kibosh

名词词源不详，有下列说法：
* kurbash (“鞭打，抽打”)的无R音变体，源自阿拉伯語 كُرْبَاج (kurbāj，“鞭打，抽打”)，或源自这个词的词源鄂圖曼土耳其語 قرباچ (kırbaç，“鞭打，抽打”)（派生出 土耳其語 kırbaç (“鞭打”)）。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 caidhp bháis (字面意思是“死帽”)，据称其可指英国法官宣判死刑时所戴的黑帽子、死囚被处以绞刑前穿的兜帽、以及一种叫做pitchcapping的酷刑。但是，似乎没有证据证明该词使用于这些义项。
* 源自某意第绪语单词（对比希伯來語 כָּבַשׁ (kavásh，“征服”)），但是没有找到具体何词。
* 源自中古英語 cabochen (“砍掉（头，尤指鹿头），砍头”)，源自中古法語 cabocher (“砍掉（头）”)，源自caboche (“头”，法国北部，非正式)（派生出中古英語 caboche (“卷心菜菜包”)），源自意大利語 capocchia (“脑袋”，贬义)，最终源自拉丁語 caput (“头”)。中古英语词据称同化自伦敦俚语。
* 鞋匠俚语kibosh (“一英尺长的铁条，加热后用来熨烫皮革”)。
动词派生自名词

主要用于put on the kibosh或put the kibosh on：限制物，抑制物

Robbing Peter to pay Paul. Gob, that puts the bloody kybosh on it if old sloppy eyes is mucking up the show.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 12: Cyclops]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part II [Odyssey]，頁 321:

George put the kibosh on the Kirov case and now he's trying to get it right, flying solo in his old age.

1979 November，John le Carré [pseudonym: David John Moore Cornwell]，章號 15, in Smiley’s People (A Borzoi Book)，第1st trade版, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A[braham] Knopf, 出版於 1980, →ISBN，頁 198:

I know because I worked with the Home Office and the service for many years to accomplish what became the envy of the world. It was being dismantled long before [Theresa] May took office – [David] Blunkett started the rot – but May has the ultimate kibosh.

2013年January31日，Saville Kushner，“Letters: The high price society and officers are paying for policing cuts”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-05-17:


kibosh

kiboshes (third-person singular present)
kiboshing (present participle)
kiboshed (past participle)

Philly Kiboshes Blackout Tutoring [title] […] Plan of the Pennsylvania State Council of Defense to ring in a State-wide network of 45 stations for an "educational" blackout test, was nixed by the Office of Censorship after it was okayed by the Third Service Command of the army. Skedded for Thursday (8), purpose of the broadcast was to educate public with air raid warning signals and all Pennsylvanians were urged to listen to instructions as broadcast.

1943年July17日，“Philly Kiboshes Blackout Tutoring”, in The Billboard: The World’s Foremost Amusement Weekly，卷 55, 期 29, Cincinnati, Oh.: Roger S. Littleford Jr.; William D. Littleford, →OCLC，頁 6，列 1:

Deal for network star Henry Morgan to sign a Majestic contract for two albums has fallen thru, with Paul Baron, newly-named artist and repertoire topper at the diskery, kiboshing a deal that virtually had been consummated between his predecessors and Music Corporation of America (MCA).

1947年September6日，“Paul Baron Nixes 2 Morgan Albums”, in The Billboard: The World’s Foremost Amusement Weekly，卷 59, 期 35, Cincinnati, Oh.: Roger S. Littleford Jr.; William D. Littleford, →OCLC，頁 14，列 3:

His second book is full of spirited advice on how to do business deals. According to [Mark] McCormack, this often amounts to keeping lawyers from kiboshing the deal.

1987年December1日，Peter Megargee Brown，“We Have Met the Enemy: The Terrible Truth about Lawyers by Mark H. McCormack, William Morrow, New York, N.Y., 260 pages; $17.95 [book review]”, in ABA Journal: The Lawyer’s Magazine，Chicago, Ill.: American Bar Association, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 127:

But this discovery, as cheering as it was, also kiboshed the hypothesis about different-colored varieties of H. simus in different reasons, because the dozen animals at Kianjavato were charcoal gray, just as [Patricia] Wright had originally expected.

1996，David Quammen，“So Huge a Bignes”, in The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions，New York, N.Y.: Scribner, 出版於 2004, →ISBN，頁 239:

At which point, Mrs Arbuthnot enters to kibosh her son's prospects, only to be told, when the family facts emerge, that she should marry the high-born roué who has ruined her.

2003年September17日，Michael Billington，“Theatre: A Woman of No Importance, Haymarket Theatre, London [review]”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-05-17:

It appears some chump at Revenue and Customs has, against all rules, put a disc or discs containing 25 million child benefit records – names, addresses, National Insurance numbers, bank account details, the lot – in the post and inevitably it has gone missing. […] As several people pointed out, with particular reference to ID cards, this kiboshes any notion that confidential information is safe in government hands.

2007 November 20 (date written)，Chris Mullin，章號 2007, in Decline and Fall: Diaries 2005–2010，London: Profile Books, 出版於 2010, →ISBN，頁s 213–214:

Fortunately the FA [Football Association], in a rare moment of decisiveness, stepped in to kibosh the plan.

2010年May15日，Andrew Anthony，“Yes, the Capello Index wasn’t a good move, but remember Glenn?”, in The Observer，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-10-11:

Extensive highlights from Glastonbury, an Allied mission to kibosh the German A-bomb and a homage to Arthur Ashe。

2015年June26日，Ali Catterall, Julia Raeside, John Robinson, David Stubbs，“Friday’s best TV”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-05-17, subtitle:

Superman bashed Bavarians and kiboshed Krauts with a mix of solemn consecration, righteous anger and cathartic glee.

2021，Roy Schwartz，“The Galactic Golem”, in Is Superman Circumcised?: The Complete Jewish History of the World’s Greatest Hero，Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, →ISBN, part III (Mensch of Steel: Fulfilling Jewish Fantasy and Faith)，頁 166:


kibosh

可能是bosh (“胡言”)的变体。

Still I wish you a 'Appy New Year, if you care for the kibosh, old Chappie, / Though 'taint 'Igh Art Cards full o' gush and green paint 'll make you and me 'appy. / Wot we want is lucre and larks, love and lotion as much as you'll carry!

1885年January3日，’Arry [pseudonym]，“’Arry on ’Appiness”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 LXXXVIII, London: […] Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC，頁 4，列 1:

Gar'n! Gives me the 'ump, all this kibosh 'bout morals, and taste, and all that.

1887年April9日，’Arry [pseudonym]，“Studies from Mr. Punch’s Studio. No. XXIV.”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 XCII, London: […] Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC，頁 172，列 2:


kibosh

She was, in very Sooth, among the highest of the Rollers, but Hiram stood for the Bills with nary a Whimper. He was proud to be the Husband of the Lady Ki-Bosh of the Local Knickerbockers.

1904 March，George Ade，“Rugged Hiram and Hiram’s Giddy Wife”, in Breaking into Society，New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC，頁 34:


loot

loots (third-person singular present)
looting (present participle)
looted (past participle)

An Urban Outfitters store in Manhattan that was looted on Saturday

一家在曼哈頓營業的「城市服飾」店鋪在星期六遭洗劫


kickshaw

Some Pigeons Davy, a couple of ſhort-legg'd Hennes: a / ioynt of Mutton, and any pretty little tine Kickſhawes, / tell William Cooke.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]，頁 96，列 1:

Allow me now to recommend this dish— / A simple kickshaw by your Persian cook, / Such as is served at the great King’s second table.

1820，Percy Bysshe Shelley，Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts，頁 39:

The "Penny Magazine" for 1842 has a good and suggestive paper on "Feasts and Entertainments," with extracts from some of the early dramatists and a woodcut of "a new French cook, to devise fine kickshaws and toys."

1886，William Carew Hazlitt，“The Early Englishman and His Food”, in Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine，出版於 1902:

The lunch […] consisted […] of […] lobster mayonnaise, cold game sausages, an immense veal and ham pie farced with eggs, truffles, and numberless delicious flavours; besides kickshaws, creams and sweetmeats.

Art thou good at theſe kicke-chawſes Knight?

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]，頁 257，列 1:


lordling

He saw it clear enough, now that the lordling had pointed it out. “They couldn't have froze. Not if the Wall was weeping. It wasn't cold enough."

1996年August1日，George R.R. Martin，A Game of Thrones (A Song of Ice and Fire; 1)，HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 16:


lordly

繼承自中古英語 lordly、lordlich，來自古英語 hlāfordlīċ (“貴族；高貴；貴重”)，等同於lord + -ly。
副詞來自中古英語 lordly、lordely、lordliche。

lordlier (comparative)
more lordly (comparative)
lordliest (superlative)
most lordly (superlative)

Show us your lordly might: demonstrate that you can order people and get them to obey.

向我们展现您的威严：证明您可以命令人民并让他们服从。

But they are the peers of the Queensland Parliament, and, having no lordly robes, must approach the Old Country model as closely as possible.

1880，John Nichols，The Gentleman’s Magazine，卷 248，頁 60:

[I]n that some form of duty and sacrifice (here, participation in the 1848 Revolution and a recognition of his lordly duty) is not only beneficially character-forming but also leads ultimately to a condition which is 'sublime'.

2006，Steve Wharton，Screening Reality，頁 104:

Samson, in reply to this, says, “If you are not lordly, nor value your lordly title, as you tell me, and I trust in truth and sincerity, shall I call you a phoenix?

2011，Thomas Smith, C. Matthew McMahon, Therese B. McMahon，Select Memoirs of the English and Scottish Divines，頁 282:

[H]e's still got his lordly habits, and more so since coming out of the war as a general.' 'A colonel, Sammy,' said Rachel. 'Same thing, good as,' said Sammy. 'Boots, of course, does wear his lordly crown with style,' said Rachel. 'Don't I know it?

2011，Mary Jane Staples，Appointment at the Palace: An Adams Family Saga Novel，頁 275:

He asked water, and she gaue him milke, shee brought forth butter in a lordly dish.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 5:25:

It had also its Hall, called the Priory - an older, a larger, a more lordly abode than any Briarfield or Whinbury owned;

1849，Currer Bell [筆名; Charlotte Brontë]，“The First Blue-stocking”, in Shirley. A Tale. […]，卷 III, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC，頁 77:

There was one great tomb more lordly than all the rest.

1897，Bram Stoker，“Mina Harker’s Journal”, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC，頁s 409–410:


lordly

lordlier (comparative)
lordliest (superlative)

貴族般地；有氣派地；高傲地

[…] / And Herod's painted pinnaces, ablaze / With lamps, and brazen shields and spangled slaves, / Came and went lordly at Tiberias; / […]

1891, Sir Edwin Arnold, The Light of the World: Or, The Great Consummation, Book I — “Mary Magdalene”, Funk & Wagnalls, page 56,

Look at man, then, walking lordly amidst the gigantic flora and fauna of long ago; and see if seven, eight, nine hundred years do not sit serenely on his mighty brow.

1925，Claude Kean，Stock Charges Against the Bible，出版於 2003，頁 61:


lose

源自古法語 los，loos，源自拉丁語 laudēs，laus (“贊揚，贊美”)的複數。

That much he feared least reprochfull blame / With foule dishonour him mote blot therefore; / Besides the losse of so much loos and fame […].

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VI, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


loudly

loudlier (comparative)
more loudly (comparative)
loudliest (superlative)
most loudly (superlative)

He spoke loudly so that his brother could hear him from across the street.

他說得很大聲，這樣他兄弟在街對面也能聽得見。

And still when loudliest howls the storm, / And darkliest lowers his native sky, / The king's fierce soul is in that form, / The warrior's spirit threatens nigh!

1846，R[obert] S[tephen] Hawker，“The Wreck”, in Echoes from Old Cornwall，London: Joseph Masters, […], →OCLC, stanza X，頁 76:


lousy

lousier (comparative)
lousiest (superlative)

riddled

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

-ridden

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

inundated

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

jam-packed

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

teeming

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

第二次世界大战前被认为是冒犯性的脏话。现在语气较轻，已经有些过时。

充满...的，挤满...的 （带贬义）

The place was lousy with students.

The benignant influence crept like gas through the Row. […] And triangulation might possibly have located it in the Palace Flophouse and Grill. Certainly the Palace was lousy with it. Mack and the boys were charged. Jones was seen to leap from his chair only to do a quick tap dance and sit down again.

[I talked to] Annabeth about the Greek gods who hung out in New York and made her life difficult. Apparently North America was lousy with ancient gods. We had a full-blown infestation.

2016，Rick Riordan，The Hammer of Thor，頁 6:


lovelorn

more lovelorn (comparative)
most lovelorn (superlative)

失恋的；恋情屡受挫折的；渴求爱的

Ye lovesick bards! repay her scorn for scorn; / Ye artists lovelorn! madmen that ye are, / Make your best bow to her and bid adieu / Then, if she likes it, she will follow you.

A soft-breasted bird from the sea / Fell in love with the light-house flame; / And it wheeled round the tower on its airiest wing, / And floated and cried like a lovelorn thing;

1890，John Boyle O'Reilly，“A Tragedy”, in In Bohemia:


lovelorn

And when there's a price involved, she can help others but - not herself. She gives advice to the lovelorn every day but she's never been in love herself. Or so I've heard.

1984，Alan Rudolph，Choose Me (motion picture), spoken by Nancy (Geneviève Bujold):


limp

源自中古英語 limpen (“缺憾”)，源自古英語 limpan，源自原始日耳曼語 *limpaną (“吊着”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)lemb-、*(s)lembʰ- (“松垮地垂”)。与低地德語 lumpen (“跛脚”)、中古高地德語 limpfen (“蹒跚”)，德語方言词lampen (“松垮地垂”)、冰島語 limpa (“软，弱”)同源。

limps (third-person singular present)
limping (present participle)
limped (past participle)

Dirk Kuyt sandwiched a goal in between Carroll's double as City endured a night of total misery, with captain Carlos Tevez limping off early on with a hamstring strain that puts a serious question mark over his participation in Saturday's FA Cup semi-final against Manchester United at Wembley.

2011年April11日，Phil McNulty，“Liverpool 3 - 0 Man City”, in BBC Sport:


lambaste

1637年首次可考。可能是lam (“打”) + baste (“打”)构成的复合词。

lambastes (third-person singular present)
lambasting (present participle)
lambasted (past participle)

The sergeant lambasted the new recruits daily.

Her first novel was well and truly lambasted by the critics.

他的第一本小说被书评猛烈批评。

Indeed, part of the problem was that Armstrong was rowing back on so much previous behaviour and years of aggressive lambasting of reporters, officials and team-mates who had claimed he was doping. "I don't forgive Lance Armstrong, who lied to me in two interviews. And I suspect most of America won't, either," Kurtz wrote.

2013年January19日，Paul Harris，“Lance Armstrong faces multi-million dollar legal challenges after confession”, in The Guardian:

Labour frontbencher Louise Haigh (Shadow Transport Secretary for heaven's sake!) initially lambasted TOCs before the handful of specialist rail commentators fell on her tweets and she changed her tune, refocusing her fire on Government.

2023年August9日，Nigel Harris，“Comment: Disinterested and dishonest”, in RAIL，期 989，頁 3:


ling

借自中古英語 lyng，借自古諾爾斯語 lyng。

任何一種杜鵑花科植物
帚石楠（Calluna vulgaris）

I was sitting by a path on a tussock between some bushes, whence I could overlook the path and a little valley to which it led down, and where nothing but ling and heather grew.

我坐在灌木丛间的一条小路边，俯瞰着小路延伸至的一个小山谷，那里除了石楠什么也没有。

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 28:

Partridges, enjoying their last weeks of security, rose whirring and clattering from among the ling.

鹧鸪正享受着最后几周的安全时光，它们从石楠丛中呼呼作响地飞起。

1931，Dorothy L. Sayers，The Five Red Herrings:


lingam

古典借詞，源自梵語 लिङ्गम् (liṅgam，लिङ्ग (liṅga，“標誌，標記；陰莖”)的主格單數)。

當用於“陰莖”時，主要見於含有印度教、阿育吠陀、怛特羅、瑜珈的語境下，或譯自梵語的文章。

委婉；參見[[#使用說明]]

Once both partners have felt the connection it is up to the woman to give the signal that permission to enter has been granted. She may whisper her invitation to enter, use her hands to guide his lingam, or press against him, causing his lingam to open her.

2013，Anaiya Sophia，Sacred Sexual Union: The Alchemy of Love, Power, and Wisdom，Rochester: Inner Traditions, →ISBN, →OCLC, →ISBN:

He still enjoys a tumble with her now as much as when they were youngsters, his voice cracking and his lingam a sprout that seemed never to get soft.

2008，John Speed，Tiger Claws: A Novel of India，New York: St. Martin's Press, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 139, →ISBN:

When the sages saw the great god Siva so haggard and sad, they treated him with scorn and saluted him only with bent heads.
Sica:Template:SIC, tired and weary, asked only for "alms". Thus the god went about begging along the roads of Darauvanam.
As the women looked at him, they felt a pang in their heart. Their minds were perturbed and their hearts agitated by the sensations of love. They forsook the beds of the sages and followed Siva.
As the sages saw their wives following Siva, they pronounced a curse upon him;
"May his lingam fall to the ground."

1993，Hilton Hotema，Son of Perfection，Pomeroy, Washington: Health Research, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 50, →ISBN:

I gaze into the starry void, into Dominique’s eyes, into the blackness behind my own sealed eyelids as her lips envelop my lingam, and I feel a feedback channel opening between this creature of obsession and the dormant natural man.

2011，Norman Spinrad，The Void Captain's Tale，United Kingdom: Orion, →ISBN, →ISBN:


lumbago

名词借自晚期拉丁語 lumbāgō (“腰部疼痛”)，源自晚期拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部的”)、拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *lendʰ- (“腰部”)） + -āgō (构成描述物体、动物和植物的名词的后缀)。
动词直接衍生自名词。

/lʌmˈbeɪɡəʊ/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lumbago.wav

/ˌlʌmˈbeɪˌɡoʊ/

Sir Oswald Feiling winced as he turned to go home. He had felt a warning twinge of lumbago.

1935，Francis Beeding [笔名，原名John Palmer]，章號 VII, in The Norwich Victims，London: Arcturus Publishing, 出版於 2013, →ISBN, →OL, section 2:

We may imagine an athletics coach with a scientific training researching into the physiology and the psychology of runners. [...] He finds out the effects of fatigue, of alcohol, of tobacco, of lumbago and of depression upon their performances.

1953，吉尔伯特·赖尔，“Dilemma VII: Perception”, in Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 出版於 1954 (1987 printing), →ISBN，頁 105:


luminescent

more luminescent (comparative)
most luminescent (superlative)

But this does not have the slightly yellow glow of things made with luminescent dye.

2020，N. K. Jemisin，The City We Became，Orbit，頁 218:


lummox

不详。首次記錄於1825年，是东安格利亚俚语。可能源自“dumb ox”，受到了lumbering的影响，或者，源自方言词lummock (“笨拙地走”)或与之同源，其亦词源不详。

You've broken the plates, you great lummox!

盘子被你弄碎了，大傻子！

I love you, Gal. You're lovable. Big lovable bloke. Loveable lump. Loveable lummox. Gal Dove, party boy. Big oaf.

2000，Louis Mellis, David Scinto，Sexy Beast (motion picture), spoken by Don Logan (Ben Kingsley):


klutz

源自意第緒語 קלאָץ (klots，字面意思是“木梁”)，与德語 Klotz (“块”)同源。

Well, that's all right, then, Brian. Sit down. Have a scone. Make yourself at home. You klutz!

1979，Monty Python's Life of Brian，spoken by Reg (John Cleese):

"Out of [one abortion doctor's] first six months of work, there are nine malpractice suits ... After it was apparent the guy was a klutz, they kept using him, and trying to cover for him, because they couldn't find another provider."

1990年June3日，Dr. Robert Crist, abortion doctor（被引）, St. Petersburg Times:

"Mel, back home we'd call you a klutz." / Melissa: "Use a lot of Yiddish back in Texas, do you?"

2003，Greg Rucka，Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra:


landlocked

被陆地包围的，内陆的，不临海的

Switzerland is landlocked and obviously will never be a great sea power and must always trade overland.

瑞士是内陆国家，因此不会有很强的海军实力，只能进行陆地贸易。

Located in Kowloon, with an area of 9.36 km², Wong Tai Sin is the only district in Hong Kong that is totally landlocked. It has a population of 420,183 (2011) and a high density of 44.891/km².

2020，Eunice Mei Feng Seng，Resistant City: Histories, Maps and the Architecture of Development, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 https://books.google.com/books?id=4mLcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT228，列s 1, 2:

An easement of necessity, said the court, may be provided when property is landlocked and the owner needs access to that property from a public highway.

2005，Washington Legislative Reference Bureau，State of Wisconsin Blue Book, 2005-2006，頁 610:

In some states, the law allows for easements by necessity, especially in circumstances where a property is landlocked.

2005，Thomas J. McEvoy，Owning and Managing Forests: A Guide to Legal, Financial, and Practical Matters，頁 49:

For example, if a property is landlocked (entirely surrounded by other privately owned land) and has no access to a public street...

2006，Real Estate Principles，Rockwell publishing，頁 114:


lupus

借自拉丁語 lupus (“狼”)。lobo和wolf 的同源對似詞。

You like the name quesalupa? That is a little like "case of lupus". I just keep thinking about that.

2015年January21日，片头起00:05:15, in Conan Visits Taco Bell (Conan)，Conan O'Brien (actor), Team Coco:

Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

2022年March17日，Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al.，“Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine，卷 386, 期 11, →DOI，頁 1034:


lurch

原为航海用语，借自法語 lâcher (“放开”)。

the lurch of a ship, or of a drunkard

The ship was driving rapidly towards the rocky coast, against which she must have been dashed to pieces had she kept afloat a few minutes longer, but she gave a lurch and went down, rose again for an instant, and with another lurch sank, and all was over,—and there were nearly two hundred and fifty human beings struggling with the waves.

1850，William O. S. Gilly，“The Tribune”, in Narratives of Shipwrecks of the Royal Navy […] ，London: John W. Parker:


lurch

源自拉丁語 lurcāre。

lurches (third-person singular present)
lurching (present participle)
lurched (past participle)

Too far off from great cities, which may hinder business; too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Building”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:


lurch

源自中古英語 *lurche（由lurching推测出），源自古法語 lourche (“被骗的；尴尬的；一种游戏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *lort (“左；左撇子的；扭曲的；弯曲的；变形的；狡诈的；跛脚的”)。与英語 lirt同源。

And in the brunt of seventeen battles since / He lurched all swords of the garland.

c. 1608–1609，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:


listless

源自中古英語 lystles，等价于list (“欲望”) + -less。对比德語 lustlos和荷蘭語 lusteloos (“无精打采的”)。lustless 的同源對似詞。

more listless (comparative)
most listless (superlative)

What an entirely different set of beings were those Stokesley children in lesson-time. . . . Poor, listless, stolid, deplorable logs, with bowed backs and crossed ankles, pipy voices and heavy eyes!

1861，Charlotte M. Yonge，章號 6, in The Stokesley Secret:

The scene with Mrs. Wallace had broken his spirit, and he was listless now, indifferent to what happened.

1901，William Somerset Maugham，章號 21, in The Hero:

“Listless, inattentive, distracted,” he recited. “A daydreamer. Tries his best, but is too slow.”

2005年November29日，Aryn Baker，“John Hardy: Bali Guy”, in Time:


literally

more literally (comparative)
most literally (superlative)

actually

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

really

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

unfiguratively

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

unmetaphorically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

virtually

简直，几乎，可以说 （用于加强比喻义的程度，而非否定比喻义）

merely

仅仅，不过 （用作广义弱化修饰词）

overliterally

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

figuratively

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

idiomatically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

metaphorically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

virtually

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

Literally是figuratively的反义词，因此很多官方机构反对将literally用作比喻用法的语气加强词，比如“you literally become the ball”，不带任何比喻义的话，就是指“你变成了球”，而这是不可能的，但是实际上，这是说话人在使用literally作为语气加强词，来强调比喻义的程度。这种用法在非正式口语中很常见（“she was literally in floods of tears”）。

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

同類詞：etymonically

When I saw on the news that there would be no school tomorrow because of the snowstorm, I literally jumped for joy, and hit my head on the ceiling fan.

我看到新闻说明天学校因为暴风雪停课时，我高兴得真的跳了起来，然后头撞到了吊扇。

[…] Men In Black 3 finagles its way out of this predicament by literally resetting the clock with a time-travel premise that makes Will Smith both a contemporary intergalactic cop in the late 1960s and a stranger to Josh Brolin, who plays the younger version of Smith’s stone-faced future partner, Tommy Lee Jones.

2012年May24日，Nathan Rabin，“Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:

As lawmakers and staff rushed out, aides snatched the boxes containing the Electoral College certificates, making sure that the vandals could not literally steal the results of the election.

2021年January7日，Luke Broadwater, Emily Cochrane，“Inside the Capitol, the Sound of the Mob Came First”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

简直，几乎，可以说 （用于加强比喻义的程度，而非否定比喻义）

He was so surprised, he literally jumped twenty feet in the air.

My daughter's pet rabbit had babies, and now we've literally got rabbits coming out of our ears.

我女儿的宠物兔子生宝宝了，现在我们家可以说到处都是兔子。

On 9/11 people were literally glued to their TV sets.

9/11事件时大家时时刻刻都盯着电视。

The house was literally electrified; and it was only from witnessing the effects of her genius that he could guess to what a pitch theatrical excellence could be carried.

1827，Sir Walter Scott，“Appendix to Introduction”, in Chronicles of the Canongate，存檔自the original on 2021-06-15:

You literally become the ball in a tennis match, you become the report that you are working on […]

[O]ne can assume that the millions or billions of ringgit spent on the war against drugs have gone down the drain, literally.

2017年April22日，New Straits Times，Malaysia，頁 20:

真的 （增强非比喻义词的语气）

I had no idea, so I was literally guessing.

我不懂，我真的就只是在猜。

I was literally having breakfast when she arrived.

她来的时候我真的就在吃早餐。

She was literally like, "What?", and I was literally like, "Yeah".

她就说了句，“哈？”然后我也回了句，“对。”

Literally who is this?

Pearl: Steven, we are not like the No Home Boys. We are literally standing in your home right now.


lethargic

源自古希臘語 ληθαργικός (lēthargikós)，源自λήθαργος (lḗthargos，“健忘的，拖拖拉拉的”)，源自λήθη (lḗthē，“忘记，忘却”)（派生出Lethe (“遗忘河，希腊神话中冥界的一条河”)） + ἀργός (argós，“无法正常工作的”)。

more lethargic (comparative)
most lethargic (superlative)

/ləˈθɑɹd͡ʒɪk/

/ləˈθɑːd͡ʒək/

/ləˈθɑː.d͡ʒɪk/

没精打采的，缓慢的，拖拖拉拉的

[That cat] hasn't caught a mouse since he was a slip of a kitten. Except when eating, he does nothing but sleep. Lethargic is the word that springs to the lips. If you cast an eye on him, you will see that he's asleep now.

1960，P. G. Wodehouse，Jeeves in the Offing, chapter VII:


lithe

源自中古英語 lithe，源自古英語 līþe (“轻柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *linþ(ī)，源自原始日耳曼語 *linþaz，源自原始印歐語 *lentos。与薩特弗里斯蘭語 lied (“瘦的，憔悴的”)，丹麦语和古德语lind (“温和的”)有关。在哥特语中不可考。一些文献指出拉丁語 lenis (“软的”)和/或拉丁語 lentus (“柔软灵活的”)亦为其同源词。

lither (comparative)
lithest (superlative)

lithe body

The coaches are grim, tan, lithe-looking women, clearly twirlers once, on the far side of their glory now and very serious-looking, each with a clipboard and whistle.

1997，David Foster Wallace，“Getting Away From Already Pretty Much Being Away From It All”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again，第Kindle版, Little, Brown Book Group:

Yet the 2016 Éxilé rosé from Lise et Bertrand Jousset in the Loire Valley, made mostly of gamay, was yeasty let light and lithe, while the 2016 Indigeno from Ancarani in Emilia-Romagna, made of trebbiano, was taut and earthy.

2018年March8日，Eric Asimov，“Bubbles, With Joy: Pétillant Naturel’s Triumphant Return”, in The New York Times:


leucocratic

more leucocratic (comparative)
most leucocratic (superlative)

（岩石）淺色的，表明其成分90%以上是長英質礦物

Occasionally the opinion is advanced that the formation of the leucocratic, granitic-granodioritic portions of the heterogeneous in-situ migmatites is due to a metasomatic process, i.e., to the addition of “emanations” from depth.

2013，H.G.F. Winkler，Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks，頁 325:


lascivious

more lascivious (comparative)
most lascivious (superlative)

Sir, I will answer anything. But I beseech you, if't be your pleasure and most wise consent, as partly I find it is, that your fair daughter, at this odd-even and dull watch o'the night, transported with no worse nor better guard but with a knave of common hire, a gondolier, to the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor – if this be known to you, and your allowance, we then have done you bold and saucy wrongs; but if you know not this, my manners tell me we have your wrong rebuke.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 1, scene 1]:

Increasing numbers of English-speaking tourists have made a point of stopping in to snap pictures of themselves by the signpost at the entrance to the village, sometimes striking lascivious poses for social media.

2020年November26日，Philip Oltermann in Berlin，“Fugging hell: tired of mockery, Austrian village changes name”, in The Guardian:


lass

源自中古英語 lasse，源自古諾爾斯語 laskura (“少女，未婚女性”)。与低地蘇格蘭語 lassie同源。

苏格兰英语、爱尔兰英语、英国东北部、兰开夏和约克郡中仍常用。

同類詞：lad

Come and dance, ye lads and lasses!

My audience to this not-too-easy operation was a small group of Scottish school lasses, who seemed (perhaps naturally) to find the proceedings somewhat mysterious, but at any rate amusing. I wished they would go away, but they didn't, so I had to get on with the job to the accompaniment of a background of giggles!

1952 February，H. C. Casserley，“Permanent Wayfarings”, in Railway Magazine，頁 77:


leverage

/ˈlɛv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

mechanical advantage

繞樞軸旋轉的槓桿而復合的力；參見扭矩。

operating leverage

在設施的高產能利用率下運作時能夠獲得非常高的回報的能力。

繞樞軸旋轉的槓桿而復合的力；參見扭矩。

A crowbar uses leverage to pry nails out of wood.

In order to proportion the braking force to the weight carried by a wheel - a matter of special importance in the braking of wagons - variable leverage systems are now being introduced in which the end of one axle spring is linked to a control spring in the change-over valve, so automatically varying the leverage exerted by the brake-rod according to whether the wagon is full or empty.

1960 April，“The braking of trains”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 237:

任何複合的或用來獲得優勢的影響。

Try using competitors’ prices for leverage in the negotiation.

The former Forest man, who passed a late fitness test, appeared to use Guy Moussi for leverage before nodding in David Fox's free-kick at the far post - his 22nd goal of the season.

2011年April15日，Saj Chowdhury，“Norwich 2 - 1 Nott'm Forest”, in BBC Sport:

使用合約確定回報的借入資金來提高投資能力並獲得預期更高的回報，但通常風險較高。

Leverage is great until something goes wrong with your investments and you still have to pay your debts.

Online margin trading is usually based on leverage, where the brokerage effectively lets you borrow more money than you have deposited as collateral.

2011，Brian Dolan，Currency Trading For Dummies，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 55:

Both exchanges offer crypto derivatives, which are bets on future fluctuations in cryptocurrency prices. They also offer extreme leverage — up to 125 times on Binance. That means a $1,000 down payment can be turned into a $125,000 gamble.

2021年July23日，Eric Lipton, Ephrat Livni，“‘I Feel Conflicted’: Crypto’s Offshore Trading Moguls Talk Shop”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In such cases where there is a multiple capital structure the factor known as leverage comes into play.

1933年June4日，“Trusts Heartened by Security Rally”, in New York Times:


leverage

leverages (third-person singular present)
leveraging (present participle)
leveraged (past participle)

/ˈlɛv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

使用；利用；為了充分利用（某物）而進行操縱。

They plan to leverage the publicity into a good distribution agreement.

They plan to leverage off the publicity to get a good distribution agreement.

EAP research has developed advanced methods for producing corpus-informed vocabulary resources, but these have yet to be fully leveraged to promote disciplinary literacy within the secondary school context.

2018，Clarence Green, James Lambert，“Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes，卷 35, →DOI，頁 105:


leviathan

源自中古英語 levyethan、levyathan等，源自晚期拉丁語 leviathan，希伯來語 לִוְיָתָן (liv'yatán)的圣经转写。

Canſt thou draw out Leuiathan with an hooke? or his tongue with a corde which thou letteſt downe?

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 41:1，列 1:


lately

源自中古英語 lately、latly，等价于late + -ly。对比古英語 lætīċe (“慢慢地”)。

latelier (comparative)
more lately (comparative)
lateliest (superlative)
most lately (superlative)

formerly

（用于英国贵族）原 （“曾经是”，引出旧称呼）

（用于英国贵族）原 （“曾经是”，引出旧称呼）

David George Philip Cholmondeley, The Marquess of CHOLMONDELEY, K.C.V.O., lately Lord Great Chamberlain, Royal Household.

2023，“Honours list on the demise of HM Queen Elizabeth II”, in London Gazette，號 64008，頁 D2:

The ¼th of the manor of Dunterdon is held of the king by knight's service as of his honour of Okehampton, now in the king's hands by reason of the atteinture of Henry lately Marquis of Exeter for high treason, and is worth 55s 6d yearly.

1545，Inquisition post mortem of John Arundell of Lanherne knight's lands in Devon:


lexicographer

來自法語 lexicographe，來自古希臘語 λεξικός (lexikós，“詞語”) + γράφω (gráphō，“書寫”)；可分析為lexico- + -grapher。

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfə(ɹ)/

Pitt has furnish'd us a word or two / Which lexicographers declined to do.

1811，George Gordon Byron，Hints from Horace:

The best lexicographer may well be content if his productions are received by the world with cold esteem.

1860，Thomas Babington Macaulay，Biographies contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica:


lexicography

源自 lexico- (表示「言語；詞語」的前綴) + -graphy (表示「關於特定主題的書面內容」的後綴)。

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/

辭書學；編纂和撰述詞典的學問

[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]

1735年February22日，“Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle，卷 V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], 出版於 February 1735, →OCLC，頁 85，列 1:

Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.

1795年December22日，[John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel)，“612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […]，卷 XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], 出版於 1819, →OCLC，列 267:

[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]

1802，Henry Neuman，“Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts，1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:

There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.

1831，Ying Hing Soo，“Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann]（譯者）, History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea，源自1807 to 1810. […]，London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote，頁 54:

Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process，源自data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.

1999，A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie，“The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction)，頁 118:

A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.

2013，Amy Chi，“Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions)，London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN，頁 165:

分析和描述某語言詞彙中的語義、組合和範式關係，並發展詞典組件和結構理論、以將詞典中各部分資料聯繫起來的學術學科

But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.

1828，Moses Stuart，“Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language，第3rd版, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105，頁 51:

What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.

1840，Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer]，“§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke（譯者）, A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament，Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I，頁 37:

If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.

1845 February，Wilhelm Freund，“Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey（譯者）, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review，卷 II, 期 V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1，頁 80:

[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.

1911年December13日，C. J. Ball，“A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology，卷 XXXIII, 期 CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC，頁 13:

Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].

2002，Howard Jackson，“Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction，London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 173:

There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is "a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water," which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]

1828 October，Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, William P. Mason (reporter)，“United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit，卷 V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, 出版於 1831, →OCLC，頁 134:

"Air put in motion" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]

1855 March，“A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art，卷 V, 期 XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC，頁 251，列 1:

The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.

1998，Christopher Leigh Connery，“Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China，Lanham, Md., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN，頁 37:


lief

繼承自中古英語 lef、leve、leef，繼承自古英語 lēof，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *leub，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *leubaz。
同源詞包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 ljo、ljoo、西弗里斯蘭語 leaf、荷蘭語 lief、德國低地德語 leev、德語 lieb、瑞典語、新挪威語 ljuv、哥特語 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs)、俄語 любо́вь (ljubóvʹ)、波蘭語 luby。
副詞可對比德語 lieber、荷蘭語 liever (“寧願，更喜歡”)。

liefer (comparative)
liever (comparative)
liefest (superlative)

I'd as lief have one as t'other.

As far as physiognomy goes, the winners protest that they would as lief have foregone the double points, and the money.

1826，Thomas Byerly, John Timbs，The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction:

these great masters of the art, who would far liefer see us little ones practice it, than themselves engage [...].

1869，RD Blackmoore，Lorna Doone, section II:

Since sware the Parcæ unto me, their friend, / they shall adore my name, my favour prize; / and, as their feats of armèd prowess shend / all feats of rival Rome, I lief devise / some mode of aidance in what things I may, / far as our force o'er man extendeth sway.

1880，Richard Francis Burton，Os Lusíadas，卷 II，頁 339:

I'd as lief put on my hat and cane and help you if you think they'll be too heavy.

1902，Josephine Spenser，Corner in Chrysanthemums:


moment of inertia

The moment of inertia of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a given angular acceleration about a given rotational axis, analogous to how mass determines the force needed for a given acceleration.

The moments of inertia of a heterogeneous body whose boundary is a surface of uniform density may sometimes be found by the method of differentiation.

1882，Edward John Routh，The Elementary Part of a Treatise on the Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies，第4th版, MacMillan & Co.，頁 10:

Consequently, the moment of inertia of a body relative to any axis can be found when that for the parallel axis through its centre of gravity is known.

1884，Benjamin Williamson，An Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus，第4th版, Appleton and Company，頁 292:

Stresses due to vertical shearing forces also depend on moment of inertia and are discussed in Chapter 8.
Some mathematicians and stress analysts use the term second moment of area instead of moment of inertia. That term is, in fact, more descriptive of the definition of this property in the following discussion.

2007，Robert L. Mott，Applied Strength of Materials，第5th版, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press)，頁 323:


morose

源自法語 morose，源自拉丁語 mōrōsus (“不愉快的，烦恼的；细心的，仔细的；顽固的，固执的；难伺候的”)，源自mōs (“意志，意愿；方式”)。参见moral。

more morose (comparative)
moroser (comparative)
most morose (superlative)
morosest (superlative)

melancholy

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

sulky

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

crabby

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

glum

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

grouchy

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

gruff

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

moody

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

If there is any boy or man who loves to be melancholy and morose, and who cannot enter with kindly sympathy into the regions of fun, let me seriously advise him to shut my book and put it away. It is not meant for him.


maraud

源自法語 marauder，派生自maraud (“无赖，流浪者”)，源自中古法語 maraud (“无赖”)，源自古法語 *marault (“乞丐，流浪者”)，源自marir、marrir (“烦扰，迷失，迷路”)，源自古法蘭克語 *marrijan (“疏漏；妨碍”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *marzijaną (“疏漏；妨碍；破坏”)，源自原始印歐語 *mers- (“迷；不知道，忘”) + 古法語后缀-ault、-aud。同源词有古高地德語 marrjan、marren (“妨碍”)、古撒克遜語 merrian (“妨碍；浪费”)、哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (marzjan，“冒犯”)。与mar有关。

marauds (third-person singular present)
marauding (present participle)
marauded (past participle)

a marauding band

Peace Plunder, Peace, you Rogue; no Moroding now i we'll burn, rob, demolish and murder another time together : This is a Bus'ness must be done with decency.

1684，Thomas Otway，The Works of Mr. Thomas Otway，卷 2, London: Richard, James, and Bethel Wellington, 出版於 1728, The Atheist; or the Second Part of the Soldier's Fortune，頁 88:

[…] in one of which they met with a party of French that had been marauding, and made them all prisoners at discretion.

1711，Joseph Addison，The Spectator, no. 90-505，卷 3, London: Thomas Tickell, 出版於 1721，頁 115:

A flea out of a blanket shaken, A bloody-minded sinner, Upon a taylor's neck was taken, Marauding for a dinner.

1770，“Fables for Grown Gentlemen”, in The Critical Review: Or, Annals of Literature，卷 29, London: A. Hamilton，頁 73:

As the tract of country they intended to maraud was far in the Moorish territories near the coast of the Mediterranean, they did not arrive until late in the following day.

1829，Washington Irving，A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada: In Two Volumes，卷 1, Paris: Baudry, at the Foreign Library，頁s 118-9:


missive

15世纪，源自中世紀拉丁語 missīvus，源自mittō (“发送”)。

The juvenile missives from his unmistakably phallic Twitter avatar came days after one of his rockets launched NASA’s first antiasteroid planetary-defense test[…]

December 13 2021，Molly Ball, Jeffrey Kluger and Alejandro de la Garza，“Elon Musk: Person of the Year 2021”, in Time Magazine:

The Madonna letters, which are interspersed with more personal missives in this curious epistolary memoir, accumulate into a rap about the downsides of celebrity - the problems of ageing, of invaded privacy, of becoming vain and impetuously adopting children from other continents.

25 October 2008，Claire Armistead，The Guardian:

Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it came missives from the King, who all hailed me ‘Thane of Cawdor,’ by which title these Weird Sisters saluted me and referred me to the coming on of time with ‘Hail king that shalt be.’

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


morrow

源自中古英語 morwe、morwen，源自古英語 morgen，源自原始西日耳曼語 *morgan、*morgin，源自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz、*murginaz，对比荷蘭語 morgen和德語 Morgen。
morgen和morn 的同源對似詞。morn和morrow均派生自早期中古英语morwen（前者派生自早期的缩约形，后者则是规则的-en脱落）。

morrows (third-person singular present)
morrowing (present participle)
morrowed (past participle)

[…] he did her bidding but hardly touched food; after which he lay at full length on his bed all the night through in cogitation deep until morning morrowed.

1885，Sir Richard Burton，Aladdin and the Magic Lamp:


mortify

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 mortifier、中古法語 mortifier，源自晚期拉丁語 mortificō (“使...死亡”)，源自拉丁語 mors (“死亡”) + -ficō (“化”)。

mortifies (third-person singular present)
mortifying (present participle)
mortified (past participle)

使...节制，使...节欲 （身体、食欲等） （自15世纪）

Some people seek sainthood by mortifying the body.

一些人为了追求成为圣人而节欲。

With fasting mortify'd, worn out with tears.

1767，Walter Harte，Eulogius: Or, The Charitable Mason:

Mortify thy learned lust.

Mortify, therefore, your members which are upon the earth.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Colossians 3:5:

使...窘迫，使...难堪，使...屈辱，使...丢人，羞辱 （自17世纪）

I was so mortified I could have died right there; instead I fainted, but I swore I'd never let that happen to me again.

我在那都快要丢人死了，然后我昏倒了，但是我发誓我绝对不会让这种事有第二次。

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

扼杀，废止 （14-18世纪）

Quicksilver is mortified with turpentine.

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:


mite

來自中古英語 mite (“螨”)，來自古英語 mīte (“螨，小蟲”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *mītǭ (“咬人的蟲”)，來自*maitaną (“切，割”)，來自原始印歐語 *mey- (“小的”) 或 *mai- (“切，割”)。與古高地德語 mīza (“螨”)、中古荷蘭語 mīte (“蛾，螨”)、荷蘭語 mijt (“蛾，螨”)、丹麥語 mide (“螨”)同族。

英格蘭過去流通的一種小硬幣，面值約等於三分之一法尋

One mite wrung from the lab'rer's hands
Shall buy and sell the miser's lands;

1803，威廉·布萊克William Blake，Auguries of Innocence:

(有時作副詞) 很小的事物/質量，少量

"Well," I says, "I cal'late a body could get used to Tophet if he stayed there long enough." She flared up; the least mite of a slam at Doctor Wool was enough to set her going.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 V, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL; 再版 New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, 1914, →OCLC，頁s 124–125:

"Silas, now," Esther Whitley had said, "would be a good one for you, Hannah. He's a mite on the old side, but he's steady, an' he's been wed before. He knows the ways of a woman better'n some."

1956，Janice Holt Giles，章號 8, in Hannah Fowler，Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, →OCLC; 再版 Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1992, →ISBN，頁 69:

Those trousers are a mite too big, but you'll soon grow into them.

1959，Frances Cavanah，Abe Lincoln Gets His Chance，Chicago, Ill.: Rand McNally, →OCLC; Abe Lincoln Gets His Chance (ReadHowYouWant Classics Library)，第EasyRead large版, U.S.A.: ReadHowYouWant, 2008, →ISBN，頁 30:

小壞蛋；愛搗蛋者，或惹人憐者

“Tom told me that, but twasn't your fault, the little mite just couldn't wait to be born that's all.” A small smile played on Leah's lips.

2014，Lorraine F Elli，The Little Town Mouse:


mostly

mostlie (alternative)
moastly (alternative)

主要、首先；大多；通常、廣泛、大抵、大都。

They're mostly good people, although they have made a few mistakes.

雖然他們都犯過錯，但是他們大多是好人。

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72-3:


marijuana

來自墨西哥西班牙語 marihuana，來自mariguana。最早見於1894年，起源不确定。有一種民間詞源說法認為是受專有名詞 María Juana (“Mary Jane”) 的影響。

marihuana (alternative)
marijuanas (plural)

/ˌmɛɹɪˈwɑ.nə/

/ˌmæɹɪˈwɑː.nə/

After smoking a bowl of that fine marijuana, they ate some brownies.

吸完一碗上好的大麻之後，他們吃了點巧克力布朗尼。

Exactly. Marijuana is something we just all gradually decided is okay, like Mark Wahlberg as a serious actor. “You know what? Sure, I’ve decided I’m fine with that.”

確實如此。大麻這種東西，我們現在都已經逐漸可以接受了，就像馬克·華伯格逐漸成長為入流演員一樣。“你知道嗎？當然，我已經肯定我能接受了。”

2017年April2日，“Marijuana”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 4, 集数 7, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:


marimba

借自葡萄牙語 marimba，經由一種班圖語支語言，可能是金邦杜語 marimba (“木琴”)。

The default ringtone for your iPhone is a marimba sound, but if you'd like to change it, start at the Home screen, then tap on the Settings icon.

iPhone 的默认铃声是马林巴琴声，但如果您想更改它，请先转到主屏幕，然后点击“设置”图标。

2009，Scott Kelby, Terry White，The iPhone Book, Third Edition (Covers iPhone 3GS, iPhone 3G, and iPod Touch)，Peachpit Press, →ISBN:


mariner

源自中古英語 mariner、marinere，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 mariner、marinier，源自古法語 marinier、maronnier，源自marin，可能对应后古典或通俗拉丁语marinarius (“水手”)，源自marīnus (“海洋的”)。取代了非本土的中古英語 marinel / marynell (“水手”)，其借自古法語 marinel。

From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much. Those entering it are greeted by wire fences, walls dating back to colonial times and security posts. For mariners leaving the port after lonely nights on the high seas, the delights of the B52 Night Club and Stallion Pub lie a stumble away.

2013年June8日，“The new masters and commanders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8839，頁 52:


mixologist

bartender

調酒師 （自1856年）

調酒師 （自1856年）

By the way, the difference between a bartender and a mixologist can be confusing, but normally a bartender serves the patrons at a sit-down style bar, where a mixologist would usually work at a very busy service-style bar.

1999，Bob Emmons，The Book of Gins and Vodkas: A Complete Guide，頁 63:

But now we see a split in the mixed-drink community. On one hand, cool bars and star mixologists are lauded and awarded as never before. On the other, booze brands are rushing to develop pre-mixed beverages for a burgeoning Ready to Drink (RTD) market.

2022年July4日，Ben Schott，“Is There Anything That Gen Z Won’t Drink?”, in The Washington Post:


kvass

借自俄語 квас (kvas)。

She […] talked constantly, mostly of her childhood, the young ladies’ school she had attended, and the pleasures of Kiev in the summertime.
“Days are long and hot, but nights are languorous and starlit. People refresh themselves in their flower gardens and some walk in the parks, drink kvass and lemonade, and listen to the symphonies […]”

她滔滔不绝地说着，话题多是她的童年时光、曾就读的女子学校，以及基辅夏日的欢愉。
“白昼漫长炎热，夜晚却慵懒而星光璀璨。人们在自家花园纳凉，或漫步公园，饮着克瓦斯与柠檬水，聆听着交响乐……”

1966，Bernard Malamud，章號 2, in The Fixer:


Nanking

源自官話 南京 (南京話)，并经由郵政式拼音加强，这一形式保留了 /k/在现代腭化为/tɕ/之前的语音特征。

Wherefore he firſt placed his Court at Nanking nee to the bank of that great River of Kiang, which the Chineſſes,in reſpect of the hugh Mountains of water which it diſcharges into the Ocean, call the Son of the Sea :

因此，他首先将朝廷设在南京，靠近长江河岸，中国人因江水流入海洋而称其为“洋子”：

1655，F. Alvarez Semedo，“Bellum Tartaricum”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China，E. Tyler，頁 256:

In China the quantity of Ships is innumerable, as the Sand of the Sea : Thoſe which carry Corn only to Peking amounting to 9999 (*) large Ships, ſufficient to carry above thirty or forty thouſand weight : and their paſſage from Nanking to Peking, being ſeven or eight hundred (†) (Italian) Miles, mostly through Artificial Channels, takes up full ſix Months time.
. . .
(†)That our Author muſt here be underſtood to intend Italian Miles is beyond all question : For the extent of the whole Empire from the moſt remote part of it the Iſland of Hainan, to that part of it which borders on the Muſcovian Empire, doth not contain about 8 or 900 Leagues or Hours ; nor is the fartheſt part of Nanking, where the River falls into the Sea, above 250 French or common Dutch Miles ; which according to our Author's account make 7 or 800 (Italian) Miles, which word I have therefore ventured to inſert in a Parentheſis.

1706，Dionysius Kao，A Short Description of the Vaſt Empire of China，London，頁 163:

Chiang-su was the main centre of the great Tʻai Pʻing rebellion, Nanking being the rebel capital from 1853 to 1864.

江苏是太平天国起义的主要中心，南京在1853年至1864年间为起义政权的首都。

1898，Harlan P. Beach，Dawn on the Hills of Tʻang，New York, →OCLC，頁 154:

By 1857, Imperialist troops were drawing close lines around the rebels, who had begun to lose rather than to gain ground. An-chʻing and Nanking, the only two cities which remained to them, were blockaded, and the Manchu plan was simply to starve the enemy out.

1857年，清军已将叛军包围，而叛军却节节败退。他们仅存的两座城市——安庆和南京已被封锁，而清政府所需做的计划仅仅是断绝敌军的粮草。

1912，Herbert A. Giles，“Hsien Fêng”, in China and The Manchus，Cambridge History Press, →OCLC, →OL，頁 86:

Again, while divided counsels no longer exist at Canton, and both Kwangtung and Kwangsi are now under the control of Nanking, the agreement between Nanking and the Kwangsi war lords depends for its success on the spirit in which it is carried out.

1936，H. Hessell Tiltman，The Far East Comes Nearer，Jarrolds，頁 250:

As my husband's ship stopped for a day or two at Kiu-kiang, Anking, and Wu-hu, enroute to Nanking, I arrived three days before his ship anchored off the bund.

由于我丈夫的船在前往南京的途中在九江、安庆和芜湖停留了一两天，所以我在他的船抛锚之前三天就到达了。

1939，Virgina Holton，The Beeps，New York: John Day Company，頁 133:

As regards barbarities committed by the Japanese army since our war of resistance, the fall of Nanking in December 1937 is a case in point. Over 200,000 civilians were massacred within one week.

说到抗战以来日军的暴行，一九三七年十二月南京沦陷就是一个例证，在一周之内，就有二十多万平民惨遭屠杀。

1942 [1942年February21日]，Kai-shek Chiang，“One half of the world's people”, in All We Are and All We Have，New York: Chinese News Service, →OCLC，頁 11:

On February 18, 1853, Chiu-chiang fell to the rebels, who went on to take Anking. Less than a month later, on March 19, the Taiping forces captured the beautiful city of Nanking, which was renamed T'ien-ching (Heavenly Capital) to commemorate the occasion.

1853年2月18日，九江沦陷，叛军随后攻占安庆。不到一个月后，3月19日，太平军攻占了美丽的南京城，为了纪念这一胜利，改南京为天京。

1975，Frederic Wakeman, Jr.，The Fall of Imperial China，頁 152:

Wang also accused Hsu of instigating ranking officers in the Nanking Military District to disobey transfer orders....
On Feb. 22, Hsu attended a “Conference on the Development of Socialist Civilization” in Nanking.

1983年March20日，“Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XXIV, 期 11, Taipei，頁 3:

The third option would be to mount a missile attack on key targets in Taiwan. Chinese missiles have sufficient range and they would cause considerable damage. They have already demonstrated that their M9 missiles, fired without explosive warheads from a base in the Nanking military district, have been launched successfully, landing inside the two designated target "boxes" northeast and southwest of Taiwan.

第三个选项是对台湾的关键目标发动导弹袭击。中国导弹射程足够，能够造成相当大的破坏。他们已经证明，从南京军区基地发射的M9导弹（不带爆炸弹头）成功发射，落在了台湾东北和西南两个指定的目标“箱”内。

1996年March15日，Michael Evans，“China offensive cannot be ruled out, experts say”, in The Times，期 65,528, →ISSN, →OCLC, Overseas News，頁 14，列 3:

Barely remembered in the West, the rape of Nanking -- then the capital of China -- by the Japanese imperial forces in 1937 stands as a gruesome testimonial to man’s inhumanity to man.[…]
Having already annexed Manchuria, Japan started its full-scale attack on the Chinese mainland in summer 1937 with extensive air raids on Shanghai and Nanking. Chinese citizens who had money and most foreigners had fled Nanking before the ground troops arrived that December.

西方几乎没人记得1937年大日本帝国军队对当时中国首都南京的暴行，它残酷地证明了人与人之间惨无人道的残酷行径。 […]
吞并中国东北后，日本于1937年夏天对中国大陆发动全面进攻，大规模空袭上海和南京。在12月地面部队抵达之前，南京城内的中国籍富人和大多数外国人都逃离了。

2007年January29日，James Greenberg，“Beautifully crafted docu chronicles gruesome massacre”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2023-03-11, Reviews News:

For the first time on Saturday, China held a national day of remembrance on the 77th anniversary of Japanese atrocities committed in the city of Nanjing in the run-up to World War II. President Xi Jinping led the commemorations in front of a crowd of some 10,000 people, among whom were survivors or relatives of victims of the "Rape of Nanking," a six-week reign of terror during which the Imperial Japanese Army carried out mass killings and rapes.

周六，中国首次举行全国性纪念活动，纪念二战前夕日军在南京犯下暴行77周年。国家主席习近平在约一万名民众面前主持了纪念活动，其中包括“南京大屠杀”幸存者或受害者家属。“南京大屠杀”是一场持续六周的恐怖统治，日本皇军在南京实施了大规模屠杀和强奸。

2014年December13日，“China's Xi: Nanjing massacre undeniable”, in Deutsche Welle，存檔自the original on 2016-04-25, Asia:

The ROC Constitution was adopted on December 25, 1946, by the National Assembly convened in Nanking. It was promulgated by the National Government on January 1, 1947, and put into effect on December 25 of the same year. According to Article 174 of the Constitution, amendments to the Constitution shall be proposed and decided by the National Assembly, or proposed by the Legislative Yuan, followed by a referendum by the National Assembly.

中华民国宪法于1946年12月25日由国民大会在南京召开通过，并于1947年1月1日由国民政府公布，同年12月25日施行。根据宪法第174条规定，宪法修正案，由国民大会提出决议，或由立法院提出决议，经国民大会复决。

2022/3，“Referendums Profile”, in Central Election Commission，存檔自the original on 2023-08-31, Referendums:

According to official KMT records in Nanking, Tibet never paid taxes to the ROC government.

根据南京的国民党官方记录，西藏从未向中华民国政府缴纳税款。

2023年February1日，Khedroob Thondup，“Taiwan must stand up for itself”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-02-01, Editorials，頁 8:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Nanking。


necessarily

more necessarily (comparative)
most necessarily (superlative)

/ˌnɛsəˈsɛɹəli/

/ˌnɛsəˈsɛɹəli/

But clever cities will not necessarily be better ones.

但“聪明”的城市不一定就更好。

2013年September7日，“The multiplexed metropolis”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8852:

It is not necessarily true that children get their morals from their parents.

孩子的道德不一定是从父母那里得到的。

Solutions abound, but not necessarily where we expect them.

解决方案比比皆是，但不一定是我们所期望的。


mock-up

大約1915–1920年，mock up (動詞) 的動詞派生詞，仿造法語 maquette的詞。

The second-class accommodation shown in mock-up at last year's Railway Design exhibition in London was open saloon, but there is still nagging concern that the public has expressed a clear preference for compartments.

1964 February，“British Railways' passenger plans”, in Modern Railways，頁 73:

A full-size mock-up carriage of a Liverpool City Region Class 777, built as a part of the design process, has been transferred to the National College for Advanced Transportation & Infrastructure (NCATI) in Doncaster, to be used as a teaching aid.

2022年January12日，“News in pictures: Liverpool carriage goes to college”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 20:

I knew that the software was a mock up and as such it would require the team at least half an hour to put together the components before I could proceed.

2018，Dr Low Lee Yong，I Dare to Dream - Making Possible the Impossible:

This 5mm square grid notebook is great to use for diagrams, mock-ups, designs, everyday use, notes, calculations, lists, doodling, musings or other creativity projects.

2019，Squared Grid Notebook: Square Grid Notebook/Journal，Elite Blank Books:


noncommittal

more noncommittal (comparative)
most noncommittal (superlative)

不明确的，不果敢的；不置可否的，含糊的；不情愿的

The Major's face was noncommittal.

市长一副不置可否的表情。

The noncommittal Indians would give no counsel as to fording.

[He] is candid, open-hearted, and hardly non-commmittal enough for his own interest at times.

1818，S.R. Wells，The American Phrenonological Journal, and other miscellany，卷 10，頁 234:

A United Nations spokesman, Stéphane Dujarric, has previously said the organization would not divulge its sources of information, but welcomed any additional information from the coalition. The United Nations has been noncommittal on the Saudi proposal to send its experts to Riyadh.

2016年June22日，Somini Sengupta，“Saudis Question U.N. Leader Over Report on Rights Violators”, in The New York Times:


noncommittal

As a result of cowardly noncommittals during the immediate postelection period, there was so much strain on several black-white Democratic relationships that they approached open ruptures.

1997，Dennis Sven Nordin，The New Deal's Black Congressman，頁 42:

还没作出决定的人 （如选举人等）

Where they occur, in the Liberal increases in Quebec and Ontario for instance, they are offset by declines in the number of undecideds or noncommittals.

1981，Howard Rae Penniman，Canada at the Polls, 1979 and 1980，頁 372:


Nietzsche

尼采，源自德語的姓氏，因德國哲學家弗里德里希·威廉·尼采（Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche，1844–1900）聞名

You would not like Nietzsche, sir. He is fundamentally unsound.

你不會喜歡尼采的，先生。他根本就有病。


nigger

可能直接源自法語 nègre或西班牙語和葡萄牙語 negro (“非洲黑人”)，最终源自拉丁語 niger (“黑色的”)。比较丹麥語 nigger、瑞典語 nigger、德語 Nigger、荷蘭語 nikker。negro和noir 的同源對似詞。

“nigger”被认为是英语中冒犯意最强的词语之一。在Kristy Beers Fägersten于2007年的一项研究中，佛罗里达大学的本科生给12个英语贬义词打分（1分为“不冒犯”，10分为“非常冒犯”）时，参与者给nigger的分最高，几乎比第二高的词cunt高两分。新西兰的广播标准机构在2010年和2013年分别进行了两次调研后得出nigger是新西兰第二名最具冒犯意的词（第一名为cunt），两次调查显示这个词会冒犯66%和65%的调查参与人，几个英国广播组织开展的一项调查也显示“nigger”会冒犯68%的英国人，排在第5位（前面的词分别为cunt、motherfucker、fuck和wanker）。

一些非洲裔曾尝试为这个词辩白（特别是形式nigga），但是惹起了争议，一些人认为由于其历史阴暗，加之现在仍有贬义使用，这个词不能够被辩白。无论如何，非黑人使用这个词仍旧带有极强的冒犯意。

“nigger”暗含极强的贬义色彩，不仅是蔑视性地称呼人皮肤黑，还暗指他们缺乏智力，长期无业，是社会蛀虫，毒品成瘾，倾向于犯罪等。而且它还和白人殖民非洲、奴役黑人和非洲裔美国人有关。

为了减轻其冒犯意，指代这个词时或者在直接引语中审查掉这个词时会用“n-word”。

“Othello with his occupation gone,” she teased. “Othello was a nigger,” I said.

1929，Ernest Hemingway，A Farewell to Arms，New York: Charles Scribner's Sons，頁 274:

You are not even a nigger, you are an African.

2004，Hotel Rwanda，spoken by Colonel Oliver (Nick Nolte):

There's black people, and there's niggers. And niggers have got to go. Every time black people wanna have a good time, ign'ant-ass niggers fuck it up.

1996，Chris Rock: Bring the Pain，Chris Rock (actor):

See, niggers are followers, blacks normally lead. / Niggers call blacks "whitewash" soon as they on the scene.

2008，“The N Word”, in Greydon Square 作曲, The CPT Theorem:

Blacks stayed at home during the civil rights march. Niggers are the ones that marched.

2010年April13日，Kitty Kelley，引 an unnamed town resident, Oprah: A Biography，New York, N.Y.: Crown, →ISBN, →OL，頁 193:

黑鬼（属于任何皮肤通常为黑色的民族的人）

He never lost his appetite - / He bigger grew and bigger; / And proved, with every inch of height, / A nigger is a nigger.

1880年June19日，Henry Kendall，“My Piccaninny”, in The Australian Town and Country Journal，頁 28，列 4:

"The public have taken no interest in the matter up to now, but this letter of Challenger's in the Times will make them wake up, I'm thinking." "And this about Sumatra?" "Well, it's a long cry from a blurred line in a spectrum to a sick nigger in Sumatra. And yet the chiel has shown us once before that he knows what he's talking about."

1913，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Poison Belt:

At Crescent Lake in Oneida County, Hubert Locke, who is black and serves as the Dean of the University of Washington's School of Public Affairs, was confronted with words to the effect of, "Now the Commission has a nigger working for them" and "I guess there are two kinds of niggers—red niggers and black niggers"[...] These blatant manifestations of racism directed toward Mr. Locke serve to illustrate the racist attitudes experienced daily by tribal members.

1988，James H. Schlender（被引）, “Written Testimony of James H. Schlender, Executive Administrator, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, May 18, 1988”, in Anti-Indian Violence: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, May 4 and 18, 1988，Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 出版於 1989, →OCLC，頁 197:

I had overheard him greet a buddy who called him on the phone with "Yo, nigger, what's up?"

2002年January13日，Earl Ofari Hutchinson，“"Loaded Language", a review of Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word by Randall Kennedy”, in Washington Post，頁 BW06:

“Snoop Dog!” one of them yelled. “That’s my nigga from Long Beach, man.”

1997，McKinley Lee，Chosen by Fate: My Life inside Death Row Records, →ISBN:

I wonna say whassup to all my Niggers, you know, peace and one love.

2001 Autumn-Winter，Awad Ibrahim，引 ‘Sam’, “Hey, whadap homeboy?”, in Taboo，頁 94:

深褐色的蛱蝶科蝴蝶（Orsotriaena medus，南亚，东南亚和澳大利亚）

Nigger (Male) Orsotriaena medus moira Waterhouse and Lyell. 1914.

1932，Gustavus Athol Waterhouse，What Butterfly is That?: A Guide to the Butterflies of Australia，頁 112:

The Nigger is a common butterfly in Singapore and can be found in the company of bush browns.

2010，Khew Sin Khoon，A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore，頁 69:

黑色皮肤的动物： 芜菁叶蜂的幼虫（农业害虫）

To this group belongs the nigger, or black caterpillar of the turnip, which is often in sufficient numbers to do much mischief.

电导体包裹层中会导致部分短路的杂质

Now to locate the portion of the machine which contains the "nigger."

（一些密西西比河船只上的）蒸汽起锚机

Well, it's a big heavy line, and you operate the nigger — capstan it's also called — by steam. You wrap your line around that and keep taking in the slack, and that draws up them things.


nigger

niggers (third-person singular present)
niggering (present participle)
niggered (past participle)

做出黑人刻板印象中的行径

His father said, “Niggering, I was niggering about. You knew that surely.”

1989，Reynolds Price，The surface of earth，Ballantine Books，頁 120:

Forrest’s rediscovery of his father coincides with his discovery that old Robinson’s “niggering around” produced at least one child of mixed race.

2007，George Hovis，Vale of Humility: Plain Folk in Contemporary North Carolina Fiction，Univ of South Carolina Press，頁 86:

I mean he was niggering. Niggering out, grabbing at my leg and microphone cord. I said, ‘Stop that you damn nigger!’ and that takes guts!

2008，Joe Ambrose，Gimme Danger: The Story Of Iggy Pop，Music Sales Group:

The gated community is a powerful tool in the systematic and sustained niggering of local 3rd-world communities - namely, in the book, the Hispanic (mostly wetbacK^([sic])) community

1997年January18日，Joe Frisch，“Anglo-US relations under a Blair Government”, in uk.org.mensa (Usenet):

> He is on TV saying that he was "abused" by the police and treated like a nigger.

1999年December3日，Jeff Welch，“Who is McGuyver and why was he "niggered?”, in seattle.general, December 3 (Usenet):

Why would many Paletinians want to return to a land where they would be "niggered" for the benefit of the Israelis as the present Palestinian population is

2003年July16日，“Mob Attacks Palestinian Pollsters Who Told The Truth”, in soc.retirement (Usenet):


nondescript

more nondescript (comparative)
most nondescript (superlative)

undescribed

（学术文献中）无记载的，无描述的

unidentified

（学术文献中）无记载的，无描述的

He drove a nondescript silver sedan.

他开一辆普通的银色轿车。

There was, besides, a Scots mason, known from his favourite dish as "Irish Stew," three or four nondescript Scots, a fine young Irishman, O'Reilly, and a pair of young men who deserve a special word of condemnation.

1895，Robert Louis Stevenson，“The Second Cabin”, in The Amateur Emigrant:

In 1919, demobilisation specials from Purfleet, Essex, to the North, usually made up of nondescript, almost paintless or grey stock which had seen long wartime service, chalked with slogans, were worked through by way of Bromley and the North London line […]。

1950 April，R. A. H. Weight，“They Passed by My Window”, in Railway Magazine，頁s 258-259:

We open in a grimy, fluorescent-lit military base somewhere in rural England, where the girl from the poster, Melanie (Sennia Nanua), is the star student in a class full of children who are wheeled into school—or at least, the nondescript concrete room that serves as a school—with their arms, legs, and foreheads bound to their wheelchairs by leather straps.

2017年February23日，Katie Rife，“The Girl With All The Gifts tries to put a fresh spin on overripe zombie clichés”, in The Onion AV Club:

The plaque, of light-blue hue (a tone favoured by the Wiltshire market town's civic society), can be found on a nondescript structure just outside the station.

2021年December29日，Stephen Roberts，“Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chippenham (1841)”, in RAIL，期 947，頁 57:


nondescript

无书面记载的物种 （自17世纪）

Imagination has given figure and character to centaurs, satyrs, and down to all the fairy tribe; but titles baffle even the powers of fancy, and are a chimerical non-descript.

By a nice British compromise, the enforcement car — visible just then as a white spot on the television screen — has nothing externally to show its police affiliation, but unlike the CID's nondescripts, carries two large policemen in uniform.

1970，Peter Laurie，Scotland Yard: a study of the Metropolitan Police，頁 118:


nihil

I shall no longer believe all the visions of my youth:
They have dissolved into nihil.

1996, David Tibet, “The Starres Are Marching Sadly Home (Theinmostlightthirdandfinal)” (lyrics):

All tales about the beginning are apt to eliminate the nothing and make being overall. […] Without Nihil the whirlpool of the beginning settles down and becomes a stagnant puddle of pure being. Nihil disappears.

2008，Arvydas Šliogeris，Names of Nihil，頁 13:

That is, in the sovereign act of creation, whereby YHWH orders chaos, YHWH provisionally defeated the power of the Nihil but did not destroy or eliminate the threat of chaos.

2009，Walter Brueggemann，An Unsettling God: The Heart of the Hebrew Bible，頁 143:


nihility

源自文藝復興拉丁語 nihilitas，源自拉丁語 nihil (“没有东西”)。

无，虚无，空洞 （自17世纪）

Paeans and even poems have been written to the esoteric nature of the smallest building blocks of matter: how they manifest as everywhere and nowhere, seem to have come out of emptiness, and at the ultimate level seem to be distilled from pure nihility.

2000，Gregg Easterbrook，“Review: The Quest for Quarks”, in The Wilson Quarterly，卷 24, 期 1，頁 110:


nilpotent

來自nil (“沒有任何”) + potent (“有冪”)，字面意義即「有零冪次」。兩個字根分別來自拉丁語 nil 和 potens。由美國數學家本傑明·皮爾斯（Benjamin Peirce）於1870年與idempotent一起創造，使用於結合代數等領域。

The so-called spinor algebra of C(2), the language of the quantum mechanics, is formulated in terms of the idempotents and nilpotents of the geometric algebra of space, including its beautiful representation on the Riemann sphere, and a new proof of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

2015，Garret Sobczyk，“Part I: Vector Analysis of Spinors”, in arXiv:


nimble

源自中古英語 nymyl、nemel、nemyll、nymell (“敏捷的，迅捷的；准备就绪的；有能的”)，古英語 nǣmel (“善于学习的”)和古英語 numol (“能够拿稳的”)的合并形式，两者均源自niman (“拿，取”) + -el、-ol (联想后缀)，等价于nim + -le。对比德語 nehmen、哥特語 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman)、古諾爾斯語 nema (“拿”)。详见nim。

nimbler (comparative)
nimblest (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-nimble.wav

She has a nimble mind and can improvise in any situation.

她非常机敏，在任何场合都能随机应变。

"It requires you to be flexible and nimble in your thinking and Huw has already demonstrated that," said Greenwood, [...]

2020年May20日，“Merriman praised over handling of TSC's 'virtual' transition”, in Rail，頁 12:


nimble

nimbles (third-person singular present)
nimbling (present participle)
nimbled (past participle)

Their teeth are regularly and assiduously cleaned by shrimp that nimble in and out of the moray's mouth like ballet dancers in the jaws of a mechanical stage dragon.

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，頁 72:


madder

來自中古英語 mader、madere、mædere，來自古英語 mædere、mæddre、mædre，來自原始日耳曼語 *madarǭ（對照瑞典語 madra、古諾爾斯語 / 冰島語 maðra），來自原始印歐語 *modʰro-，與原始斯拉夫語 *modrъ (“藍色”)同源，和對照愛爾蘭語 madar (“茜草”)、拉脫維亞語 madara (“茜草”)。

common madder (Rubia cordifolia, Rubia tinctorum)

madder：

Her big head has coloured to a dim and dreadful madder.


muddled

more muddled (comparative)
most muddled (superlative)

The selection of James Milner ahead of Young was the product of muddled thinking and the absence of Peter Crouch - with 22 goals in 42 England appearances - from even the substitutes' bench was also a surprise.

2011年June4日，Phil McNulty，“England 2 - 2 Switzerland”, in BBC:


masseur

You each get a regular massage by a naked masseur.

你们每人都会受到一位裸体按摩师的常规按摩。


masseuse

He was a great masseuse.

2003，Helena B. Rich., L. C. S. W. Helena B. Rich，The Art of Masturdating: A Guidebook for Single Heterosexuals，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 103:

He was a good masseuse, and could always make Jez relax.

他是一名出色的按摩师，总是能让杰兹放松下来。

2012，Penny Dixon，Betrayed，Troubador Publishing Ltd, →ISBN，頁 57:

Waited, got up, opened the door and saw the masseuse playing backgammon. Told him I was ready, didn't know what for. He waved me away, and I returned to the slab. By the time he came in, a mustached masseuse was sponging down a German woman on the opposite side of the marble; her husband sat on the perimeter watching (this was not a traditional hamam).

1998，Bad Subjects Production Team，Bad Subjects: Political Education for Everyday Life，NYU Press, →ISBN:

Just less than a week ago, he'd said he'd tell Peter's parents, his school, the press, that Peter was an erotic masseuse.
就在不到一周前，他说他会告诉彼得的父母、学校和媒体，彼得是一名色情按摩师。

year unknown, Jamie Lake, BOOK 4 - Bad Boy: Naughty at Night: Bad Boy | Gay Romance MM Boyfriend Series, Jamie Lake

In most massages, both the male masseuse and the female client are naked and the focus is on erogenous zones.

在大多数按摩中，男按摩师和女顾客都是裸体的，按摩的重点是性感区。

2011，Mark D West，Lovesick Japan: Sex Marriage, Romance, Law，頁 152:


microsecond

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-microsecond.wav

He'd be on her ass in a microsecond, revoke her letters testamentary, they'd call her names, proclaim her through all Orange County as a redistributionist and pinko, slip the old man from Warpe, Wistfull, Kubitschek and McMingus in as administrator de bonis non and so much baby for code, constellations, shadow-legatees.

1966 March，Thomas Pynchon，章號 6, in The Crying of Lot 49，New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books, 出版於 November 1976, →ISBN，頁 136:

The data word processor 606 handles the in-flow and out-flow of byte-oriented input/output data and interleaved signals at a rate of, for example, 500 kilobytes per second. Instruction processing rates of four to eight per microsecond are required for such a data flow.

1969，Harold R. Dell，HIGH-DENSITY PERMANENT DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM，US Patent 3638185:

O₂^(•−) and OH^• are highly unstable (half-life at the level of microseconds and nanoseconds, respectively) and cannot cross membrane, while H₂O₂, though not a free radical but a ROS, is relatively stable (half-life around 1 ms) (Møller et al. 2007) and can cross membranes through aquaporins.

2015，Rup Kumar Kar，“ROS Signaling: Relevance with Site of Production and Metabolism of ROS”, in Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage in Plants Under Stress，Springer, →ISBN，頁 117:


mermaid

源自中古英語 mermayde (“海的少女”)，源自mere (“海，湖”) + maid，等价于mer- + maid。对比古英語 meremenn、meremennen、meremenin (“人鱼，妖女”)。

A gentleman, or an honest citizen shall not sit in your penny-bench theaters, with his squirrel by his side cracking nuts; nor sneak into a tavern with his mermaid; but he shall be satir'd and epigramm'd upon […]

1602，Thomas Dekker，Satiromastix，act 4, scene 2:


muffle

來自中古英語 muflen (“包裹”)，盎格魯-諾曼語 amoufler的語頭音消失，來自古法語 enmoufler (“纏繞，包裹”)，來自moufle (“連指手套”)，來自中世紀拉丁語 muffula (“暖手筒”)，日耳曼語族的原型 (— C.E.817年首次在Capitulary of Aachen所紀錄)，來自古法蘭克語 *muffël (“套，包裹，信封”)來自*mauwa (“套子，包裹”) (來自原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“套子”)) + *vël (“外皮，皮革”) (來自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“外皮，薄膜，羊毛”)。另一個詞源將中世紀拉丁語一詞追溯到古法蘭克語 *molfell (“柔軟皮革製成的衣服”)，來自*mol (“柔軟，軟化”) (與古高地德語 molawēn (“軟化”), 中古高地德語 molwic (“軟”), 英語 mulch同族) + *fell (“皮革，皮膚”)。

N.B.—Mr Broughton proposes, with proper assistance, to open an academy at his house in the Haymarket, for the instruction of those who are willing to be initiated in the mystery of boxing: […] muffles are provided, that will effectually secure them from the inconveniency of black eyes, broken jaws, and bloody noses.

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:

Between the two pulleys c, c¹, and around the shaft a, is a muffle d, which receives at both ends the rounded heads of three, four, five, or more screws f, which act as levers. The levers are formed of a right and lefthanded screw, f, and f¹. The two screws are united together by means of a nut g, so that, by turning it, they are lengthened or shortened. The heads of the upper screws f¹, act upon the blocks e, e¹, contained in boxes supported by the plates h, h¹, through the centre of which passes the shaft a. These plates h, h¹, are fixed on the shaft a; they are of a smaller diameter than the inside of the pulleys c, c¹; their object is to keep the blocks e, e¹, from twisting.
By moving the muffle d, to the left, the levers or screws f, f, will force the blocks e, to bear against the inside of the pulley c, placed on that side. The motion of this pulley will cause the muffle d, and consequently the shaft a, to revolve. By pushing the muffle d, on the opposite side, the blocks e, will depress the pulley c, and the blocks e¹, will bear against the pulley c¹, the band of which being crossed, will cause the shaft a, to revolve in a reverse direction.
This shaft being furnished with a pinion, will transmit to a toothed wheel or rack, a motion in both directions at the desired instant, since it is only necessary to give the muffle d, a lateral movement from right to left, or from left to right, by means of a fork which acts on the part b.
By placing the muffle d, half way between the two pullies c, and c¹, the blocks e, and e¹, will release the said pullies, and the shaft a, will be motionless.
The patentee claims, ”the characteristic principle of the mechanical combination herein described, applicable to all cases where it may be useful, by varying the shapes or dimensions according to the power of the machines to which they may be applied.”

1858，Newton's London Journal of Arts and Sciences. New Series，卷 7，頁 26:


midriff

源自中古英語 mydryf，源自古英語 midrif、midhrif (“腹部，横膈膜”)，等价于mid- + riff。

But by Season 3, she said her patience had fizzled like bad Champagne after Emily grossly mispronounced “bien sûr” (“of course!”), flashed her midriff at the office and mistook George Sand, the French romantic writer, as a man.

2023年January20日，Dan Bilefsky，“American Expatriates in Paris Wish Emily Cooper Would Go Home”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


maidenhead

maydenhead (alternative)
maidenheads (plural)

Put in but little Silver or Gold, for if you do, you quite spoil the Compoſition ; but inſtead thereof, add of Tradeſmens Bills for Cloaths, to the Value of 100 l. [¶] Laſtly, Take away the Girl's Maidenhead, and then the Compoſition is fit for Uſe.

1713，Sir John Willes，The Speech that was Intended to Have Been Spoken by the Terræ-Filius: In the Theatre at O----d, July 13, 1713, Had Not His Mouth Been Stopp'd by the V. Ch------r:

Gallants, a bashful poet bids me say,
He's come to lose his maidenhead to-day.
Be not too fierce; for he's but green of age,
And ne'er, till now, debauch'd upon the stage.

1760，John Dryden，The Miscellaneous Works: Containing All His Original Poems, Tales, and Translations，頁 367:

My lord,[…]/ I brought you nothing else it may be said / But faith and nakedness and maidenhead.

1951，Geoffrey Chaucer，Nevill Coghill, transl.，The Canterbury Tales: Translated into Modern English (Penguin Classics)，Penguin Books, 出版於 1977，頁 363:

She prayed to Pallas, and by her help escaped from him in the form of a crow, rejoicing more to keep her maidenhead white under the blackness of the feathers than to lose it and be adorned with the fairest pearls.

1900，John Gower，The English Works of John Gower:

So the reference to the plucking of the ginger flower is again an indirect allusion to the taking of the girl's maidenhead .

1995，Ruth H. Finnegan，Margaret Orbell，Reader in Maori Head of Department of Maori Margaret Orbell，South Pacific Oral Traditions，Indiana University Press, →ISBN，頁 70:

The gender reversals that pervade this play continue mischievously in the man's maidenhead being the undisclosed secret.

2004，Yu Jin Ko，Mutability and Division on Shakespeare's Stage，頁 70:

“[…] He said that Katheryn told him he should have her maidenhead, though it be painful to her. I told him to be gone with his empty promises of marriage. But I doubt not that Mr. Mannox has known her intimately.”

2004，Margaret Doner，Merlin's Handbook for Seekers and Starseeds，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 94:

[…] a young virgin makes an even trade of her maidenhead for a hat that she desires. She negotiates with the haberdasher, who originally stipulated for her maidenhead plus a crown […]

2006，C. Harol，Enlightened Virginity in Eighteenth-Century Literature，Springer, →ISBN，頁 87:

The penis imagery becomes apparent: the nails are 'blunt' and 'large', designed to push through the fair skin in body parts (feet, hands) that had earlier been described in erotically-charged language. As if losing his maidenhead, Christ's body 'bursts' when entered, bringing forth a gush of blood that mars his white (womanly) skin.

2009，The Milieu and Context of the Wooing Group，頁 141:

Almost immediately afterwards, Scanlan discovered that the marriage was legal; Ellie was his wife. He began to feel that he had paid an exceptionally high price for his maidenhead.


migraine

1777年进行了词形调整（在法語的影响下），源自14世纪晚期的中古英語 megrim，源自13世纪的古法語 migraigne，源自通俗拉丁語中拉丁語 hemicrania (“半边头痛”)的发音，源自古希臘語 ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía)，源自ἡμι- (hēmi-，“半”) + κρανίον (kraníon，“颅”)（亦派生出cranium）其仿译自埃及語 gs-tp (“头痛”)，源自gs (“半”) + tp (“头”)，但是埃及纸莎草内的记录和希腊语内的ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía)也可能纯属碰巧相似。
同源词有megrim、hemicrania。

He had a headache so bad that he wished he was dead, but it was the sort of migraine that promised him he would continue to suffer but not die.

他头痛痛得想死，但是那是那种不会致死而一直折磨你的偏头痛。

After consuming too much coffee every day for six weeks, she got severe migraines that would last up until 47 minutes after her first cup of coffee.

天天过量喝咖啡六周后，她得了一种喝第一杯咖啡后会持续最多47分钟的偏头痛。

It was in 1976, during our first family holiday to Disneyland, California, that my family learned the difference between a headache and a migraine.

2006，Dian Caouette，Migraine Rewritten: A Journey from Debilitating Headache Pain to Regained Health，頁 6:

A team of international researchers has recently identified the first—ever genetic link to common migraine (common migraine refers to migraine without aura, and it is the most common type of migraine that occurs).

2013，Susan Hutchinson，The Woman's Guide to Managing Migraine，頁 18:

Migraine headaches are fortunately suffered by a relatively small percentage of people, but for those who do suffer, migraines can literally take over their life.

2013, Health Press Publishing, Natural Therapies and Prevention for Headaches and Migraines, unnumbered page,

Syncope is estimated to occur in bouts of headache in approximately 5% of adult patients with migraine.

1995，Robert A. Davidoff，Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management，頁 60:

Migraine is characterized by recurrent unilateral, often pulsating, headaches, worsened by physical activity and associated with nausea, photophobia and phonophobia.

2005，Michael H. Silber，“Chapter 28: Headaches and sleep disorders”, in Clinical Neurophysiology of Sleep Disorders，頁 337:

Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder with substantial variation in the frequency, severity, and duration of headaches (Goadsby, Lipton, & Ferrari, 2002).

2006, Joshua W. Devine, Daily Migraine Prevention and Its Influence on Resource Utilization in the Military Health System, PhD Thesis, page 1,


mailman

"What I'm thinking," she said, "is that I'll become a mailman. They're hiring women mailmen now, you know. [...]"

“我在想，”她说，“我要去当个邮差。现在他们也开始招女邮差了，你知道吧。……”

1974，Ella Leffland，Love Out of Season，頁 364:


mausoleum

源自中古英語 mausoleum，源自拉丁語 mausōlēum，源自古希臘語 Μαυσωλεῖον (Mausōleîon)，源自Μαύσωλος (Maúsōlos)，以Mausolus（?–前395）命名，其为波斯帝国卡里亚的总督，其陵墓被称为古代世界七大奇迹之一。

As Amazon reaches maximum ubiquity in our lives (“Alexa, play Led Zeppelin”), as online shopping turns malls into mausoleums, it’s been illuminating to see exactly how a package makes the final leg of its journey.

2018年December25日，Austin Murphy，“I Used to Write for Sports Illustrated. Now I Deliver Packages for Amazon.”, in The Atlantic:


neutrino

由義大利的物理學家恩里科·费米在1933造出，源自 neutron + 意大利語 小稱後綴 -ino。

But researchers at the CERN lab near Geneva claim they have recorded neutrinos, a type of tiny particle, travelling faster than the barrier of 186,282 miles (299,792 kilometres) per second.

2011年September22日，Nick Collins，“Speed of light 'broken' by scientists”, in Daily Telegraph:


nostalgic

FA Cup Centenary 1872-1972. One for the football nostalgics.

2009年February28日，Steven Morris，“Brought to books: bibliophiles and traders enjoy giveaway bonanza”, in The Guardian:


nosy

nosier (comparative)
more nosy (comparative)
nosiest (superlative)
most nosy (superlative)

"Look at you, a handsome man of thirty, with thick brown hair and a nosy nose and enormous feet and hands that can drive a team of horses or a yoke of oxen or," she hesitated in a brief shyness, and then went on, "a loving wife."

She had the same sort of handsome, square-cut features as Timothy, with the difference that her nose was small and short — it was obvious that Timothy got his thick dark hair, his brown eyes and his nosy nose from his father, that vigorous impresario who had died suddenly of a a heart-attack, his first, two years before the War began.

1971，William Cooper，You want the right frame of reference，頁 22:

The problem is particularly acute in caricature when a variety of divergent features is forced into a precarious union, when a "nosy" nose is trying to get along with a hesitant mouth and vigilant eyebrows.

Nosy in his looks by the large hooked proboscis, which dominated his face, as well as by character, Ebenezer wanted, perhaps even needed, to know everyone's business.

2005，R. G. Crouch，The Coat: The Origin and Times of Doggett's Famous Wager，頁 99:


mayfly

源自May + fly。对比薩特弗里斯蘭語 Moaifljooge (“丽蝇”)。

部分英语方言中，复数形式还可作“mayfly”。

Adult mayflies have large compound eyes and most have two pairs of wings.[…]Mayfly nymphs are distinguished by their three tails (two cerci and a terminal filament) and the set of gills on each side of their abdomen.

2002，John Gooderham, Edward Tsyrlin，The Waterbug Book，頁 132:

Mayflies are fragile, gossamer-winged insects that arise from bodies of water and often swarm in great numbers.

2005，Terry Hellekson，Fish Flies: The Encyclopedia of the Fly Tier's Art，頁 213:

Stoneflies have negligible consumptive (thin solid line) and behavioral effects (thin dashed line) on mayfly abundance. Consumption by trout decreases the abundance of mayflies (solid line), but trout suppress mayfly emigration (drift) and thereby increase their abundance (thick dashed line).

2010，Barbara L. Peckarsky, J. David Allan, Angus R. McIntosh, Brad W. Taylor，“Chapter 9: Understanding the Role of Predation in Open Systems”, in The Ecology of Place，頁 195:


messenger

源自中古英語 messengere、messingere、messangere，源自古法語 messanger，古法語 messagier（對比現代法語 messager）的變體，等同於message + -er。messager 的同源對似詞。
代替本土的古英語 boda (“信使，使者”) 和 ǣrendraca (“信使，特使”)。
至於 -ager 被 -enger、-inger、-anger代替的現象，對比passenger、harbinger、scavenger、porringer。這樣做可能只添加了一個 n，或可能是與其他後綴，如中古英語 -ing的混淆。對比古法語 -ange、-enc、-inge、-inghe (對應英語的 -ing) 與 古法語 -age (對應英語的 -age) 的關係。

根據破產或清償相關法律，執行部分職責（如破產者財產）的人

The Messenger under the joint Commission of Bankruptcy might have seized the Whole, if they had remained in their Warehouse

James Burrow，Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench:


mayonnaise

非同化借詞，源自法語 mayonnaise，可能以梅諾卡島的 Maó (西班牙語為 Mahón) 市命名，該食譜就是從那裡傳回法國的。對比西班牙語 mahonesa。其他建議的起源包括貝雲市（bayonnaise）；馬耶訥公爵和法語中的單字 manier (“處理”) 或古法語中的 moyeu（即蛋黃）。

Mayonnaise (alternative)
mayonnaises (plural)

由植物油、生蛋黃、醋或檸檬汁和調味料製成的調味品，用於沙拉、炸薯條、三明治等。

There are 250 foods, including mayonnaise, cheese and cocoa, that don't list ingredients at all.

有 250 種食品根本沒有列出成分，包括蛋黃醬、起司和可可。

The FDA's original intent for foods included under "standards of identity" ensured that terms like "mayonnaise" or "ice cream” would guarantee the same basic ingredients required in the government-established recipe no matter who manufactured it.

FDA 對納入「身分標準」的食品的初衷是確保「蛋黃醬」或「冰淇淋」等名稱無論由誰生產，都能保證其基本成分符合政府制定的配方。

1975，Irma S. Rombauer, Marion Rombauer Becker，Joy of Cooking，頁 7:

I grew up thinking that the blue and white Miracle Whip salad dressing jar in the fridge held the same substance the rest of the world knew as mayonnaise. / Now I know that mayonnaise is something entirely different.

我從小就認為冰箱裡藍白相間的 Miracle Whip 沙拉醬罐裡裝的就是世界上其他地方所熟知的蛋黃醬。 / 現在我知道蛋黃醬是完全不同的東西。

The oils in store-bought mayonnaise range from olive oil to sunflower oil to safflower oil and some less desirable oils!

商店購買的蛋黃醬所含的油種類繁多，從橄欖油到葵花籽油、紅花油，甚至還有一些不太理想的油！

2008，Jan McCracken，The Everything Lactose Free Cookbook:

Most store-bought mayonnaise contains ingredients (vinegar, lemonjuice, and salt) that actually slow bacterial growth

大多數商店購買的蛋黃醬都含有可以減緩細菌生長的成分（醋、檸檬汁和鹽）

2012，Marie A. Boyle, Sara Long Roth，Personal Nutrition:

任何乳霜，例如用於保濕臉部或調理頭髮的乳霜，其基礎成分都是蛋黃和油。

hair mayonnaise

facial mayonnaise

They include cider vinegar, two pre-shampoo products, shampoo, conditioner, hair mayonnaise, oil, leave-in conditioner, end protector, revitalising styling spray and filtered water.

它們包括蘋果醋、兩種洗髮前產品、洗髮精、護髮素、髮絲乳霜、油、免沖洗護髮素、髮梢保護劑、活力造型噴霧和過濾水。

2016，Emma Tarlo，Entanglement: The Secret Lives of Hair，Oneworld Publications, →ISBN:

Then I implemented a lighter protein conditioner – such as hair mayonnaise, which I learned about from my cousin Renee – for the off weeks. I used this hidden gem in combination with olive oil (yes, I bought a kitchen bottle of olive oil – the same kind my grandmother used in every single delicious dish she ever cooked – strictly for use in my hair).

然後，我在休息的幾周里使用了更輕的蛋白質護髮素 - 例如頭髮乳霜，這是我從表妹蕾妮那裡學到的。我將這種藏宝與橄欖油混合使用（是的，我買了一瓶廚房橄欖油 - 和我祖母在她做的每道美味佳餚中都用到的一樣 - 專門用於我的頭髮）。

2010，Rhea E. Santangelo，Grow It Girl! How I Took My Hair from Broken to Beautiful，Lulu.com, →ISBN，頁 26:

Rancey and our coach, Damien Hardwick, still both joke that "Dimma" tried to off-load him for a sixpack of beers and a bucket of chips in his first few years, but I think they both put some mayonnaise on the story these days.

蘭西和我們的教練達米安哈德威克仍然開玩笑說，「迪瑪」在他最初的幾年裡試圖用六罐啤酒和一桶薯片來打發他，但我認為他們現在都在這個故事上加了一些誇大的成分。

2017年March2日，Trent Cotchin，“Alex Rance is one of the most competitive humans that has walked the planet, writes Trent Cotchin”, in Herald Sun，Melbourne，存檔自the original on 2024-06-22:

If he had a reputation among supporters of playing for free kicks he wasn't aware of it and no one from the AFL or coaches spoke to him specifically about changing his style. But he admits, he would "put some mayonnaise" on top of what defenders had done to him to ensure the umpires were aware of what was happening.

如果他在支持者中以踢自由球而聞名，他並沒有意識到這一點，也沒有 AFL 的人或教練專門與他談過改變他的風格。但他承認，他會在防守球員對他的行為上“誇張”一些，以確保裁判知道發生了什麼。

2020年August27日，Peter Ryan，“The (football) world is a stage, and players think umpires should police it”, in The Age，Melbourne:


mayonnaise

Mayonnaise (alternative)
mayonnaises (third-person singular present)
mayonnaising (present participle)
mayonnaised (past participle)

Jones himself presided in the kitchen, mincing truffles, mayonnaising lobster, booting waiters out the door with tray after tray of steaming savories and teeth-numbing sweets, […]

瓊斯親自在廚房主持，切碎松露，用蛋黃醬給龍蝦調味，用一盤又一盤熱氣騰騰的美味佳餚和麻木牙齒的甜點把服務員趕出門，[…]

I thought of mayonnaising her racket handle or substituting it for sunblock, but decided against it.

我曾想過給她的球拍柄塗上蛋黃醬或用防曬霜代替，但最終決定不這麼做。

2009，David Galef，How to Cope With Suburban Stress:


muon

早期词语mu-meson的缩约；該粒子現在已被重新歸類為輕子。由意大利的物理學家恩里科·費米在1951造出，見其著作《基本粒子》（Elementary Particles）。

The μ-meson of Powell (called here muon) is instead a disintegration product of the pion, only weakly linked to the nucleons and therefore of little importance in the explanation of nuclear forces.

The spectrum of electrons arising from the decay of the negative mu meson has been determined. The muons are arrested in the gas of a high pressure hydrogen filled diffusion cloud chamber.

1955 March，CP Sargent，“Diffusion Cloud-Chamber Study of Very Slow Mesons”, in Physical Review:


murder

源自中古英語 murder、murdre、mourdre，变化自早期形式murthre (“谋杀”)（参见murther），源自古英語 morþor (“暗杀，非法杀害”)和古英語 myrþra (“谋杀，他杀”)，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *murþrą (“死，杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥tro- (“杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*mor-、*mr̥- (“死”)。与哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr，“谋杀”)、古高地德語 mord (“谋杀”)、古諾爾斯語 morð (“谋杀”)、古英語 myrþrian (“谋杀”)和morþ有关。
中古英語词形内的-d-可能部分受到盎格魯-諾曼語 murdre的影响，后者源自古法語 murdre，源自中世紀拉丁語 murdrum（亦派生出同源对似词murdrum），源自古法蘭克語 *morþr、*murþr (“谋杀”)，源自同样的日耳曼語族词根，虽然也有可能是完全内部发展的结果（对比burden，其源自burthen）。

常修饰“murder”的形容词：atrocious, attempted, brutal, cold-blooded, double, heinous, horrible, premeditated, triple, terrible, unsolved.

The defendant was charged with murder.

Reggie Clemons has one last chance to save his life. After 19 years on death row in Missouri for the murder of two young women, he has been granted a final opportunity to persuade a judge that he should be spared execution by lethal injection.

2012年August21日，Ed Pilkington，“Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine.[…]One thing that is true, though, is that murder rates have fallen over the centuries, as policing has spread and the routine carrying of weapons has diminished. Modern society may not have done anything about war. But peace is a lot more peaceful.

2013年July20日，“Old soldiers?”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

There have been ten unsolved murders this year alone.

单单今年以来就有10起谋杀悬案。

The case was that of a murder. It had an element of mystery about it, however, which was puzzling the authorities. A turban and loincloth soaked in blood had been found; also a staff.

1927，F. E. Penny，章號 4, in Pulling the Strings:

It may be guessed, indeed, that this was the original form of the story, the fairy being the addition of those who considered Jack's thefts from (and murder of) the giant to be scarcely justified without her.

1984, Humphrey Carpenter, Mari Prichard, The Oxford companion to children's literature, page 275:

Captain Sulu, who served under the legendary James T. Kirk for many years, disobeys Starfleet orders in order to try and help Kirk and another old shipmate, Dr. McCoy, who have been imprisoned for the murder of the Klingon chancellor.

2003，Paul Ruditis，Star Trek Voyager: Companion, →ISBN，頁 131:

Dr. Herrera also knew Hemingway had held Batista's army personally responsible for the brutal murders of his dogs, Blackie (Black Dog) and Machakos.

2011，Carlene Brennen，Hemingway's Cats, →ISBN，頁 161:

For his part, Melchior was growing unhappy with the murder of crows. They had been patiently following Arthur for hours, trailing him from town to country.

1995，Deepak Chopra，The Return of Merlin: A Novel, →ISBN，頁 108:

Without the murder of crows roosting in its branches, Nevermore Tree looked as bare as a skeleton.

2001，Daniel Handler，The Vile Village, →ISBN，頁 76:


murder

murders (third-person singular present)
murdering (present participle)
murdered (past participle)

Dr. Caius, the Frenchman in the play, and Evans the Welshman, "Gallia et Guallia," succeed pretty well in their efforts to murder the language.

1892，William Shepard Walsh，Handy-book of Literary Curiosities，頁 293:


murky

源自中古英語 mirky，等价于murk + -y。与古諾爾斯語 myrkr、俄語 мрак (mrak)、塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 мра̑к有关。

murkier (comparative)
murkiest (superlative)

模糊的，浑浊的，朦胧的；多云的；隐晦的，暧昧不清的

murky waters

murky territory

They may face an impenetrable word, approach its murky history from every direction, and fail to find a convincing solution (or even any solution: “origin unknow,” “the rest is unclear,” and the like).

2021年April21日，Anatoly Liberman，“Going out on a Limb”, in Oxford Etymologist:

Mr. Farrier, 39, said he often questioned the moral implications of his trips. “It’s very ethically murky territory,” Mr. Farrier said.

2022年October28日，Maria Cramer，“Beaches? Cruises? ‘Dark’ Tourists Prefer the Gloomy and Macabre”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

China’s murky statistics are fueling widespread public distrust. Its narrow definition of Covid deaths “will very much underestimate the true death toll,” the W.H.O. says.

2022年December23日，Keith Bradsher, Amy Chang Chien, Joy Dong，“As Cases Explode, China’s Low Covid Death Toll Convinces No One”, in The New York Times, →ISSN: