了。」「你做了什麼？」「我把杯子蛋糕砸在她身上了。是紅絲絨味的。我應該用香草味的，但我已經選了紅絲絨的。」「一個杯子蛋糕。」「他們為生日派對準備了杯子蛋糕。也有果汁，但我沒喝。果汁裡有果肉。」「我不明白。你說把杯子蛋糕砸在她身上是什麼意思？」「你知道的，就像婚禮上那樣，把杯子蛋糕砸在她臉上。」

2018，Alex Grecian，The Saint of Wolves and Butchers，G. P. Putnam’s Sons, →ISBN:

The 28th straight win to open the season was greeted with cupcakes purchased by parents who made the spring break trip to Hawaii. “We cupcaked Murph’s face,” catcher Reagan Dykes said. “He didn’t seem too happy about that.” Confirmed. “I ran away from them too,” Murphy said. “I got one in the earhole. I smelled the frosting for like 12 hours.”

為了迎接開季的第28場連勝，春假期間前往夏威夷的家長們特意購買了杯子蛋糕。「我們把杯子蛋糕砸在 Murphy 的臉上。」捕手 Reagan Dykes 說。「他看起來不太高興。」Murphy 證實了這點。「我也從他們身邊跑開了。」Murphy 說。「我的耳朵裡進了一塊。我好像聞了12個小時的糖霜味。」

2019年March21日，Michael Casagrande，“The story behind Alabama softball’s record 31-0 start”, in AL.com:

“Being an independent coach sure, I cupcaked my schedule,” said McGuire.

「作為一名獨立教練，當然，我輕鬆安排了我的時間表。」McGuire 說。

1981年January28日，Mike Fish，“College basketball — the power’s at…: UCLA rules, but ACC top conference”, in The Kansas City Times，頁 D-3:

After John Garr popped out, Jeff Ward cupcaked a ball to short for a forceout and Black scored.

在 John Garr 出局後，Jeff Ward 輕鬆地將球傳到游擊手位置進行封殺，Black 得分。

1988年July19日，Jack Oakley，“Modified battle is for 2nd”, in The Register，卷 110, 期 221，頁 2B:

A&M also tackles Louisiana State and Tulsa and further cupcaked its campaign by arranging a game with Division I-AA Middle Tennessee State so it would have a sixth home game, moving Southwestern Louisiana back a year.

A&M 還與路易斯安那州立大學和塔爾薩大學交手，並藉由安排與I-AA 級中田納西州立大學的比賽進一步鞏固了自己的優勢，這樣它就有了第六個主場，而將西南路易斯安那州立大學的主場延後了一年。

1995年April15日，Kirk Bohls，“A mere 56 years later, Aggies will take 2nd title”, in Austin American-Statesman，頁 C1:

The Tigers have cupcaked their way to a 10-0 start against giant killers like Arkansas State, Monmouth and Charleston Southern.

老虎隊在對陣阿肯色州立大學、蒙茅斯大學和查爾斯頓南方大學這些強隊時，輕鬆地以10勝0敗的成績開局。

2006年December12日，Keith Jarrett，“Great record might not help Tigers”, in Asheville Citizen-Times，卷 137, 期 346，頁 E4:

“I cupcaked the bitch!”

2014年August28日，Seth Stevenson，“Who’d Pay £600M to Watch This?”, in The Independent，期 8,701，頁 38:

“Competitively, I want to play yesterday. I know if I had to go out there and lace ’em up and everything was on the line, like, I’m doing it 100%. … Not that I’m cupcaking it or anything but you have to be a little smarter, take care of your body.”

「從競技角度來說，我昨天就想上場。我知道我如果得要上場打敗他們，一切都岌岌可危，我會100%投入……並不是說我在輕鬆應對什麼，但你必須更聰明，照顧好自己的身體。」

2022年February14日，“Suns G Landry Shamet out through All-Star break with ankle injury”, in Arizona Sports:

被蛋糕般的裝飾（如褶邊）覆蓋或充滿

Maeve joined them in happy admiration of the baby girl, who had just been christened with the name Genesis and was cupcaked for the occasion with endless bits of lace frill.

Maeve 加入了他們，對這個剛被命名為「創世紀」的女嬰感到高興，為了這個場合，她身上覆蓋著無盡的蕾絲褶邊裝飾。

1997，Lawrence J. Taylor，The Road to Mexico，Tucson, Ariz.: The University of Arizona Press, →ISBN，頁 34:

By nine o’clock that night the snow had begun to fall even harder. Brendon stood on the corner of 87ᵗʰ Street and Stony Island Avenue beneath a green canvas awning now cupcaked with a layer of white.

那天晚上九點鐘，雪開始下得更大了。布倫登站在87街和石島大道的街角，站在一個綠色帆布遮陽篷下，遮陽篷現在覆蓋著一層如蛋糕般的白雪。

2015，Joe Kilgore，A Farmhouse in the Rain，Winchester, Washington: Top Hat Books, 出版於 2016:

It was no longer light, but I still could make out the front yard, which was cupcaked in snow.

雖然已經不再是白天，但我仍然能看出前院，院子裡覆蓋著一層如蛋糕般的積雪。

2016 March，Catherine Lowell，The Madwoman Upstairs，Touchstone, →ISBN，頁 271:

Ahead in the dim dawn rose the white cupcaked dome of the Capitol.

在昏暗的黎明中，前方矗立著白色的國會大廈圓頂，覆蓋著一層'如蛋糕般的白雪。

2016 December，David Poyer，Onslaught: The War with China—The Opening Battle，New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN，頁 18:

It seemed like a beautiful moment as the billowy fabric cupcaked around her lower half.

當蓬鬆的布料在她的下半身周圍散開時，那一刻看起來非常美麗。

2017年May4日，Stephanie Haney，“The terrifying moment a bride nearly drowns as she gets stuck under her wedding dress after jumping into water before FIVE people come to her rescue”, in MailOnline:

So—we offered a cup cake a day for life to anybody who would find us a better word than the word “market.”[…]She wrote to say that the Farmers Market defies description and asks why we don’t just keep on referring to it as the original Farmers Market and send the cup cakes to some home for under cup-caked children.

所以——我們提供終生每天一個杯子蛋糕，給任何能幫我們找到比「市場」更好詞語的人。 […] 她寫信說農夫市場無法用語言形容，並問我們為什麼不繼續稱其為原來的農夫市場，並將杯子蛋糕送給那些缺少杯子蛋糕的孩子們。

1942年March10日，Fred Beck，“Farmers Market Bulletin”, in Los Angeles Times，卷 LXI，頁 2:

Winnie Ellis “cupcaked” her Decorative Stitchery group and Paul Barnett baked enough of her special bran muffins for all of the Meals on Wheels recipients.

Winnie Ellis 給她的裝飾刺繡小組送了杯子蛋糕，而 Paul Barnett 烘焙了足夠的特製麥麩鬆餅，供所有上門送餐服務的接受者享用。

1975年September11日，Kerrville Mountain Sun，卷 94, 期 48, Kerrville, Tex.，頁 six:

“We grew up here and love this community so anything that we can do to give back we will. We have taken cupcakes to the hospital, outreach groups, the SPCA and even the RCMP and firefighters have been cupcaked,” said [Raj] Singh, noting that they would even like to set up a scholarship for local students.

「我們在這裡長大，熱愛這個社區，所以我們會盡力回饋。我們把杯子蛋糕送到醫院、外展團體、SPCA，甚至皇家加拿大騎警和消防隊員也收到了杯子蛋糕，」[Raj] Singh 說，他指出他們甚至想為當地學生設立獎學金。

2008年December21日，Kristi Patton，“Pair display a sweet taste for business”, in Penticton Western News，卷 42, 期 153, Penticton, B.C.，頁 9，列 5:

Kenny started “You’ve Been Cupcaked” three years ago after she earned a following creating cakes and cupcakes for family members.

凱妮在三年前創辦了「你已收到杯子蛋糕」這個活動，在那之前，她因為為家人製作蛋糕和杯子蛋糕而贏得了追隨者。

2011年June19日，Stephanie A. O’Connell，“A baker’s delight, and that’s just icing on the cake”, in Record-Journal，144th year, 期 170, Meriden, Conn.，頁 E4:

和介詞 out 連用：用杯子蛋糕使……厭倦

Ross, a pastry chef who recently moved from California, reels off half a dozen cupcake bakeries in the Santa Monica area she went to all the time, including one called “Le Cupcake” which opened last fall and prompted one food blogger to ask, “Are we cupcaked out? Is there room for yet another cupcake shop in Southern California?”

Rose 是一位最近剛從加州搬來的糕點師，她列舉了她經常去的聖莫尼卡地區的六家杯子蛋糕店，其中包括去年秋天開業的一家名為「Le Cupcake」的麵包店，這讓一位美食部落客問道：「我們吃杯子蛋糕吃膩了嗎？南加州還有空間再開一家杯子蛋糕店嗎？

2007年September26日，Darry Madden，“Opening her own business is icing on the cupcake”, in The Boston Globe，卷 272, 期 88，頁 E4:

I love baking cupcakes, but I was starting to feel cupcaked-out.

我喜歡烘焙杯子蛋糕，但我開始厭倦做杯子蛋糕了。

2013，Coco Simon，Katie’s New Recipe (Cupcake Diaries; 13)，Simon Spotlight, →ISBN，頁 42:

She slid a blue mini cupcake with green and teal sprinkles my way. “Try this Neptune’s Nibble.” I said regretfully, “I think I’m cupcaked out.”

她把一個有綠色和茶色灑粉的藍色迷你杯子蛋糕推給我。「試試這個 Neptune's Nibble。」我遺憾地說，「我想我已經厭倦杯子蛋糕了」。

2021，Josh Lanyon，Bell, Book and Scandal: Bedknobs and Broomsticks, →ISBN:

“I told 'em that you would bake us 30 cupcakes instead.” And so Mrs. Smith cupcaked the other night until 1 a. m.

「我跟他們說你會幫我們烤30個杯子蛋糕」 就這樣，史密斯夫人那天晚上一直做杯子蛋糕直到凌晨 1 點。

1955年December23日，Gerald (Gunny) Gunthrup，“The Gunny Sack”, in The Oneonta Star，卷 LXIV, 期 657, Oneonta, N.Y.，頁 4:

And make cupcakes. I’ve cupcaked three times in the last few days.

還有做杯子蛋糕。這幾天我做了三次杯子蛋糕。

2011年August25日，Suzanne Thibeault，“500 Things Project: Thinking about cupcakes and pickles”, in TribLocal，頁 12:

While many a bakery cupcaked and failed, Robicelli’s continues to withstand the test of time.

當許多麵包店製作杯子蛋糕而倒閉失敗時，Robicelli's 卻依然經得起時間的考驗。

2015，Off Track Planet’s Brooklyn Travel Guide，Running Press, →ISBN:


curvy

curvier (comparative)
curviest (superlative)

A city is entangled in straight lines, while nature is curvy. Fast is straight, but slow is curvy and patient.

2015，dehyun sohn, Hee-Jung Jang, Timothy Jung，Go Slow and Curvy: Understanding the Philosophy of the Cittaslow slowcity Phenomenon，Springer, →ISBN，頁 5:

I love this woman and her curvy body.

He tried to shift his focus back to Jessica and their wedding, but the soft, curvy blonde he'd met recently was stealing more and more of his attention.

2013，Ava Catori，The Big, Not-So-Small, Curvy Girls Dating Agency，Ava Catori Books:


cutter

通過割傷身體來進行自殘的人

After I got out of the mental institution I was looking at t.v. show I was looking it a teenage girl who was a cutter her arm look just like my arm.

2013，Leona Davis，Past, Future, and End，FriesenPress，頁 33:

Late night, take a flow, tryna find the rats
Twelve inch cutter in and out, then Imma ride them back

2017年July25日，Farley （作曲作詞）, “Out Here”，0:42–0:47:

Hop out the ride with things and stuff
Back the longest cutter, watch him cut him, [grate their neek trips?] up

2021年August16日，(Mali Strip) Killa Kurse x AR x Rondo （作曲作詞）, “Buck aii LGR diss”，1:23–1:28:

[…] swing my cutter
Get man down if he is on my brother

2021年November29日，KMulla （作曲作詞）, “Mutual Feeling”，1:24–1:27:


collogue

collogues (third-person singular present)
colloguing (present participle)
collogued (past participle)

And then it seems that she collogued with her master and heard word of a subtler device.

1902，John Buchan，The Outgoing of the Tide:

Ay, well, what I say - " Flusky frowned, endeavouring to put into words just what he did say, when he collogued with his own thoughts. "What I say: in a country where everything's to do, the hands has a chance to put themselves equal with the head."

1937，Helen Simpson，Under Capricorn (fiction):

You let Dunsey have it, sir? And how long have you been so thick with Dunsey that you must collogue with him to embezzle my money?

1861，George Eliot，Silas Marner (fiction), William Blackwood and Sons:

Witch Hunter: You dare to collogue about me with such a [contemnible] manner of speech?!

2022年November18日，Toontown: Corporate Clash Development Team，The Hires & Heroes Update (v1.3.0):


collude

colludes (third-person singular present)
colluding (present participle)
colluded (past participle)

William understood Diana more but idealized her less. He was privy to her volatile love life. He knew the tabloids made her life hell, but he also knew she colluded with them.

April 5 2022，Tina Brown，“How Princess Diana’s Dance With the Media Impacted William and Harry”, in Vanity Fair:


corny

源自中古英語 corny，等价于corn + -y。至于义项“陈腐的”，源自“corn catalogue jokes”，即印在邮寄作物种子目录内的笑话，常被认为质量较低。

cornier (comparative)
corniest (superlative)

kitsch

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

kitschy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

cheesy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

tacky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

campy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schlocky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schmaltzy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

Country Cornbread Muffins (page 290) / Marlene Says: The cool crunchy salad and slightly sweet corny muffins are perfect partners to the creamy, spicy black bean soup.

2012，Marlene Koch，Eat More of What You Love，Running Press, →ISBN:

There are cornbread recipes, and there are cornbread recipes. This one absolutely sings. Based on her daddy’s, and then her sister’s, beloved skillet-made bread, Maggie’s own recipe developed over time. It’s more about method, she says, but using stone-ground cornmeal and whole buttermilk are just as important. And a hot, seasoned cast-iron skillet is a must. What emerges is a rich “corny” bread, an almost melting soft interior encased in a ridiculously toothsome crust.

2014，Nancy Vienneau，The Third Thursday Community Potluck Cookbook: Recipes and Stories to Celebrate the Bounty of the Moment，Nelson Books, Thomas Nelson，頁 180:

“CORNY” BREAD MUFFINS + HONEY BUTTER (GRAIN-, DAIRY-, SOY-, NIGHTSHADE-FREE) Well, making cornbread without corn is kinda tricky, but since corn is indeed a grain, “real” cornbread will not be found here.

2015，Jennifer Robins，Down South Paleo: Delectable Southern Recipes Adapted for Gluten-Free, Paleo Eaters，Page Street Publishing Co., →ISBN，頁 139:

Fiesta Corny Muffins / Cornbread goes with everything: salad, soup, and chili.

2016，Stephanie Clarke，Willow Jarosh，Healthy, Happy Pregnancy Cookbook，Atria Paperback, →ISBN，頁 83:

Have beans, bacon, and cornbread for dinner.[…]Have peas, bacon, and corny bread for dinner.

2019，George O. Wilson, Jr.，Osborne Wilson’s Civil War Diaries，Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., →ISBN:

产玉米或谷粒的；含玉米的

The corny ear.

Yen day when aw was corney.

1850，Joseph Philip Robson，France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne:


corny

拉丁語 cornu (“角”)。

more corny (comparative)
most corny (superlative)

Up stood the cornie Reed.

1667，John Milton，“Book 7”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


corollary

源自中古英語，源自晚期拉丁語 corōllārium (“为花冠支付钱；礼物，酬金；推导”)，源自corōlla (“小花冠”)，corōna (“冠，王冠”)的指小词。

/ˈkɔɹəˌlɛɹi/

/kɔˈɹoʊˌlɛɹi/

However, given current sensibilities about individual privacy and data protection, the recording of oral data is becoming increasingly onerous for researchers who are obliged to navigate an often time-consuming and complex series of administrative requirements and corollary review processes in order to be granted ethics clearance.

2019，Li Huang，James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 11:


commensurate

源自拉丁語 com- (表示一起的前缀) + mēnsūrō。

more commensurate (comparative)
most commensurate (superlative)

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

commensurate punishments

If it is essential in our interests to maintain a quasi-permanent position of power on the Asian mainland as against the Chinese then we must be prepared to continue to pay the present cost in Vietnam indefinitely and to meet any escalation on the other side with at least a commensurate escalation of commitment of our own.

1962, Senator Mike Mansfield, "Report to the President on Southeast Asia-Vietnam"

Kettering will become an important interchange for passengers making these journeys, and EMR is considering improvements to the station's facilities commensurate with this status.

2019 October，Tony Miles and Philip Sherratt，“EMR kicks off new era”, in Modern Railways，頁 54:


complacency

晚期中古英語 complacence，源自晚期拉丁語 complacentia。对比法語 complaisance。

[…] looking at Mr. George Osborne's pale interesting countenance, and those beautiful black, curling, shining whiskers, which the young gentleman himself regarded with no ordinary complacency, she thought in her little heart that in His Majesty's army, or in the wide world, there never was such a face or such a hero.

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 5, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

There was something pathetic in his concentration as if his complacency, more acute than of old, was not enough to him any more. When, almost immediately, the telephone rang inside and the butler left the porch Daisy seized upon the momentary interruption and leaned toward me.

1925，F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald，章號 I, in The Great Gatsby，New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC:


countermine

反地雷地雷（用來攔截敵方地雷或隧道的地雷）

Normally the threat would have been dealt with by means of a counter-mine, but the tunnel was now far too close for that.

1990，Peter Hopkirk，The Great Game，Folio Society, 出版於 2010，頁 436:

對抗計畫（挫敗另一個計謀或計劃的計策）

Thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine against contempt but terror.

a. 1587，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“(please specify the page number)”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:


countermine

countermines (third-person singular present)
countermining (present participle)
countermined (past participle)

謀劃反對，挫敗他人的舉動

[…] every gamester will agree how necessary it is to know exactly the play of another, in order to countermine him.

1749，Henry Fielding，章號 III, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VI:

[…]so Fritz could sleep easily in his trench, so far as mines were concerned; and Fritz, confident in his Herr Professors, altogether neglected any attempt to counter-mine.

1923，Frank Fox，“The Man-Made Earthquake”, in Charles Francis Horne, The Great Events of the Great War，卷 5:


courageous

繼承自中古英語 corajous，來自古法語 corageus，來自corage + -eus。

more courageous (comparative)
most courageous (superlative)

/kəˈɹeɪd͡ʒəs/

bold

勇敢的，有膽量的，有勇氣的

brave

勇敢的，有膽量的，有勇氣的

hardy

勇敢的，有膽量的，有勇氣的

valorous

勇敢的，有膽量的，有勇氣的

勇敢的，有膽量的，有勇氣的

the most courageous person I have ever met

In 1979, following Jimmy Carter’s unexpected and unreasonable decision to transfer diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing, the Congress passed the Taiwan Relations Act to preserve our relationship with this courageous nation. We believed that it was vital for our allies and for those who were not our allies to know that the United States would not abandon its friends.

1979年，在吉米·卡出人意料且不合理地决定将外交承认从台北转至北京之后，国会通过了《台湾关系法》，以维护我们与这个勇敢国家的关系。我们认为，让我们的盟友和非盟友了解美国不会抛弃朋友至关重要。

2005，Jesse Helms，“Foreign Relations Experiences”, in Here's Where I Stand: A Memoir，New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁s 228–229:


courtroom

Dave: Livin’ the litigation life, ya gotta catch that courtroom rhythm.

2022年July11日，Toontown: Corporate Clash Development Team，Backstage Corporate Clash: Cog Building Music:


couth

源自中古英語 cǒuth (“熟悉的，知道的；显然的，真实的；著名的；文雅的，文质彬彬的”)，源自古英語 cūþ (“熟悉的，知道的；显而易见的；著名的；很好的；友好的；有关的”)，cunnan (“熟悉，知道；知道，了解，会，能够”)的过去分词，源自原始日耳曼語 *kunnaną (“熟悉，知道，分辨；会，能够”)（对比*kunþaz (“知道的，已知的”)），最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵneh₃- (“知道”)。同源词包括荷蘭語 kond (“已知的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 cut (“已知的”)、哥特語 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs，“已知的”)、冰島語 kuður、kunnur (“已知的”)、拉丁語 gnosco (“知道”)、古高地德語 kund、chund、chunt、中古高地德語 kunt （现代德語 kund (“知道的”)）、古撒克遜語 kūth、cûth、cuð (“为人所知的；著名的”)、低地蘇格蘭語 couth (“熟悉的，知道的”)。且是could 的同源對似詞。

more couth (comparative)
most couth (superlative)

Squad leaders were responsible for doing periodic checks to make sure soldiers were living a couth lifestyle, as Joes would compete regularly to see whose room was nicer.

2012，La’Vez Robinson Sr.，“Deutschland”, in On My Own: Putting the Past behind Me，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 203:


couth

uncouth

有教养的，文雅的，礼貌的

有教养的，文雅的，礼貌的

So Dennis May thrilled me in a recent issue when he described Raymond Mays' 1939 E.R.A. racer as a "couth" little Merc-like model.

1943，Henry Sturmey, H. Walter Staner，The Autocar: A Journal Published in the Interests of the Mechanically Propelled Road Carriage，卷 88, London: Iliffe, Sons & Sturney, →OCLC，頁 632，列 3:

Yet the dancers are beautiful, their cool movement has a couth simplicity, and there are moments when a gesture of almost absolute beauty stands transfixed in some transom of sublime comprehension.

1991，Dance and Dancers，London: Dance & Dancers Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 37:

[John] Dankworth's care over the shaping and presentation of his music led occasionally to complaints that it was clever, lightweight stuff, lacking the rough passion which many regarded as the mark of authentic jazz, a view summed up by the critic Kitty Grime in the much-quoted phrase "couth, kempt and shevelled".

2010年February7日，“Sir John Dankworth [obituary]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2019-01-24:


couth

That man has no couth.

There is an aspect of the cultural conservative argument that sometimes drifts dangerously close to tha view, elitist to the core, as elitist as the New Class, as elitist as limousine liberalism: The public ain't got no couth. You can hear those old-fashioned elitist wheels spinning: Maybe we need a few government regulations to deal with the couth shortage.

1995，Ben[jamin] J[oseph] Wattenberg，“Those Darn Cultural Issues”, in Values Matter Most: How Democrats or Republicans or a Third Party Can Win and Renew the American Way of Life，Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, →ISBN, part 2 (What It’s Not)，頁 107:

My daughters have long and inappropriately been members of the Committee to Reform Dad's Hygiene, taking me to task for my supposed lack of couth.

2004，W[illiam] Bruce Cameron，“How to Increase a Man’s Couth”, in How to Remodel a Man: Tips and Techniques on Accomplishing Something You Know Is Impossible but Want to Try Anyway，New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN; 再版為 How to Remodel a Man: You Know It’s Impossible but You Want to Try Anyway，London: HarperCollins, 2005, →ISBN，頁 62:

Couth and manners are intensely subjective concepts. Each culture has its own standards of acceptable table manners, for instance.

2005，Heidi Munan，Culture Shock!: Malaysia: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette (Culture Shock!)，Portland, Or.: Graphics Art Center Pub. Co., →ISBN，頁 86:

You got no couth, Ed. You was raised no-count is what you were. No count and you ain't got a lick of couth.

2006，Mark Powell，Blood Kin: A Novel，Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, →ISBN，頁 97:

We transformed the uncouths into couths, the unkempts into kempts, the inerts into erts! We did it all by speaking to teen-agers on their own terms and in their own language.

[1967，Bernice Fitz-Gibbon，Macy’s, Gimbels, and Me: How to Earn $90,000 a Year in Retail Advertising，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 91:

I'm going to hit that "Gulf of Texas" beach with a bundle of couths and suaves because those Texas gals that hang around the big shrimp boats are used to good living.

1968 November，“C. R. Terror”, in The MAC Flyer (USAF Recurring Publication; 62-5)，卷 XV, 期 11, Scott Air Force Base, Ill.: Directorate of Safety, Headquarters Military Airlift Command, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 28，列 1:


couture

It was the branding of these products, rather than the couture itself, that would become the foundation of the industry, generating huge global sales by the last quarter of the century.

2007，Cally Blackman，100 Years of Fashion Illustration, →ISBN，頁 166:


cower

源自中古英語 couren、cowre，源自中古低地德語 kûren (“潜伏；游荡”)或北日耳曼語支（冰島語 kúra (“打盹”)）。同源词包括德語 kauern (“蹲伏”)、荷蘭語 koeren (“蹲守”)、塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 kutriti (“躺着缩成一团”)、瑞典語 kura (“蜷缩”)。与coward无关，其源自拉丁语。

cowers (third-person singular present)
cowering (present participle)
cowered (past participle)

Some sterner virtues o’er the mountain’s breast
May sit, like falcons, cowering on the nest

使...蜷缩；吓住，恐吓...并使其屈服

This done, their doubts will vanish, and they will stand confronted by an object lesson which must have the effect either to arouse them to a determination to banish despotism from the land, or cower them into submission and servitude.

1895，Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industry of Kansas:

My spirit will cower them and make them wish they had never risen up against me.

2007，DJ Birmingham，The Queen's Tale: The Struggle for the Survival of Ireland，頁 170:

A vicious Mafia threat intended to cower him—but the chief doesn't cower.


cowgirl

cowgirls (third-person singular present)
cowgirling (present participle)
cowgirled (past participle)

Once recovered I cowgirled him to a torturously slow climax, having him begging for release as I took him to the edge […]

2016，Angela Goodnight，My Life, My Loves: True, Explicit Autobiography:


conceptually

more conceptually (comparative)
most conceptually (superlative)

The end of the 20th century and the start of the new millennium have bore witness to a remarkable revolution in the way parasite/host biological interactions can be conceptually designed and experimentally studied.

20世紀末和新千年伊始，寄生蟲/宿主生物相互作用的概念設計和實驗研究方式發生了重大革命。

2006年February10日，Karl F. Hoffman, Jennifer M. Fitzpatrick，“The Application of DNA Microarrays in the Functional Study of Schisostome/Host Biology”, in Schistosomiasis，Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN，頁 101:


coy

源自中古英語 coy，源自古法語 coi，早期形式quei (“安静的”)，源自拉丁語 quiētus (“在休息的”)。quiet 的同源對似詞。

coyer (comparative)
coyest (superlative)

The ill-bred miss, the bird-brained Jill, / May simper and be coy at will; / A lady, sir, as you will find, / Keeps counsel, or she speaks her mind, / Means what she says and scorns to fence / And palter with feigned innocence.

1981，A. D. Hope，“His Coy Mistress to Mr. Marvell”, in A Book of Answers:


coy

coys (third-person singular present)
coying (present participle)
coyed (past participle)

Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, / While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

For now there are ſprung up a wiſer generation in this kind, who have the Art to coy the fonder ſort into their nets

1635，Edward Rainbowe，Labour Forbidden, and Commanded. A Sermon Preached at S^(t.) Pauls^([sic]) Church, September 28. 1634.，London: Nicholas Vavasour，頁 29:


coyote

借自西班牙語 coyote，來自納瓦語族語言，來自原始納瓦語 *koyootl。對照欽諾克混合語 ki-o-tī。

Near Rio Frio we shot several handsome birds, and saw a cayjotte, or wild dog, which in size nearly approached the wolf.

在里約弗里奧附近，我們打中了幾隻漂亮的鳥兒，還看到了一條郊狼，或者叫野狗，牠的體型和狼很接近。

1824，William Bullock，Six Months' Residence and Travels in Mexico [在墨西哥的六個月居住和旅行]，頁 119:

從拉丁美洲跨越陸地邊界進入美國的非法移民

Jorge’s father had pawned his last four goats for $2,000 to help pay for their transit, another loan the family would have to repay at 100 percent interest. The coyote called at 10 p.m. — they would go that night.

豪尔赫的父亲将他手上的最后四头山羊典当换来了2000美元，以支付他们的交通费用，这是他们一家必须以100%的利息偿还的另一笔贷款。晚上10点，偷渡者打来电话——他们当晚就会出发。

2020年July23日，Abrahm Lustgarten，“The Great Climate Migration [大气候迁徙]”, in New York Times:


concoct

源自拉丁語 concoctiō (“消化”)，源自con- (“一起”)和coquō (“烹煮”)。

concocts (third-person singular present)
concocting (present participle)
concocted (past participle)

[kʰəŋˈkʰɒkt]

to concoct a potion

to concoct a new dish

Their only regret was, that Mademoiselle Carrara would taste none of the conserves and the pastry they were so busily concocting.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 IX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 103:

Pecan shells make good fuel, and they are used by leather tanners to concoct their foul-smelling compounds, and sometimes we mix them with charcoal in hand-soap to make a really good scrubbing agent

2007，Cecilia Dart-Thornton，The Well of Tears: Book Two of The Crowthistle Chronicles，Tor Books, →ISBN:

The twelve include Jill (she used to be a chicken-and-potatoes girl, but now she's willing to try whatever I concoct), […]

2014, Lisa Howard, Healthier Gluten-Free, Fair Winds Press (MA) (ISBN 9781592335985), page 171:

to concoct a cunning plan

On the other hand, the finest argument ever concocted, the concentrated wisdom drawn from men and books, will fail to charm, like the hilarity of a dance, or the splendour of a gala, the young, gay girl, whose spirits are exuberant, and whose heart is untouched by care, and who, a dozen years afterwards, would, in calm cheerfulness, listen lovingly, and examine carefully, the pleaded reasons offered to her judgment.

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXVI, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 34:

He had two beautiful daughters who fell in love with men he approved of and he wanted to give them the most lavish double wedding he could concoct.

2005，Jean Ferris，Into the Wind: Part One，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 161:


concurrence

The time came when they ceased to cry and began to think; by the way, if Georgiana had not, from a concurrence of circumstances, been enabled to eat her breakfast, this operation of the mind could not have been engaged in without further injury, for she was, indeed, weak and exhausted;...

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXIV, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 11:

This book owes its existence to a concurrence of accidents.

1862，John Hill Burton，The Book-hunter, etc.，Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood & Sons, Advertisement:


condescending

more condescending (comparative)
most condescending (superlative)

Quit talking to me in that condescending tone! You always treat me like a child!

别一副居高临下的语气和我说话！你老是把我当小孩子！

As for the IRP, Secretary of State Grant Shapps continues to peddle snake oil, smoke and mirrors. His reaction to near-universal IRP condemnation from politicians, local and national media, and all but a few rail specialists was to dismiss the lot of us (in the condescending and patronising tone we have now come to expect) as "critics and naysayers".

2022年January12日，Nigel Harris，“Comment: Unhappy start to 2022”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 3:


cranky

源自crank + -y。对比中古低地德語 krankich (“不太舒服的”)。

crankier (comparative)
crankiest (superlative)

We had seven canoes, all of them dugouts. One was small, one was cranky, and two were old, waterlogged, and leaky. The other three were good.

1914，Theodore Roosevelt，Through the Brazilian Wilderness: The River of Doubt:


crass

源自中古英語 cras、craas，源自古法語 cras，源自拉丁語 crassus (“厚的，肥的，重的”)。grease 的同源對似詞。

crasser (comparative)
crassest (superlative)

粗鲁的；愚钝的，麻木不仁的，对别人漠不关心的，不明辨是非的

You guys would rather be with someone else who’s equal to your status in life. Tiger Woods, or somebody. I comes across as crass, a Neanderthal, a babbling idiot sometimes. I like to show you that person. I like that person.

粗糙的，笨拙的，不精致的

The Albanians have a world ranking of 58, but even a side of fairly modest talents would surely have taken advantage of the kind of crass mistakes that Scotland made on Friday.

2018年September7日，Tom English，“Scotland 0-4 Belgium”, in BBC Sport:

One may very easily fall into mistakes and errors when one is searching into the hidden causes of things, in the absence of real experiments, and this is easily apparent from the crass error of Cardan; who deems himself to have discovered the distances of the centres of the cosmos and of the earth through a variation of the magnetick iron of 9 degrees.

1900，William Gilbert，章號 11, in On the Magnet:


creative

more creative (comparative)
most creative (superlative)

The future belongs to those aware enough to see the system, brave enough to reject it, and creative enough to build something better.

2025年January23日，Joshua Stylman，The Algorithmic Age:


deadpan

more deadpan (comparative)
most deadpan (superlative)

A city-hired consultant from a firm called Urban Futures was booed repeatedly by the agitated homeowners as he talked deadpan, in bureaucratese, about his firm's "evidentiary record" pointing to blight in the neighborhood.

2004，Steven Greenhut，Abuse of Power: How the Government Misuses Eminent Domain，頁 46:


deadpan

MAREK: But really the deadpan is key. You can essentially trick people into laughing at nothing.

2007，Meredith Gran，Octopus Pie #71: Deadpan:


deadpan

deadpans (third-person singular present)
deadpanning (present participle)
deadpanned (past participle)

Kidd deadpanned it, stared glassily back at Maitland.


deathbed

源自中古英語 dethbed，源自古英語 dēaþbedd (“死时卧的床；坟墓”)，等价于death + bed。与瑞典語 dödsbädd (“死时卧的床”)同源。亦对比荷蘭語 sterfbed (“死时卧的床”)、德語 Sterbebett和Totenbett（均指“死时卧的床”）、丹麥語 dødsleje (“死时卧的床”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-deathbed.wav

He was once on his way to an old woman, who was on her death-bed and who had led a wicked life.

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 254:


debilitate

拉丁語 debilitatus，debilitare (“使...变弱”)的过去分词，源自形容词debilis (“弱的”)，源自de- + habilis (“能够...的”)。

debilitates (third-person singular present)
debilitating (present participle)
debilitated (past participle)

enervate

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

enfeeble

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

weaken

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

The American Dream suffered a debilitating effect after the subprime crisis.

美国梦在次贷危机后经历了一次衰落。

Twice, they found themselves behind, seemingly on their way out, and on both occasions they absolutely refused to let their lack of numbers debilitate them.

2015年March12日，Daniel Taylor，“Chelsea out of Champions League after Thiago Silva sends 10-man PSG through on away goals”, in The Guardian (London):


debonair

古法語 debonaire，源自短语de bon aire (“属于好的家族的，贵族的”)。

more debonair (comparative)
most debonair (superlative)

客气的，殷勤的，有礼貌的

Let be that Ladie debonaire, / Thou recreant knight, and soone thy selfe prepaire / To battell […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VI”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

She was a New York City person. Sacco is nervy and sassy and sort of debonair.

2015年February12日，Jon Ronson，“How One Stupid Tweet Blew Up Justine Sacco’s Life”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


dastard

源自中古英語 dastard (“愚人”)，可能由*dast得来，其为从古諾爾斯語 dæstr (“喘不过气的”) + -ard衍生而来的一个词干。 对比冰島語 dasaður (“筋疲力尽的”)，方言瑞典語 däst (“劳累的”)、中古荷蘭語 dasaert、daasaardt (“傻子”)、英語 dazed (“发呆的”)。

more dastard (comparative)
most dastard (superlative)

Like dastard Curres, that having at a bay

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book III, Canto One, Stanza 22, in The Faerie Queene, Books Three and Four, edited by Dorothy Stephens, Hackett, 2006, p. 13,

Now dragg'd once more beyond the western main,
To groan beneath some dastard planter’s chain;
Where my poor countrymen in bondage wait
The long enfranchisement of ling’ring fate:

1789，Olaudah Equiano，章號 5, in The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano:

Observe, too, that this is all a modern affair; belongs not to the old heroic times, but to these dastard new times. ‘Happiness our being’s end and aim’ is at bottom, if we will count well, not yet two centuries old in the world.

1843, Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present, book 3, ch. IV, Happy


decal

But your flag decal won't get you Into Heaven any more. / They're already overcrowded From your dirty little war.

1971，John Prine （作曲作詞）, “Your Flag Decal Won't Get You Into Heaven Anymore”, in John Prine:


deliver

來自中古英語 deliveren，來自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 delivrer，來自拉丁語 dē + līberō (“使自由”)。

delivre (alternative)
delivers (third-person singular present)
delivering (present participle)
delivered (past participle)

deliver a package;  deliver the mail

Mr. Cooke had had a sloop yacht built at Far Harbor, the completion of which had been delayed, and which was but just delivered.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 10, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

引渡，繳（槍械、毒品等）

deliver the thief to the police

Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his hand.

你仍要遞杯在法老的手中。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 40:13:

The constables have delivered her over.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iv]:

The exalted mind / All sense of woe delivers to the wind.

1725，Homer, [Elijah Fenton], transl.，“Book IV”, in The Odyssey of Homer. […]，卷 I, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC:

"You know, he plays great sometimes when he doesn't score," Brown said. "Tonight, with Rip (Richard Hamilton) struggling, we needed somebody to step up, and he really did. He really delivered."

2004, Detroit News, Detroit Pistons: Champions at Work (page 86)

However, ministers argue they are delivering the Brexit demanded by the electorate – and say it is time for businesses to wean themselves off cheap migrant labour.

2020年February18日，“UK to close door to non-English speakers and unskilled workers”, in The Guardian:

The stories did not seem to me to touch life. […] They left me with the impression of a well-delivered stereopticon lecture, with characters about as life-like as the shadows on the screen, and whisking on and off, at the mercy of the operator.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 1, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

It’s a lovely sequence cut too short because the show seems afraid to give itself over to romance and whimsy and wistfulness when it has wedgie jokes to deliver.

2012年May27日，Nathan Rabin，“TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “New Kid On The Block” (season 4, episode 8; originally aired 11/12/1992)”, in The Onion AV Club:

England went into the interval 22-6 down, a second [Owen] Farrell penalty their only response to Scotland’s burst of tries. They had not conceded more points in a Six Nations match in the Eddie Jones era and when the whistle blew for the interval, Dylan Hartley formed his players into a circle to deliver a rallying cry.

2018年February24日，Paul Rees，“Finn Russell masterminds historic Scotland victory over England”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2018-04-22:

deliver a speech

to deliver a blow

An uninstructed bowler […] thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward.

1822，[Walter Scott]，Peveril of the Peak. […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, III, or IV), Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC:

I'll deliver myself your loyal servant.

我愿意呈献我自己做你们的忠仆。

c. 1608–1609，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene vi]:


daunt

源自中古英語 daunten，源自古法語 danter，源自拉丁語 domitō (“驯服”，动词)，拉丁語 domō (“驯服，征服”，动词)的反复态，源自原始意大利語 *domaō，源自原始印歐語 *demh₂- (“驯”)。dompt 的同源對似詞。

daunts (third-person singular present)
daunting (present participle)
daunted (past participle)

吓倒，使...气馁，威吓

Death I'll meet, my soul no terrors daunting, / Take the life for which thy heart is panting, / Spare not thou, though he spare, his life granting, / Or let death end us both at a blow.

[1865?]，Eugène Scribe，譯者 Charles Lamb Kenney, L’Africaine. An Opera in Five Acts, […] The Music by Giacomo Meyerbeer. Translated into English […]，London: Published and sold by Chappell & Co., […], Boosey & Co., […], →OCLC, Act III，頁 34:

No, I shall not disgrace the Cause, I shall not grieve my comrades by weak surrender! I will fight and struggle, and not be daunted by threat or torture.

1912，Alexander Berkman，章號 17, in Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:

Ah, I have changed, I do not know / Why lonely hours affect me so. / In days of yore, this were not wont, / No loneliness my soul could daunt.

1913，Paul Laurence Dunbar，“A Lost Dream”, in The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar:


daunting

more daunting (comparative)
most daunting (superlative)

disconcerting

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

dismaying

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

formidable

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

frightening

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

unnerving

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

unsettling

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

undaunting

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

Deathes daunting dart where so his buffet lights, / Shall shape no change within my friendly corse: / But dead or liue, in heauen, in earth, in hell, / I wilbe thine where so my carkase dwell.

a. 1530，George Gascoigne，“The Frute of Reconciliation, Written vppon a Reconciliation betwene Two Freendes”, in The Works of the English Poets, from Chaucer to Cowper; […] In Twenty-one Volumes，卷 II, London: Printed for J[oseph] Johnson [et al.], 出版於 1810, →OCLC，頁 528，列 2:

As for his menacing and daunting threats / I nill regard him nor his Daniſh power: / For if he come to fetch her forth my Realme, / I will prouide him ſuch a banquet here.

c. 1590，probably Anthony Munday or Robert Wilson，A Pleasant Comedie of Faire Em, the Millers Daughter of Manchester: With the Loue of William the Conqueror. […] (Second Quarto)，London: Printed for Iohn Wright, […], 出版於 1631, →OCLC:

Temp[est]. [...] Emily is for ever giggling. / Sir D[avid] D[aw]. She is not singular in that: go where I will, they giggle; that is rather daunting, you must think.

1795 February 28 (first performance)，Richard Cumberland，“The Wheel of Fortune; a Comedy, in Five Acts; […]”, in The British Theatre; or, A Collection of Plays, which are Acted at the Theatres Royal, Drury-Lane, Covent-Garden, and Haymarket. […] In Twenty-five Volumes，卷 XVIII, London: Printed [by Savage and Easingwood] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], 出版於 1808, →OCLC, act II, scene i，頁 24:

Instead of a single tap, [...] it became a hurried knocking, moving round the room behind the wainscot as if in search of something. I could have sworn that Someone or Something was feeling its way along. The daunting sounds arrived at the middle of the wall opposite the foot of the great bed, and became stationary.

1906 January，Allen Upward，“The Ghost Hunters”, in The Royal Magazine，卷 XV, 期 87, London: C[yril] Arthur Pearson Ltd, […], →OCLC, chapter II (The Tapping on the Wainscot)，頁 266，列 2:

Curiously, though we are exceedingly frank talkers in the United States on what may be called the static aspects of sex life—physiology hygiene and economics, all its experiential love is hedged about with conventional inhibitions, the most daunting of which is the convention that bars reforming intimacies between young men and older women.

1923 December，John F. W. Meagher，“Sexology. Sex in American Literature.”, in The Urologic and Cutaneous Review，卷 27, 期 12, St. Louis, Mo.: Urologic and Cutaneous Press, →OCLC，頁 777，列 1:

[W]iſdome, much more all the excellencies of this Spirit) makes a mans face to ſhine; as the light of a Lanterne puts a luſtre upon the Lanterne, ſo the brightneſſe of theſe ſpirits puts a luſtre upon the men in whom they are. Men of ſuch ſpirts^([sic，意為ſpirits]) as theſe are, have a daunting preſence in the eyes of thoſe who behold them.

1638，Ier[emiah] Burroughes [i.e., Jeremiah Burroughs]，“Wherein the Excellency of This Gracious Spirit Appeares”, in The Excellency of a Gracious Spirit. Delivered in a Treatise upon the 14. of Numbers, Verse 24，London: Printed by M[iles] F[lesher] for R[obert] Davvlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], →OCLC，頁s 103–104:

She reached it soon after half-past two. She found its gloomy nineteenth-century façade, black with the smuts of ninety years, a little daunting, and mounted its broad steps in some trepidation. But she rang the bell hard and knocked firmly.

1915，Edgar Jepson，“The Reluctant Duke”, in Happy Pollyooly: The Rich Little Poor Girl，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，頁 135:

It was a daunting task, but it was accomplished with some forward planning.

这是一项很有挑战性的工作，但是事先做好准备了以后还是完成了。

A trip of sixteen miles, through dark forests, in which they would not pass a single house, was an exploit sufficiently daunting for two such young and inexperienced boys. Love triumphs over fear and death; and these boys so dearly loved their father, that nothing was formidable to them, which they could do for him.

1829，[Timothy Flint]，章號 III, in George Mason, the Young Backwoodsman; or ‘Don’t Give Up the Ship.’ A Story of the Mississippi，Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, →OCLC，頁 41:

But there are tens of thousands more in England, young and old, who read even their own tongue only haltingly: to them Latin is as daunting as Magyar is to the rest of us.

1944 April，Donald Attwater，“In the Beginning was the Word: A Plea for English Words”, in The Dublin Review，卷 214, 期 429, London: Burns Oates and Washbourne, →OCLC，頁 129:

In some ways it's more daunting to write a nonfiction work than fiction because if you write a fictional work, you can keep the reader in suspense as to whether the central figure is a hero or a villain. But if you're writing nonfiction, everyone knows how it turned out, so you have a problem of creating drama and suspense.

1993 January–February，Daniel J[oseph] Boorstin (interviewee), Lynne V[incent] Cheney (interviewer)，“A Conversation with Daniel J. Boorstin”, in Humanities，卷 14, 期 1, Washington, D.C.: National Endowment for the Humanities, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 6:

[B]umping up the percentage of the population committed to a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle from the low single digits into the high double digits is going to be a daunting task. [...] When more than 95 percent of the population eats meat, that's a daunting difference.

2015，Michael Shermer，“A Moral Science of Animal Rights”, in The Moral Arc: How Science and Reason Lead Humanity toward Truth, Justice, and Freedom，New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, part II (The Moral Arc Applied)，頁 282:


demeanor

源自中古英語 demenure，源自中古英語 demenen, demeinen (“处理”，动词)，源自古法語 demener (“引导”)，源自de- + mener (“引领，引导”)，源自拉丁語 *mināre (“驱动，驱使”)和minor (“丢出，伸出”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-demeanor.wav

举动，动作，行为 （显现某人特点的身体语言，表情等）

The man's demeanor made others suspicious of his intentions.

那个人的行为让人怀疑起他的目的。

A confident demeanor is crucial for persuading others.

要说服他人就应该有自信的神态。

At this present (saith he) certeine princes of Britaine, procuring by ambassadors and dutifull demeanors the amitie of the emperour Augustus, haue offered in the capitoll vnto the gods presents or gifts, and haue ordeined the whole Ile in a manner to be appertinent, proper, and familiar to the Romans.

a. 1587，Raphael Holinshed，引 Strabo, Historie of England, Book III:

Demeanors that are apologetic and overly polite are inherently contradictory to demeanors that exhibit fear and anger.

1993，“Interrogation: The Kinesics Technique”, in Encyclopedia of Security Management, →ISBN，頁 418:


demented

dement的过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmentāre。

more demented (comparative)
most demented (superlative)

精神失常的，心理有问题的

So while Ralph generally seems to inhabit a different, more glorious and joyful universe than everyone else here his yearning and heartbreak are eminently relateable. Ralph sometimes appears to be a magically demented sprite who has assumed the form of a boy, but he’s never been more poignantly, nakedly, movingly human than he is here.

2012年August5日，Nathan Rabin，“TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “I Love Lisa” (season 4, episode 15; originally aired 02/11/1993)”, in (請指定書籍名或刊物名):


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。

Earth looked her loveliest to receive my sweet sister's gentle dust; but all was harsh and sullen as her own nature when Lady Avonleigh's haughty ashes returned to their original element. Immediately after her demise, her son went abroad, and I accompanied him.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 2，頁 124:


demote

demotes (third-person singular present)
demoting (present participle)
demoted (past participle)

James was demoted from branch manager to assistant manager due to his poor discipline.

James由于不守纪律，被从副经理降职成了分店经理。

In 1036, shortly after arriving at Yi-ling, Ou-yang Hsiu sent a lengthy letter to his friend, Yin Shu, who had been demoted at the same time as Ou-yang Hsiu and sent to Ying-chou (modern Chung-hsiang, Hupeh).

1984，Ronald C. Egan，The Literary Works of Ou-yang Hsiu (1007-72)，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 93:


decoction

源自古法語 decoccion、decoction，源自拉丁語 decoctiō，源自decoquō (“将...煮稠”)，源自de- + coquō (“烹煮”)。

（煎熬而成的）浓汁，精华；煎汁

[I]nſtead of Honey, Rob of Elder, Conſerve of Roſes, or Syrup of Violets; Glyſters, Pedilavia of emollient Decoctions with Nitre; or Elder, Vinegar, or Focus's of the ſame, applied with Sponges behind the Ears, to the Armpits, Groins, Hams, &c. or with Barley-water and a little Roſe-vinegar.

1749，[Thomas Short]，“[Of the Symptoms of Fevers, and Their Cure.] 10th, Of Feverish Heat”, in A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c. in Sundry Places and Different Times; More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years. Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (Especially Human) Bodies, and Vegetables. In Two Volumes，卷 II, Printed for T[homas] Longman, in Paternoster-Row, and A[ndrew] Millar, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁s 512–513:

The transition is a keen one, I assure you, from a schoolmaster to a sailor, and requires a strong decoction of Seneca and the Stoics to enable you to grin and bear it.

1851，Herman Melville，Moby Dick, Chapter 1:

Poley offered a hot decoction of blackberries, saying: Peace?

1993，Anthony Burgess，A Dead Man In Deptford:

Witches and devils no longer threaten you and me. We don’t mind living next door to the harmless lady with her herb garden and decoction still, her black cat and red hair.


decohere

decoheres (third-person singular present)
decohering (present participle)
decohered (past participle)

Even the slightest disturbance causes qubits to “decohere”, shedding their magical properties.

2012年February25日，‘An uncertain future’，The Economist:

History suggests those in power will cling to whatever is working well for them even as the economy and society decay and decohere around them.

2024年July12日，Charles Hugh Smith，How Will We Distribute the Pain Ahead?:


decolonize

decolonizes (third-person singular present)
decolonizing (present participle)
decolonized (past participle)

A paternal government would attempt to decolonize American literature, by forbidding the re-publication of foreign works, and offering premiums to those of home production.

父親式的政府會試圖透過禁止重新出版外國作品、並為本土作品提供獎勵的方式來使美國文學非殖民化。

1860，James Parton，Life of Andrew Jackson: In Three Volumes，頁 84:

扭轉殖民帶來的影響，恢復一個群體的自治權

Across Ukraine, officials are starting projects to, as they say, “decolonize” their cities. Streets and subway stops whose names evoke the history of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union are under scrutiny by a population eager to rid itself of traces of the nation that invaded in late February.

2022年June7日，Erika Solomon，“Goodbye, Tchaikovsky and Tolstoy: Ukrainians look to ‘decolonize’ their streets.”, in The New York Times:

The arrival of Trump in the White House gave a new urgency to the idea that museums needed to “decolonize” their collections, atone for their past elitism, and become overtly political institutions rather than mere warehouses of valuable objects.

2022年October3日，Helen Lewis，“The Guggenheim’s Scapegoat”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN:


denizen

源自中古英語 denisein，源自古法語 denzein，源自deinz (“内部”) + -ein，源自晚期拉丁語 deintus (“自内部”)，其衍生出法語 dans。

作为英国法律用语，其使用于13世纪到19世纪（20世纪有提到但未使用），后被归化取代。参见英语维基百科denization。

The denizens of that pub are of the roughest sort.

那间酒吧的常客都是粗野之人。

He was well known to the sallow denizens of the lane; for such of them as were on the look-out to buy or sell, nodded, familiarly, as he passed along.

1839, Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, Chapter 26,

As a fan of West Ham United I’m always looking to legitimise my dislike of Chelsea FC. And on first viewing, this week’s jarring retro-Métro-racism seems like a good reason to condemn the denizens of Stamford Bridge.

2015年February20日，Russell Brand，“Let’s kick cold profiteering out of football, along with racism”, in The Guardian (London):


decrepit

源自中古法語 décrépit，源自拉丁語 decrepitus (“非常老的”)，源自crepare (“嘎吱作响”)。

more decrepit (comparative)
most decrepit (superlative)

老态龙钟的； 破旧不堪的

Sorrow is subdued by strong necessity; there is no cause why life should be lengthened for our love; and we feel that the worn and the decrepit do but go down into that grave which had received youth, health, beauty,—all that made existence precious—long before.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 2，頁s 79-80:

Two entrants shared this award for their work on two quite different stations, but with the same purpose of bringing a redundant station building back into use for the benefit of the community, with the added result of conserving an historic building. Saltash Town Council bought Saltash station building after it had become very decrepit and 'an eyesore' - such that it was nearly pulled down to make way for housing.

2021年December15日，Robin Leleux，“Awards honour the best restoration projects: The Network Rail Community Award: Saltash and Stow”, in RAIL，期 946，頁 58:


dedicatee

In 1949, having fallen in with some petty criminals, he was arrested for harboring stolen goods and subsequently committed to the New York State Psychiatric Institute, where he met the future dedicatee of "Howl," Carl Solomon.

2009年January11日，James Campbell，“Howls”, in New York Times:


dependable

But Datsyuk’s return rejuvenated the old dependables like Rafalski, Lidstrom and Marian Hossa, who consistently outshone Malkin and Crosby.

2009年June7日，Jeff Z. Klein，“At Full Strength, Red Wings Dominate”, in New York Times:


depredate

晚期拉丁語 depraedari、depraedat-，源自 de- + praedari (“掠奪”)。

depredates (third-person singular present)
depredating (present participle)
depredated (past participle)

It makes the substance of the body […] less apt to be consumed and depredated by the spirits.

它使身體的物質 […] 不易被精神消耗和浪費。

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:


defenestration

來自新拉丁語 defenestratio，來自dē (“自；外”) + fenestra (“窗戶”) + -atio (表示動作或過程的後綴)；對照中古法語 défenestrer (現代法語 défenestrer)、défenestration、意大利語 defenestrazione、德語 Fenstersturz。動詞defenestrate是後來形成的。

把人拋出窗外 （自西元17世紀）

The "Defenestration" at Prague (A.D. 1618). [...] The imperial Austrian Councillors are thrown out of the window of the castle of Hradschin by the enraged Bohemian Deputies [...]

1905，The Great Events by Famous Historians; a Comprehensive and Readable Account of the World’s History, […]，卷s XI (A.D. 1609–1660), New York, N.Y.: National Alumni, →OCLC，頁s 62–75:

The Third Defenestration of Prague occurred on 10 March 1948. During the closing stages of the communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, Jan Masaryk, the popular foreign minister and son of Tomáš Masaryk, fell – or more likely was pushed – out of a window.

1996，Adrian [G. V.] Hyde-Price，“East Central Europe: A Brief History”, in The International Politics of East Central Europe，Manchester, New York, N.Y.: Manchester University Press, →ISBN, footnote 41，頁 40:

On September 11, 2001 when NYC's Twin Towers were impacted [...] some occupants trapped above the inferno facing certain death instead jumped from windows to their certain death (self defenestration).

2004，Paul Dehn Carleton，“Notes and References”, in Concepts: A ProtoTheist Quest for Science-minded Skeptics of Catholic, and Other Christian, Jewish & Muslim Backgrounds，Pontiac, Mich.: Carleton House, →ISBN, footnote 15，頁 359:

高調地將某人從組織中除名

Be that as it may, his defenestration was coldly abrupt, and in his place, the Football Association resurrected a veteran manager and former England star in Joe Mercer for seven games.

With Rishi Sunak and Sajid Javid gone from the cabinet, it could all be over for Boris Johnson – although quite how long it will take his enemies to finish him off is not at all clear and his defenestration does not look immediate.

2022年July5日，Andrew Sparrow，“As Sunak and Javid quit cabinet, is it all over for Boris Johnson?”, in The Guardian:

將微軟視窗操作系統從計算機中移除，以安裝替代系統的行為

Defenestration might be an option too. May I recommend Linux?

1998年November1日，“Dorian Bliss”，“He’s dead, Jim”, in rec.humor.oracle.d (Usenet), message-ID <363DA726.C27FA5F@spamfree.land>:

It's defenestration day in Redmond today. A clearly stunned Microsoft did what it could to pretend that Judge Jackson's findings of fact were "just one step", as [Bill] Gates put said in the prepared statement that he read at a press conference last night, but it was hopeless.

1999年November6日，Graham Lea，“Stunned MS vows to fight on for freedom: ‘Integrity, partnership, quality … giving’ – (takes out onion)”, in The Register，存檔自the original on 2014-08-19:

No defenestration here. Ask questions about all aspects of Windows programming, get help on Microsoft technologies covered in Apress books, or provide feedback on any Apress Windows book.

2002，John Kilburn，Palm Programming in Basic，Berkeley, Calif.: Apress, →ISBN，頁 392:

What's needed is defenestration – throwing out the Windows mindset along with Microsoft's licenses and software – but that's not as simple as changing a boot CD or even migrating a whole raft of servers. What's involved is fundamental change both in how IT operates and in what it does.

2004年February12日，Paul Murphy，“What does Linux cost?”, in LinuxInsider: Linux News & Information from around the World，存檔自the original on 2016-03-11:

Traditionally, the verb defenestrate means to throw out of a window. But as Australian companies take their first timid steps towards installing non-proprietary software on corporate desktops, defenestration is starting to be linked to the throwing out of Windows software.

2005年December1日，D. Braue，P. Gray，L. Colquhoun，J.-V. Douglas，“Leaders of the pack”, in MIS Asia: Managing Information Strategies，存檔自the original on 2007-10-07:


dereliction

源自拉丁語 dērelictiō (“忽视，遗弃”)，源自dērelinquō (“忽视，遗弃”)，源自dē- + re- + linquō (“离开”)。

The new soldier did not clean his cabin and was scolded for dereliction and disobedience.

新兵没有清理自己的隔间，被骂渎职，违抗命令。

What he did was a terrible dereliction of duty.

他犯了很严重的玩忽职守。

And his final act—leaving the Watch to accompany Tormund and the Wildlings back into the woods North of the wall—no longer seems like a dereliction of duty. It’s the recovery of duty, found by a man who feels he betrayed his queen, who thinks there’s no longer a place for him in these lands.

2019年May19日，Alex McLevy，“The final Game Of Thrones brings a pensive but simple meditation about stories (newbies)”, in The A.V. Club:

After years of unsympathetic commercial use and dereliction, nothing of note remained inside, which accordingly has been reconfigured with modern amenities such as underfloor heating.


desideratum

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 dēsīderātum (“想要的东西”)，dēsīderātus的中性主格单数形式，dēsīderāre (“想要，渴望”)的被动过去分词，源自dēsīderō (“想要，希望，渴望”)，源自de- (程度增强后缀) + （可能）sīdus (“星星；星座”)，但其间的关联性不详。英语词与法語 desideratum、西班牙語 desiderátum同源。
复数形式源自拉丁語 dēsīderāta。

/dɪˌsɪdəˈɹɑːtəm/

/dəˌsɪdəˈɹɑtəm/

渴望的东西，想要的东西，需求 （自17世纪中叶）

It having hitherto been a deſideratum to draw ſilver wire fine enough for aſtronomical uſes, our author's improvement "conſiſts in nothing but in flattening the fineſt wires which are now drawn."

1774 November，“Art. XI. An Improvement Proposed in the Cross Wires of Telescopes. By Dr. Wilson, of Glasgow.”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle，卷 XLIV, London: Printed […] for D[avid] Henry, […], →OCLC，頁 529，列 2:

I shall now, agreeably to your request, endeavour to point out some of the principal Desiderata of the science of Natural History, and the most effectual means to be pursued for the Advancement of Science.

1807年June10日，Benjamin Smith Barton，A Discourse on Some of the Principal Desiderata in Natural History, and on the Best Means of Promoting the Study of This Science, in the United-States. […]，Philadelphia, Pa.: Printed by Denham & Town, […], →OCLC，頁 15:

The kettle was singing on the side, and a thin white column of smoke announced, that desideratum of tea-makers, that the water boiled at a gallop.

1838 (date written)，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 V, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], 出版於 1842, →OCLC，頁 46:

Less teaching and good healing is to-day the acme of "well done;" a healing that is not guesswork, – chronic recovery ebbing and flowing, – but instantaneous cure. This absolute demonstration of Science must be revived. To consummate this desideratum, mortal mind must pass through three stages of growth.

1896，Mary Baker Eddy，Miscellaneous Writings 1883–1896，Boston, Mass.: Christian Science Publishing Society, →OCLC; 再版 Boston, Mass.: Trustees under the Will of Mary Baker G. Eddy, 1924, →OCLC，頁 355:

While much is being done in the detailed improvement of our systems in respect of both matter and manner, the most pressing desideratum has not yet even been recognised as a desideratum.

1898，Herbert Spencer，“Moral Education”, in Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical，New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton and Company, […], →OCLC，頁 161:

A heavy clay soil is bad for all neuralgics, and the house should be dry, and on a sandy or gravel soil. The desideratum for all neuralgic affections is perpetual summer, but this can only be obtained, and it is not always possible, by an annual migration.

1907 November，Angus Caithness，“Notes on Neuralgia”, in The Medical Brief: A Monthly Journal of Scientific Medicine and Surgery，卷 XXXV, 期 11, St. Louis, Mo.: [s.n.] […], →OCLC，頁 840，列 2:

Money is probably a desideratum under almost any circumstance, though it is certainly possible to imagine limitations.

1968，Sociology and Social Research，卷 53, Los Angeles, Calif.: Southern California Sociological Society, University of Southern California, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 65:

[W]e want to present certain desiderata for a theory of argument structure and the diagramming system which represents it. These desiderata will further highlight the appropriateness of presenting our dialectal theory of argument at the beginning of our study.

1991，James B. Freeman，“Basic Theoretical Considerations”, in Dialectics and the Macrostructure of Arguments: A Theory of Argument Structure (Studies of Argumentation in Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis)，Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Foris Publications, →ISBN, section 2.2 (Desiderata for Theory and Practice)，頁 33:

In terms of the seven desiderata for any adequate response to the puzzle of marked variation, I have argued that the constructivist view's only real strength lies in the first desideratum.

2018，Robert A. Wilson，“A Socio-cognitive Framework for Marked Variation”, in The Eugenic Mind Project，Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, →ISBN, section 6.8 (Return of the Seven)，頁 137:


despond

源自拉丁語 dēspondeō (“放弃”)，源自dē (“从，离”) + spondeō (“发誓”)。

desponds (third-person singular present)
desponding (present participle)
desponded (past participle)

Yet still despond not, but proceed
Along the path where fate may lead.

I should despair, or at least despond.

October 16, 1820, Thomas Scott, letter to the Rev. G. Knight, Harwell

We wish that […] desponding patriotism may turn its eyes hitherward, and be assured that foundations of our national power still stand strong.

June 17, 1825, Daniel Webster, Speech on the laying of the Corner Stone of the Bunker Hill Monument


despondent

源自拉丁語 dēspondēns，源自动词dēspondeō (“放弃”)。

more despondent (comparative)
most despondent (superlative)

沮丧的，绝望的，气馁的，灰心的

“Last year, I was despondent that it was so hard to dislodge the iron grip of Google,” said Sridhar Ramaswamy, who previously oversaw advertising for Google, including Search ads, and now runs Neeva. “But technological moments like this create an opportunity for more competition.”

2022年December21日，Nico Grant，Cade Metz，引 Sridhar Ramaswamy, “A New Chat Bot Is a ‘Code Red’ for Google’s Search Business”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


deterioration

源自法語 détérioration；在詞法上為deteriorate + -ion。

/dɪˌtɪəɹɪəˈɹeɪʃən/

/dɪˌtɪəɹɪˈeɪʃən/

The Queen may be celebrating her jubilee but the Queen's English Society, which has railed against the misuse and deterioration of the English language, is to fold.

2012年June4日，Lewis Smith，“Queen’s English Society says enuf is enough, innit?: Society formed 40 years ago to protect language against poor spelling and grammar closes because too few people care”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2016-03-10:

"The quantum sensors will provide highly accurate measurements that will help to detect the rate of change of the track and subsequently, any deteriorations which might lead to faults."

2020年November18日，“Network News: Researchers team up on navigation data system”, in Rail，頁 23:


dishevel

dishevels (third-person singular present)
disheveling (present participle)
dishevelling (present participle)
disheveled (past participle)
dishevelled (past participle)

使...凌乱，弄乱 （衣服，头发等）

With garments rent, and haire discheueled, / Wringing her hands, and making piteous mone;

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 12:

Like the fair flower dishevell'd in the wind.

[...] the natural finish seems much less likely to show up the stains of travel which might soon dishevel the golden ochre or dark blue—especially the latter—[...].

1964 April，G. Freeman Allen，“The BRB shows traders the Liner train prototypes”, in Modern Railways，頁 262:


dishevelled

源自早期形式dishevely，源自古法語 deschevelé（现代法語 déchevelé和échevelé），源自des-, + chevel (“头发”)（现代法語 cheveu）。

more dishevelled (comparative)
most dishevelled (superlative)

The men resided in a huge bunk house, which consisted of one room only, with a shack outside where the cooking was done. In the large room were a dozen bunks ; half of them in a very dishevelled state, […]

1913，Robert Barr，章號 6, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

This is a crazy, dishevelled, often hilarious film, in which lightning flashes of wit and insight crackle periodically across a plane of tedium. I sometimes felt I was watching the 100-hour version.

2018年August31日，Peter Bradshaw，“The Other Side of the Wind review – lost Orson Welles epic is hurricane of anger and wit”, in The Guardian:


detrimental

來自中世紀拉丁語 *dētrīmentālis，來自拉丁語 dētrīmentum (“損傷”)，來自dēterō (“擦掉，磨損”)，來自dē- (“向下，遠離”) + terō (“擦或抓”)。

more detrimental (comparative)
most detrimental (superlative)

Smoking tobacco can be detrimental to your health.

"The fact is," continued he, "Lady Anne fears that my visits here may prove detrimental to what she considers your best interests. I thought myself an old, safe friend; but, as that cannot be explained to every body, she fears that I may keep off other and more eligible lovers."

1842，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Lady Anne Granard，卷 1，頁s 142-143:


deuteragonist

古希臘語 δευτεραγωνιστής (deuteragōnistḗs，字面意思是“第二个演员”)，原用于希腊戏剧，源自ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs，“战士；参与者；演员”)。
就词形分析为deuter- (“第二”) + agonist (“战士；参与者”)。

同類詞：protagonist (“主角，主人公”)、tritagonist

The issue is no longer about the artistic representation of woman going on within the story: rather, the art object, now unrelated to the actual woman (at a literal level, at any rate), becomes her deuteragonist and antagonist, and the opposition thus settled becomes further complicated by reversal, exchanges, shifts in their respective positions.

2001，Donatella Izzo，Portraying the Lady: Technologies of Gender in the Short Stories of Henry James，University of Nebraska Press，頁 58:

The first disposition accords with the attested reality of Nero acting in masks resembling his own features or those of women with whom he was in love (Suet. Nero 21.3), especially Poppaea (Dio 63.9.5), and generates a set of roles for the deuteragonist all of which focus on failed counsel; it also underlines the parallelism between the Seneca-Nero and Nero-Prefect scenes, and reinforces the view that the First and Second Prefect are not identical.

2008，Octavia: Attributed to Seneca，Oxford University Press，頁 93:

In the distribution of the other roles between the deuteragonist and the tritagonist, the same criteria must have applied. When two characters had an important part in a tragedy and could not be played by a single protagonist, the second was played by the deuteragonist.[…]The tritagonist, even more than the deuteragonist, had to play several secondary roles.

2018，Jacques Jouanna，譯者 Steven Rendall, Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context，Princeton University Press，頁 201:


devil-may-care

源自下列俗语的缩短形式的定语用法：The devil may care, but I do not (“恶魔可能会管，但是我不管。”)。

more devil-may-care (comparative)
most devil-may-care (superlative)

This is the sort of witchery, not easily defined—but, by its votaries, pretty sensibly felt, in hunting the fox. The light-hearted, high-spirited stripling, when cigaring it careless to cover, with a kind of a knowing demi-devil-may-care twist of his beaver, receives in his transit a benison from every real friend of the chase he may chance to pass; and the airy, eager zeal of the youthful aspirant to rolls, tumbles, and the brush, will flush his memory with the frolic gayety of other days, and animate his mind with reflections most welcome to his heart.

1837, "Venator", The Warwickshire Hunt from 1795 to 1836, Prefatory Remarks:

Not that this would have worried him much, anyway—he was a mighty free and easy, roving, devil-may-care sort of person.

1837，Charles Dickens，章號 49, in The Pickwick Papers:

Now, upon his whole person，源自the crown of his unkempt head down to his broken, dusty boots, there yet clung that air of jaunty, devil-may-care rakishness.

1910，Jeffery Farnol，章號 3, in The Broad Highway:

Collins' death can be put down to his devil-may-care attitude—his decision to journey through hostile territory in a large convoy, the inadequate choice of the members of the convoy, and the tactics he adopted in the ambush. For all the debate about ballistics and entry and exit wounds, and the use of powerful historical imaginations, it matters more that Collins was killed than how he was killed. Concentration on the events at Béal na mBláth has, moreover, often meant a failure to place them in the overall context of the war.

1988, Michael Hopkinson, Green Against Green: The Irish Civil War:

Tiny Albania emerged from communist dictatorship in 1990 only to tumble into a rough world of gangsters, fraudulent financial machinations and incompetent governance, exacerbated by lawless capitalism and devil-may-care politics.

2011 May 21, Altin Raxhimi, "The Trouble with Democracy: Albania's Worrisome Vote," Time:

It is no real surprise that half the UK's stations and 5,000 miles of route were recommended to close. Nevertheless, some great mistakes were made in Marples' devil-may-care purge that left commuters stranded and seaside resorts without a lifeline.

2023年March8日，Howard Johnston，“Was Marples the real railway wrecker?”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 50:


devitalize

devitalizes (third-person singular present)
devitalizing (present participle)
devitalized (past participle)

同類詞：dispirit、kill

近義詞：deanimate

Noncrushing surgical clamps avoid devitalizing the cells of arterial walls.

非挤压性手术钳可避免动脉壁细胞失活。

Economic stress has devitalized some shopping malls in the web era.

网络时代的经济压力使得一些商场失去活力。

Not so long ago a Scotsman is reported to have exhumed the body of his daughter and burnt her heart, as he thought she was devitalising her remaining brother and sister and making them ill.

据报道，不久前，一名苏格兰人挖出了他女儿的尸体并烧毁了她的心脏，因为他认为她正在使她剩下的兄弟姐妹失去活力并使他们生病。

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 126:


dispersal

For a time, Okeh picked up the disk for national dispersal.

1990，Wayne Jancik，The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, →ISBN，頁 145:

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, […]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

2013 May-June，David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan，“Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3:

Problems of control in dispersals and in other prisons necessarily instigated a multiplicity of working theories to explain the difficulties […]

2012，D. Drake，Prisons, Punishment and the Pursuit of Security:


disquieting

more disquieting (comparative)
most disquieting (superlative)

Sir, it is very disquieting to read from time to time that some of our citizens, who should be promoting the welfare of this country in their hearts and in practice, are taking the currency out of this country illegally. It is equally disquieting to hear that some of our citizens may export some of the goods from this country, undervalue those goods and when they import some goods from abroad, they are over-valued with the object of keeping part of that money outside this country.

1985年May29日，W. Kisiero (Assistant Minister for Commerce and Industry)，“The Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Bill (The Attorney-General on 23rd May, 1985) (Resumption of Debate Interrupted on 28th May, 1985)”, in The Republic of Kenya: The National Assembly Official Report … Third Session: Tuesday, 19th March, 1985 to Thursday, 6th June, 1985，卷 LXV, [Nairobi?]: National Assembly of Kenya, →OCLC, column 1561:


disquieting

令人不安的事物，令人不适的事物

Thus we see the intuition of divine truth in minds of defiled affections, worketh not that sweet effect which is natural unto it to produce; but doubtings, terrors, and disquietings of conscience […]

1640，Edward Reynolds，A treatise of the passions and faculties of the soule of man:


dissent

ethnopolitical dissent

A system that suppresses dissent is fault-intolerant, ignorant and fragile.

2013年June28日，Charles Hugh Smith，Why Centralization Leads to Collapse:


dissimulation

繼承自中古英語 dissimulacioun，來自古法語 dissimulation，來自拉丁語 dissimulātiō；等同於dissimule + -ation。

Perhaps it was best to tell Ethel at once: if ever she went into society at all, she would inevitably hear of it, and her own concealment would have the appearance of a dissimulation,—the furthest from her thoughts.

1837，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Ethel Churchill，卷 2，頁 233:


dissolvent

more dissolvent (comparative)
most dissolvent (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dissolvent.wav

solvent

有溶解力的，具有溶解固體的能力的

有溶解力的，具有溶解固體的能力的

[T]he operator evidently perceives the dissolvent property of the jaggery water, on its being tempered with the prepared mortar.

1834，Rám Ráz，Essay on the Architecture of the Hindús，倫敦: […] [F]or the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland; by John William Parker, […], →OCLC，頁 64:


dissolvent

For, that the ordure, which continually gathers on the skin, would ſoon ſtop the pores of it, if the ſweat were not furniſht with ſome efficacious diſſolvent to open and pierce them.

因为，如果汗液中没有某种有效的溶剂来打开和穿透毛孔，那么不断聚集在皮肤上的污物很快就会堵塞毛孔。

1669年August26日，“[An Accompt of Some Books.] III. Ottonis Tachenii Hippocrates Chymicus. Venetiis in 12º.”, in Philosophical Transactions: Giving Some Accompt of the Present Undertakings, Studies and Labours of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World，卷 IV, 期 50, London: Printed by T. N. for John Martyn […] , printer to the Royal Society, 出版於 1670, →OCLC，頁s 1019–1020:


distracted

more distracted (comparative)
most distracted (superlative)

Plenty of accidents happened with a look-out present but momentarily distracted.

2021年September22日，Dr Mike Esbester，“Trackside safety: a permanent problem”, in RAIL，期 940，頁 79:


diatribe

首次可考于1581年，借自法語 diatribe，源自拉丁語 diatriba (“学术讨论，学术演讲”)，源自古希臘語 διατριβή (diatribḗ，“消磨时间的方式，演讲”)，源自διά (diá，“通过，经由”) + τρίβω (tríbō，“浪费，耗费”)。

“… No rogue e’er felt the halter draw, with a good opinion of the law, and perhaps my own detestation of the law arises from my having frequently broken it. If this long diatribe bores you, just say so, and I’ll cut it short.”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

You know, it’s all this racial diatribe, and very strong language, screaming at the top of his lungs into the telephone.

1991，Bill Crow，Jazz Anecdotes，Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 316:

Aunt Petunia wasn’t eating anything at all. Her arms were folded, her lips were pursed, and she seemed to be chewing her tongue, as though biting back the furious diatribe she longed to throw at Harry.

2000，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire，Scholastic Press, →ISBN，頁 41:

Lest this [be] read as a diatribe against DfT, I have some sympathy with it. That's because whenever there's a problem with the railway, the industry's solution is to ask DfT for billions of pounds.

2021年May5日，Philip Haigh，“I think we need better than this from the rail industry”, in RAIL，期 930，頁 51:


dither

didder的变体，源自中古英語 dideren (“发抖”)。对比中古英語 bididren、bididdren (“诱导，误导”)，源自古英語 bedidrian、bedyderian (“诱导，误导”)。
另，可能与*titeren的表达性质的浊化有关，源自原始日耳曼語 *titrōną。若如此，它则是teeter 的同源對似詞，同源词有古高地德語 zittarōn（德語 zittern）和古諾爾斯語 titra（法羅語 titra、冰島語 titra）。或者可能是一个无关的叠词拟声词。

Everyone was in a dither; either in it or about to get in it or just climbing out of it. Naturally, the Madam was not in a dither. Dither was a foreign concept to her.

2002，Thomas P. Glynn，A Child's Christmas In Chicago，頁 59:


divulge

拉丁語 divulgare，源自di- (“widely”) + vulgare (“公布，发行”)。

divulges (third-person singular present)
divulging (present participle)
divulged (past participle)

disclose

将...公之于众，将...泄露给

God... marks The just man, and divulges him through heaven.

1671，John Milton，“The Third Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC:


Djakarta

Jakarta (“雅加達”)的另一種拼寫法

KLM, on 12 September 1929, had inaugurated a fortnightly proving service to Djakarta from Amsterdam, a distance of 8540 miles and the longest air route in the world.

1985 John Gunn - The Defeat of Distance: Qantas 1919-1939

Many cities from Shanghai to Djakarta are badly polluted.

2002，Hilde Heynen，Back from Utopia: The Challenge of the Modern Movement:


dodgem

What better way to let off a little steam, than by zipping around on the dodgems, or flying high on the Cosmic Typhoon roller coaster?

還有什麼方式比開著碰碰車四處飛馳，或坐上“宇宙颱風”過山車衝上雲霄更能讓人放鬆發洩呢？

2007年December19日，“Special Offer”, in North Devon Gazette，UK:


dogged

源自中古英語 dogged、doggid、doggyd (“像狗一样的性格”)，等价于dog + -ed。

more dogged (comparative)
most dogged (superlative)

Rushing out to the point above the reef, we watched the conflict between canoe and sea. When the man reached the gas boat, the screams of the boy stopped. With great risk they loaded the canoe till she began to take water. The boy bailed furiously. The long dogged pull of the man's oars challenged death inch by inch, wave by wave.

It had taken nine years from the evening that Truman first showed up with a pie plate at her mother's door, but his dogged perseverance eventually won him the hand of his boyhood Sunday school crush.

2004，克里斯·华莱士，Character: Profiles in Presidential Courage:

Using the latest technology, and with the dogged determination of our testing and tracing scheme, we've successfully identified the person in question.

2021年March5日，马特·汉考克（被引）, “Mystery person with Brazil variant found thanks to dogged determination, says Matt Hancock”, in The Guardian, →ISSN: