dildo

不清楚，可能是英語 diddle 的變體。對比經常表達性暗示的歌曲中作為表達無意義音節的用法和拼寫 dil doul，例如山繆·皮普斯圖書館中的一首歌曲 The Maids Complaint for want of a Dil Doul。不太可能與意大利語 diletto (“快樂”) 或拉丁語 dīlātō (“我敞開心扉，傳播”)有關，儘管這兩者是經常被引用的字源。

用於性交或其他性行為的裝置。 人造陰莖。

Adieu! faint-hearted instrument of lust;
 That falselie hath betrayde our equale trust.
 Hence-forth no more will I implore thine ayde,
 Or thee, or man of cowardize upbrayde.
 My little dilldo shall suply their kinde:
 A knaue, that moues as light as leaues by winde;
 That bendeth not, nor fouldeth anie deale,
 But stands as stiff as he were made of steele;
 And playes at peacock twixt my leggs right blythe,
 And doeth my tickling swage with manie a sighe.
 For, by saint Runnion! he'le refresh me well;
 And neuer make my tender bellie swell.

再見！懦弱的慾望工具；
那個謊言辜負了我們平等的信任。
從今以後我不再懇求你的幫助，
或者你，或者懦弱的人。
我的小假陽具將滿足他們的需求：
一隻小鳥，像風中飄動的樹葉一樣輕盈；
它既不彎曲，也不破壞任何交易，
但他卻像鋼鐵一樣堅強；
孔雀在我右腿間嬉戲，
並用許多嘆息來懲罰我的癢癢。
因為，以聖人 Runnion 的名義！他會讓我精神煥發；
也永遠不會讓我的嫩肚子腫脹起來。

1592/3，Thomas Nashe，The Choise of Valentines (Poetry), 出版於 1899, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2006-02-27:

"There, as my lord, with achromatic glass,
 "O'erlooks St. James's Park, and on the grass,
 "Beneath his mansion's half-closed window spies
 "Two crouching urchins' gross obscenities,
 "He turns his eager gaze, adjusts the screw,
 "And brings their unwashed nudities in view.
 "That spot, concealed by two o'er hanging hills,
 "Foul sweat and fœtid excrement distils,
 "Yet frowsy, there the pipe-clayed soldier sports,
 "And bishops hold episcopalian courts.
 "'Tis there the Bath empiric's finger guides,
 "The oiled bougie ; and as the dildo slides
 "Besmeared, to meet last night's descending meal,
 "Oft makes the strictures he pretends to heal.

1866，“Don Leon”, in Don Leon ; A Poem by the Late Lord Byron, Author of Childe Harold, Don Juan, &c., &c. and forming part of the private journal of His Lordship, supposed to have been entirely destoyed by Thos. Moore. To which is added Leon to Annabella; An epistle from Lord Byron to Lady Byron. (Poetry), →OCLC，頁s 44, 51–52:

Call ghost hunters? Those fuckers will show up with gas powered dildos and burn the woods down.

叫捉鬼獵人嗎？那些混蛋會帶著氣動設備出現燒毀樹林。

2019，Justin Blackburn，The Bisexual Christian Suburban Failure Enlightening Bipolar Blues，頁 43:

I take back cars from dildos who don't pay their bills. Cool huh?

我從那些不付帳的傻瓜手中收回汽車。很酷吧？

1984，Alex Cox，Repo Man，spoken by Otto Maddox (Emilio Estevez):

The commonest and most conspicuous of the cacti is the "dildoe" (Cereus Swartzii), a columnar form growing to as much as 20 feet in height, a plant the gross physiology of which is probably very similar to that of the sahuaro (Camegiea gigantea).

最常見、最顯眼的仙人掌是「假山仙人掌」（Cereus Swartzii），它是一種柱狀植物，可長到 20 英尺高，其整體生理結構可能與薩瓦羅仙人掌（Camegiea gigantea）非常相似。

1910，Forrest Shreve，“The coastal deserts of Jamaica”, in The Plant World: An Illustrated Monthly Journal of Popular Botany，卷 13，頁s 129–130:


dildo

dildoes (third-person singular present)
dildoing (present participle)
dildoed (past participle)

使用假陽具或其他類似假陽具的物體插入。

And Venus (one that so much known is)
 Is Dildo’d by Cauda Draconis.

1681，Homer Alamode, the Second Part in English Burlesque, or, Mock Poem upon the Ninth Book of the Iliads，頁 48:

A muscular female prison guard was dildoing a petite brunette with a night stick.

一名肌肉發達的女獄警正用警棍對一名嬌小的黑髮女孩進行性交。

2010，Reggie Chesterfield，Goody Goes Bad!，頁 40:


dildo

與其他無意義的音節如 dido 和 diddle(-diddle) 相關，它們同樣發展出性別意義。至少從 16 世紀開始就已發現，通常出現在與性別意義有關的脈絡中（上文）。可能受到中古英語 dildoun (“親愛的，寵物”)，早期現代英語 dildin (“親愛的”)的影響；對比古諾爾斯語 dilla (“平靜下來”)，dillindo (“催眠曲”)。

在民歌的每一節末尾重複出現的短語或主題。

Will you buy a fine dog, with a hole in his head?
With a dildo, dildo, dildo; […]

c. 1600，Thomas Morley，Will You Buy a Fine Dog?:

oh Vrsula, Vrsula pity me with a dildo, dildo, dillory?

c. 1600-1636，William Sampson，The Vow Breaker:


telling

more telling (comparative)
most telling (superlative)

意味深长的，有信息量的，重要的

a telling smile

But ever since the concept of "hamartia" recurred through Aristotle's Poetics, in an attempt to describe man's ingrained iniquity, our impulse has been to identify a telling defect in those brought suddenly and dramatically low.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):


telling

知道某事物的方法，判断某事物的方法

"One white man." said Bill, after a brief inspection. "Out on his line, I s'pose, and there's no tellin' when he'll be back. So we won't wait. We'll just serve notice on him."

1922，A[rthur] M[urray] Chisholm，A Thousand a Plate:


Kiswahili

The national language of the Republic is Kiswahili.

共和國的國家語言是斯瓦希里語。

2010，Parliament of Kenya，“Chapter 2, Article 7(1)”, in Constitution of Kenya, 2010，頁 14:


aphrodisiac

借自古希臘語 ἀφροδισιακός (aphrodisiakós，“性欲的”)，源自Ἀφροδίσιος (Aphrodísios，“阿芙罗狄蒂的”)。

Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac.

c. 1970, Henry Kissinger, quoted in The New York Times (28 October 1973)

This brother told me a secret on how to get more chicks / Put a little Medina in your glass, and the girls'll come real quick / It's better than any alcohol or aphrodisiac

1989，“Funky Cold Medina”, in Lōc’ed After Dark，演出者 Tone Lōc:


Maoism

Some of the farmers were arrested in Wuhan parks where they allegedly spoke against Maoism and the Communist dictatorship, the report said.

报道称，一些农民在武汉的公园里被捕，据称他们是因为发表反对毛泽东思想和共产党独裁统治的言论。

1973年March4日，“Starving farmers given jail terms [饥饿农民被判入狱]”, in Free China Weekly [自由中国周刊]，卷 XIV, 期 8, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 3:


ailment

He had always been remarkably immune from such little ailments, and had only once in his life been ill, of a vicious pneumonia long ago at school. He hadn't the faintest idea what to with a cold in the head, he just took quinine and continued to blow his nose.

1922，Michael Arlen，“2/9/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:


shaky

shakier (comparative)
shakiest (superlative)

He’s a nice guy but when he talks to me, he acts shaky.

他是個很好的人，但跟我講話的時候就表現得很緊張。

For the college clinician, restless nights after letting a shaky student walk out of the office are an occupational hazard. Are the student's safety assurances credible? Will he or she make it safely through the weekend?

2006，Paul A. Grayson, Philip W. Meilman，College Mental Health Practice，頁 11:

Villa had plenty of opportunities to make the game safe after a shaky start and despite not reaching any great heights, they were resolute enough to take control of the game in the second half.

2011年April10日，Alistair Magowan，“Aston Villa 1 - 0 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport:


trickle

trickles (third-person singular present)
trickling (present participle)
trickled (past participle)

Here the water just trickles along, but later it becomes a torrent.

现在水只是细细地在流，但后面它会变成很大的洪流。

The film was so bad that people trickled out of the cinema before its end.

这部电影太烂了，还没结束就已经有人慢慢地走掉了。

Her white night-dress was smeared with blood, and a thin stream trickled down the man's bare chest which was shown by his torn-open dress.

1897，Bram Stoker，章號 21, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

The period of intensive traffic is over by about 5.30 p.m. and for the rest of the evening steadily diminishes, the main activity being the Channel Islands boat trains which trickle in after about 6.30 p.m. and depart again for Weymouth an hour or so later.

1962 April，J. N. Faulkner，“Summer Saturday at Waterloo”, in Modern Railways，頁 265:

Their only shot of the first period was a long-range strike from top-scorer Ebanks-Blake which trickled tamely wide.

2010年December29日，Sam Sheringham，“Liverpool 0 - 1 Wolverhampton”, in BBC:


shimmer

源自中古英語 schimeren，源自古英語 sċymrian、sċimrian、sċimerian，源自原始日耳曼語 *skimarōną。同源词有荷蘭語 schemeren、德語 schimmern。

shimmers (third-person singular present)
shimmering (present participle)
shimmered (past participle)

twinkle

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

sparkle

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

glisten

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

glimmer

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

With dusky shimmering wanny globe, her lampe doth pale appeare

1581, John Studley (translator), Medea, Act 4, in Seneca his Tenne Tragedies, London: Thomas Marsh, p. 135,

The shimmering glimpses of a stream

1850，Alfred Tennyson，The Princess: A Medley，第3rd版, London: Edward Moxon, Conclusion, p. 173:

I looked then and saw that his robes, which had seemed white, were not so, but were woven of all colours, and if he moved they shimmered and changed hue so that the eye was bewildered.

1954，J. R. R. Tolkien，The Fellowship of the Ring，New York: Ballantine Books, 出版於 1973, Book 2, Chapter 2, p. 339:

Pale tourists, tired but excited, emerge like apparitions from the heat haze that shimmers over the tarmac.

2018，Tsitsi Dangarembga，章號 22, in This Mournable Body，Minneapolis: Graywolf Press:


shimmer

The hives […] were scattered towards the back of the clearing, like small mounds of clean vegetable refuse. Over each mound there hung a dusty golden shimmer of bees.

1922，Katherine Anne Porter，“María Concepción”, in Flowering Judas and Other Stories，New York: The Modern Library, 出版於 1940，頁 6:

He’d aimed film lamps at the rectangular pools, which sent reflections up the gallery wall in veined and fractured shimmers.

2013，Rachel Kushner，章號 16, in The Flamethrowers，New York: Vintage, 出版於 2014，頁 294:

同類詞：jitter

As such, perturbation measures can only be derived from vowels, most accurately, sustained vowels or steady-state portions of vowels extracted from connected speech. Two commonly obtained perturbation measures are jitter and shimmer.

2010，Daniel R. Boone，The Voice and Voice Therapy，Pearson College Division, →ISBN:


unfettered

more unfettered (comparative)
most unfettered (superlative)

unrestricted

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

unbridled

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

fettered

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

In a corner of the market among the pens for cattle, Barnaby knelt down, and pausing every now and then to pass his hand over his father’s face, or look up to him with a smile, knocked off his irons. When he had seen him spring, a free man, to his feet, and had given vent to the transport of delight which the sight awakened, he went to work upon his own, which soon fell rattling down upon the ground, and left his limbs unfettered.

1841，Charles Dickens，章號 68, in Barnaby Rudge:

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

We declare the right of the people of Ireland to the ownership of Ireland, and to the unfettered control of Irish destinies, to be sovereign and indefeasible.

1916，Thomas Clarke，Proclamation of the Irish Republic:

Alexander says she has been accused of censorship "worse than a Syrian dictator" over her quest to have gang-related videos taken down. But her campaign shows the debate over a completely unfettered internet is not clear-cut.

2012年April19日，Josh Halliday，“Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in the Guardian:

The EU was established to oppose the unfettered power of nation states and defuse the rivalries between them.

2018，Michael Cottakis – LSE，“Colliding worlds: Donald Trump and the European Union”, in LSE's blog:

The underlying problem with transport policy is that there no coherent strategy. Ministers have tended to encourage greater use of motor vehicles through both transport and (particularly) planning policies, while simultaneously warning of the terrible consequences of unfettered growth of road use.

2020年December2日，Christian Wolmar，“Wales offers us a glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, in Rail，頁 56:


tenacity

tenac(ious) + -ity，源自中古法語 ténacité，源自拉丁語 tenācitās。

意志坚定，坚持不懈，顽强不屈

— Our opponents may be younger, faster and less out of shape than we are, but we have something they’ll never have!
— Tenure?
— Tenacity!

2009，Jorge Cham，“PHD Comics: Softball: younger and faster”, in (請指定書籍名或刊物名):


ecotourism

/ˌiːkəʊˈtʊəɹɪz(ə)m/

/ˌɛkoʊˈtʊɹɪzəm/

Driven by a search for the perfectly "grammable" shot, ecotourism is everywhere on the rise, though it rarely delivers on the promise of its name, which is to reconcile the impulse to consume nature with the desire to conserve it.

2020年August24日，Amia Srinivasan，“What Have We Done to the Whale?”, in The New Yorker:


apostate

源自晚期拉丁語 apostata，源自古希臘語 ἀποστάτης (apostátēs，“反叛”)，源自ἀφίστημι (aphístēmi，“脱离，背叛”)，源自ἀπό (apó，“从，自，离”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi，“站起”)。

We must punish this apostate priest.

我们必须惩罚这个叛教的祭司。

So ſpake th' Apoſtate Angel,

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行 125:

An enormous number of monks and priests gave themselves up to sorcery, and there was no lack of apostate priests to perform the ceremonies of the Black Mass.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 101:


slipshod

slip + shod (“穿着鞋的”)，原指“穿着拖鞋的”。“仓促”一意自19世纪初叶出现。

more slipshod (comparative)
most slipshod (superlative)

slapdash

草草了事的，敷衍的，仓促的

草草了事的，敷衍的，仓促的

Surely there is not another language that is so slipshod and systemless, and so slippery and elusive to the grasp.

1880，Mark Twain，The Awful German Language:

Newspapers pointed at greedy contractors who used shoddy materials, slipshod methods and the help of corrupt officials to bypass building codes.

1999年August22日，Johanna McGeary，“Buried Alive”, in Time:

[T]hey wandered up and down hardly remembering the ways untrodden by their feet so long, and crying [...] as they slunk off in their rags, and dragged their slipshod feet along the pavement.

1840，Charles Dickens，Barnaby Rudge, Chapter 67:

That glossy, well-brushed individual, who lets himself in with a latch-key at the front door at night, is a very different being from the slipshod wretch who growls of mornings for hot water at the door of the kitchen.


scamper

1687年首次可考。词源不详，但可能源自荷蘭語 schamperen，其源自古法語 escamper，源自通俗拉丁語 *excampāre。

scampers (third-person singular present)
scampering (present participle)
scampered (past participle)

The dog scampered after the squirrel.

Three minutes later, Luka Modric scampered down the right, clipped a cross to the near post and Ronaldo’s clipped finish gave the remainder of the match an air of inevitability.

2017年June3日，Daniel Taylor，“Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juv”, in The Guardian (London):


scurry

scurries (third-person singular present)
scurrying (present participle)
scurried (past participle)

Shakespeare has gone back to the formula of last season, by encouraging his players to press high up the pitch and restoring Shinji Okazaki to the starting XI to scurry around between midfield and attack.

2017年March14日，Stuart James，“Leicester stun Sevilla to reach last eight after Kasper Schmeichel save”, in the Guardian:

Then the piglet tore loose from the creepers and scurried into the undergrowth.


scurry

Found a fox in Deerstone, and after a great deal of music, and a scurry or two round the wood, went away over Whigford Down, but he was too far before them to make any more quick music […]


toad

來自中古英語 tode、toode、tadde、tade，來自古英語 *tāde，古英語 tādie的短形式異體，tādiġe (“蟾蜍”)。對照古英語 tāxe (“蟾蜍”)。
與低地蘇格蘭語 tade、taid、taed、ted (“蟾蜍”)同源。對照丹麥語 tudse (“蟾蜍”)，可能起源自同一古老詞根；也對照瑞典語 tåssa、tossa (“蟾蜍”)、古英語 tāxe (“蟾蜍”)、古英語 tosca (“蟾蜍”)。

tode (alternative)
twoad (alternative)
toads (plural)

Shortly he heard the trolls coming. They had a fiddler with them, and some began dancing, while others fell to eating the Christmas fare on the table - some fried bacon, and some fried frogs and toads, and other nasty things which they had brought with them.

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 149:

There's a killer on the road / His brain is squirmin' like a toad
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1971, Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger & John Densmore, "Riders on the Storm", The Doors, L.A. Woman.


supercilious

源自拉丁語 superciliōsus (“自大的，傲慢的”)，源自supercilium (“眉；傲慢”)。

more supercilious (comparative)
most supercilious (superlative)

"I've tried to be a good man, sir, and do my duty honest, and if it wasn't for the supercilus [sic] kind of way in which father carried on last night - a sort of sniffing at me as it were, as though he hadn't no opinion of my references and testimonials - I should feel easy enough in my mind."

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:

Buffeted by criticism of his policy on Europe, battered by rebellion in the ranks over his bill to legalize same-sex marriage and wounded by the perception that he is supercilious, contemptuous and out of touch with mainstream Conservatism, Mr. Cameron earlier this week took the highly unusual step of sending a mass e-mail (or, as he called it, “a personal note”) to his party’s grass-roots members.

2013 May 23, Sarah Lyall, "British Leader’s Liberal Turn Sets Off a Rebellion in His Party," New York Times (retrieved 29 May 2013):


tortuous

源自中古英語 tortuous、tortuose，源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 tortuos，源自拉丁語 tortuōsus，源自tortus (“缠绕”)。

more tortuous (comparative)
most tortuous (superlative)

/ˈtɔːt͡ʃuːəs/

/ˈtɔɹt͡ʃuəs/

本词有很强的负面色彩，可能是受到了发音相近的torturous的影响。 勿与法律用词tortious，及torturous相混淆。

绕的，绕来绕去的，复杂纷繁的，拐弯抹角的

The badger made his dark and tortuous hole on the side of every hill where the copsewood grew thick.

1848，Thomas Babington Macaulay，The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 1, Porter & Coates，頁 243:

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February，G. Freeman Allen，“Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 91:

It still takes almost half a year for the average veteran’s claim for disability benefits to be decided in a tortuous process that can involve four separate hearings.

2007 October 6, “Slogging on the Home Front”, editorial in The New York Times,

But the early Tubes still tended to follow the public streets in order to save money, hence some tortuous curves.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 109:


spearhead

先锋，发起者；领导者，倡导者

Spearheads of the NER bargain fares attack this year have been the introduction of weekend fares at a 7s 6d in the £ discount on ordinary rates between principal stations throughout the Region—[...].

1964 September，G. Freeman Allen，“Interim report on the East Coast Route express service”, in Modern Railways，頁s 158–159:

England played at a tempo in attack that was too much for Bulgaria, with width provided at various times by Walcott、Young and Stewart Downing and Rooney acting as the potent spearhead.

2011年September2日，Phil McNulty，“Bulgaria 0-3 England”, in BBC:


spearhead

spearheads (third-person singular present)
spearheading (present participle)
spearheaded (past participle)

发起，倡导，领导 （一次项目，一次活动等）

He spearheaded the entire project from day one.

他从第一天就开始领导整个项目。

Newcastle have put themselves within touching distance after a fantastic run which has been spearheaded by the goals of Senegal striker Cisse.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:

George Monks spearheaded the project to solve this problem with a funicular, and work on the Lynton & Lynmouth Cliff Railway (L&LCR) began in 1887.

2021年January13日，Dr Joseph Brennan，“Spectacular funiculars”, in RAIL, issue 922，頁 53:


bathythermograph

bathy- + thermograph = bathy- + thermo- + -graph。

The bathythermograph, an instrument we use to measure the temperature of the sea water, went out of commission.

1959，William R. Anderson, with Clay Blair Jr.，Nautilus 90 North，World Publishing Company，頁 71:


Gulf of Mexico

仿譯自西班牙語 golfo de México，首次出現在1550年博德利圖書館收藏的世界地圖上。自17世紀中葉以來廣泛使用，早於墨西哥的獨立。或者來自gulf + of + Mexico。與法語 golfe du Mexique同源。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-Gulf of Mexico.wav

墨西哥灣（位於美國南部、墨西哥東部和北部以及古巴北部的海灣）

A few weeks after allowing the controversial Willow oil drilling project in Alaska to go forward, the Biden administration is auctioning off more than 73 million acres of waters in the Gulf of Mexico to offshore oil and gas drilling.

在允許阿拉斯加有爭議的Willow石油鑽探項目進行幾週後，拜登政府正在拍賣墨西哥灣超過7300萬英畝的水域，用於海上石油和天然氣鑽探。

2023年March29日，Ella Nilsen，“Biden administration moves ahead with massive Gulf of Mexico drilling auction, weeks after approving Willow Project [拜登政府在批准Willow項目幾週後，推進墨西哥灣大規模鑽探拍賣]”, in CNN:


air flow

airflow的另一種拼寫法

We are trying to understand the air flow between exhausts and air-conditioning intakes.

我们试图弄清楚排气口和空调进气口之间的气流。

2021年October6日，Paul Clifton，“Network News: RSSB research exposes poor air quality on diesel trains”, in RAIL，期 941，頁 15:


Hudson Bay

來自英國航海探險家亨利·哈德遜。

哈得孫灣，哈德遜灣（海灣名，位於加拿大努納武特）

Don’t be so darn foolish. It’s the calm afore the storm, Winslow. She were a gentle westerly wind yer cursin’. Only feels roughly ‘cause you don’t know nothin’ bout nothin’ and there ain’t no trees on this here rock like your Hudson Bay bush. Nor’Easterly wind’ll come soon a-blowin’ like Gabriel’s horn. Best board up them signal house winders.

別這麼愚蠢。這是暴風雨前的平靜，溫斯洛。你詛咒的是溫和的西風。只是感覺粗糙，因為你對什麼都一無所知，而且這塊岩石上沒有像你哈德遜灣灌木叢那樣的樹木。東北風很快就會像加百列的號角一樣吹來。最好把信號房的窗戶釘上木板。

2019，Robert Eggers, Max Eggers，燈塔 (motion picture), spoken by Thomas Wake (Willem Dafoe):


orthophotography

During the past three decades, orthophotography has become an increasingly popular and useful tool for land managers. As quality and availability improve, this trend will continue. Orthophotography combines the planimetric precision of maps with the wealth of detail found on aerial photographs.

2012，David P. Paine, James D. Kiser，章號 8, in Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:


Persian Gulf

/ˌpɜːʒən ˈɡʌlf/

/ˌpɝʒən ˈɡʌlf/

Today, all the states of the Middle East face a major threat in Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Saddam's ambitions are not confined to Kuwait. Rather, his goal is to dominate the Persian Gulf region and use its vast wealth to become the greatest Arab hero of modern times, the leader of a new Arab superpower.

1994 [1990年November29日]，Dan Quayle，Standing Firm: A Vice-Presidential Memoir，第1st版, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 253:


swath

源自中古英語 swath、swathe，源自古英語 swæþ、swaþu (“轨道；轨迹；足迹；印记；遗迹；疤痕”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *swaþō (“被风扫过之处；阔野；边境；土地”)，源自原始印歐語 *swem(bʰ)- (“折；转；荡”)。
与荷蘭語 zwade、zwad (“刈幅；干草列”)、德語 Schwade (“刈幅；干草列”)、冰島語 svæði (“区域，地区”)同源。
其他词源资料
对应中古低地德语和中古荷兰语swat，中古高地德语swade，古弗里斯蘭語 swethe (“边界”)。词干意为切割留下的痕迹。
在888年可考于英语中，意为“痕迹”，在1475年可考为更现代的词义。与德語 Schwaden (“一排割下的草或谷物”)同源。
在日耳曼语系外无确切的同源词。
* 见F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch (De Gruyter)，词条Schwaden，和OED。

一大片，大量（的人，土地等）

A large swath of the population is opposed to this government policy.

很大一部分人口反对这项政府政策。

Five days after Hurricane Katrina, large swaths of New Orleans are still submerged in water.

飓风卡特里娜离开5天后，新奥尔良市的大片区域仍浸在水中。

It is undeniable that Malcolm was a beacon of huge strength in his lifetime. He could connect with swaths of people when others could not.

2015年February20日，Jesse Jackson，“In the Ferguson era, Malcolm X’s courage in fighting racism inspires more than ever”, in The Guardian (London):


scram

可能是：
* scramble 的截斷形式，带尾音脱落，或
* 源自方言德語 schramm，schrammen (“抓，挠”)的单数命令式，源自中古高地德語 schramm、schramme (“擦，划”)，之后词源不详。

scrams (third-person singular present)
scramming (present participle)
scrammed (past participle)

匆忙离开；滚开 （自20世纪初叶）

What are you kids doing on my lawn? Scram!

你们这帮小孩在我家草地上干嘛？走开走开！

Maybe when he found that Chet's jalopy was gone, he felt he'd better scram, and forgot the coat and hat.

1927，Franklin W. Dixon [pseudonym; Leslie McFarlane]，“Rival Detectives”, in The Tower Treasure (The Hardy Boys; 1)，New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, 出版於 1987 (2006 printing), →ISBN:

The boy who was playing glowered at the intruder and growled. "Well, scram Kibitzer; scram."

1935，Harry Carr，“So This is Los Angeles”, in Los Angeles, City of Dreams，New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton-Century Company, →OCLC，頁 241:

"Come on!" barked Harry. "Scram!"

1935年February23日，J. Lane Linklater，“The Signal: A Short Short Story”, in Liberty，卷 12, 期 8, New York, N.Y.: Liberty Publishing, →OCLC，頁 35，列 2:

Jus' go on like we was gonna buck barley the rest of our lives, then all of a sudden some day we'll go get our pay an' scram outta here.

1937，John Steinbeck，Of Mice and Men，New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 出版於 1994, →ISBN:

"You scram out of here!" she admonished me fiercely. "Get out, or I'll scream so loud I'll wake the whole house up! You—you Peeping Tom!"

1943，Hans Natonek，“The Affair of the Semi-private Bathroom”, in Barthold Fles（譯者）, In Search of Myself，New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, part 2 (The Year before the Decision)，頁 89:

One day he packs in here with a new convertible, tells me he's moving out and scrams. Never give me a dime.

1950，Mickey Spillane，My Gun is Quick，New York, N.Y.: Signet, New American Library, 出版於 2014, →ISBN:

George was going to Haiti and he knew Lee would feel that the one man whgo took an interest in him was scramming out the door.

1988，Don DeLillo，Libra，New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 出版於 2006, →ISBN:

[T]wo vampires had picked up the guy who needed a new face, and they scrammed.

2005 July，MaryJanice Davidson，章號 28, in Undead and Unappreciated (Berkley Sensation)，第mass-market版, New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, 出版於 December 2005, →ISBN，頁 225:


scram

不详，动词可能派生自词源 1。有人认为其为“safety control rod actuator mechanism”、“safety control rod axe man”、“safety control rods activation mechanism”之类的缩写，不过大概率是逆向字母补齐得来的。
名词可能派生自动词

scrams (third-person singular present)
scraming (present participle)
scramming (present participle)
scramed (past participle)
scrammed (past participle)

使...紧急停堆 （指核反应堆）； 使...紧急停止，紧急叫停

The NCR [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] further demands the plant conform to all the safety requirements put into effect during construction. This means constant re-design. There must also be several ways to scram (emergency shut down) the reactor. Some of these are automatic and some are manual.

1976 December，Randy Warsaw，“Fermi II – A Plant Tour”, in The Michigan Technic，卷 XCV, 期 3, [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: College of Engineering, University of Michigan, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 15:

Startup of reactor recirculating pump resulted in flux spike scraming plant.

1978，“Appendix II—Answers to Written Questions Posed to Nuclear Regulatory Commission before the Hearings”, in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Authorization Requests: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session, on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Requests for an Increased Authorization for Fiscal Year 1978 and for a Fiscal Year 1979 Authorization of $330,000,000: […] (Serial No. 95-161)，Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 794:

The slightest problem in a reactor will cause the control rods to plunge automatically in the uranium core at high speeds (this is called scramming the reactor) and stop the chain reaction.

1983，Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and against the Most Controversial Technology，New York, N.Y.: W[illiam] W[arder] Norton, →ISBN，頁 22:

Both active and manual methods scram by tripping power to a dedicated pump that unbalances the flows to the^([sic]) passively scram the reactor.

2000，Ralph R. Fullwood，“Analyzing Nuclear Reactor Safety Systems”, in Probabilistic Safety Assessment in the Chemical and Nuclear Industries，Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann, →ISBN, section 6.1.4.3 (ABB PIUS)，頁 218:

The reactor was then "scramed", but the control rods did not slide back into the reactor.

2007年June22日，Samuel Upton Newtan，“Nuclear Reactor Disasters: Part I: Stationary Reactors (Non-breeders)”, in Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century，Bloomington, Ind., Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire: AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 113:

Raising group eight rods and brining a nuclear reactor fully to life for the first time in nearly ten years—everyone was so ready they were all ready to pee in their pants. Andrews did not know he could do it without SCRAMing the reactor—in other words, pushing it into an automatic shutdown that might be too little too late.

2012年December12日，D. Michael Battey，章號 35, in Tenacity Gene，Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 174:

（指核反应堆） 紧急停堆； 紧急停止

This shut off current to the control rod mechanism, and the reactor scrammed (shut off) automatically.

1984，Charles Perrow，“Nuclear Power as a High-risk System”, in Normal Accidents: Living with High-risk Technologies，Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 出版於 1999, →ISBN，頁 44:

As soon as the earthquake struck, the reactors "scrammed"—shut down automatically—as they were supposed to.

2012，Daniel Yergin，“The Urgency of Fuel Choice”, in The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World，第revised版, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, →ISBN, part 3 (The Electric Age)，頁 415:

Immediately after the earthquake, following government regulations, the remaining reactors, 1–3, automatically SCRAMed; control rods shut down sustained fission reactions.

2016，Nabil Abu el Ata，Rudolf Schmandt，“Understanding the Hidden Risk of Dynamic Complexity”, in The Tyranny of Uncertainty: A New Framework to Predict, Remediate and Monitor Risk，Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, part I (Once upon a Time)，頁 21:


scram

（核反应堆的） 紧急停堆； 紧急停止，紧急叫停

During scram operation, a scram signal de-energizes the inlet and outlet scram valves. The outlet scram valve vents the volume above the drive piston to a scram dump tank. The inlet scram valve supplies scram pressure obtained from an accumulator to the under side of the vented piston.

1960年October5日，John Roberts，S. F. Armour，“Introduction”, in T7 Tanker Locking Piston Control Rod Drive Scram Analysis (GEAP 3561)，Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Office of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →OCLC，頁 2:

Of the 14 scrams experienced, none was caused by operation exceeding the design parameters. Eight scrams occurred with the control rods withdrawn. [...] Six scrams occurred while the rods were inserted. Five were intentional to prevent accidental rod withdrawal, and one was the unintentional result of an instrument adjustment.

1966 fall，staff of First Atomic Ship Transport, Inc.，“Operating Experience of the N.S. Savannah in Commercial Service”, in Nuclear Safety: A Quarterly Technical Progress Review，卷 8, 期 1, [Oak Ridge, Tenn.]: Division of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →ISSN, →OCLC, section VI，頁 65:

By the time scram is completed, coolant temperatures would likely be climbing due to the combination of a large heat capacity within the fuel pins and low coolant flow.

1981，Alan E. Waltar，Albert B. Reynolds，“Unprotected Transients”, in Fast Breeder Reactors (Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies)，New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Pergamon Press, →ISBN, section 15-5.D (Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink)，頁 604:

Although fission stops almost immediately with a SCRAM, fission products in the fuel continue to release decay heat, initially about 6.5% of full reactor power. [...] Corresponding with the SCRAM, emergency generators were automatically activated to power electronics and cooling systems.

Other indicators can be used to measure the performance of an NPP [nuclear power plant] including the number of scrams (emergency shutdowns of a nuclear reactor), the collective dose (a measure of the total amount of effective dose multiplied by the size of the exposed population), the amount of low-level waste generated, and the fuel reliability. The number of scrams dropped from the peak of 30 in 1984 to only one in 2004 and 2–3 in the last two years.

2011，Min Lee，“The Past, Present and Future of Nuclear Power in Taiwan”, in Nuclear Energy Development in Asia: Problems and Prospects，Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 171:

Each room housing a radiation source has a red-buttoned "scram" switch on the wall. One touch of the switch and all equipment stops abruptly.

1963 June，Kenneth Calkins，“Linac and Dynamitron”, in Boeing Magazine，卷 XXXIII, 期 6, Seattle, Wash.: Public Relations Division, Boeing Airplane Company, →OCLC，頁 6，列 2:

She watched as the Marine technical team leader pressed the red SCRAM buttons for each reactor, setting off a chorus of alarms.

1993，Tom Clancy，Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit，New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, 出版於 November 1996, →ISBN:

In particular, measures have been taken to make the scram system more fast-operating and to exclude any possibility of its being deliberately shut off by the personnel.

1998，Vladimir M. Munipov，“Ergonomics [Disregarding Ergonomic Design Principles: Chernobyl]”, in Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety，第4th版, 卷 I, Geneva: International Labour Office, →ISBN，頁s 29-96:

Today it is considered to be true that the accident paradoxically was ultimately caused by the emergency shut down of the reactor. By sending in the practically completely withdrawn scram and control rods, the reactivity of the reactor by the faulty conception of the rods was for a short time not lowered, but augmented.

2004，Dieter Berg，“Radionuclides Released into the Environment”, in Man-made and Natural Radioactivity in Environmental Pollution and Radiochronology (Environmental Pollution)，Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 119:


scram

动词是英语方言词scramb (“用手拉起；从地上抓起；用指甲、爪子挠；猛地拉下；撕开；撕咬；从地上捡起的一抓东西”)的一个变体，可能与荷蘭語 schrammen (“擦，划”)和德語 schrammen (“抓”)有关，参见词源 1。
名词派生自动词。

scram [...] Verb. [...] 2. To scratch, with claws or fingernails. E.g. "It's my own fault the cat scrammed me, I was teasing it." [South Wales use]

[1996–2020，Ted Duckworth，“scram”, in A Dictionary of Slang，存檔自the original on 2013-08-30:

A woman has praised firefighters and her cat for saving her life following an alleged arson attack. Two-and-a-half-year-old tortoiseshell Taffy repeatedly bit owner Tracie Horgan-Hodgkiss on the hand until she woke up when her flat filled with acrid smoke in the early hours of this morning. [...] "I’d like to say thank you very much to the firefighters for coming to rescue me. And I am sorry that Taffy scrammed one of them!"

2013年December19日，Abby Bolter，“Firefighters Rescue Woman Trapped in Bridgend Flat following an Alleged Arson Attack”, in WalesOnline，存檔自the original on 2013-12-24:

（在已经开发过的矿道中）采零碎的矿石

Just west of this pit is another one, which has been nearly worked out; but three men are scramming about five tons per day in it.

1880，“Marquette Iron District”, in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics of the State of Michigan, for 1879，Lansing, Mich.: W. S. George & Co., […], →OCLC，頁 167:

Recently, Capt. Oliver, [...] set a couple of experienced miners to work scramming in this underground pit, when it was soon discovered that what the former mining captain had conceived to be a regular foot-wall, was, in fact, a thin shale of rock, which hid from view what now appears to be a very large body of clean blue ore.

1882，A. P. Swineford，“The Cyclops Mine”, in Annual Review of the Iron Mining and Other Industries of the Upper Peninsula for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 1881，[Marquette, Mich.]: Mining Journal, →OCLC，頁 141:


scram

scram [...] Noun. [...] 2. A scratch. [South Wales use]

（已经开发过但现在仍小规模开采的）矿道，矿井

[page 64] Many of these old openings still afford places where ore is mined. A man can start in almost anywhere and fine ore. There is a great deal of this "scramming" done at the Jackson. Quite a proportion of the annual product comes in this way. Not unfrequently one of these "scrams" leads to the finding of a large deposit of ore. [...] [page 67] South from the east part of the Incline pit they have a scram of good ore which furnished a small product.

1887，Cha[rle]s D. Lawton，“The Jackson Iron Co.”; “The Cleveland Mining Co.”, in Mines and Mineral Statistics，Lansing, Mich.: Thorp & Godfrey, […], →OCLC，頁s 64 and 67:

There are numbered workings running to about 20, representing small pits and scrams, sometimes worked by contract by "scrammers."

1891，N[ewton] H[orace] Winchell，H[orace] V[aughn] Winchell，“The Chandler Mine”, in The Iron Ores of Minnesota, […] (Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota Bulletin; no. 6)，Minneapolis, Minn.: Harrison & Smith, […], →OCLC, part II (Methods of Exploration and Mining, and Descriptions of the Various Mines)，頁 196:


scram

不及物，英國，方言，古舊

（指身体、躯体因寒冷或缺乏运动而） 麻痹，僵硬

The bean-setters can fully appreciate the nipping, biting keenness of the air, and avow frankly, in their own peculiar idiom, "that they be pretty nigh scrammed!"

1857，Frances Freeling Broderip，“Murder Will Out. An ‘Owre True Tale.’”, in Way-side Fancies，London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, part 2，頁 13:

（因伤病、意外而）变虚弱

"But they will be scrammed!^* the children will be scrammed, Mary, before morning," cried Jim, scratching his head with perplexity and distress at the very thought of two young creatures sleeping on the bare boards, in a cold garret with only a shawl to cover them. [Footnote *: Starved.]

[1867]，章號 I, in How Mary Edmonds Did What She Could; and What Came of it after Many Days，London: The Religious Tract Society, […], →OCLC，頁s 14–15:


essential oil

The odours of many flowers so delightful to our sense of smell, as well as the disagreeable scents of others, are owing to the exhalation of their essential oils.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, p. 102:

The use of essential oils – aromatic substances derived from plants – has been around for centuries, and studies suggest certain oils offer minor benefits to sleep (lavender) or headaches (peppermint).

2020年August12日，Adrian Horton，“The dark side of wellness: behind a Netflix series on a murky industry”, in The Guardian:


specificity

派生自法語 spécificité。By surface analysis, specific + -ity。

Congress must set a clear standard: Police should prove with specificity what's on your phone before forcing it open, and only after the device's owner has consulted with a lawyer. Doing so would provide citizens a means to ensure police follow warrant requirements without sacrificing law enforcement's ability to pursue the crime they're investigating.

2024年October14日，Patrick Eddington，James Craven，Police Want the Password to Your Phone:


décollement

The décollements occur in near-continuously exposed Upper Devonian to Lower Cretaceous strata in the southern Chandler Lake quadrangle.

1987，Donald J. Orth，Metal Biogeochemistry in Surface-water Systems:


isobase

在地圖或海圖上畫一條線，連接地表起伏或下陷相等或持續的地方

Assuming their zero isobase and assuming also that they have correctly identified the beaches, the Jamieson hypothesis is decidedly not favored by their field observations.

1920，Bulletin of the Geological Society of America，卷 31:

The southern limit of Wright's zero isobase should intersect the north-west coast of England 125 km further north in the vicinity of the southern shore of Morecambe Bay.

1978，Sea-level Changes: North-West England During the Flandrian Stage，M. J. Tooley:

The isobase map shows the marked spatial variability in elevation of archaeological sites from the Groswater Bay west along Lake Melville to the Goose Bay area, as identified by Fitzhugh (1972).

1992，Lucille Lewis Johnson, Melanie Stright，Paleoshorelines and Prehistory: An Investigation of Method:


ooid

more ooid (comparative)
most ooid (superlative)

One thinks of everything from amphitheaters like the Colosseum to Buckminster Fuller in his more ooid modes

2001，George L. Hersey，The Monumental Impulse: Architecture's Biological Roots，頁 152:


Yellow Sea

仿譯自漢語 黃海／黄海。

The extent of the great gulph called Whang Hay, or the Yellow Sea, being at preſent unknown, it may be left to the Commander’s diſcretion, to proceed up it as far as he may think proper: he muſt be cautious, however, not to entangle himſelf in it too far, left he ſhould not have ſufficient time left for the proſecution of the remainder of his voyage.

1784，James Cook, James King，Cook's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean，卷 IV, London: John Stockdale，頁 248:

For centuries, travelers from Asia Minor, Europe and later America prized the carpets woven in Tientsin, a Yellow Sea port in North China.

1973年July1日，“Art of Tientsin rugs revived”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XIV, 期 25, Taipei，頁 2:

It was New Year's Eve, and the eighteen American officials who had hurriedly gathered in the State Department Operations Room on 31 December 1970, were still sharply divided after four hours of discussion.¹ The issue was what, if anything, the Seventh Fleet should do in the event of Chinese naval action against the U.S. seismic survey vessels then beginning to explore for oil in disputed waters of the East China Sea, the Taiwan Strait, and the Yellow Sea.

1977，Selig S. Harrison，China, Oil and Asia: Conflict Ahead?，New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN，頁 1:

The combined East China Sea and Yellow Sea (ECS/YS) covers roughly 1,250,000 km² and is one of the most developed continental shelf areas in the world (Yanagi and Takahashi, 1993). While the Yellow Sea (YS) covers a relatively large area, it is quite shallow reaching a maximum depth of about 140 m (Figure 1). The water depth over most of the area is less than 50 m.

1998，Akira Kuninaka，AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS AND WATER MASS STRUCTURE OF THE EAST CHINA SEA AND YELLOW SEA，Naval Postgraduate School，頁 1:


Younger Dryas

The International Union of Geological Sciences recognises the Pleistocene as ending 11,764 years ago, because that is when the last advance of the ice - known as the Younger Dryas - ended.

国际地质科学联合会认为更新世结束于11,764年前，因为那是最后一次冰川推进期（称为新仙女木期）结束的时间。

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: A Natural History，頁 145:


seismic

基于古希臘語 σεισμός (seismós，“摇晃；地震”) + -ic。

With Spurs having avoided a seismic Cup upset, Newport's heroic display will be rewarded with a lucrative replay at Wembley.

2018年January27日，Dafydd Pritchard，“Newport 1 - 1 Tottenham Hotspur”, in BBC Sport:


telomere

/ˈtiːləmɪəɹ/

Chromosome ends or telomeres are composed of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins. A minimum number of repeats is essential for proper telomere function and to avoid sustained activation of DNA damage pathways that may result in replicative senescence or cell death.

2004, Peter M. Lansdorp, 11: Telomeres and Telomere Regulation, Robert Paul Lanza (editor), Handbook of Stem Cells, Volume 2: Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, page 127,

Previous studies have examined telomere lengths as an indirect measure of aging in cloned animals. Sheep were reported to have shorter telomeres suggestive of premature aging while cattle had either age-appropriate or longer telomeres.

2007，Peter Sutovsky，Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer，頁 78:


amphiphilic

more amphiphilic (comparative)
most amphiphilic (superlative)

同時擁有親水和疏水基團的

Sequential living polymerizations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic vinyl ethers from these trifunctional initiators give amphiphilic triarmed block copolymers where the hydrophilic segments may be placed either inner or outer layer of the three arms.

1997，Hatada，Macromolecular Design of Polymeric Materials, →ISBN，頁 45:


airmass

air mass (alternative)
airmasses (plural)

Unfortunately, the extinction is very sensitive to the airmass[…]

2007，Th. Ratzka et al.，“High spatial resolution mid-infrared observations of the low-mass young star TW Hydrae”, in Astronomy and Astrophysics，卷 471, →DOI:


antifouling

These antifoulings release the biocides by a hydrolysis or ion exchange reaction of an acrylic polymer with seawater.

2002，Institute of Marine Engineers，Marine Engineers Review:


brackishwater

Recently, however, a system of fish and prawn farming has been developed in specially designed brackishwater ponds.

1991，V G Jhingran，Fish and fisheries of India，頁 534:

Some 63.1 percent of brackishwater production consists of penaeid shrimps.

2006，Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，State of World Aquaculture，頁 10:

Hybrids between O. mossambicus and other less-tolerant strains also show relatively fast growth rates in brackishwater and full-strength seawater.

2006，Carl D Webster, Chhorn Lim，Tilapia: Biology, Culture, and Nutrition，頁 371:


coccolithophore

來自古希臘語 κόκκος (kókkos，“穀物，種子”) + λίθος (líthos，“石頭”) + φόρος (phóros，“攜帶”)；這一複合詞指的是浮游植物的生命週期如何導致微小的種子狀外骨骼沉積，形成方解石。

Chalk formations such as the white cliffs of Dover are largely composed of the bodies of countless billions of coccolithophores that bloomed, died and then sank to the seabed each season for millions of years.

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，Granta Books, 出版於 2013，頁 290:

It was filled with a kind of golden-brown planktonic algae known as coccolithophores, whose skeletons would form the chalks that underlie parts of Britain, Belgium and France today.

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: The First 100 Million Years，Penguin, 出版於 2019，頁 27:


dumping ground

wastebasket taxon

一個推測為多系群的超種分類群，其中親緣關係不明確的物種被置於其中。

任何不需要的東西被送往的地方

The Indian representative of a global trade union called IndustriALL warned that other clothes and accessories shipped overseas might also be radioactive because India has become a "dumping ground" for the West's hazardous waste.

2015，Alison Matthews David，Fashion Victims: The Damages of Dress Past and Present, →ISBN，頁 210:

Around 25 years ago, it was used as a dumping ground for Toton locomotives destined for scrapyards.

2021年June16日，“Network News: Boost for Stanton Gate revival”, in RAIL，期 933，頁 14:

一個推測為多系群的超種分類群，其中親緣關係不明確的物種被置於其中。

Several genera, e.g. Miltonia Lindl., Odontoglossum Kunth and Oncidium Sw., have historically been viewed as taxa of convenience and thus became dumping grounds for species of unclear relationships.

2008 December，Mark W. Chase et al.，“Taxonomic transfers in Oncidiinae to accord with Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 5”, in Lindleyana:


equivalent weight

In the proportion d : p :: 1 : v, as applied to any liquid or solid species, p does not represent its real equivalent weight, but the weight of the normal species which, by its condensation, gives rise to the liquid or solid.

1888，Thomas Sterry Hunt，A New Basis for Chemistry，頁 149:

The equivalent weight of an element or compound is that weight equivalent in reactive power to one atomic weight of hydrogen.

1922，Leicester F. Hamilton，Calculations of Analytical Chemistry，頁 38:


homogeneous equilibrium

The equilibrium is called a homogeneous equilibrium if all of the reactants and products are in the same phase, that is, all gases, all liquids or all in solution.

1995，Ken Gadd，Advanced GNVQ Science，頁 261:


ionic product

A solution is saturated when ionic product is equal to the solubility product. A solution is unsaturated when ionic product is less then the solubility product. A solution is super saturated, when ionic product exceeds the solubility product.

1997，B.K. Sharma，Objective Question Bank in Chemistry:


natural resource

There’s so much Trump in Joe: the overbearing and vainglorious rhetoric, the hogging of all natural resources, the willingness to treat people like property, the disappointing offspring.

2017年December1日，Tom Breihan，“Mad Max: Fury Road might already be the best action movie ever made”, in The Onion AV Club:


photosynthesizing

A thick blanket of dust that was thrown up darkened the globe, affecting plants and other photosynthesising life.

扬起的一层厚厚的灰尘使地球变得黑暗，影响了植物和其他进行光合作用的生命。


particulate matter

particulates

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

PM

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

atmospheric particulate matter

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

suspended particulate matter

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

有時簡稱為PM，下標數字表示顆粒的大小（以微米為單位）。例如，PM_(2.5)代表最大直徑為2.5µm的顆粒。

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

Particulate matter air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence in Europe.

2013年July13日，Ole Raaschou-Nielsen et al.，“Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)”, in The Lancet Oncology，卷 14, 期 9, →DOI:

Ambient particulate matter affects local/regional air quality, human health and climate change significantly. The carbonaceous fractions like organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC, sometimes known as black carbon) are of high […]

2014，Guofeng Shen，Emission Factors of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Residential Solid Fuel Combustions，Springer, →ISBN，頁 60:


riverwater

The rest of the marked front-like features are believed to appear due to complex processes of riverwater and seawater interaction.

2002，Vladimir A. Volkov, Ola M. Johannessen, Victor E. Borodachev，Polar Seas Oceanography: An integrated case study of the Kara Sea, →ISBN:

The relative abundance of clay minerals (except montmorillonite) in the Gzhel clay is close to that in the particulate matter in riverwaters around the world.

2007，Geochemistry International - Volume 45, Pages 841-1273，頁 949:

In the face of litigious challenges undermining its control of riverwater, the Fresno Group used its power to protect its economic interests by initiating and guiding the transformation of unenforceable water right claims into strong private property contract rights to the lower flows of riverwater.

2012 -，Ariel Dinar, David Zilberman，The Economics and Management of Water and Drainage in Agriculture, →ISBN，頁 767:


seasalt

Most data was collected using a thin coating of dried sodium chloride. This work was followed by tests on similar specimens tested in air and with a coating of natural Portland Harbour seasalt.

2013，R. Brunetaud, D. Coutsouradis, T. B. Gibbons，High Temperature Alloys for Gas Turbines 1982: Proceedings:


burial ground

They apparently have a theory that the indefinable psychic gift that they call magic, and which we might designate "psychicism", can be acquired by accosting the soul of a murdered man in a burial ground at midnight.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 178:


manners

When you come to this time of abatement, / To this passing from Summer to Fall, / It is manners to issue a statement / As to what you got out of it all.

1936，Dorothy Parker，“The Little Old Lady in Lavender Silk”, in The collected poetry of Dorothy Parker，頁 170:


terse

源自拉丁語 tersus (“干净的，清洁的，擦干净了的；整洁的”)，tergō、tergeō (“清洁；擦拭”)的过去分词，源自原始印歐語 *terh₁- (“擦；转”)。

terser (comparative)
tersest (superlative)

concise

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

succinct

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

prolix

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

verbose

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

wordy

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

In eight terse lines has Phædrus told / (So frugal were the Bards of old) / A Tale of Goats; and clos'd with grace / Plan, Moral, all, in that ſhort space.

1777，[George Riley]，The Asses Ears, a Fable. Addressed to the Author of The Goat's Beard [William Whitehead]，London: Printed for G. Riley, […], →OCLC; quoted in “Art. VIII. Asses Ears: A Fable. Addressed to the Author of The Goat’s Beard. 4to. 6d. Riley. 1777. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged，卷 LVI, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], March 1777, →OCLC，頁 194:

Your last series contains some of the neatest, tersest, and most unpretendingly original criticism, I have lately met with.

1832 September，[John Wilson]，“Noctes Ambrosianae。No. LXII.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 XXXII, 期 CXCVIII, Edinburgh: William Blackwood; London: T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC，頁 409:

The book contains some happily done portrait touches of Napoleon, [...] and this and other aphoristical sentences scattered throughout this volume, [...] form as terse and trenchant a character-sketch of the Emperor as may be found almost anywhere.

1902，G. W. Parker，“Things and Other Things: Letters to Living Authors—IX. Sir [Arthur] Conan Doyle”, in Good Words，London: Isbister and Company Limited […], →OCLC，頁 817，列 1:

Many protested that they had nothing to do with the fighting. At a word from the General the soldiers ripped off the men's shirts and examined the front of their shoulders. If they found bruises that might have been made from the butt of a gun when it had been fired—the terse order was, "Shoot him!" And many of the young men of Trujillo had disappeared.

1946，Clayton Knight，The Quest of the Golden Condor，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →OCLC，頁 94:

[...] [Samuel] Beckett has become virtually mute, musewise, having progressed from marvellously constructed English sentences through terser and terser French ones to the unsyntactical, unpunctuated prose of Comment C'est and 'ultimately' to wordless mimes.

1977，John Barth，“The Literature of Exhaustion”, in The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction，Manchester: Manchester University Press by arrangement with Fontana Books; Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 73:

Mr SPEAKER: If the honourable member could be terse. / Mr O'Flynn: I shall be very terse. It may be my fault, Mr Speaker, but I doubt if you have quite appreciated the point.

1979年August23日，John Richard Harrison, Speaker of the House, Francis Duncan O’Flynn，“[Questions for Oral Answer] Leased Cars—Exemptions”, in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): First Session, Thirty-ninth Parliament (House of Representatives)，卷 425, Wellington: P. D. Hasselberg, government printer, 出版於 1980, →OCLC，頁 2480:

Having attempted to identify a role for the society and its magazine, Quest, "for the next 40 years", the society chairman, Rhea Williams, decided it was time to close. She announced the group's demise in a terse message to members following the annual meeting, which just 22 people attended.

2012年June4日，Lewis Smith，“Queen’s English Society says enuf is enough, innit?: Society formed 40 years ago to protect language against poor spelling and grammar closes because too few people care”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2016-03-10:

'Laura!' The voice halting her was terse. Brusque. She turned. [...] 'Before I go,' he said, and his voice was terse, tighter than ever. 'I want to ensure you understand something.'

2008，Julia James，The Italian's Rags-to-riches Wife (Bedded by … Blackmail; Harlequin Presents; 2716)，Toronto, Ont., New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN，頁 107:

My voice was terser than I intended, but what the hell. The night was turning out to be interesting in some ways and extremely frustrating in others.

2018，Zara Cox，Close to The Edge (Mills & Boon Dare)，London: Mills & Boon, →ISBN:


succinct

源自中古英語 succinte、succynt，源自古法語 succinct，源自拉丁語 succinctus，succingō (“从下方束缚”)被动完成时分词，源自sub + cingō (“束缚，包裹，包住”)。

more succinct (comparative)
most succinct (superlative)

You should give clear, succinct information to the clients.

你应该给客户清晰简洁的信息。

The Derby Carriage Works foreman, when informed that this coach was to be run at 90 m.p.h. to obtain information on bogie hunting, is reported to have offered one succinct word of advice - "Don't!"

1961 February，R. K. Evans，“The role of research on British Railways”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 94:


kimbap

借自朝鮮語 김밥 (gimbap)，來自김 (gim，“朝鮮海苔”) + 밥 (bap，“飯”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-kimbap.wav

First-time visitors to this takeout spot in Koreatown should try the buffet; regulars come for noodles and kimbap, or Korean-style sushi filled with pickled vegetables

第一次光顾这家位于韩国城的外卖店的顾客应该尝试一下自助餐；常客来这里一般吃面条和紫菜包饭，也就是韩式泡菜寿司

2009年June3日，Julia Moskin，“Ethnic and Affordable”, in New York Times:

The babbling stream, people spreading out rush mats to sit on, snacking on kimbap.

溪水潺潺，人们铺开草席坐着，吃着紫菜包饭。

2015，Han Kang，譯者 Deborah Smith, The Vegetarian [素食主義者]，Granta, 出版於 2018，頁 12:


staking

繼承自中古英語 stakyng、staking，來自古英語 stacung (“用木樁刺”)，來自古英語 *stacian (“打樁”)，等同於stake + -ing。

Despite the quick, clean “dustings” shown on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, or the bloody stakings in so many vampire films, the stake was not a weapon used to actually destroy a vampire but a tool in a more elaborate exorcism.

2009，Jonathan Maberry, David F. Kramer，They Bite:


tapestry

源自中古英語 tapiestre，源自古法語 tapisserie (“绣帷”)。

Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 3, in The China Governess:

形形色色的事物；错综复杂的事物

European adventurers found themselves within a watery world, a tapestry of streams, channels, wetlands, lakes and lush riparian meadows enriched by floodwaters from the Mississippi River.

2013 January-February，Nancy Langston，“The Fraught History of a Watery World”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 1，頁 59:


tapestry

tapestries (third-person singular present)
tapestrying (present participle)
tapestried (past participle)

用绣帷或绣帷一般的饰品来装饰

We had run above twenty miles when the sun set, carpeting the sea, and tapestrying the sky with a rare unison of delicate green and golden hues […]

1833，Adolphus Slade，Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, &c., "Captain Pasha's Alarm"，頁 152:

The banqueting-hall, all open to the sky, and with thick curtains of ivy tapestrying the walls, and grass and weeds growing on the arches that overpass it, is indescribably beautiful.

1854年September13日，Nathaniel Hawthorne，English Note-Books, "Conway Castle":

I present Bosnavina to its Duchess, I kiss the hem of her Majesty's robe and will tapestry her Palace with conquered flags.

1921，Israel Zangwill，The Cockpit: Romantic Drama in Three Acts，頁 255:


scarcity

源自古諾曼語 escarcete，by surface analysis, scarce + -ity。

Praise […] owes its value only to its scarcity.

July 6, 1751, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler No. 136

To understand the events of the next fifty years, then, one must understand environmental scarcity, cultural and racial clash, geographic destiny, and the transformation of war.

1994 February，Robert D. Kaplan，“The Coming Anarchy”, in The Atlantic:

a scarcity of grain

The crucial and intersecting challenges of scarcities, both emerging and intensifying, will consume China’s custodians over the next decade.

2013年September24日，Damien Ma, William Adams，“China's Next Great Challenge: Scarcity”, in The Atlantic:


sappy

源自中古英語 sappy、sapy，源自古英語 sæpiġ (“多汁的”)，等价于sap + -y。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、荷蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、中古高地德語 saffic、seffec (“多汁的”)（→德語 saftig、丹麥語 saftig (“多汁的”)、瑞典語 saftig (“多汁的”)。zaftig 的同源對似詞。

sappier (comparative)
sappiest (superlative)

To himself, already beginning to resent the new employer as all that morning he had been resenting the old one, Dr. Planish groaned, “He’s getting saintly on me! A careerist in holiness! I'll never be happy till I've got an organization where I’m sole boss—unless it’s one run by a fellow like Colonel Marduc, who has real brains and power—and cash!—and not a lot of sappy sentimentality like Vesper or psychopathic malice like Sneaky Sandy—Oh dear!”

1943，Sinclair Lewis，章號 23, in Gideon Planish:

It was a sappy love song, but it reminded them of their first dance.

这是一首肉麻的情歌，但是让他们想起了他们第一次跳舞。

（指植物）多汁液的，汁液丰富的

But these, tho’ fed with careful dirt,
Are neither green nor sappy;
Half-conscious of the garden-squirt,
The spindlings look unhappy,

As always, there was a fizzing, popping blaze of pine and sappy apple logs in the fireplace.

1976，Kurt Vonnegut，章號 8, in Slapstick，Delacorte Press，頁 61:

The corridor stinks of sweat and cigarette smoke, and I daringly open the window a little. The freshest air floats in, smelling of sappy grasses, the delicate pollens of wild flowers, the resins of the pine forests; hinting atthe chill blue scent of distant snows.

2013，Margaret Leroy，The English Girl, →ISBN:

海绵质的 （有大量空隙让树的汁液流动的）

In flush-framing if is observable, that the failure of all timber in old buildings has commenced much sooner than they otherwise would have done, owing to the sappy wood being at the corners of the principal beams, which soon decays, as its spongy quality attracts the moisture; whereas the heart, espescially of oak, will be as sound as the first day it was used.

1816，George Gregory，A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences - Volume 3，頁 5:

...wood is of a soft spungy nature ; sappy, and alluring to the worm.

1834，William Gilpin, Thomas Dick Lauder，Remarks on Forest Scenery and Other Woodland Views，頁 98:

I can state some of them here on a. book ; I have the particulars at home, but I can give you some of them here ; this is the Twelfth street pier, number fifty-four [reading from memorandum], 12x12 pine sticks, wormy and sappy ; one sappy ; one piece 12x12 completely rotten

1876，Documents of the Senate of the State of New York:

The reason of which difference may probably be, that the charring of Vegetables, being an operation quickly perform'd, and whilest the Wood is sappy, the more solid parts may more easily shrink together, and contract the pores or interstitia between them, then in the rotten Wood, where that natural juice seems onely to be wash'd away by adventitious or unnatural moisturel and so though the natural juice be wasted from between the firm parts, yet those parts are kept asunder by the adventitious moystures, and so by degrees settled in those postures.

2007，Robert Hooke -，Micrographia Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies, →ISBN，頁 107:


sappy

对比拉丁語 sapere (“尝”)。

more sappy (comparative)
most sappy (superlative)

sappie or unsavourie flesh

Sapy [denotes] a moisture contracted on the outward surface of meats, which is the first stage of dissolution.

Some housekeepers prepare their hung beef in this manner: Take the navel piece, and hang it up in your cellar as long as it will keep good, and til it begins to be a little sappy.

1804，John Farley，The London Art of Cookery, and Housekeeper's Complete Assistant:

Sappy meat was explained to consist of a number of little vesicles filled with very minute particles, which presented the Brownian motion, and which Mr. Berkeley suggested, from their known effects on meat, might possibly be the cause of cholera, hospital gangrene, or other diseases.

1875，English mechanic and world of science:

In this respect lamb is peculiarly suspectible to deterioration on passing the “sappy” stage.

1921，National Wool Grower - Volumes 11-12，頁 17:


airline

勿與 air line (“航線”) 混淆。

But already there are some commercial airlines in the United States which use airplanes capable of more than 200 miles an hour.

但在美国，已经有一些商业航空公司使用时速超过200英里的飞机。

1932，Amelia Earhart，“Air Trails of the Future”, in The Fun of It，頁 205:


adaptive

more adaptive (comparative)
most adaptive (superlative)

The real affinities of all organic beings, in contradistinction to their adaptive resemblances, are due to inheritance or community of descent.

1859，Charles Darwin，The Origin of Species:

That variation of germinal origin is a fact in organic nature is admitted on all hands, and that some variations are adaptive is also unquestioned.

1896，C. Lloyd Morgan，On Modification and Variation:


be born yesterday

几乎仅用于否定，来表示自己不无知，不天真等。

I was not born yesterday, you know. I have done this before!

这还用你说。我之前做过！

"Do you think," he added, with an ironical grin, "that you'll go for to gammon me into that air! I'm hinnocent, I know, but I wasn't born yesterday exactly."

1840，Henry Cockton，章號 60, in The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist，頁 508:

"Say, do I look like I was born yesterday? See any green in my eye, Cactus Center?"

1915，William MacLeod Raine，章號 6, in Steve Yeager:

"Compared to me, you were born yesterday."

If you don't know important things about history, then it's as if you were born yesterday.

2005，Howard Zinn, Donaldo Pereira Macedo，Howard Zinn on Democratic Education，頁 69:


cunnilingus

借自拉丁語 cunnilingus (字面意思是“舔陰者”)。詞義的轉變在20世紀初尚未完成，可能源於比喻用途，以人的名稱指代動作的名稱。

/ˌkʌnɪˈlɪŋɡəs/

/ˌkʌniˈlɪŋɡəs/

carpet munching

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

cuntlicking

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

lip service

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

muff diving

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

pussy eating

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

dining at the Y

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

The stinking breath, hoarse voice, and snoring respiration of the cunnilingus, fellator and fellatrix, the effeminate, piping tone of the cinædus and irrumator, which excited the special scorn of the early satirical writers, were doubtless the expression of a catarrhal pharyngolaryngitis acquired in the discharge of their filthy practices.

1887，John Noland Mackenzie，“Carcinoma of Larynx”, in A Reference handbook of the medical sciences, embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science，卷 4, New York: William Wood & Company，頁 402a:

The foul mouth, hoarse voice, and snoring respiration of the cunnilingus, fellator and irrumator have been thought to indicate syphilitic affections of the throat, but, as I have suggested elsewhere, they were doubtless the symptoms of a catarrhal process acquired in the discharge of their filthy occupations.

1887，John Noland Mackenzie，“Syphilis of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi”, in A Reference handbook of the medical sciences, embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science，卷 4, New York: William Wood & Company，頁 439b:


Gestapo

Fortunately this was Spain and not Germany. The Spanish secret police had some of the spirit of the Gestapo, but not much of its competence.

1938 四月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 XI, in Homage to Catalonia，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


fideism

We were warned at Cambridge, your grace, of the dangers of what is termed fideism.

陛下，我們在劍橋被警告過所謂的信仰主義的危險。

1993，Anthony Burgess，A Dead Man in Deptford:


filmmaker

I spent a couple of months all by myself building a set and had my filmmaker friends, nonactors, play the parts.

我花了几个月的时间独自搭建布景，并让我的制片人朋友（非演员）扮演这些角色。

2007年March11日，Erik Piepenburg，“Reflections on Life as a Shaker-Upper”, in New York Times:

Such prissy mollycoddlings of audience expectations were shortly to come under heavyweight siege from a variety of filmmakers in the 1950s – not least the aforementioned Otto Preminger.

这种对观众期望的过分迎合很快就遭到了20世纪50年代各种制片人的强烈抨击，尤其是前面提到的奥托·普雷明格。

2015，B. Forshaw，Sex and Film: The Erotic in British, American and World Cinema:


self-effacing

more self-effacing (comparative)
most self-effacing (superlative)

内敛的，害羞的，不愿意表现自己的，不愿意出风头的，极度谦虚的

Clark Kent's self-effacing behavior is to purposefully make people ignore him.

Clark Kent的低调是为了故意不让人注意到他。

His personality was also extremely endearing, his interviews were very self-effacing (and), he came over as gentle and was generous in his praise of others.

2007年January3日，Ian Gillan，“DEEP PURPLE Frontman: ELVIS PRESLEY 'Was The Greatest Singer That Ever Lived'”, in blabbermouth.net:

I'm sorry if I seem self-effacing / Consumed by selfish thoughts / It's only that I still love you deeply / It's all the love I got

2010，“Age of Adz”, in The Age of Adz，演出者 Sufjan Stevens:


atrophy

借自法語 atrophie，源自拉丁語 atrophia，源自古希臘語 ἀτροφία (atrophía，“衰弱”)，源自ἄτροφος (átrophos，“营养不良的，饮食不足的”)，源自ἀ- (a-，“不”) + τροφή (trophḗ，“营养”)，源自τρέφω (tréphō，“使...变胖”)。等价于a- + -trophy。

atrophies (third-person singular present)
atrophying (present participle)
atrophied (past participle)

衰弱，枯萎，衰退 （自18世纪初叶）

Boy. I love summer vacation. I can feel my brain beginning to atrophy already.

1987年June13日，Bill Watterson，Calvin & Hobbes (comic):

The M10 highway looks normal enough at the southern limits of St. Petersburg, but then, with a jolt, it begins to atrophy. For the next 430 miles the surface of the highway, while paved, varies from corduroy to jaw-rattling patchwork.

2013年October13日，Ellen Barry，“The Russia Left Behind: A journey through a heartland on the slow road to ruin”, in The New York Times:

使...衰弱，弱化To cause to waste away or become abortive; to starve or weaken.

Cold silence has a tendency to atrophy any sense of compassion


workings

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013年June22日，“Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 70:

The main platforms are unusually far apart, because the two centre tracks were lifted after the East Coast Main Line was diverted in 1983 to avoid now defunct new coal workings.

2022年September21日，“Lifts at Selby by next summer”, in RAIL，期 966，頁 21:


Lula

Lulu 的19世紀變體，Louisa 和 Lucy 的暱稱。亦有罕見情形是縮略自 Tallulah。

But Lula Ann Bridewell is no longer available and she was never a woman. Lula Ann was a sixteen-year-old-me who dropped that dumb countrified name as soon as I left high school. I was Ann Bride for two years until I interviewed for a sales job at Sylvia, Inc., and, on a hunch, shortened my name to Bride, with nothing anybody needs to say before or after that memorable syllable.

2015，Toni Morrison，God Help the Child，Chatto & Windus, →ISBN，頁 11:


troubadour

经由古法語 troubadour源自古奧克語 trobar (“找到”)。trouveur 的同源對似詞。

Sitting in the courtroom ..., their laptops and tablets propped before them, power cables snaking through convoluted adapters, the Twitterati have sight of witnesses at all times – the troubadours, or perhaps the tricoteuses, of the digital revolution.

2014年April24日，Alan Cowell，“At Pistorius trial, Twitterati have their day in court”, in The New York Times:


angler

源自中古英語 angler、angleer、angeler，等价于angle + -er。

/ˈæŋ.ɡlə(ɹ)/

用钩子从商店橱窗等偷东西的小偷

They are sure to be clyd in the night by the angler, or hooker, or such like pilferers that liue upon the spoyle of other poore people.

c. 1608–1610，Samuel Rid，Martin Mark-all, Beadle of Bridewell:

Rogue or rascal, frater, maunderer, / Irish Toyle, or other wanderer; / No dimber damber, angler, dancer, / Prig of cackler, prig of prancer

1834，William Harrison Ainsworth，Rookwood，卷 2, Oath of the Canting Crew，頁s 339–340:


Zunyi

借自漢語拼音，官話 遵義／遵义 (Zūnyì)的羅馬化。

Tsun-i (alternative)
Tsunyi (alternative)

遵義（地級市名，位於中國貴州）

The next year, a certain bandit chieftain Yang Lung-hsi 陽隆喜 plundered the districts of T‘ung-tzü 桐梓 and Jên-huai 仁懷 and encircled the prefecture of Tsun-i 遵義.[...]
The emperor also approved a request by the people of Tsun-i, Kweichow, for permission to establish a memorial temple.

次年，匪首陽隆喜^([sic])搶掠桐梓、仁懷，並包圍遵義府。…
皇帝亦批准了貴州遵義民眾修建紀念廟宇的請求。

[1940，Yüeh-hwa Lin（林耀华），“The Miao-Man Peoples of Kweichow [貴州苗蠻族]”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies [哈佛亞洲研究雜誌]，卷 5, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard-Yenching Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁s 264–265:


cryptozoology

隱棲動物學、傳說動物學、神秘動物學

The Loch Ness Monster is one of the mysteries of cryptozoology.

尼斯湖水怪是神秘動物學的謎團之一。

This peculiar situation amplifies the reluctance of conservative scientists to objectively consider the search for hidden animals, the field of cryptozoology. […] Indeed, cryptozoology has gained increasing legitimacy in recent years.

2007，Jeff Meldrum，Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science，Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN，頁 45:


tiramisu

借自意大利語 tiramisù (字面意思是“激勵我”)。

tiramisù (alternative)
tiramisus (plural)

/ˌtɪɹəmɪˈsuː/

Numerous variations of tiramisu exist. Some chefs use other cakes such as panettone. Although the original recipe – certified by the Italian Academy of Cuisine in 2010 – was alcohol-free, variants include alcohol such as rum or marsala.

2021年October31日，Lorenzo Tondo，“Italy’s father of tiramisu dies aged 93”, in The Guardian:


waterlily

Even the beloved paintings of the slowly evolving garden and lily ponds at his home in Giverny might have started out as rudimentary pencil and crayon studies, as a comparison of a blackish green, purple and blue painting of waterlilies, on loan from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, with a black crayon study from the sketchbooks suggests.

2007年August10日，Benjamin Genocchio，“Inside His Sketchbooks, Clues to Monet”, in New York Times:


ass

源自中古英語 asse，源自古英語 assa，逆构自assen (“母驴”)，源自凱爾特語族（对比古愛爾蘭語 asan、上古康沃爾語 asen），源自拉丁語 asinus。取代了古英語 esol，其源自原始西日耳曼語 *asil，亦借自同一个拉丁语词。

In this section "animal" means any horse, cattle, ass, mule, sheep, pig, goat or dog.

1972，Parliament of the United Kingdom，“Part I, section 20(3)”, in Road Traffic Act 1972，頁 14:

Sometimes by way of joke, and sometimes by way of irritation, compositors are called Asses by the pressmen.

1841，William Savage，Dictionary of the Art of Printing，頁 24:


ass

arse的北美变体。最终源自中古英語 ars、ers，源自古英語 ærs、ears，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ars，源自原始日耳曼語 *arsaz（对比古高地德語 ars（德語 Arsch）、古諾爾斯語 ars、古弗里斯蘭語 ers），源自原始印歐語 *h₃érsos（对比古希臘語 ὄρρος (órrhos)）。
有不少人认为该词曾为委婉词，但它其实原是为了反映舌尖音（尤其是/s/）前/ɹ/被合并的发音拼写（更早期的形式arse仍通用于英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等地），该现象在中古英语起的非标准口语中就有出现。该现象与之后出现R音脱落不同，因为/ɹ/在能影响其前驱音之前就已经脱落。该现象影响到的其他词（部分词保留了两种形式且词义有所不同）有cuss←curse、gash←garsh、bass (“鲈鱼”)←barse、bust←burst、passel←parcel，参见:en:Category:English terms with assimilation of historic /ɹ/。

On a recent episode of "The Justin Dunning Podcast," Starkel shared his thoughts on Martell, a former Ohio State quarterback, saying "he's ass my dude" in reference to Starkel.

2019年February5日，Alex Miller，“Former Texas A&M QB Nick Starkel breaks down old Twitter beef with Tate Martell”, in Dallas Morning News:

For some reason, the teenager thought it’d be a good idea to criticize Newton and say he's "ass" and that he’s "about to be poor" because he's a free agent.

2021年February21日，Thomas Carannante，“Patriots: Cam Newton getting disrespected by a teenager is everything that’s wrong with society”, in Fansided:

"You're so ass," Murray says to another player.

2021年October28日，Josh Weinfuss，“What we learned about Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kyler Murray by watching him on Twitch”, in ESPN:


ass

poontang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

poon

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

punani

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

pussy

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tail

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

ass-backwards, ass backward, ass-backward

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and one's elbow

think the sun shines out of someone's ass

work someone's ass off, work one's ass off

当使用转喻意，其给整个句子带来负面色彩，带有恼怒的语气：“he has trouble getting his ass up in the morning”比“he has trouble getting up in the morning”语气更重，更带负面色彩。

不一定表示对被指代人的不赞成：“And who do you think has to clean this mess up? My ass does!”（“你觉得是谁要来擦屁股？是他妈的老子！”这句话没有体现对自己的不赞同，而表示对搞砸的人的不赞同）（可能会体现一定的厌烦）

这一用法粗俗，因此仅限于非正式语域，其用于正式上下文中有一定的冒犯意。

其词义的内涵在于通过使用身体的一部分转喻整个人，来物化一个人（甚至包括指自己的时候），暗中强调了其身体而非其人格（亦从该观点对比watch his hide (“看好他，保护好他”)、show his face (“露面”)、what's-his-face (“无名氏”)、meatbag或crackhead）。

其变格形式在语法上有代词功能：my ass = I、me、myself your ass = you、yourself his ass = he、him、himself her ass = she、her、herself your asses = y'all、y'all、yourselves their asses = they、them、themselves

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

I'm going to go down to the bar and try to get me some ass.

我准备去酒吧找个屄来肏。

Acid, booze, and ass / Needles, guns, and grass

1971，Joni Mitchell （作曲作詞）, “Blue”, in Blue:


aghast

源自中古英語 agast、agasted，agasten (“使...恐惧”)的过去分词，源自古英語 a-（对比哥特語 𐌿𐍃- (us-)、德語 er-，原指“外，出”） + gæstan (“惊吓，虐待”)：对比哥特語 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usgaisjan，“惊吓”，字面意思是“通过恐惧定住”)，与拉丁語 haerere (“粘住，附着于”)同源。对比gaze、hesitate。

more aghast (comparative)
most aghast (superlative)

惊呆了的，惊诧的；恐惧的

I was aghast when the incident unfolded in front of me.

事情在我眼前发生，把我吓住了。

And while the revellers stood aghast at the fury of the man, one more wicked or, it may be, more drunken than the rest, cried out that they should put the hounds upon her.

1902，Arthur Conan Doyle.，The Hound of the Baskervilles:

I am agog! I am aghast! Is Marius in love at last?

1985, Les Misérables, the song "Red and Black"

We sat at a long table with a huge salmon on a platter in the center, prepared Szechuan style. Dad sat at one end of the table, and regaled all present with his stories. In the middle of one convoluted yarn, he rose and went around to the salmon in the center of the table. Using his fingers, he dug an eyeball out of the fish, popped it in his mouth and swallowed it whole as we looked on, aghast. “A real delicacy,” he said, with a boyish smirk.

2003，Brian Herbert，“Xanadu”, in Dreamer of Dune，New York: Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 259:

Hart, for one, will not remember the night for Lambert's heroics. Morrison, not closed down quickly enough, struck his shot well but England's No1 will be aghast at the way it struck his gloves then skidded off his knees and into the net.


Caucasus

通过拉丁語 Caucasus，< 古希臘語 Καύκασος (Kaúkasos)。

高加索山脈，東歐的山脈，位於黑海與裏海之間，橫跨俄羅斯、格鲁吉亚（喬治亞）、亞美尼亞和阿塞拜疆（亞塞拜然）的領土，包括大高加索山脈和小高加索山脈。

[…] from the long and rugged ravines of the Caucasus, […]

[…] 来自高加索山漫长而崎岖的峡谷， […]

1851，Lieutenant Maturin Murray，The Circassian Slave, or The Sultan's Favorite:

Driven with that weak blast which Winter leaves, / Closing his palace gates on Caucasus, / […]

冬天留下的微弱寒风吹拂着，/关闭了高加索山宫殿的大门， […]

Germany, Italy, Spain and Belgium writhed in the throes of Anarchy, while Russia, watching from the Caucasus, stooped and bound them one by one.

德国、意大利、西班牙和比利时在无政府状态中痛苦挣扎，而远在高加索山注视着的俄罗斯则俯下身来，将他们一个个束缚住。

1895，Robert W. Chambers，The King In Yellow:


snivel

古英語 *snyflan，还有记载作snyflung (“鼻涕，粘液”)，源自snofl，最终源自snout的词根。
与sniff、snuff有关。.

snivels (third-person singular present)
snivelling
sniveling
snivelled
sniveled

[…] a Hagg, a Fury by my side;

1611, Josuah Sylvester (translator), Du Bartas His Deuine Weekes and Workes, London, Book 4, Week 2, Day 4, p. 623,

[…] in severe frosty weather, snivelling and tears are produced by the coldness and dryness of the air.

1794, Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia, London: J. Johnson, Volume 1, Section 16, Subsection 2, p. 149,

[…] he began to snivel, and wherever he tried to hide he was found out by the terrific explosions of his suppressed sneezes.

1937，J. R. R. Tolkien，章號 9, in The Hobbit，New York: Random House, 出版於 1982，頁 187:

啜泣，呜咽；哭哭啼啼，哭诉

Let things come to the Worst; when we have Overturned the Government;—Polluted the very Altar, with our MASTERS BLOOD—Cheated the Publick, &c. ’Tis but to Whine and Snivel to the People; tell them we were mis-led, by Cardinall Appetites;

1660，Roger L’Estrange，“No Fool to the Old Fool”, in A Short View of Some Remarkable Transactions，London: Henry Brome，頁 95:

[…] after a good deal of sniveling and sobbing, she owned, that so far from being an heiress of a great fortune, she was no other than a common woman of the town, who had decoyed me into matrimony […]

1748，Tobias Smollett，章號 61, in The Adventures of Roderick Random，卷 2, London: J. Osborn，頁 267:

I never snivel over trifles like that.

1868，Louisa May Alcott，章號 15, in Little Women:

ANNE: Aunt Sara’s in the garden, snivelling in a deck chair.
BASTON: What a hard child you are.
ANNE: It’s no good being mushy, is it? It’s the truth that matters. and she is snivelling.
BASTON: You could have said “crying.”
ANNE: But crying’s quite a different thing.

1957，Graham Greene，The Potting Shed，New York: Viking, act 1, scene 1，頁 17:

I, the Socman, am shorn of my lands that you may snivel Latin and eat bread for which you never did hand’s turn.

1891，Arthur Conan Doyle，章號 9, in The White Company:

‘Oh, hell! I’d snivel psalms to oblige the padre, but I can’t stick the way these damned native Christians come shoving into our church.’

1934 十月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，“Chapter 2”, in Burmese Days，New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, →OCLC:


snivel

So Parson Hugh, with Groan and Snivel
Made half his Congregation drivel,

1692，John Dennis，“The Triumvirate: or, The Battle”, in Poems in Burlesque，London，頁 2:

[…] after a bit of a snivel, for you know I am a woman in these matters, I had her treated with all decency, and then committed her to Davy Jones’s locker; and for want of a chaplain, I said the burial service myself […]

1792，Charles Dibdin，章號 5, in Hannah Hewit: or, The Female Crusoe，卷 1, London，頁 50:

Uriah Heep gave a kind of snivel. I think to express sympathy.

1849 May – 1850 November，Charles Dickens，章號 42, in The Personal History of David Copperfield，London: Bradbury & Evans, […], 出版於 1850, →OCLC:

He did let his snot and snivel fall in his pottage […]

1653，Thomas Urquhart（譯者）, The First Book of the Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais，London: Richard Baddeley, Book 1, Chapter 11, p. 53:

In streams the blood and snivel flows

1770, Thomas Bridges, A Burlesque Translation of Homer, London: S. Hooper, 3rd edition, Volume 2, Book 8, p. 44,

On quitting this den of furious heat, I got a sight of a lair, exceeding all the rest I had seen in Hell, but one, in frightful stinking filthiness, where was a herd of accursed drunken swine, disgorging and swallowing, swallowing and disgorging, continually and without rest, the most loathsome snivel.

1860，Ellis Wynne，譯者 George Borrow, The Sleeping Bard; or, Visions of the World, Death, and Hell，London: John Murray，頁 86:

[…] he ran his sleeve under his nose to stop the snivel.

1952，Flannery O’Connor，章號 3, in Wise Blood，New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 出版於 1962，頁 59:


welfare state

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. The welfare state is dismantled. Essential public services are cut so that the rich may pay less tax. […]

为了让富人享受这些乐趣，社会契约被重新配置。福利国家被解体。基本公共服务被削减，以便富人可以少交税。 […]

2013年May17日，George Monbiot，“Money just makes the rich suffer”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 23，頁 19:


environmentally friendly

more environmentally friendly (comparative)
most environmentally friendly (superlative)

"HS2's London tunnels will help ensure many homes and habitats in the capital remain undisturbed. This is a key part of our commitment to deliver Britain's new high-speed railway in the most environmentally friendly way and minimising disruption to our neighbours," said HS2 Ltd Client Director Malcolm Codling.

2020年October21日，“Network News: London tunnel contracts awarded with work to start in 2022”, in Rail，頁s 12-13:


playing

[…] the Nielsen figures show that average viewership across all playings fell by only 40 percent and that total viewership of the entire season’s episodes fell by only 20 percent.

2009年January19日，Edward Wyatt，“‘Big Love’ Gets a Big Tie to Real World”, in New York Times:


hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia

來自hippopotomonstrosesquipedalian，sesquipedalian的延伸 + monstrum (“怪物”) 的連接形 + hippopotamus（英語河馬的錯誤拼寫） + -phobia。

/ˌhɪ.pəˌpɒ.tə(ʊ)ˈmɒn.stɹə(ʊ)ˌsɛs.kwɪ.pɪˌdɑːl.ɪ.ə(ʊ)ˈfəʊ.bɪ.ə/

本詞長達15音節，不太可能單純用作其所表示的意思。正式用語是 sesquipedalophobia。

Ben suffers from hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia so he seldom uses words of more than three syllables.

Ben 有長單詞恐懼症，所以他很少使用超過三個音節的單詞。

However, we assume that despite the best endeavours of science, some phobias will always remain. These include paraskavedekatriaphobia, or fear of Friday the 13th. And hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia, which is fear of long words.

2002年April19日，anonymous author，The Scotsman，頁 13:

Those who find this column troubling are suffering from hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia- the fear of long words. Or, more likely, rupophobia - a fear of rubbish.

2002年December14日，Chris Lloyd，The Northern Echo，頁 10:

Coincidentally there is a masochistic PCP with hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia (fear of long words) curled up in an alleyway across the street. He has been whispering “Antidisestablishmentarianism” to himself over and over for two days now, experiencing up to one orgasm every three hours as a result of The Pain […]

2005年September30日，D. Harlan Wilson，Pseudo-City，Raw Dog Screaming Press, →ISBN，頁 183:


SVG

In this chapter we will cover: […] • Creating SVGs with popular image editing packages and services • Inserting SVGs into a page with img and object tags […]

2015，Ben Frain，Responsive Web Design with HTML5 and CSS3，Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN，頁 170:


CCTV

There is CCTV in the coach, so anyone planning to pilfer a flapjack may well be seen!

2019年October23日，Pip Dunn，“The next king of Scotland”, in Rail，頁 52:


straw man

源自 straw + man。
1986年版 Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 多處顯示，本詞用作無形之物的比喻義可追溯到1585-95年。
1897年版 Universal Dictionary of the English Language 第4卷第4485頁將“man of straw”解釋為“The figure of a man formed of an old suit of clothes stuffed with straw; hence, the mere resemblance of a man; one of no substance or means; an imaginary person.”（用塞满稻草的旧衣服做成的人形；因此可表示：仅仅是与人相似；没有任何实质或手段；一个想象出来的人。）
對比西弗里斯蘭語 strieman、荷蘭語 strooman、stroman、德語 Strohmann、丹麥語 stråmand、瑞典語 stråman、挪威語 stråmann。

steelman

稻草人論證，稻草人謬誤 （一種歪曲對手言論的辯論手段）

稻草人論證，稻草人謬誤 （一種歪曲對手言論的辯論手段）

This Euler inequality recurs as either the cornerstone or the straw man in many theories contained in this book.

2018，Lars Ljungqvist and Thomas J. Sargent，Recursive macroeconomic theory，第4th版, MIT Press，頁 4:


straw man

straw mans (third-person singular present)
straw manning (present participle)
straw manned (past participle)

同類詞：steelman

Person A: "Cats have claws."
Person B: "Not all cats have claws: some are declawed."
Person A: "Don't straw man me; I never said all."

甲：“猫有爪子。”
乙：“不是所有的猫都有爪子：有些猫没有爪子。”
甲：“别拿我当稻草人，我从没说过“所有”。”

I have also argued that he is guilty of straw manning Copi and that his charge of shoddy reasoning against Kahane makes use of an equivocation on the concept of fallacy.

1996 [Vale Press], Ralph H. Johnson, The Rise of Informal Logic, Windsor Studies in Argumentation, 2014, E-edition, page 178,

¹¹ It should, however, also be noted that in certain cases later "neo-corporatist authors" straw manned the pluralist model, making it easier to criticise (Nedelmann and Meier, 1979: 94).

2016，Stijn Smismans，“5: Regulatory Procedure and Participation in the European Union”, in Comparative Law and Regulation，Edward Elgar Publishing，頁 133:

My point does not concern the principle of charity or whether Hickman has straw manned postmodernism.

2021，John T. Lysaker，Philosophy, Writing, and the Character of Thought，University of Chicago Press，頁 39:


angiosperm

源自古希臘語 ἀγγεῖον (angeîon，“容器”) + σπέρμα (spérma，“種子”)。

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

與 Lejeuneaceae 一樣，這種大規模物種形成模式似乎與白堊紀被子植物的爆發以及同時創造出的大量新的微環境有關，這些微環境在濕度、光照強度、紋理等方面各不相同。

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁s 3-4:

The notion of magnoliaceans as the most primitive living angiosperms, justified or not, does not mean that all their characters, including multilacunar nodal anatomy and the lack of tannins, are primary.

木蘭科植物作為最原始的被子植物，無論合理與否，並不意味著它們的所有特徵，包括多隙節解剖結構和缺乏單寧，都是原始的。

1997，Valentin A. Krassilov，Angiosperm Origins: Morphological and Ecological Aspects，頁 134:

With all these features, it is pretty easy for one to identify an angiosperm. This is a very normal and common practice for neobotanists. However, the situation becomes complicated when you go back to the early history of angiosperms.

2009, Xin Wang, 3: New Fossils and New Hope for the Origin of Angiosperms, Pierre Pontarotti, Evolutionary Biology: Concept, Modeling, and Application, page 55,


requin

The big gullet of the requin shark, for example, could do so. It has been killed with men inside whole.

1893，Rev. H. J. Foster，“Jonah”, in The Thinker，卷 9，頁 124:


watch over

watches over (third-person singular present)
watching over (present participle)
watched over (past participle)

She stayed up all night to watch over the sick infant.

她整夜沒睡，守護著患病的嬰兒。

I like to think / (it has to be!) / of a cybernetic ecology / where we are free of our labors / and joined back to nature, / returned to our mammal / brothers and sisters, / and all watched over / by machines of loving grace.

1967，Richard Brautigan，All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace:


outrager

[T]hese giants are ever heretics and blasphemers, robbers and oppressors, outragers of the female sex, and scoffers at regular authority.

1822，[Walter Scott]，章號 XII, in Peveril of the Peak. […]，卷 III, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC，頁 307:


tanstaafl

Hadn't realized “Free Luna” was going to have taxes. Hadn't had any before and got along. You paid for what you got. Tanstaafl. How else?

1966，Robert A. Heinlein，The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress:


Trevor

源自威爾士的男性人名，來自威爾士語 Trefor。流行於1950和1960年代的英國。

He never wasted a word even to tell his name until that was required of him by the rules. When he said 'Trevor' it was a statement of fact, not as it would have been with the others a statement of shame or defiance. - - - There was every reason why T., as he was afterwards referred to, should have been an object of mockery - there was his name ( and they substituted the initial because otherwise they had no excuse not to laugh at it ) - - -

1941，Graham Greene，“The Destructors”, in Collected Stories，Heinemann，頁 327:


[Huw] Jones was also involved in the second try, which started when [Finn] Russell received the ball near his own 22 and immediately detected that England’s defence was narrow, with Jonny May having strayed infield.

2018年February24日，Paul Rees，“Finn Russell masterminds historic Scotland victory over England”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2018-04-22:


get a grip

gets a grip (third-person singular present)
getting a grip (present participle)
got a grip (past)
got a grip
gotten a grip

But the bannock ran […] down the road to the next house, and in and snug by the fireside. The folk were just sitting down to their soup, and the goodwife scraping the pot. "Look," quoth she, "there's a wee bannock come in to warm itself at our fireside."
"Shut the door," quoth the goodman, "and we'll try to get a grip of it."
When the bannock heard that, it ran out of the house and they after it with their spoons, […]

1894，Joseph Jacobs，“More English Fairy Tales”, in The Wee Bannock，D. Nutt:

I attempted to get a grip in the snow with my frozen fingers, to stem myself with my heels, but with no success, […]

1898，Arnold Henry Savage Landor，In the Forbidden Land，Heinemann, Chapter XIII:

Thereupon the conger, taking the offensive, made a grab at him; it tried to seize him again […], but in both cases it failed to get a grip of the slippery skin, and the next minute the otter was at the surface.

1909，John Coulson Tregarthen，The Life Story of an Otter，John Murray, page 111:

Heber, using the argument which he felt would be of most avail, tried to frighten the man into soberness by picturing his wife's wrath; whereupon the adroit scamp replied that he knew what that would be, and had taken the precaution to have his hair cut short, so that she could not get a grip on it.

1912，Agnes Repplier，Americans and others，Houghton Mifflin Company, page 67:

"The Government needs to get a grip on the cost of electricity," she noted.

2022年February9日，Tom Allett，“Network News: Improved planning the key for advancing rail freight”, in RAIL，期 950，頁 28:

[…] the great antiquarian, Duald MacFirbis […], who was able to penetrate and get a grip of the long forgotten language of the ancient law tracts […]

1913，Douglas Hyde，“Eugene O'Curry”, in Catholic Encyclopedia，The Encyclopedia Press:

"Grogan, the truth is, I travel to keep away from New York. There I'm lost: too many friends. When I'm at sea I get away from it all and kind of get a grip on life again. You understand?"

1917，Harold MacGrath，The Luck of the Irish，Harper & Brothers, page 206:

"You're looking at the thing wrong end to. Get a grip on your facts first. […]"

1918，William MacLeod Raine，The Sheriff's Son，Houghton Mifflin Company, page 65:

He needs to get a grip if he's getting that angry over such a little thing.

如果他要为这么小的事生那么大的气的话，那他得冷静点了。

She made her innocent bow, and retired without a suspicion that she had been an embarrassment. Nothing would have happened, now, perhaps, if quiet could have been maintained for a few minutes, so that the people could get a grip upon themselves, but the strain overpowered my old maid partner and she exploded like a bomb; a general and unrestrained crash of laughter followed, of course, the happy tears flowed like brooks, and no one was sorry of the opportunity to laugh himself out and get the blessed relief that comes of that privilege in such circumstances.

1907，“Mark Twain's Fables of Man”, in Little Nelly Tells a Story Out of Her Own Head，University of California Press:

When I reached this stage of visual chaos I stopped for a moment to get a grip on myself. It would not do to let my nerves get the better of me at the very outset of what would surely be a trying experience, […]

1929，H.P. Lovecraft, Zealia Bishop，The Mound, Part VII:

Panic thoughts chased about in my brain. I attempted to get a grip upon myself.

1950，William Frederick Temple，The Triangle of Terror:

Fuck all you hoes.
Get a grip, motherfucker.

1994，片头起0:00, in Juicy (Hip Hop), spoken by The Notorious B.I.G.:


social justice warrior

How will your upper class social justice warrior cope with men swearing and pushing each other? Will she faint at the first sight of blood from a split lip? Or will she hike up her skirts, grab a hot soup spoon, and brain the first aggressor she can find?

2014，Krista D. Ball，Hustlers, Harlots, and Heroes: A Regency and Steampunk Field Guide，Tyche Books Ltd., →ISBN:

But the partisan liberals in the Obama adminstration think that the rules don't apply to them. They are blind to the dragon's teeth of division and mistrust that their social justice politics sows in the body politic. They honor and celebrate the "activist," the "community organizer" and the social justice warrior, whose proud life purpose is to "raise consciousness" of injustice and marginalization.

2014，Joe Cooper，“It's Not 'Unwisdom', It's Hubris -- Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality.”, in soc.culture.usa (Usenet):

Finally, social justice warriors always portray themselves—and seem to experience themselves—as actively suffering victims who need protection.

2015，Peggy Noonan，“The Trigger-Happy Generation”, in The Wall Street Journal，卷 CCLXV, 期 120:

It's the time you realize your son's school has turned into Social Justice Warrior boot camp, where English is “Gender Studies” and History and Geography are “Global inequality and the failures of capitalism.”

2016，Nick Adams，Retaking America: Crushing Political Correctness:

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见social justice、warrior;社會正義的活動家

Conny was a local painter who had achieved modest fame in the Canadian art scene with his experiments in New Age macho realism: the sensitive male writ large as compassionate lover, social justice warrior and loyal son to Mother Earth.

1995，Tim Dugdale，I Couldn't Care Less: A Novel，Black Moss Press, →ISBN，頁 33:

This book is dedicated to the memory of a great environmental and social justice warrior, mother, labor organizer, singer-songwriter, Earth Firstler activist, and much, much more Judi Bari (1949-1977)

1998，Daniel J. Faber，The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States，Guilford Press, →ISBN:

Daniel raised an eyebrow. “Do you happen to have an expert handy on toxic pesticides in the food supply?” Jacob blew out his breath. “No, but — hold on, yes, I might.” He drew out his phone. “Let me text my favorite social justice warrior.” Jessica might not know much about arsenic and pesticides, but she would certainly know who would.

2014，Laura VanArendonk Baugh，Con Job，Æclipse Press, →ISBN，頁 101:


hentai

偽日語，衍生自変態(へんたい) (hentai，“變態”)，変態性欲者(へんたいせいよくしゃ) (hentai seiyoku-sha，字面意思是“性慾異常者”)的簡稱。

同類詞：ecchi、pornhwa、pornhua

There was a hentai video that I saw / I told you about the night that we first made love

2019，“Hentai”, in Cry，演出者 Cigarettes After Sex:

X defines adult content as […]
This definition also applies to "AI-generated, photographic or animated content such as cartoons, hentai or anime".

2024年June5日，“Porn now officially allowed on X with safeguards for those under 18”, in Channel News Asia:


supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

首次用於1940年代，因在1964年迪士尼音樂電影《歡樂滿人間》中作為歌名使用而聞名。
衍生自拉丁語 super (“超越”) + calor (“熱情”) + fragilis (“美味”) + expiātiō (“滿足”) + doceō (“教導”) + -ous。

/ˌsuːpəˌkælɨˌfɹæd͡ʒɨˌlɪstɪkˌɛkspɪˌælɨˈdəʊʃəs/

/ˌsupɚˌkælɪ̈ˌfɹæd͡ʒɪ̈ˌlɪstɪkˌɛkspiˌælɪ̈ˈdoʊʃəs/

常被作為超長單字的例子。

It's supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

1964年August27日，Mary Poppins，spoken by Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews):

By comparison with the present transcribers, I'm sure my performance would be supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

2010年March15日，Rose Madeline Mula，The Beautiful People and Other Aggravations，Gretna: Pelican Publishing, →ISBN, →OL，頁 91:

This is a real biggie so pay attention—I still pinch myself occasionally to even believe I did this; it was supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

2011，Mary B. Allberry，I Ain't Done Yet，Victoria: FriesenPress, →ISBN, →OL，頁 91: