hand-me-down

hand-me-downs (third-person singular present)
hand-me-downing (present participle)
hand-me-downed (past participle)

“See into life, don’t just look at it” is her [Anne Baxter’s] creditable credo, hand-me-downed from her famous architect grandfather, the late Frank Lloyd Wright。

1963，Celebrity Register: An Irreverent Compendium of American Quotable Notables，Harper & Row，頁 40:

The carpet was a montage of fade and unfade indicating that when new it had been used in another office—probably Mr. Barlowe’s—and then hand-me-downed when the decorators had cut loose.

1966，Mike Cohen，The Bright Young Man，J. B. Lippincott Company，頁 27:

The traditional family was poorly adapted to consumption: its raison d’être was rooted in sharing, hand-me-downing, and cooperative endeavor.

1990，Jan E. Dizard，Howard Gadlin，The Minimal Family，The University of Massachusetts Press, →ISBN，頁 41:

He had scraped together the funds to traipse off to the latest Bonanza camp, to buy speculative stocks, liquor and fine Sacramento meals for his boomer friends and fancy women, while my mother cut pieces of cardboard and canvas into soles to stuff inside our shoes to stop the holes, and hand-me-downed our clothes.

1998，Oakley M. Hall，Ambrose Bierce and the Queen of Spades: A Mystery Novel，Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 124:

The first thing Gabe saw as they pulled close was the flashing lights of Ruleton’s two police cruisers parked off to the side of the road—the new one Sheriff Dodd’s, the humble other the battered black-and-white that he’d hand-me-downed to his deputy, Ralph Simpson.

2006，Tom Bailey，Cotton Song，Shaye Areheart Books, →ISBN，頁 283:

He could not change the past but he was determined that he would not follow in the grand family hand-me-downed legacy.

2012，Lee Beck，From a Dark Place，AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 442:

Instead I changed into a blue skirt and a white blouse with a scalloped collar, hand-me-downs from Marie Dowd that she had gotten hand-me-downed from cousins in Brooklyn who went to Catholic school.

2017，Carol Zoref，Barren Island，New Issues Poetry & Prose, →ISBN，頁 157:

He wore a white dress shirt that was buttoned uncomfortably tight around his neck, a black tie, and an oversized blazer that had been hand-me-downed from one of his older cousins.

2018，Ty Marshall，“Love Seldom. Trust Never.”, in Goodfellas，Urban Books, →ISBN, chapter one (The Early Years):


hand-to-mouth

吃了上顿没下顿的，无隔宿之粮的，刚好勉强能过活的

She has been a widow these six or eight years, and has lived, I imagine, in rather a hand-to-mouth fashion.

The Migrant Fleet has little economic base, operating in a state of perpetual "hand-to-mouth". While quarian ships include light manufacturing and assembly plants, they lack heavy industries such as refining and shipbuilding. The fleet has tankers for water purification and oxygen cracking, but the space-intensive nature of agriculture limits food production. A single disaster could destroy the fragile balance.

2008，BioWare，质量效应，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Quarians: Economy Codex entry:


handball

It was a dramatic finish to an absorbing, fast-paced game but Blackburn will be deeply unhappy with referee Anthony Taylor as Nzonzi's handball was harsh.

2011年October29日，Neil Johnston，“Norwich 3 - 3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:


handful

源自中古英語 handful、hondful，源自古英語 handfull (“一手，一抓”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handufullō、*handufulliz (“满手，一手”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handuz (“手”) + *fullaz (“满的”)，等价于hand + full (“满...的东西”)或hand + -ful。同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 Hondful (“满手，一手”)、西弗里斯蘭語 hânfol (“满手，一手”)、荷蘭語 handvol (“满手，一手”)、德語 Handvoll (“满手，一手”)、丹麥語 håndfuld (“满手，一手”)、瑞典語 handfull (“满手，一手”)、冰島語 handfylli (“满手，一手”)。

Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

The names of a number of the most famous North American railroads could be found in the north-east; Pennsylvania, New York Central, Baltimore & Ohio, Chesapeake & Ohio, and the Norfolk & Western, to name but a handful.

1985，Rodger Bradley，Amtrak: The US National Railroad Passenger Corporation，Blandford Press，頁 92:

But, aunt, she must have had some kind of education, her accent was so pure, her English so unfaulty. The other girl dropped her h's by handfuls, and made some very wild confusion in her native etymology.

1866，Emma Jane Worboise，Sir Julian's Wife，頁 89:

难缠的人或事物，麻烦的人或事物

Those twins are a real handful to look after.

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February，G. Freeman Allen，“Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 91:

Many times dogs are surrendered for reasons such as changes in the family unit, a death in the family, no time to care for a dog, or because that cute little puppy is now a 100 lb untrained handful.

2008, Dog Fancy (volume 39, issue 11, page 76)


hilarity

源自拉丁語 hilaritas (“开心”)，形容词hilaris，最终源自古希腊语 + 状态名词后缀-tas。

Think it not curious if we don't seem to be as sidesplittingly impressed with the hilarities in this picture as its promotion might lead you to expect. Hilarity is in it—hilarity at its best—as would be almost mandatory in any film with Miss Holliday.

1999，Vincent Canby, Janet Maslin, Peter M. Nichols，The New York times guide to the best 1000 movies ever made:

Many other Latin imports have become staples of our diet, like the burrito, which in Spanish means "little donkey." What other food-related hilarities are we missing out on?

2005，Library journal，卷 130, 期s 8-13，頁 122:


handicraft

靠工藝品維生的人；製造工藝品的人

his men were all baſe handie craftes, as coblers, and curriers, and tinkers, whereof ſome had barres of yron[…]

1596，Thomas Nashe，The Unfortunate Traueller: or, The Life of Jacke Wilton:

The M[e]chanicks, and handy-crafts were Induſtrious, Thrifty, and the main ſupporters of the Trade of France.

1691，Sam Norris，The English Spy; Or, the Intrigues, Pollicies, and Stratagems of the French King with His Secret Contrivances, for Undermining the Princes of Christendom, Discovered:

"Why, thou knowest, father," he said, smiling, "that we handicrafts best love the folks we live by;[…]

1828 (reprinted 1842)，Sir Walter Scott，The Fair Maid of Perth，Schlesinger:


hillbilly

源自hill + billy (“家伙”)。对比低地蘇格蘭語 chapman billie (“旅行商人”)。

hillbillies (third-person singular present)
hillbillying (present participle)
hillbillied (past participle)

展现自己乡下的出身；散发乡下人的气质

Hillbillying troubadors, the bohemians of a new world, not cafe society but more like the poor white origins of an Elvis Presley.

1991，The Commonwealth Review - Volume 3，頁 189:

Like Ken Lay, [Rebecca] Mark came from a small town in Missouri, one of four children in a farm family with deep fundamentalist beliefs. Her conversational style has been polished in Texas, and she is a master of “hillbillying,” the trick of playing up one’s humble origins.

2002年April1日，Marie Brenner，“The Enron Wars”, in Vanity Fair:

And Kerry doesn’t know how to hillbilly. And it is not a Texas thing, by the way. John F. Kennedy used to hillbilly us. And that meant that he flirted with us. He had a twinkle. Bill Clinton hillbillied us. And Kerry has got to learn how to do that. He has got to dial back and show some relaxed affability.

2004年April30日，Lesley Stahl，“Hardball”, in MSNBC:

将...刻画为乡巴佬；表现为乡巴佬

I think that 20 to 30 years ago nonfundamentalists in America did make a great mistake by typing them, by hillbillying and backwoodsing and holy-rollering them.

2001，The New York Times Biographical Service, Volume 32，頁 1540:

God damned mother fuckin son of a bitch cock suckin' asshole, who the fuck does he think he is, that dumb ass, half-brained, hillbillied redneck, given me that Jew shit when he's coppin' money and nobody's got the balls to stand up to him and they're gonna let me take the rap?

2006，Laurel Snyder，Half/life: Jew-ish Tales from Interfaith Homes, →ISBN，頁 25:

The Warner Bros. cartoons, after having hillbillied themselves nearly to death during the 1930s, did not return to the trend during the late 1940s.

2008，Tim Hollis，Ain't That a Knee-Slapper, →ISBN，頁 125:


hippie

源自1953年，為通常帶貶義的 hipster 的變體。參見嬉皮的詞源。

hippier (comparative)
hippiest (superlative)

That dress looks very hippie.

The drug-taking he's writing about is less hippie than punk: it's about speed and smack and pills as much as hallucinogens and weed, about compulsion as well as escape.

他所寫的毒品使用，其實比嬉皮更偏向龐克：它不僅是關於致幻劑和大麻，還包括興奮劑、海洛因和藥丸，既是強迫症，也是一種逃避。

2011，Mike Marqusee，Wicked Messenger: Bob Dylan and the 1960s, →ISBN:

You have to understand I worked in a very hippie nightclub for years, and the majority of the staff did not even like the Grateful Dead.

你得理解，我在一家非常嬉皮的夜總會工作了好多年，而大多數員工甚至不喜歡《感恩的死者》樂隊。

2012，Christopher Lento，The Bartender Diaries...A Life Fantastic!, →ISBN，頁 126:

And then I discovered LSD, you can't get much more hippie than that.

然後我發現了LSD，沒有比這更嬉皮的了。

2013，Ian Young，It's Not about Me!: Confessions of a Recovered Outlaw Addict, →ISBN:


handsome

繼承自中古英語 handsum、hondsom，等同於hand + -some。對照荷蘭語 handzaam、德國低地德語 handsaam。原意是指「容易處理和使用」，因此便出現了「合適的」和「靈巧的，聰明的」等含義（16世紀中期），並產生了表示欣賞的現代化含義（16世紀晚期）。

more handsome (comparative)
handsomer (comparative)
most handsome (superlative)
handsomest (superlative)

外表英俊、帥氣、有吸引力，好看

On the opposite side of the street, on the corner, is the city hall, a very handsome building of brick and stone.

1916，On H.R. 4683, site for post-office building at Chicago, Ill，頁 117:

The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.

1917，Anton Chekhov，譯者 Constance Garnett, The Darling and Other Stories，Project Gutenberg, →ISBN，頁 71:

Often, human mortals describe their visits to the Tuatha's [places] in similar terms: they were great bright places, occupied by exceedingly handsome men and women, that sported wonderful crystal chairs, inexhaustible supplies of mead or ale ...

2006，Richard Leviton，The Gods in Their Cities，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 44:

That is one handsome tree you've got there.


heatstroke

“Youʼre having a heatstroke, do you understand? Weʼve got to get you cooled down.”

2021，Rivers Solomon，Sorrowland，#Merky Books，頁 170:


hankering

I found that he had dipped a little in chimerical studies and had a hankering after astrology and alchymy.

1840，Washington Irving，The Knight of Malta:

Mike says he even likes to talk to him and run after him, but he has a hankering that Moore should be made an example of.

1849，Currer Bell [筆名; Charlotte Brontë]，章號 1, in Shirley. A Tale. […]，卷 (請指定|volume=I、II或III), London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC:

"Some people are fond of a stay-at-home life, but I always had a hankering after adventures."

1904，W. W. Jacobs，章號 2, in Dialstone Lane:

In other words, some species of human ancestor […] not only had a hankering for meat, which scientists had not expected, but used tools to get it.

2010年August12日，Michael D. Lemonick，“Study: Lucy's Relatives Used Tools to Butcher Meat”, in Time，存檔自the original on 2012-09-13:


hanky-panky

可能是羅姆語短语hakk'ni panki (“花招，见不得人的事”)的变体。

I don't wanna cry / I just wanna hanky panky / Nothing like a good spanky

1990，“Hanky Panky”, in I'm Breathless，演出者 Madonna:

You're my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamor in pink / Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

1997，“Barbie Girl”, in Aquarium，演出者 Aqua:


hapless

more hapless (comparative)
most hapless (superlative)

My dear friend, are you to become that hapless kind of outcast, a champion of lost causes?

The hapless squad, which was outscored 517-268 in 2008, became the first in league history to go 0-16.

2008年December31日，Harriet Barovick，“Detroit The Lost Season”, in Time:

Gideon Defoe scripted from his own series-launching comedic book The Pirates! In An Adventure With Scientists, about the adventures of a hapless group of pirates known only by names like The Pirate With The Scarf, The Pirate With Gout, and in the case of their leader, The Pirate Captain.

2012年April26日，Tasha Robinson，“Film: Reviews: The Pirates! Band Of Misfits :”, in The Onion AV Club:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:hapless。


hectare

借自法語 hectare，源自古希臘語 ἑκατόν (hekatón，“百”) + are。

With careful planning almost anyone can turn the dream of owning a small farm or a few hectares of country land into a reality.

透過精心規劃，幾乎任何人都可以將擁有小農場或幾公頃鄉村土地的夢想變成現實。

1997，“Buying a Rural Property”, in Back to Basics，Surry Hills, NSW: Reader's Digest (Australia) Pty Limited，頁 10:

Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field. In Paris 22 hectares of roof have been planted, out of a potential total of 80 hectares.

去年，法國建造了100萬平方公尺的植物覆蓋屋頂，與美國一樣多，是該領域先驅德國的10倍。巴黎屋頂的潛在種植面積為80公頃，其中22公頃已種植。

2013年May10日，Audrey Garric，“Urban canopies let nature bloom”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 22，頁 30:


happenstance

by happenstance

Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, three times is enemy action.

1964，Goldfinger，spoken by James Bond (Sean Connery):

Dammit, man this is the gift from God / This ain't happenstance

2001，“People Talkin'”, in MTV Unplugged，演出者 Jay-Z:


happy-go-lucky

happy-go-luckier (comparative)
happy-go-luckiest (superlative)

无忧无虑的，乐天的，逍遥自在的

Hill says the shows began to morph from happy-go-lucky, fun series to production-line star-makers, which subconsciously changed the tone of the series: "Reality talent shows made it easier and quicker for audiences to pay to vote for the winner and loser, and to comment positively and negatively on contestants in social media."

2021年September15日，Laura Martin，“How talent shows became TV's most bizarre programmes”, in BBC:


happy-go-lucky

Now, both these kids are your friends, but one is mature and responsible, taking his time to understand what he is doing and why he is doing it, and the other friend is a happy-go-lucky, who just lets things happen to him.

1978，Rita Puttcamp，Operation Bro-kee，頁 35:

Sara was presumably the “desperate” girl and Thomas the “happy-go-lucky” who would be vindicated once Sara's baby was born “too soon,” less than nine months after their encounter

2006，Karin Barber，Africa's Hidden Histories: Everyday Literacy and Making the Self:

Suppose our 'happy-go-luckies' get sea sick.

Then we have a new bunch growing up called "casuals". I looked that up in the dictionary and it means happy-go-luckies. The amount for these happy-go-luckies or casuals involves another 25 per cent of the total amount of the item, and we are asked to vote it without any details whatsoever.

1950，Canada. Parliament. House of Commons，Official Report of Debates:


happy-go-lucky

more happy-go-lucky (comparative)
most happy-go-lucky (superlative)

You have nothing to fear ; you have your twenty guineas in your pocket for helping me into my service, and if I get into Mrs. Martha's quarters, you have a hundred more ; if into the widow's, fifty : — happy go lucky !

1731，William Wycherley，Plays Written by Mr. William Wycherley:


harass

动词派生自中古法語、古法語 harasser (“使...力竭；折磨，烦扰”)（现代法語 harasser (“使...力竭”)），可能源自古法語 harer (“放狗追”)，源自古法蘭克語 *hara (“此处，到这里”，命令狗攻击的指令)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hē₂r (“这里”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *ḱe (“这里；这个”) + *ís (“那个，那位”) + *-r。
名词派生自动词。

harasses (third-person singular present)
harassing (present participle)
harassed (past participle)

don't ask, don't tell, don't harass, don't pursue

烦扰，骚扰，纠缠 （法律上的）频繁，再三地骚扰

For it is a stout calf, ripe for the temples and altar [to be sacrificed], and to be sprinkled with wine; who is now ashamed to draw the dugs of his mother, and who harasseth the oaks with his budding horn.

1829，Juvenal，“Satire XII”, in William Smart（譯者）, Juvenal and Persius, Literally Translated for the Use of Students，London: […] [Richard Gilbert] for Whittaker, Treacher, & Co. […], →OCLC，頁 125:

Some who dwell in wildernesses, / who seek and occupy, by their own wills, homes in dark caverns, these await / the heavenly dwelling-place; he who grudgeth them life, / oft bringeth hateful terror upon them; / sometimes he showeth them horror, sometimes vain glory; / the wily murderer hath power of both, / and harasseth these lonely-dwellers; […]

1895，“Saint Guthlac. A.”, in The Exeter Book, an Anthology of Anglo-Saxon Poetry […]，part I (Poems I–VIII), London: [F]or the Early English Text Society, by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., […], →OCLC, part I，頁 109，行s 81–88:

给...负担，使...紧张

To harass good people is no different than speaking ill of them.

The ſoul that dies this death, is like a loving wife matched with a rigorous huſband: ſhe does what ſhe can to pleaſe him, yet he is never pleaſed; but toſſeth, haraſſeth, and beats her, till ſhe break her heart, and death ſets her free: […]

1761，Thomas Boston，“State II. Namely, the State of Nature or of Entire Depravation. Head I. The Sinfulness of Man’s Natural State. [Of the Corruption of the Will.]”, in Human Nature in Its Four-fold State […]，第12th版, Edinburgh: […] David Gray […], →OCLC，頁 80:

He, who harasseth his household, shall inherit the wind; / And the fool shall be the servant of the wise in heart.

1831，William French and George Skinner（譯者）, A New Translation of the Proverbs of Solomon from the Original Hebrew […]，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] J. Smith printer to the University; London: John Murray […], →OCLC, Proverbs XI:29，頁 37:

Zeal without judgment is an evil, though it be zeal unto good; / […] / By a shoulder to the wheel downhill harasseth the labouring beast, / And where an obstruction were needed, will harm by an ill judged thrusting-on.

1839，Martin F[arquhar] Tupper，“Of Discretion”, in Proverbial Philosophy: A Book of Thoughts and Arguments, Originally Treated，第3rd版, London: Joseph Rickerby, […], →OCLC，頁s 147–148:

The tradition of this Yoga has now for a long time been broken here, O Arjuna, who harassest thy foes, like the sun, by the heat of thy prowess.

1897，“Fourth Discourse. Jnana-Yoga.”, in Alladi Mahadeva Sastry（譯者）, The Bhagavad Gita with the Commentary of Sri Sankaracharya […]，第7th版, Madras, Tamil Nadu: Samata Books, 出版於 1977, →OCLC，頁 119:

使...筋疲力竭，使...劳累不堪

As the waters wear to pieces the stones, / As their overflowings sweep the soil from the land,— / So consumest thou the hope of man; / Thou harassest him continually till he perish; / Thou weariest out his frame, and despatchest him.

1812，John Mason Good，“Part II. First Series of Controversy.”, in The Book of Job, Literally Translated from the Original Hebrew, and Restored to Its Natural Arrangement: […]，London: […] [F]or Black, Parry, and Co. […], by R. Watts, Broxbourn Press, →OCLC, Job XIV:19–20:

'[T]is true, that he neither harasseth his vassals from morn to eve by hard labour and exaction, nor committeth them to the dungeon, when they can no longer work nor pay. But to knights of our calling, Monsieur Robichon, he is as ill disposed as the worst of them:— […]

1825，Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym]，“Substance of Some Traditions Respecting Grimmfer the Wizard”, in New Landlord’s Tales; or, Jedediah in the South. […]，卷 II, London: […] [S. Gosnell] for T[homas] Hookham, […], →OCLC, chapter I，頁s 126–127:


harass

Mean while the men of Judah to prevent / The harraſs of thir Land, beſet me round; […]

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 22，行s 257–258:


hitch

可能源自中古英語 hicchen、hytchen、icchen (“猛地移动”)，词源不详，其他语言中难以找到同源词。对比itch、hike。

The banquet went off without a hitch

The service operated according to plan on the Monday morning with only a few hitches.

1961 July，“Glasgow emergency - the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 432:

Over the next week, the hitch in my dad's stride eased a bit. But we'd run out of things to talk about.

2008 October，Davy Rothbart，“How I caught up with dad”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 8, →ISSN，頁 110:


hitch

hitches (third-person singular present)
hitching (present participle)
hitched (past participle)

He hitched the bedroll to his backpack and went camping.

他把铺盖卷固定到背包上，然后去露营了。

Philander went into the next room, which was just a lean-to hitched on to the end of the shanty, and came back with a salt mackerel that dripped brine like a rainstorm. Then he put the coffee pot on the stove and rummaged out a loaf of dry bread and some hardtack.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 8, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

The company has hitched its future to artificial intelligence — whether with its voice-enabled digital assistant or its automated placement of advertising for marketers — as the breakthrough technology to make the next generation of services and devices smarter and more capable.

2020年December3日，Cade Metz，Daisuke Wakabayashi，“Google Researcher Says She Was Fired Over Paper Highlighting Bias in A.I.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

绊到 （指马走路时双腿撞到）

Stolen[…]A brown Gelding[…]all his paces, and hitches a little in his pace.


hither

源自古英語 hider，源自原始日耳曼語 *hidrê。和拉丁語 citer 同源。

比較代詞性副詞 hereto ，其遵循「介詞 + what」或「介詞 + which」的模式。

He went hither and thither.

Unto her handmaid she cried,
"Go fetch my gold harp hither to me,
Sir Thynnè, I'll draw to my side."

1828，Thomas Keightley，The Fairy Mythology，卷 I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth，頁 164:

But the road left the river again; there were certainly twistings and turnings, as the old woman had said, for at one moment it wound hither and the next thither, and at some places it was almost imperceptible.

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 280:

"How now, you scullions and cullions: bring hither a pair of cow's hooves to out face this contumelious caitiff."

1936，Norman Lindsay，The Flyaway Highway，Sydney: Angus and Robertson，頁 44:


hither

The essential Not-self could be perceived very clearly in things and in living creatures on the hither side of good and evil.

在善與惡這一邊的事物和生物中，可以非常清楚地感受到本質的非自我。

1954，Aldous Huxley，The Doors of Perception，Chatto & Windus，頁 30:


hitherto

[ˈhɪðəˌtʰuː]

[ˌhɪðəˈtʰuː]

The exhaustless conjecturings of that evening's full conversation, made such of the small party, as had hitherto been strangers, well acquainted with each other's turn of mind[…]

1830，Anna Maria Porter，The Barony，卷 3，頁 460:

The results of this study argue for a greater endonormativity in Indian English than has hitherto been recognised.

2014，James Lambert，“Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes，頁 124:

North of Tain [...], the line reaches the southern shore of Dornoch Firth. Here, the railway and the A9 trunk road, which have hitherto run close together, diverge.

2021年October20日，Paul Stephen，“Leisure and pleasure on the Far North Line”, in RAIL，期 942，頁 49:


heedless

more heedless (comparative)
most heedless (superlative)

Sing we joyous, all together, heedless of the wind and weather.

我们一齐欢快地歌唱，毫不在意狂风暴雨。

"A fine man, that Dunwody, yonder," commented the young captain, as they parted, and as he turned to his prisoner. "We'll see him on in Washington some day. He is strengthening his forces now against Mr. Benton out there. A strong man—a strong one; and a heedless."

1910，Emerson Hough，“The Gateway, and Some who Passed”, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，頁 21:


hobnob

源自hob and nob、hob or nob (干杯时所喊出的一个短语，可能意为give and take，指轮流干杯或轮流买酒，现已古旧)，源自方言词hab nab (“有或没有，指去喝酒的邀请”)，源自古英語 habban (“拥有”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，掠”)） + nabban (“没有”)（源自ne（最终源自原始印歐語 *ne (“不，否”)） + habban）。

With a hob-nob, and a merry go-round, / We'll pull in ere reason fail; / For the stoutest man in the kingdom found, / Must knock under to humming ale.

1823，Jon Bee [pseudonym; John Badcock]，“Hob-nob”, in Slang. A Dictionary of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, the Pit, of Bon-ton, and the Varieties of Life, Forming the Completest and Most Authentic Lexicon Balatronicum hitherto Offered to the Notice of the Sporting World, …，London: Printed for T. Hughes, 35, Ludgate-Street, →OCLC，頁 97:

A prologue of cherry bounce,—brandy,—preceded the entertainment, which was enlivened by hob-nobs and joyous toasts.

1870 May，“Irish Life”, in The Saint Pauls Magazine，卷 VI, London: Strahan & Co., publishers, 56, Ludgate Hill, →OCLC，頁 203:

The three friends had a hobnob outside the bar.

The American people are largely under the influence of animal magnetism. Whether they are drawn to the levée of a Tom Thumb or to a hobnob with the Russians, the safety-valves of their joyous feelings are sure to be opened when the Stars and Stripes flaunt over their churches, public buildings, and private dwellings.

1865，[James Dawson Burn]，“The Cities of America—New York”, in Three Years among the Working-classes in the United States during the War，London: Smith, Elder and Co., 65, Cornhill, →OCLC，頁 117:

[T]he musical and dramatic critiques in our daily papers are dishonest, shameful, utterly unworthy, and a scandal to journalism and Ireland! Praise is lavishly dispensed because the system pays, […] 'A full house' on Saturday will procure a longer advertisement on Monday morning, another 'free pass' all round, and a hobnob perhaps with Signor, Senora, Herr Bugle, Madame, or Madamoiselle.

1873年February1日，“Waifs [from the Irish Builder]”, in The Musical World，卷 51, 期 5, London: Published by Duncan Davison & Co., 244, Regent Street, →OCLC，頁 69，列 2:


hobnob

hobnobs (third-person singular present)
hobnobbing (present participle)
hobnobbed (past participle)

Many a glass of wine have we all of us drank, I have very little doubt, hob-and-nobbing with the hospitable giver, and wondering how the deuce he paid for it.

[1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，“How to Live Well on Nothing a-Year”, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC，頁 322:

When the dinner was a little forward, and time for wine came, the Emperor fills his own cup—fills the Empress's—fills St. Martin [of Tours]'s,—affectionately hobnobs with St. Martin. […] St. Martin looks round, first, deliberately;—becomes aware of a tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, who has managed to get his cup filled somehow, also—by a charitable lacquey. St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with him!

1884，John Ruskin，“By the Rivers of Waters”, in “Our Fathers Have Told Us.”: Sketches of the History of Christendom for Boys and Girls who have been Held at Its Fonts，part I (The Bible of Amiens), Orpington, Kent: George Allen, →OCLC，頁s 30–31:

巴结，与...亲近 （有权势的人）

The ambitious young student hobnobbed with the faculty at the prestigious college he hoped to attend.

那位野心勃勃的年轻学生巴结上了他想上的名牌大学的老师。

His favorite spot in the club was the bar, where he could hobnob with the big-wigs.

Here, over fiery "monaghahela," Jean Batiste, the sallow half-breed voyageur from the north—and who, deserting the service of the "North West" (the Hudson's Bay Company), has come down the Mississippi, from the "Falls," to try the sweets and the liberty of "free" trapping—hobnobs with a stalwart leather-clad "boy," just returned from trapping on the waters of Grand River, on the western side the mountains, who interlards his mountain jargon with Spanish words picked up in Taos and California.

1849，George Frederick Ruxton，章號 III, in Life in the Far West (Plains and Rockies; 175)，Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC，頁 71:

Well, you know all about how we dine, and assume, as you may, that we never ate more heartily, hob[-]nobbed more cordially, or interchanged with more frankness and sincerity all the affectionate social amenities which flow from a community of feeling amongst men who are bound together by the great bond of intellectual citizenship, members of the great "mysteries" of knowledge.

1853 October，Jonathan Freke Slingsby [pseudonym; John Francis Waller]，“A Night with the Mystics”, in The Dublin University Magazine, a Literary and Political Journal，卷 XLII, 號 CCL, Dublin: James McGlashan, 50 Upper Sackville-Street; London: W[illia]m S[omerville] Orr and Company, →OCLC，頁 495:

A man who never misused his time here; a Fellow of his Colleges, M.A., Lecturer, Don; […] my name, alas is not upon the board—my poverty, indeed, not will, prevented it, and so beneath his wing I dine at the "high table" with the reverend deans, and hobnob with professors.

1855，“Back at Trinity”, in Household Words. A Weekly Journal，卷 XI, 期 22 (275 overall), New York, N.Y.: J. A. Dix, publisher, office, No. 10, Park Place, →OCLC，頁 521，列 1:

But it must be in solitude. I do not need or desire to hobnob artificially with other old men in order to revisit them in their salad days, and to renew my own.

1952 May，George Santayana，“I Like to Be a Stranger”, in The Atlantic:

We are Sanctified Brethren, […] whom God has chosen to place in Lake Wobegon, Minnesota, a town of about twelve hundred in the center of the state, populated by German Catholics and Norwegian Lutherans, whom Scripture tells us to keep clear of, holding fast to the Principle of Separation[…], which is not such a big problem for my people, because we are standoffish by nature and not given to hobnobbing with strangers. Separation is the exact right Principle for us.

2001，Garrison Keillor，“A Summer Night”, in Lake Wobegon Summer 1956，New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, →ISBN:

[A] club that has earned the right to aspire to hobnobbing with European competitors could find itself brawling against relegation.

2017年October14日，Paul Doyle，“Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton: Nothing so far this season suggests the Argentinian will be more successful than Claude Puel in finding the answer to the club’s continuing lack of firepower”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-11-10:

He is knight dubb'd with vnhatche'd Rapier, and on carpet conſideration, but he is a diuell in priuate brall, soules and bodies hath he diuorc'd three, and his incenſement at this moment is ſo implacable, that ſatisfaction can be none, but by pangs of death and ſepulcher: Hob, nob, is his word: giu't or take't.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]，頁 269:

互相碰杯 （自19世纪初叶）

I have frequently heard one gentleman, in company, say to another, will you hob-nob with me? When this challenge was accepted, the glasses were instantly filled, and then they made the glasses touch or kiss each other. This gentle striking of the drinking vessels I always supposed explained the term hob-nob.

1828，[William Carr]，“[A Glossary of the Craven Dialect.] HOB-NOB”, in The Dialect of Craven, in the West-riding of the County of York, with a Copious Glossary, Illustrated by Authorities from Ancient English and Scotting Writers, and Exemplified by Two Familiar Dialogues. By a Native of Craven. In Two Volumes，第2nd much enlarged版, 卷 I, London: Printed for W[illia]m Crofts, 59, Carley-Street, Lincoln's Inn; Leeds: Robinson and Hernaman, →OCLC，頁 229:


heretofore

源自中古英語 heretoforn，等价于here (“这里”) + toforn (“之前”)，源自古英語 toforan (“之前”)。还见here、tofore。

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔə/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔə/

We now make available these works which were heretofore unpublished.

我们将发布这些迄今都未出版过的作品。

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:heretofore。

The Permanent Way: Britain's Railroads in the Making. By Horace Greenleaf and G. Tyers. […]There is no doubt that the permanent way has failed heretofore to attract popular interest to an extent comparable with its importance, but possibly the publicity given recently to various forms of experiment is tending to change this.

1948 September and October，“Railway Literature”, in Railway Magazine，頁 351:


helix

來自拉丁語 helix，來自古希臘語 ἕλιξ (hélix，“盤繞或螺旋的東西”)。

helixes (third-person singular present)
helixing (present participle)
helixed (past participle)

A large positive inclination gives a chip which will helix out of the space between the face mill and the workpiece.

1953，Division of Metrology Technical Paper - Issues 1-7，頁 25:

When the shaft is unsupported, the large torque tends to helix the inner core, and if the casing is not stiff enough, it will helix the casing also.

1967，Aviation Week & Space Technology - Volume 87，頁 295:

The decrease in d enhances the probability that remaining SDLs will helix, leading to an outward traveling wave of helixing and a jump in 5d.

1997，Physical Review: Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics:

Conceptually, this field will helix up from the genital tip, here modelled as the caudal singularity of the left and right domains of the H-CFs.

2010，Phillip Beach，Muscles and Meridians E-Book: The Manipulation of Shape, →ISBN，頁 95:


homely

源自中古英語 homly、hoomly、hamely (“家庭的，熟悉的，平常的”)，源自古英語 *hāmlīc (“家的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *haimalīk (“家的”)，等价于home + -ly。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hamely (“个人的，私人的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heimelik、荷蘭語 heimelijk (“秘密的，暗中的”)、德語 heimlich (“秘密的，暗中的”)、丹麥語 hemmelig (“秘密的”)、瑞典語 hemlig (“秘密的，掩盖的”)、法羅語 heimligur (“像家的”)、冰島語 heimlegur (“家里的；平常的”)。

homelier (comparative)
more homely (comparative)
homeliest (superlative)
most homely (superlative)

家的，像家的，合适家的，像家一样舒服的 （自14世纪初叶）

An interesting illustration of this is the way in which the English flower names which were in use till very recently are being ousted by Greek ones, snapdragon becoming antirrhinum, forget-me-not becoming myosotis, etc. It is hard to see any practical reason for this change of fashion: it is probably due to an instinctive turning-away from the more homely word and a vague feeling that the Greek word is scientific.

1946，George Orwell，Politics and the English Language:

Mowgli: "Oh, don't worry Chota, it may not be homely, but I can warm it up."

2014年January5日，“Mowgli's Cub”, in The Jungle Book:

"I can't send a young, pretty girl, or for that matter even a homely one if you'd have her, on a job like this without telling her what to expect."

1932，Delos W. Lovelace，King Kong，出版於 1965，頁 6:

You see, she sees herself as a starlet; I see her as a sturdy, healthy but decidedly homely kid.

With all these men I was right homely, and communed with them long and oft.

1563，John Foxe，Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Chapter on William Thorpe:

简易的，平常的，朴实无华的 （自14世纪末叶）

a homely garment

homely fare

homely manners

Now Strephon daily entertains
 His Chloe in the homeliest strains.

1731，Alexander Pope，Strephon and Chloe, Lines 211-212:

There is no simple way to define precisely a complex arrangement of parts, however homely the object may appear to be.

2001，Sydney I. Landau，Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 167:


heterophobia

Taguieff writes synonimically:Template:SIC of racism and heterophobia (resentment of the different). […] Heterophobia seems to be a focused manifestation of a still wider phenomenon of anxiety aroused by the feeling that one has no control over the situation, […]

2013，Zygmunt Bauman，Modernity and the Holocaust, →ISBN，頁 116:


honorarium

/ˈɒ.nəˈɹɛɹ.i.əm/

/ˌɑ.nəˈɹɛɹ.i.əm/

Dizi offer honorariums to their master, Hong, in appreciation for the mental, spiritual, and physical growth that they experience after becoming members of Tai Ji Men. There is no tuition or other fees for joining Tai Ji Men or practicing Qigong at one of the many Tai Ji Men locations established in Taiwan.

2020，Kenneth A. Jacobsen，“Abrogating the Rule of Law: The Tai Ji Men Tax Case in Taiwan”, in The Journal of CENSUR，卷 4, 期 5, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 106:


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。

hoodwinks (third-person singular present)
hoodwinking (present participle)
hoodwinked (past participle)

For, (having many times torne the vaile of modestie) it seemed, for a laste delight, that she delighted in infamy: which often she had used to her husbands shame, filling all mens eares (but his) with reproch; while he (hoodwinkt with kindnes) lest of all mẽ [men] knew who strake him.

c. 1580，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“[The Second Booke] Chapter 20”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC，頁s 278–279:

The earth is given over into the hand of the Wicked One, / Who hoodwinketh the faces of its judges. / If this be not so, where, who is HE?

1871，“Reply of Job to the First Speech of Bildad”, in John Noble Coleman（譯者）, The Poem of Job: The Most Ancient Book in the Universe: The First Written Revelation which God Vouchsafed to Man. […]，第2nd版, […] [T[homas] and A[rchibald] Constable at the Edinburgh University Press] for private circulation, →OCLC, chapter IX, verse 24，頁 27:

[L]ocal prophecy declares on Merlin's authority that when the tree falls Carmarthen will fall with it. Perhaps through an unconscious desire on the part of some patriotic citizens of averting the calamity by inducing the tree-spirit to transfer its abode, or else by otherwise hoodwinking the tree-spirit into forgetting that Merlin's Oak is dead, a vigorous and now flourishing young oak has been planted so directly beside it that its foliage embraces it.

1911，W[alter] Y[eeling] Evans-Wentz，“The Testimony of Paganism”, in The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries，London, New York, N.Y.: Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, →OCLC, section III (The Cult of Gods, Spirits, Fairies, and the Dead)，頁 435:

Ex-King Constantine would be regarded as an apt disciple so long as he succeeded in his purpose of hoodwinking the Allies.

1917年September21日，“The Greek White Book”, in The Near East: A Weekly Review of Oriental Politics, Literature, Finance, and Commerce，卷 XIII, 期 333, London: The Near East Editorial and Publishing Offices, →OCLC，頁 410，列 1:

Can't the New York myth be exploded before Mr. De Sapio [i.e, Carmine DeSapio] hoodwinks Mr. [William Averell] Harriman and the Democratic Party?

1955年November7日，Russell C. Stroup，“Native Sons [letter]”, in Time，卷 LXVI, 期 19, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 10，列 2:

Is it funny in the novel [The Horse’s Mouth (1944) by Joyce Cary] to hear Gulley tell about hoodwinking his former or prospective rich patrons with absurd pranks?

1959 January，Parker Tyler，“Has the Horse’s Mouth a Gold Tooth?”, in ARTnews，卷 57, 期 9, New York, N.Y.: Art Foundation Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 38，列 2:

As his correspondence with successive aristocratic First Lords of the Admiralty reveals, he was both unctuously deferential in his dealings with his official and social superiors, and capable sometimes of hoodwinking them.

2007，Linda Colley，“Out of the Caribbean”, in The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: How a Remarkable Woman Crossed Seas and Empires to Become a Part of World History，London: Harper Perennial, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 39:

In the absence of enforcement, many liurai decided to sell the coffee beans and to pocket the profits. To claw back the money, the Portuguese hired the warriors of a nearby liurai as tax collectors. This itself proved hardly a fail-safe strategy as, on many occasions, the liurai who were sent out to get the money hoodwinked the Portuguese and also kept the stash.

2013，Gordon [Patrick] Peake，“The Portuguese Monument”, in Beloved Land: Stories, Struggles, and Secrets from Timor-Leste，Brunswick, Vic., London: Scribe Publications, →ISBN，頁 21:

The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hoodwinked—when the harp of the poet was to be hung on the willows of Arno, and the right hand of the painter to forget its cunning.

1827 March，[Thomas Babington Macaulay]，“Art. I. Œuvres complétes de Machiavel, traduites par J. V. Perier. Paris, 1825. [book review]”, in The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal，卷 XLV, 期 XC, Edinburgh: […] [T]he heirs of D. Willison, for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, […]; and Adam Black, […], →OCLC，頁 285:


housewarming

In the eyes of Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke the apotheosis of the Celebrity was complete. The people of Asquith were not only willing to attend the house-warming, but had been worked up to the pitch of eagerness.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

a housewarming gift

They had their first argument on the evening Gadney moved in, their housewarming spat, he later called it.

2004，Jacob M Appel，“Gadney's Immunity”, in Southwest Review，卷 89, 期 4，頁 580:

Fortunately, Dave had left them a packet of rollie tobacco and papers for a housewarming


irrecognizable

more irrecognizable (comparative)
most irrecognizable (superlative)

/ɪˈɹɛkəɡnaɪzəbəl/

/ɪɹɪˈkɒɡnɪzəbəl/

(古舊，罕用) 難以辨認的

The immortal gods are there (quite irrecognizable under these disguises), and also the lowest broken valets.

1850，Thomas Carlyle，“The Stump Orator”, in Latter Day Pamphlets:

[T]here remains no trace of their having ever existed—outside of course of the family names which are now preserved, though some of them in an almost irrecognizable form.

1902年March15日，“Judge Endlich on Early Life in Berks”, in Reading Eagle，USA, retrieved 2010-08-26，頁 11:

The loamy ground on which I lay, the scattered fragments of the cairn beside me, and the rocks and junipers, were irrecognizable as if they had belonged to some other planet than ours.

c. 1933，Clark Ashton Smith，“The Light from Beyond”, in The White Sybil and Other Stories，第2005版，頁 142:


irreparable

源自中古法語 irréparable < 古法語 < 拉丁語 irreparabilis，等價於ir- + reparable。

more irreparable (comparative)
most irreparable (superlative)

/ɪˈɹɛp(ə)ɹəbəl/

不能修復的；不能挽回的，無法彌補的

It was impoſſible that the queen of France [Marie Antoinette] ſhould not be deeply affected by a conteſt, which ſo cloſely involved her neareſt and deareſt connections, and threatened ſo immediate and perhaps irreparable a breach of the harmony and friendſhip ſubſiſting between them.

法國王后［瑪麗·安托瓦內特］不可能不深受這場爭端影響——此事不僅牽涉她至親至愛之人，更可能立即造成彼此現存和諧情誼無可彌補的裂痕。

1787，“The History of Europe”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature, for the Years 1784 and 1785，卷 XXVII, London: Printed by J[ames] Dodsley, in Pall-Mall, →OCLC, chapter VIII，頁 134，列 1:


irresponsible

more irresponsible (comparative)
most irresponsible (superlative)

They left the crown what, in the eye and estimation of law, it had ever been, perfectly irresponsible.

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，Oxford, 出版於 2009，頁 28:


ism

源自後綴-ism (“信仰”)，特別用於「社會運動」的含意上（19世紀）。對照phobia源自-phobia，sophy源自-sophy，itis源自-itis，以及ana源自-ana。

[…] his religion, his worship was like his daily bread to him; — which he did not take the trouble to talk much about; which he merely ate at stated intervals, and lived and did his work upon! This is Abbot Samson’s Catholicism of the Twelfth Century; — something like the Ism of all true men in all true centuries, I fancy! Alas, compared with any of the Isms current in these poor days, what a thing!

1843，Thomas Carlyle，章號 XV, in Past and Present，book 2:

An ism does not have to possess the fearful implements of state power to cut off a a deviant or heretical member.

1965，Bertram David Wolfe，Marxism, One Hundred Years in the Life of a Doctrine，頁 357:

In his exposition, he has failed to achieve the identification of situation, theory, and policy necessary to create an ism.

1969，Walter E. Minchinton，Mercantilism; System Or Expediency?，頁 xi:

Isms in my opinion are not good. A person should not believe in an ism – he should believe in himself.

1986，John Hughes，Ferris Bueller's Day Off，spoken by Ferris Bueller (Matthew Broderick):

It is important to distinguish between an ism and a mere generalization about group differences. Generalizations that have statistical validity are not isms. An ism assumes that the generalization applies to an individual.

1994，Kenneth Kaye，Workplace Wars and How to End Them，頁 70:


immutable

源自中古英語 immutable，源自拉丁語 immūtābilis (“无法改变的”)。im- + mutable。

The government has enacted an immutable law.

Mutable as is our nature, it delights in the immutable: and we expect as much constancy as if all time, to say nothing of our own changeableness, had not shewn that ever "the fashion of this world passeth away."

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIV, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 171:

In the trustless cryptocurrency world, you can still trust the cryptocurrency community and its mechanisms to ensure that the blockchain contains an accurate and immutable—unchangeable—record of cryptocurrency transactions.

2019，Peter Kent, Tyler Bain，Cryptocurrency Mining For Dummies，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 30:


inexpugnable

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 inexpugnābilis。形態上可以分析為in- + expugn + -able。

more inexpugnable (comparative)
most inexpugnable (superlative)

不能攻佔的；不能駁倒的；堅不可摧的

My one hope of the world, my inexpugnable consolation in looking at the miseries of the world, is that this is altering.

1840，Thomas Carlyle，Heroes and Hero Worship:

It crept into one's mind, a distress as vague and inexpugnable as a sea fog on a spring morning, and presently one shivered and wanted to go indoors...

1911，H. G. Wells，The Country of the Blind, And Other Stories:

This seemed to be an inexpugnable refuge, where we could live untroubled and learn to know each other."


incongruous

源自拉丁語 incongruus，源自in- (“不”) + congruus (“一致的”)。

more incongruous (comparative)
most incongruous (superlative)

/ɪŋˈkɑŋ.ɡɹu.əs/

不相称的，不协调的，不合适的，不配的，不搭的

Ona was blue-eyed and fair, while Jurgis had great black eyes with beetling brows, and thick black hair that curled in waves about his ears—in short, they were one of those incongruous and impossible married couples with which Mother Nature so often wills to confound all prophets.

1905，Upton Sinclair，章號 I, in The Jungle，紐約，N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, 出版於 1906年2月26日, →OCLC:

Ardent suns had likewise tanned his face till it was swarthy as a Spaniard's. The yellow mustache appeared incongruous in the midst of such swarthiness.

1912，Jack London，章號 1, in A Son Of The Sun:

For a few moments England toyed with the idea of making it a more difficult night than necessary. Scotland had scored a goal that seemed incongruous to the rest of their performance and, briefly, a fiercely partisan crowd sensed an improbable comeback.

2014年November18日，Daniel Taylor，“England and Wayne Rooney see off Scotland in their own back yard”, in The Guardian:


infallible

源自中世紀拉丁語 infallibilis，源自拉丁語 in- + fallibilis。对比法語 infaillible。By surface analysis, in- + fallible。

more infallible (comparative)
most infallible (superlative)

没有任何错误或缺点的，无懈可击的

He knows about many things, but even he is not infallible.

他懂的东西很多，但是就算是他也不是完美的。

That there may be Certainty upon an infallible Evidence in Matters of Science, I readily grant you. But since there once were Scepticks in Philosophy as well as Religion, such as doubted of every thing, I very much question, whether the whole World be agreed in this Point; unless you could assure me, that Race of Seekers is now extinct.

1720，Samuel Fancourt，“The Remarker's second Objection produced and examined”, in An Essay Concerning Certainty and Infallibility: Or, Some Reflections Upon a Pamphlet Stiled, “The Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm Considered, in Some Short Remarks on the Doctrine of the Blessed Trinity Stated and Defended.” In a Letter to the Author of Those Remarks，London: R. Cruttenden，頁 35:

Try this infallible cure for hiccups.

[L]isten patiently [...] and you will easily perceive why I am reserved upon that subject. I will not lead you on, unguarded and ardent as I then was, to your destruction and infallible misery.

1818，Mary Shelley，章號 4, in Frankenstein，存檔自the original on 2011-10-30:

In precisely the same way does a quack doctor prescribe his infallible nostrum to every patient, without taking into account differences of constitution, or [...]

1833，James Rennie，“The Word Gardening”, in Alphabet of Scientific Gardening for the Use of Beginners，London: William Orr，頁 2:


instructive

more instructive (comparative)
most instructive (superlative)

didactic

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

educative

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

informative

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

informatory

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

教育性的；有益的；啟發性的

Well, that was an instructive lesson.

嗯，這是一個有啟發性的教訓。

Some commentators have suggested that the activity represented by WallStreetBets and Trumpism are part of the same populist, anti-elite phenomenon, but if Trumpism in general is instructive at all here, it’s as a reminder that self-described anti-elite movements can, in fact, turn out to be much more complicated than that.

一些評論家認為，WallStreetBets所代表的活動和特朗普主義是同一民粹主義、反精英現象的一部分，但如果特朗普主義一般來說在這裡有指導意義的話，那就是提醒人們，自稱的反精英運動事實上可能比這複雜得多。

2021年January29日，John Herrman，“Everything’s a Joke Until It’s Not”, in The New York Times:


inferno

借自意大利語 inferno (“地獄”)，來自拉丁語 infernus (“下層地區”)、inferna (“下層地區”)；參見infernal。
“大火”的意思來自hellfire的傳統概念。

At each sudden explosion in the inferno below they sprang back from the brink [of the volcanic crater].

1899，D. C. Worcester，The Philippine Islands and Their People:

Blast after blast, fiery outbreak after fiery outbreak, like a flaming barrage from within,[…]most of Edison's grounds soon became an inferno. As though on an incendiary rampage, the fires systematically devoured the contents of Edison's headquarters and facilities.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 1, in Internal Combustion:

Unfortunately for Admiral Kurita, this is where the good news ends. The fire started by New Jerseys hit amidships has spread, and there is now a towering inferno' that occupies the middle third of the Japanese battleship.

2021年May5日，Drachinifel，片头起34:59, in Battle of Samar - What if TF34 was there?，存檔自the original on 2022-08-08:


impending

I have no time right now because of an impending paper submission deadline.

我现在没时间，论文要截稿了。

Randall and Kate aren’t satirical characters. They’re rational thinkers who unwittingly stumble into a Dr. Strangelove type of situation when they discover mankind’s impending doom, and team up with Dr. Teddy Oglethorpe (Rob Morgan) to report their findings to President Orlean (Meryl Streep).

2021年December7日，Jesse Hassenger，“Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence cope with disaster in the despairing satire Don’t Look Up”, in AV Club:


impending

Speed of locomotion and staying power in horse and others; the sense of smell in dog and in most other creatures (a far subtler and more analytical faculty than is man's mere perception of odour). Even an uncanny supra-natural sense of natural impendings, catastrophe, earthquake and flood, lacking in man, is found in simpler creatures.

1934，Arabella Kenealy，The Human Gyroscope:

Although I do think about death quite regularly, my intense fear of lesser impendings has taught me that the only way I will survive it is to remain objective […]

1994, Steve Garvey, quoted in 2000, Nicholas Barnes, Ainin H. Garvey, The Lost Writings of Steve Garvey (page 23)


infinitesimal

源自拉丁語 infinitesimus，源自infinitus (“无穷的”) + -esimus，类似于centesimus (“百分之一”)。

more infinitesimal (comparative)
most infinitesimal (superlative)

严格来说，这个形容词不可比，类似infinite，因此官方不推荐使用more infinitesimal和most infinitesimal，尤其是使用其数学义项的时候。但是在非正式用法（尤其是“非常小但可以测量”）中确实有使用比较级。

Do you ever get the feeling that you are but an infinitesimal speck, swallowed by the vastness of the universe and beyond?

你有没有想到过，自己就是一个小得不能再小的小点，被淹没于广阔无垠的宇宙和宇宙之外的空间中？

Then you could say that the doorway exploded. But the particular verb doesn't do the action justice. Rather, it shattered into infinitesimal pieces.


incredulous

借自拉丁語 incrēdulus (“不相信的”)。

more incredulous (comparative)
most incredulous (superlative)

心有疑虑的，表示怀疑的，无法相信的 （自16世纪）

In safe flats and dark restaurants, never the same one twice, we ate quiet meals, exchanged our goods and gazed upon each other with the incredulous contentment that passes between mountaineers when they are standing on the peak.

Reactions at Sun's campus, an hour's drive from San Francisco, ranged from the fearful to the incredulous.

2009年March18日，Reuters，“Sun Micro Troops Fearful, Incredulous About IBM”, in Wired.com，存檔自the original on 2013-06-30:

难以置信的 （自17世纪）

Why euery thing adheres togither, that no dramme of a scruple, no scruple of a scruple, no obstacle, no incredulous or vnsafe circumstance […]。

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

Faced with these facts, we find it incredulous that [the] defendant had any intent other than the armed robbery of the service station.

1984, Supreme Court of Illinois, opinion in People v Terrell, 459 N.E.2d 1337, quoted in David C. Brody, James R. Acker, and Wayne A. Logan, Criminal Law, Jones & Bartlett Publishers (2001), ISBN 0-8342-1083-5, page 564,


incursion

源自中古英語，借自古法語，源自拉丁語 incursiō, incursiōnem。

/ɪŋˈkɜː(ɹ)ʒən/

/ɪŋˈkɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

Fascinating though the journey is to the traveller, for many years this section of the line was a source of considerable anxiety to the maintenance engineers, and on more than one occasion landslips and incursions of the sea resulted in the railway being closed for several days.

1947 January and February，H. A. Vallance，“The Sea Wall at Dawlish”, in Railway Magazine，頁 18:


impish

more impish (comparative)
most impish (superlative)

Wild-eyed youngsters they were, with matted hair and little broad-nosed impish faces, covered (as some children are covered even nowadays) with a delicate down of hair.

1897，H. G. Wells，章號 1, in A Story of the Stone Age，存檔自the original on 2012-03-09:

But the antics of Mr. Moore, though impish and impudent, are, after all, so amusing and so graceful that the governess, it is said, sometimes hides behind a tree to watch.

1942，Virginia Woolf，章號 20, in The Death of the Moth, and other essays，存檔自the original on 2011-02-24:


indefatigable

源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 indēfatīgābilis (“坚持不懈的”)，源自in- (“不”) + dēfatīgō (“使...疲劳”)。

more indefatigable (comparative)
most indefatigable (superlative)

（美国北加利福尼亚）音频

[...] But he was at the ſame Time an excellent Scholar, and moſt indefatigable in teaching the two Lads.

1749，Henry Fielding，“Containing Two Letters in Very Different Stiles”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 VI, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book XVIII，頁 196:

"Oh, Roko! You're so indefatigable! Nothing gets you down!"

2020，Jeph Jacques，Questionable Content (webcomic), 4302: Bowed But Unbroken:


idyllic

more idyllic (comparative)
most idyllic (superlative)

快乐的，幸福的，祥和的，美好的

My fellow-creatures, from whom I was thus separated, began to assume idyllic virtue and beauty in my memory.

1896，H. G. Wells，“chapter 17”, in The Island of Dr. Moreau:

The rest of the road was as idyllic as the start.

1922，John Buchan，“chapter II”, in Huntingtower:


idyllic

快乐的事物，幸福的事物 (形容词的名词用法：有形容词词义性质的事物)

He could retire to the idyllic with the knowledge that he had not been wanting when Romance called.


indemnify

indemnifies (third-person singular present)
indemnifying (present participle)
indemnified (past participle)

The lender of a thing for use must indemnify the borrower for damage caused by defects or vices in it, which he knew at the time of lending, and concealed from the borrower.

1906，Civil Code of the State of California，頁 405:


ignominious

源自法語或古法語 ignominieux，源自拉丁語 ignōminiōsus (“可耻的”)，源自ignōminia (“名誉扫地”)，源自ig- (“不”) + nomen (“名誉”)（前缀为in-的同化形式）。 就词形分析为ignominy + -ious。

more ignominious (comparative)
most ignominious (superlative)

The time when the pseudovirtuous men and women die a painful and ignominious death has yet to come.

The golden eagle, which glittered in the front of the legion, was the object of their fondest devotion; nor was it esteemed less impious than it was ignominious, to abandon that sacred ensign in the hour of danger.

1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol I, ch 1—pt ii:

And it came to pass that they took him; and his name was Nehor; and they carried him upon the top of the hill Manti, and there he was caused, or rather did acknowledge, between the heavens and the earth, that what he had taught to the people was contrary to the word of God; and there he suffered an ignominious death.

Greene died of a debauch; and Marlowe, the gracer of tragedians, perished in an ignominious brawl.

1902，Thomas Ebenezer Webb，The Mystery of William Shakespeare: A Summary of Evidence，頁 242:

For Roy Hodgson it was a desperate and ignominious way to end his four years as England manager. Whatever else happened in that time, his period in office will probably always be remembered for the full-on humiliation that accompanied this defeat and the knowledge it will rank among the more infamous results in the history of the national team.

2016年June27日，Daniel Taylor，“England humiliated as Iceland knock them out of Euro 2016”, in The Guardian，London:

And yet it also seems that Khashoggi avoided anything as ignominious as personal bankruptcy.

2017年June7日，Adam Lusher，“Adnan Khashoggi: the 'whoremonger' whose arms deals funded a playboy life of decadence and 'pleasure wives'”, in The Independent，London:


ingrate

源自拉丁語 ingrātus (“令人不快的”)，in- (“不”) + grātus (“让人愉快的”)。

more ingrate (comparative)
most ingrate (superlative)

unpleasant

讨厌的，令人不快的；不友好的 （18世纪）

unfriendly

讨厌的，令人不快的；不友好的 （18世纪）

The causes of that which is pleasing , or ingrate to the hearing , may receive light by that which is pleasing or ingrate to the sight

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Who, for ſo many benefits receiv'd, / Turn'd recreant to God, ingrate and falſe, / And ſo of all true good himſelf deſpoil'd, […]

1671，John Milton，“The Third Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 61:


ingrate

Out of my sight, ingrate!


intercepter

thy intercepter, full of despite, bloody as the hunter, attends thee at the orchard end


impression

He tried to make a good impression on his parents.

他試圖給父母留下好印象。

Their empires, triumphs, conquests, and projects, have left little impression behind them, notwithstanding the attention they once attracted, and the violent convulsions which they caused in the state of the world.

1805，Henry Kett，“Conclusion”, in Elements of General Knowledge, Introductory to Useful Books in the Principal Branches of Literature and Science. […]，卷 I, Philadelphia, Pa.: […] [T]he Press of H. Maxwell, for F. Nichols, […], and J. A. Cummings, […]，頁s 387–388:

The stories did not seem to me to touch life. […] They left me with the impression of a well-delivered stereopticon lecture, with characters about as life-like as the shadows on the screen, and whisking on and off, at the mercy of the operator.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 1, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Though most of the cases here cover European encounters with non-Europeans, it is not the intention of the book to give the impression that genocide is a function of European colonialism and imperialism alone.

2008年June1日，A. Dirk Moses，“Preface”, in Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History，Berghahn Books, →ISBN，頁 x:

關鍵績效指標，代表廣告的曝光次數

Publishers are paid for each ad impression their site generates.

2010，Dusty Reagan，Twitter Application Development For Dummies，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 329:

Let us, therefore, use a little freedom, and call them Impressions; employing that word in a sense somewhat different from the usual. By the term impression, then, I mean all our more lively perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will. And impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions, of which we are conscious, when we reflect on any of those sensations or movements above mentioned.

1748，David Hume，“Of the Origin of Ideas”, in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding:


impression

impressions (third-person singular present)
impressioning (present participle)
impressioned (past participle)

將鑰匙胚插入鎖中，印上鎖的形狀，以方便複製鑰匙

The trick in impressioning a key is to remove only a small amount of the blank, by filing or cutting, from the pin positions where impressions have been left.

2007，Graham Pulford，High-Security Mechanical Locks: An Encyclopedic Reference，頁 55:


interchangeable

/ɪntɚˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒəbl̩/

[ɪɾ̃ɚˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒəbl̩]

Eli Whitney's development of interchangeable parts was a breakthrough for modern manufacturing. Prior to that, each part had to be made custom.

伊莱·惠特尼发明的可互换零件是现代制造业的一大突破。在此之前，每个零件都必须定制。

Sometimes the same words mean opposite things. Sometimes the opposite is true. Shock absorbers are called shocks. Slow down and slow up are interchangeable.

1997，George Carlin，Brain Droppings，New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 104:

The English, until relatively recently, seem to have imagined “English” and “British” to be interchangeable, as if Britain was just a bigger England.

2014年September16日，Ian Jack，“Is this the end of Britishness”, in The Guardian:


indigent

约1400年，源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 indigentem，源自indigēre (“需要”)，源自indu (“在...里”) + egēre (“需要，想要”)。

more indigent (comparative)
most indigent (superlative)

Many of the indigent children are so badly provided for by their parents, with both food and raiment, that they cannot attend school regularly; […]

1830，Thomas Ritchie，Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia，頁 422:

And were I not a thing for you and me
To execrate in angish, you would be
As indigent a stranger to surprise,
I fear, as I was once, and as unwise.

1932，Edwin Arlington Robinson，“Prodigal Son”, in Nicodemus:

I had since my introduction to the prince been sensitive to the fact that he must think an obviously indigent soldier of fortune will sooner or later open the subject of a subscription to the Greek Cause.

Because of this, when my second major health fiasco happened, I had no insurance, so I went to a teaching hospital where they took indigent patients.

2011，Carla Ulbrich，How Can You Not Laugh at a Time Like This?: Reclaim Your Health With Humor, Creativity, and Grit，Tell Me Press, →ISBN，頁 65:

In numerous Supreme Court decisions since Gideon v. Wainwright, the states have been required to provide counsel for indigent defendants at virtually all other stages of the criminal process, beginning with arrest and concluding with the defendant's release from the system.

2013，Larry J. Siegel & John L. Worral，Essentials of Criminal Justice，Wadsworth, →ISBN，頁 162:

Again some Bodies dissolve both in Fire and Water, as Gums; &c. And these are such, as have both Plenty of Spirit; and their tangible Parts indigent of Moisture: the former promotes the Dilatation of the Spirits by the Fire and the latter stimulates the Parts to receive the Liquor.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1620, Francis Bacon, Instauratio Magnus, Part III, Section ii, subsection "Liquifaction":

Will Providence guard us? How do I ſee that our Sex is naturally Indigent of Protection?—I hope it is in Fate to crown our Loves; for 'tis only in the Protection of Men of Honour, that we are naturally truly Safe […]

1701，Richard Steele，The Funeral: or, Grief A-la-mode, act II, scene 1:


indigent

I liked the streets best, so I walked and stared, and slept in a Salvation Army hostel for indigents. But I was no indigent; I was rich in feeling, and that was a luxury I had rarely known.

1975，Robertson Davies，World of Wonders，Penguin Books, 出版於 1976, →ISBN，頁 161:

The influx of indigents overwhelmed the city's meagre social services and affordable accommodation.

2009，Mara Vorhees，Moscow，Lonely Planet, →ISBN，頁 29:

Then in 2005 a Republican-led Congress passed a bill requiring millions of low-income people to pay higher co-payments and premiums under Medicaid. The result was that many more indigents had to forgo care.

2011，Michael Parenti，Democracy for the Few，Wadsworth, →ISBN，頁 78:


indiscreet

indiscreeter (comparative)
indiscreetest (superlative)

在现代标准拼写中，indiscrete (“不分离的”)不能与indiscreet相混淆。

Haz sits in the trailer for 10 hours straight, eyes trained on the patrons. If he sees the makings of a drug deal or a fight, he notifies the club’s in-house security by walkie-talkie. It amazes him how indiscreet drug dealers can be—with the bulges in their socks and their melodramatic handovers—despite the presence of security guards.

2018 February，Robert Draper，“They are Watching You—and Everything Else on the Planet: Technology and Our Increasing Demand for Security have Put Us All under Surveillance. Is Privacy Becoming just a Memory?”, in National Geographic，Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2018-06-14:


impulsive

Notwithstanding all which Motives and impulsives , Sir Thomas Overbury refused to be sent abroad , with such terms

1613，Henry Wotton，letter to Edmund Bacon:


illustrious

源自拉丁語 illūstris (“明亮的，闪亮的；显赫的，突出的”) + -ous (从名词构成形容词的后缀，表示拥有或显示出某种特质，程度任意)。illūstris派生自illūstrō (“照亮；使...出名，使...名声显赫”)，源自in- (表示里面的前缀) + lustrō (“通过献祭来净化；照亮”)（lustrō (“（净化为目的的）献祭”)，可能最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“亮；照”)或*lewh₃- (“洗”)）。

more illustrious (comparative)
most illustrious (superlative)

名声显赫的，著名的，大名鼎鼎的 （自16世纪中叶）

The ant has made himself illustrious / Through constant industry industrious. / So what? / Would you be calm and placid / If you were full of formic acid?

1941，Ogden Nash，“The Ant”, in The Face is Familiar: The Selected Verse of Ogden Nash，第reprint版, Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 224:

[Marcus] Rashford showed the fearless streak [Gareth] Southgate so admires with his constant willingness to run at Brazil's defence with pace, even demonstrating on occasion footwork that would not have been out of place from members of England's illustrious opposition.

2017年November14日，Phil McNulty，“England 0 – 0 Brazil”, in BBC Sport，存檔自the original on 2018-03-28:


immaculate

源自中古英語 immaculat，源自拉丁語 immaculātus。前缀im- (“不”) + maculātus，maculō (“玷污，弄脏”)的完成时被动分词，源自macula (“污渍，污点”)。参见mail。
取代了本土词unwemmed (“纯净的，未被污染的”)。

more immaculate (comparative)
most immaculate (superlative)

irreproachable

纯洁的，清白的，无罪孽的

Thou sheer, immaculate and silver fountain

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，William Shakespeare，“The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:


immediately

I hope we can begin immediately.

我希望我們可以立刻開始。

His unruly hair was slicked down with water, and as Jessamy introduced him to Miss Brindle his face assumed a cherubic innocence which would immediately have aroused the suspicions of anyone who knew him.

1967，Barbara Sleigh，Jessamy，Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, 出版於 1993, →ISBN，頁 96:

Spain failed to move through the gears despite exerting control for lengthy spells and a measure of perspective must be applied immediately to the outcome.

尽管西班牙队长时间控制着比赛，但他们仍未能取得进展，因此必须立即对比赛结果进行客观评估。

2011年November12日，“International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, in BBC Sport:

A tri-tone chime whistle, operated from the cab by a flexible cable passing down the right hand handrail, is mounted on the top of the smokebox immediately behind the chimney.

1951 June，“British Railways Standard Class "5" 4-6-0 Locomotives”, in Railway Magazine，頁 399:


ineptitude

The curse has been Spanish ineptitude feeding Gibraltarian intransigence. Border hold-ups are counterproductive to winning hearts and minds, as were blundering Argentinian landings on the outer Falklands.

2013, Simon Jenkins, Gibraltar and the Falklands deny the logic of history (in The Guardian, 14 August 2013)http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/14/gibraltar-falklands-deny-logic-history

He droned on with platitudes and ineptitudes while Malone whispered to Enid that if Alasha was a fair specimen of the population it was just as well that his native land was safely engulfed in the Atlantic Ocean.

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:


immolation

源自中古英語 immolacion，源自中古法語 immolation，源自古法語，源自拉丁語 immolatio。

Mary heard with sorrow, and fear also, of the projected journey; but the altered expression of Isabella's countenance was a great palliative—dreadful as it was that her husband should love another (and of that distressing fact it was impossible to doubt), his confidence was consoling; and her power to prove the firmness of her character, her right to his esteem, and the immolation of her happiness to further his desires, had, in itself, the sustainment which belongs to great sacrifice.

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXVIII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 66:


inscrutable

从晚期拉丁語 īnscrūtābilis借入中古英語，源自in- (“不”) + scrūtō (“观察”)，对应于in- + scrutable。

more inscrutable (comparative)
most inscrutable (superlative)

His inscrutable theories would years later become the foundation of a whole new science.

他晦涩难懂的理论在多年后会变成一个新学科的基础。

She called my vanity license plate inscrutable! 'ICU81MI'? Hilarious!

2007年October11日，Robert Carlock，“Jack Gets in the Game”, in 30 Rock，季数 2, 集数 2, spoken by Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan):


immortalise

源自 immortal + -ise。也許是仿照中古法語 immortaliser 的拼寫。

immortalises (third-person singular present)
immortalising (present participle)
immortalised (past participle)

His heroic deeds were immortalised in song and tale.

他的英雄事蹟在歌曲和故事中永垂不朽。

The clocks at either end of the stadium had just ticked past 92 minutes when Branislav Ivanovic made the run that will immortalise him in Chelsea's history.

當布蘭尼斯拉夫·伊萬諾維奇跑出令他在切爾西隊史上名垂千古的一幕時，球場兩側的時鐘剛剛過去92分鐘。


insouciant

源自法語 insouciant，源自in- (“不”，前缀) + souciant (“担忧的”)，1828年。

more insouciant (comparative)
most insouciant (superlative)

an insouciant gesture

"I am quite serious in saying that your loss must and would be felt; but I verily believe," added she, after a moment's hesitation, "that you are so insouciant yourself, that you cannot believe that every body else is not equally indifferent."

1834，[Theresa Lewis]，章號 XII, in Dacre: A Novel. … In Three Volumes，卷 II, London: Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, […], →OCLC，頁 220:

It was there [Cadiz, Spain] that on Sunday I had seen the populace disport itself, and it was full of life then, gay and insouciant.

1905，William Somerset Maugham，章號 XXXVIII, in The Land of the Blessed Virgin: Sketches and Impressions in Andalusia，London: William Heinemann, →OCLC，頁 215:

When we left the Marr house, he [Peter] had boldly said to Felicity, "May I see you home?" And Felicity, much to our amazement, had taken his arm and marched off with him. […] As for me, I was consumed by a secret and burning desire to ask the Story Girl if I might see her home; but I could not screw my courage to the sticking point. How I envied Peter his easy, insouciant manner!

1913 August，L[ucy] M[aud] Montgomery，“The Christmas Harp”, in The Golden Road，Boston, Mass.: The Page Company, 出版於 April 1926, →OCLC，頁s 31–32:

[…] [Jack] Nicholson turned to an assistant, bummed a cigarette, flashed one of his wolfish, insouciant grins and said, "We all have our little secrets, Seany."

2004年April26日，Richard Schickel，“Sean Penn: Necessary Actor”, in Time，存檔自the original on 2008-03-06:


interstellar

Space is littered with interstellar particles.

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


intransigent

借自法語 intransigeant，源自西班牙語 intransigente，源自拉丁語 in- (“不”) + trānsigēns，trānsigō (“达成共识”)的过去分词，源自trāns (“穿越，跨越”) + agō (“做”)。

more intransigent (comparative)
most intransigent (superlative)

transigent

不妥协的，不让步的，顽固的

不妥协的，不让步的，顽固的

Don't waste your time trying to change his mind: he's completely intransigent.

别浪费时间去说动他了，他不会让步的。

Since I have been asked to do this in very brief compass, the harsh tone and terse style of my presentation will make my contentions appear more dogmatic and intransigent than I should wish them to be.

1966，H. Feigl，“Is Science Relevant to Theology?”, in Inquiries and Provocations: Selected Writings，出版於 2012, →ISBN:

Much of the new integration will come in the school districts that have been the most intransigent since the Supreme Court outlawed school segregation in its landmark 1954 decision.

1970年August31日，John Berbers，“Nixon Aides Voice Integration Hope”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

On the Spanish side, the war increased the anti-Cuban animosity and distrust felt by the most intransigent peninsulares.

1993，Leslie Bethell，Cuba: A Short History，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 27:


intrinsically

more intrinsically (comparative)
most intrinsically (superlative)

What cannot be commoditized because it is intrinsically inaccessible to commodification?

2021年September25日，Charles Hugh Smith，Are We Really So "Rich"? A New Way of Defining Wealth:


inane

源自中古法語 inane，源自拉丁語 inānis (“空的，没用的”)，其词源不详。

inaner (comparative)
more inane (comparative)
inanest (superlative)
most inane (superlative)

Francesca followed, reluctant enough in her secret; for though she would not have admitted it even to herself, she did shrink from the infliction of the inane solemnities with which her father garnished his discourse—to say nothing of the ungracious reflections which so often glanced at herself.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXIX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 237:

God, if she had to listen to another conversation about some kid she didnʼt know—how Tina J. stole the stage at the talent show or Bobby R. won the tee ball game or any other number of inane accomplishments.

2020，Brit Bennett，The Vanishing Half，Dialogue Books，頁 156:

This supremely gifted kid told me that in the early elementary grades, the songs sung in music class were so inane that he wanted to skip grades already! Eventually he did, so better late than never.


inane

[...] whom we watch as we watch the clouds careering in the windy, bottomless inane, or read about like characters in ancient and rather fabulous annals.

1881，Robert Louis Stevenson，Virginibus Puerisque:


inaudible

Dogs can hear this whistle, but for people it is inaudible.

狗可以听到这个哨音，但是人听不到。

At first his voice was almost inaudible; but soon the spirit mastered the body, and his hollow but distinct tones gained a supernatural strength.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXXII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 267:


inaugural

源自法語 inaugural，源自inaugurer，源自拉丁語 augurare (“起誓”)。

The University of Cape Town hosts an inaugural lecture by Professor Ian Scott […] on Wednesday at 8pm.

In 1928 [Martin] Heidegger succeeded [Edmund] Husserl to take a chair at Freiburg and in his inaugural lecture made a pronouncement that earned him a reputation as an archetypal metaphysician with his claim that our awareness of people as a whole depends on our experience of dread in the face of nothingness.

2014年April12日，Michael Inwood，“Martin Heidegger: the philosopher who fell for Hitler [print version: Hitler's philosopher]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review)，London，頁 R11:


incarcerate

源自中世紀拉丁語 incarcerātus，incarcerō (“囚禁”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 in- (“里，内”) + carcer (“牢房”)，即“放入牢房”。与cancel (“用线划掉”)和chancel (“格栅，栅栏后的地方”)有关。
还见carcerate和cancer。

incarcerates (third-person singular present)
incarcerating (present participle)
incarcerated (past participle)

/ɪnˈkɑː.səˌɹeɪt/

/ɪnˈkɑɹ.səˌɹeɪt/

其作为拉丁语由来词，相对于imprison有较为正式的色彩。但是在美国，该词即使在非正式场合也频繁使用。

（尤指因犯罪而）关押，监禁

Tolokonnikova has also been an effective public speaker even while incarcerated, but she has spoken out on politics and freedom in general rather than prisoners’ rights.

2013年September23日，Masha Gessen，“Life in a Russian Prison”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-09-24:


incarcerate

/ɪnˈkɑː.səˌɹeɪt/

/ɪnˈkɑɹ.səˌɹeɪt/

[…] Mr. Vanſe, Keeper of the Tolbooth, did give in a Bill, repreſenting, That there being ſo great a number of Priſoners, upon account of Conventicles, and for Criminal Cauſes, and the ſaid Captain being incarcerate, not for a Crime, but for not finding Caution, he was in bona fide not to look upon him as a Perſon that would eſcape: […]

1698，John Nisbet of Dirleton，Some Doubts & Questions, in the Law; Especially of Scotland. As Also, Some Decisions of the Lords of Council and Session: […]，Edinburgh: […] George Mosman, […]，頁 146:

Being Incarcerat he put forth a Blaſphemous Paper, not only condemning all the work of Reformation, but alſo the Engliſh Bible in the form as it is now extant; […]

1707，[James Renwick]，An Informatory Vindication of a Poor, Wasted, Misrepresented, Remnant of the Suffering, Anti-Popish, Anti-Prelatick, Anti-Erastian, Anti-Sectarian, True Presbyterian Church of Christ in Scotland: […]，頁 14:

THat where I being incarcerate within the ſaid Tolbooth, by Warrand of the Lord Juſtice Clerk, for the Crime of Murder alledged committed by me, […] humbly ſhewing, That where, he being incarcerate within the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, by Warrant of the Lord Juſtice Clerk, for the Crime of Muther committed by him, […]

1732，John Louthian，The Form of Process before the Court of Justiciary in Scotland; Containing the Constitution of the Sovereign Criminal Court, and the Way and Manner of Their Procedure: […]，Edinburgh: […] Robert Fleming and Company, for William Hamilton, […]，頁s 71 and 73:

While incarcerate below, / Prayer with every breath shall flow; / Praise, expiring on my tongue, / Live anew in holier song, / Where my soul, its trial past, / Perfect joy shall reap at last!

1833，Joseph P. Bartrum，The Psalms, Newly Paraphrased for the Service of the Sanctuary. […]，Boston, Mass.: Russell, Odiorne, and Company，頁 76:


jacaranda

借自葡萄牙語 jacarandá，源自古圖皮語 îacaranda。

They passed slowly under the jacaranda trees beginning to bloom lavender over their heads.

2020，Brit Bennett，The Vanishing Half，Dialogue Books，頁 147:


jack towel

roller towel

環狀長毛巾 （自16世紀）

環狀長毛巾 （自16世紀）

Bronze declared to me that she had never seen such a thing as a jack-towel in the house, nor even the nail-holes where one had been.

Bronze 告訴我，她从来没有在房子里见过像毛巾这样的东西，甚至连钉孔都没有见过。

1828，JT Smith，Nollekens and His Times，Century Hutchinson, 出版於 1986，頁 271:


jaded

源自jade (“老马”)，可能源自古諾爾斯語 jalda (“母驴”)。其中的jade是一个自1560年起用来骂女性的话。

more jaded (comparative)
most jaded (superlative)

exhausted

（因太老或经历过太多次而）无精打采的，精疲力竭的

fatigued

（因太老或经历过太多次而）无精打采的，精疲力竭的

wearied

（因太老或经历过太多次而）无精打采的，精疲力竭的

blasé

（因经历过太多次而）麻木的，冷漠的，无情的

But now I am jaded / You're out of luck / I'm rolling down the stairs / Too drunk to fuck

1981，“Too Drunk to Fuck”, 演出者 Dead Kennedys:


japonica

來自新拉丁語 japonica，種名。

原產日本的植物。
粳稻，水稻（Oryza sativa）的亞種

The isograms were typical of differences between two subspecies but also of those between different lines of japonicas or indicas.

1986，Rice Genetics: Proceedings of the International Rice Genetics Symposium, 27-31 May 1985，International Rice Research Institute:


hyperbole

源自拉丁語 hyperbolē，源自古希臘語 ὑπερβολή (huperbolḗ，“超过，夸张”)，源自ὑπέρ (hupér，“上”) + βάλλω (bállō，“丢，抛”)。hyperbola 的同源對似詞。

The great staircase, however, may be termed, without much hyperbole, a feature of grandeur and magnificence.

1837, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Legends of the Province House

Of course the hymn has come to us from somewhere else, but I do not know from where; and the average native of our village firmly believes that it is indigenous to our own soil—which it can not be, unless it deals in hyperbole, for the nearest approach to a river in our neighborhood is the village pond.

c. 1910, Theodore Roosevelt, Productive Scholarship

The final key to the way I promote is bravado. I play to people's fantasies. ..People want to believe that something is the biggest and the greatest and the most spectacular. I call it truthful hyperbole. It's an innocent form of exaggeration—and a very effective form of promotion.

1987, Donald Trump, Tony Schwartz, The Art of the Deal, p. 58.

In these circumstances, hyperbole is called for, the rhetorical figure that raises its objects up, excessively, way above their actual merit : it is not to deceive by exaggeration that one overshoots the mark, but to allow the true value, the truth of what is insufficiently valued, to appear.

1995，Richard Klein，“Introduction”, in Cigarettes are sublime，第Paperback版, Durham: Duke University Press, 出版於 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 17:

The perennial problem, especially for the BBC, has been to reconcile the hyperbole-driven agenda of newspapers with the requirement of balance, which is crucial to the public service remit.

2001, Tom Bentley, Daniel Stedman Jones, The Moral Universe


jetty

源自法語 jetée (“码头，堤道”)，源自jeter。对比jet、jutty。

jetties (third-person singular present)
jettying (present participle)
jettied (past participle)

ADENTELLARE […] It is properly to jetty out, or indent stones or timber of any unfinished building, that another may the easier be joyned unto, or that finished.

1598，John Florio，A Worlde of Wordes, or Dictionarie of the Italian and English tongues:


jetty

jettier (comparative)
jettiest (superlative)

those large black eyes were so blackly fringed, / The glossy rebels mocked the jetty stain [...].

But there was only Glorvina of the jetty ringlets with whom his intercourse was familiar, and this dashing young woman was not bent upon loving the Major, but rather on making the Major admire her […]

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

She raised her face veil […] showing two black eyes fringed with jetty lashes, whose glances were soft and languishing and whose perfect beauty was ever blandishing […]

1885，Sir Richard Burton，The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night，卷 1:


jibe

不详，可能源自古法語 giber (“嬉戏打闹”)。对比英語 jib (“（马）停下不愿继续走”)、古諾爾斯語 geipa (“胡说”)。
名词派生自动词。

He flung subtle jibes at her until she couldn’t bear to work with him any longer.

他动辄开她的玩笑，最后她再也不想和他干活了。

Come, come, we / All are Friends, nor have we Time for Jibe, / Or Anger now, but 'gainſt our common Foes, / The French and Scot; there let your Pray'rs, and Jeſts, / And Blows, be levell’d.

1746，[Charles Macklin]，King Henry the VII: Or the Popish Impostor. A Tragedy. […]，London: Printed for R. Francklin, […]; R[obert] Dodsley, […]; and J. Brotherton, […], →OCLC, act II, scene i，頁 24:

[George] Carlin's opening-night monologue included some blunt gibes at organized religion which would almost certainly have been cut out of any other network show.

1975年October27日，Jeff Greenfield，“Ragged but Funny”, in New York，卷 8, 期 43, New York, N.Y.: New York Magazine Company, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 65，列 3:


jibe

jibes (third-person singular present)
jibing (present participle)
jibed (past participle)

We could hardly speak before for fear of our Taskmasters; but we dare now Nose those Villains that used to gibe us.

1714，John Arbuthnot，A Farther Continuation of the History of the Crown-Inn: Part III. Containing the Present State of the Inn, and Other Particulars，第2nd版, London: Printed for J. Moor, […], →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2019-03-10，頁 15:

How I want thee, hum'rous Hogarth! / Thou, I hear, a pleaſant Rogue art; / […] / Draw the Beaſts as I deſcribe them, / From their Features, while I gibe them.

a. 1746，[Jonathan] Swift，“A Character, Panegyrick, and Description of the Legion Club”, in Miscellanies，第5th版, 卷 X, London: Printed for T. Woodward, C. Davis, C. Bathurst, and W[illiam] Bowyer, 出版於 1751, →OCLC，頁s 227–228:

Why thats the way to choake a gibing ſpirrit, / Whoſe influence is begot of that looſe grace, / Which ſhallow laughing hearers giue to fooles, […]

c. 1595–1596，W. Shakespere [i.e., 威廉·莎士比亞]，A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto)，London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, 出版於 1598, →OCLC; 再版為 Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5)，London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

Thus with talents well endu'd / To be ſcurrilous and rude; / When you pertly raiſe your ſnout, / Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout; […]

1730，Jonathan Swift，“To Betty the Grizete”, in The Poetical Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. […]，Edinburgh: Printed by Mundell and Son, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC; republished in The Works of the British Poets. […]，卷 IX, London: Printed for John & Arthur Arch; and for Bell & Bradfute, and J. Mundell & Co. Edinburgh, 1795, →OCLC，頁 128，列 2:

But now her mother was speaking again: 'And this – read this and tell me if you wrote it, or if that man's lying.' And Stephen must read her own misery jibing at her from those pages in Ralph Crossby's stiff and clerical handwriting.

1928，Radclyffe Hall，章號 27, in The Well of Loneliness，London: Jonathan Cape, →OCLC; 再版 Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 2005, →ISBN, book 2, section I，頁 182:

"What's the matter with you?" the woman jibed. She called after him as he walked away: "Nuts, that's what you are!"

1953，James Hilton，“Paris III”, in Time and Time Again (An Atlantic Monthly Press Book)，Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →OCLC，頁 216:


jibe

不详，可能与chime (“使...合唱”)有关。

本词和jive在美国均能指“一致”。虽然有一本现代词典收录了jive的这种用法，但是多数文献认为这种用法是错误的。

That explanation doesn’t jibe with the facts.

[T]here is something wrong with your figures. They do not jibe with experience. They do not jibe with prices. They do not jibe with what we know.

1926年May13日，Henry H. Glassie (witness)，“Statement of Henry H. Glassie, Member of United States Tariff Commission”, in Investigation of the Tariff Commission: Hearings before the Select Committee on Investigation of the Tariff Commission, United States Senate, Sixty-ninth Congress, First Session […] Part 1 […]，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 529:

This did not jibe with the objectivist view that metaphor is of only peripheral interest in an account of meaning and truth and that it plays at best a marginal role in understanding.

1980，George Lakoff, Mark Johnson，章號 27, in Metaphors We Live By:


jiffy

不详，据说是窃贼黑话，原指“光”。亦曾作“giffy”，因此有人提出其与gliff有关。指信封时，其为Jiffy bag商标的通用化形式。

一会，一下子 （自1780年）

I’ll be back in a jiffy.

Most of the limbs of the law do every thing in a jiffy; but ask what they mean, and they would be as much puzzled, as if you required of them the explanantion of a common act of parliament.

1780, The Town and Country Magazine, vol. 12, p. 88, February 1780.

"Who says I filched a vipe?" demanded the indignant thief. "Say it agin', and I'll wisit your wittualling hoffice§ [footnote: § The Mouth.] in two jiffies, my queer von! I'se as 'onest a k'racter as hany, and doesn't know vot conweyancing‖ [footnote: ‖ Picking pockets, stealing.] is: d' ye 'ear that?"

1836，George W[illiam] M[acArthur] Reynolds，“Chapter XV”, in The Youthful Impostor. A Novel. … In Two Volumes，卷 I, Philadelphia, Pa.: E. L. Carey & A. Hart, →OCLC，頁 200:

Of course it's kill or be killed, so at it you go, like Carter and his wild beasts, only in right down earnest, two or three more Tigers joining in, clash slash, and the sparks flying as thick as in a smith's forge, or at a Terrific Combat at the Surrey or the Wells. Such a shindy is too hot to last, and, accordingly, if you're alive at the end of two jiffies, the chance is that you find yourself making quite a melodramatic Tableau—namely, your bloody sword in one hand, a Chinese pigtail in the other, and four or five weltering Tartars lying round your feet!

1842 December，“the Editor” [Thomas Hood]，“More News from China”, in The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist，卷 LXVI, 期 CCLXIV (Third Part), London: Henry Colburn, Great Marlborough St., →OCLC，頁 427:

Here Godfroy nodded pleasantly to Claude, who bowed, and was off— / —In a jiffy* to his men, who greeted him with loud hurrahs. In another jiffy, he was on a barrel, making them an oration. In another jiffy, he had hold of a horse, somehow—for the man had contrived already to make himself so popular in Viot, that he could have anything he liked for the asking. [Footnote: * Jiffy.—Let not the reader scorn the word; it is in Webster. "Jiffy, a moment."—Webster.]

1864，Ulric De Lazie [pseudonym?; copyright entered by Edmund D. Griffin]，Dreams within Dreams; a Plagiarism of the Seventeenth Century; Being, Like Most Visions of the Night, a Medley of Old Things and New，New York, N.Y.: P. O'Shea, 104 Bleecker Street, →OCLC，頁 233:

Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern. Then, for a jiffy, I hung on and fought for breath.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁 166:

"Plonker!" Harry shouted. Sgt Glum arrived at the double from the newly extended kitchen were the SAS were billeted. / "Sah?" / "Prepare the men, Sergeant, we're on the march in two jiffies." "Yessah! Where to, sah?"

2012，Nigel Peace，“The Wilderness”, in 5ign5 of 1if3: A Hilarious Novel of Life and Death，Gobowen, Shropshire: Local Legend Publishing, →ISBN:

基础计时器的时间单位 （一般指0.01秒，但部分操作系统使用其他值）

The FOR...NEXT loop for TIME increments by STEP 2 (every two jiffies) for two reasons: 1) the printing of 60 jiffies a second is too fast to read, and 2) the printing of each jiffy takes longer than its incrementations; this would delay the loop, so the printing of TIME$ is slower than it should be.

1980，Carroll S. Donahue，Janice K. Enger，PET-CBM Personal Computer Guide，Berkeley, Calif.: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, →OCLC，頁 283:

The number of processed packets per round is limited in dependence of the page size. The processed packets are forwarded to a single queue and are processed for the time of two jiffies.

2015，Johanna Ullrich，Edgar R. Weippl，“Protection through Isolation: Virtues and Pitfalls”, in The Cloud Security Ecosystem: Technical, Legal, Business and Management Issues (Syngress Advanced Topics in Information Security)，Waltham, Mass.: Syngress, →ISBN，頁 135:


jilt

低地蘇格蘭語 jillet (“轻佻女性”)的缩约形。

jilts (third-person singular present)
jilting (present participle)
jilted (past participle)

将...无情抛弃，甩 (爱人)；（在恋爱中）欺骗

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again; for, even after she had conquered her love for the Celebrity, the mortification of having been jilted by him remained.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


jinn

源自阿拉伯語 جِنّ (jinn)（單數جِنِّيّ (jinniyy)）。

jinns (plural)
jinn (plural)
jann (plural)
janns (plural)
jawan (plural)
jinnan (plural)
jinnah (plural)

鎮尼，精靈，神灵（超自然存在）

Each grasped a musket in one hand and searched for his hijab with the other, for each carried several of these amulets, and that in demand this night was the one written against the jan, for certainly none but a jin could have done this thing.

1928，Edgar Rice Burroughs，章號 21, in Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle，頁 281:

Thus, it was popularly supposed that familiar spirits could be enclosed in rings, or confined in bottles and boxes, just as the Persians thought that djinns could be kept in jars or flasks.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 74:


kaleidoscope

來自古希臘語 καλός (kalós，“美麗”) + εἶδος (eîdos，“形狀”)（對照-oid） + -scope。1817年由發明家大卫·布儒斯特所創。
用作比喻義則是1819年的拜伦勋爵從出版社那邊收到一個萬花筒而來。

caleidoscope (alternative)
kaleidoscopes (plural)

Lady Etheringhame being now a constitutionalist, dined rather early: and Emily, her head like a kaleidoscope, full of colours, with not a little disdain, put on the blue silk she had thought bleu céleste, at least in the country.

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 1，頁s 34-35:

The rail journey from The Hook [Hook of Holland] to Basle is a scenic kaleidoscope, ranging from the flat terrain of the Netherlands to the high ranges of the Black Forest, from the straight Dutch waterways to the sinuous Rhine gorge, from the ocean-going shipping of canals to the busy inland traffic of the Rhine and from peaceful farmland to thriving centres of commerce.

1961 April，G. Freeman Allen，“The "Rheingold" goes via Cologne”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 231:

Another most notable change concerns rolling stock liveries. Back then, corporate Rail Blue was omnipresent, whereas now there is a kaleidoscope of colours and styles.

2020年June17日，David Clough，“Then and now: trains through Crewe”, in Rail，頁 60:


hypocrite

來自古法語 ypocrite (現代法語hypocrite)，來自拉丁語 hypocrita，來自古希臘語 ὑποκριτής (hupokritḗs，“演員，偽善者”)，來自ὑποκρίνομαι (hupokrínomai，“回答，行動，假裝”)。本義為古英語 līċettere。

flip-flopper

偽善者（自13世紀早期）

pretender

偽善者（自13世紀早期）

偽善者（自13世紀早期）

[S]he was one of your ſoft ſpoken, canting, whining hypocrites, who with a truly jeſuitical art, could wreſt evil out of the moſt inoffenſive thought, word, look or action; […]

1765，Catherine Jemmat，The Memoirs of Mrs. Catherine Jemmat, Daughter of the Late Admiral Yeo, of Plymouth. Written by Herself，第2nd版, 卷 I, London: Printed for the author, at Charing-Cross, →OCLC，頁 145:

Neither Mr. Meacham, who mostly ignores Jefferson’s slave ownership, nor Mr. Wiencek, who sees him as a sort of fallen angel who comes to slavery only after discovering how profitable it could be, seem willing to confront the ugly truth: the third president was a creepy, brutal hypocrite.

2012年November30日，Paul Finkelman，“The Real Thomas Jefferson: The Monster of Monticello”, in New York Times:


hypocritical

源自hypocritic + -al，源自古希臘語 ὑποκριτικός (hupokritikós)，源自ὑποκριτής (hupokritḗs，“演员，伪善者”)，源自ὑποκρίνομαι (hupokrínomai，“舞台上出演角色”)，源自ὑπό (hupó，“在下方”) + κρίνω (krínō，“选择”)。

more hypocritical (comparative)
most hypocritical (superlative)

虚伪的，伪善的 （自16世纪中叶）

[Stephen] Miller’s uncle, a neuroscientist, has been welcomed onto the public stage for his denunciations of his nephew’s immigration policies, which the elder Miller has characterized as hypocritical: the Millers’ not-so-distant Jewish ancestors were, of course, immigrants themselves.

2019年July15日，Greg Afinogenov，“The Jewish Case for Open Borders”, in Jewish Currents，期 Summer 2019:


kempt

原为kemb的过去分词，源自中古英語 kemben，源自古英語 cemban (“梳理”)。现代用法逆构自表否定的unkempt。详见kemb、comb。

For a moment Boshy thought his senses were playing up with him, for there in the door entrance stood the identical girl - the same turkey-egg complexion, stubby nose, and her red hair only changed from unkempt to kempt.

1907，Barbara Baynton，Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton)，St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 出版於 1980，頁 189:

He could see her now: middle-aged, gray hair, well kempt, European-looking.

1982，Michael Blodgett，Captain Blood，頁 iii. 342:


kerchief

源自中古英語 coverchef及其他形式，源自古法語 couvrechief，源自couvrir (“盖住”) + chief (“头”)。

And mamma in her kerchief, and I in my cap, / Had just settled down for a long winter's nap […]

1823，Clement Clark Moore，The Night Before Christmas:


lavender

源自中古英語 lavendre，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 lavendre（法語 lavande），源自中世紀拉丁語 lavendula，可能源自拉丁語 lividus (“浅蓝的”)，但因薰衣草常用于洗衣，而受到了lavō (“洗”)的影响。

lavenders (third-person singular present)
lavendering (present participle)
lavendered (past participle)

用薰衣草装饰或给...予薰衣草香

Short shafts of dying sunlight mingled with the deepening grey, lavendering the horizon, and all nature seemed to hush as though waiting to welcome the night.

1986，Katherine Gibson Fougera，With Custer's Cavalry，頁 47:


loofah

借自阿拉伯語 لُوفَة (lūfa)。

loofahs (third-person singular present)
loofahing (present participle)
loofahed (past participle)

And she took good care of my feet, massaging them and loofahing the calluses away.

2006，Scott Dikkers, Peter Hilleren，Destined for Destiny，頁 63:

I may have snuck in showering myself—plus shaving, loofahing, hair blow-drying, reapplying makeup, changing my outfit five times, and winding up in what I started out with.

2012，Jill Smolinski，Objects of My Affection:


loom

源自古諾爾斯語 ljóma (“发光”)。

looms (third-person singular present)
looming (present participle)
loomed (past participle)

逼近，将至；（想法等）笼罩（在心头）

With no extra-time to be played and penalties looming, the Portuguese winger pounced on some hesitant City defending to run on to a Wayne Rooney clearance, round Joe Hart and slot home.

2011年August7日，Chris Bevan，“Man City 2 - 3 Man Utd”, in BBC Sport:

In the meantime, SWR staff have warned privately that an acute shortage of rolling stock is looming, because the new trains are not ready.

2021年November3日，Paul Clifton，“Network News: Rolling stock concerns as '701s' "not fit for purpose"”, in RAIL，期 943，頁 21:

On no occasion does he [Paul] loom so high, and shine so gloriously, as in the context.

1822，John M. Mason，The Evangelical Ministry Exemplified in the Apostle Paul:


laconic

源自拉丁語 Lacōnicus (“斯巴达的”)，源自古希臘語 Λακωνικός (Lakōnikós，“拉哥尼亚的”)。拉哥尼亚是斯巴达居住和统治的地方，而斯巴达人特点之一就是讲话简短凝练。

more laconic (comparative)
most laconic (superlative)

I grow laconick even beyond laconicism; for sometimes I return only yes, or no, to questionary or petitionary epistles of half a yard long.

August 17, 1736，亞歷山大·波普，letter to Jonathan Swift:

His sense was strong and his style laconic.

1738，Zachary Grey，An Attempt towards the Character of the Royal Martyr King Charles I: