uncanny valley

仿譯自日語 不気味の谷 (ぶきみのたに, bukimi no tani)，源自中古漢語 不 (pjuw) + 氣味 (kì-mjɨ̀j，“感觉，感受”) + 日語 の (no，名词修饰助词) + 谷 (たに, tani，“峡谷”)。首次是由机器人专家森政弘于1970年使用。

So in this case, the appearance is quite human like, but the familiarity is negative. This is the uncanny valley.

1970，Masahiro Mori，“The Uncanny Valley”, in Energy，卷 7, 號 4，頁s 33–35:

However, when the robot is so similar that it may be momentarily mistaken for real, the transition has a local minimum characterized by a sudden decrease of familiarity, the "uncanny valley"—a dip of frustration due to unmet expectations.

2006，Sebastiano Bagnara，Gillian Crampton Smith，Theories and Practice in Interaction Design:

Almost human in appearance, yet not quite, the characters in 3-D computer animations are more disturbing than overt caricatures. The realm these creatures occupy is called the uncanny valley […]。

2007，Jonathon Keats，Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang:

More unusual is perhaps the appropriation of a psychoanalytical theory to robotics–which is, in effect, what the uncanny valley aims to do. Mori's own descriptions of the uncanny follow a similar pattern to Freud's, where he indicates the kinds of events, states, processes or objects that might provoke the uncanny valley, particularly the theme of the dead.

2015，Kathleen Richardson，An Anthropology of Robots and AI，Routledge, →ISBN:


status quo

源自拉丁語 status (“状态，境况”)（有时作斜格形式statu）+ quō (“在其中...的东西”，关系代词)，quī (“...的东西”，关系代词)的斜格，即“所处在的状态”。

“As a black woman,” Jemisin tells me, “I have no particular interest in maintaining the status quo. Why would I? The status quo is harmful, the status quo is significantly racist and sexist and a whole bunch of other things that I think need to change. With epic fantasy there is a tendency for it to be quintessentially conservative, in that its job is to restore what is perceived to be out of whack.”

2015年July27日，Noah Berlatsky，“NK Jemisin: the fantasy writer upending the 'racist and sexist status quo'”, in The Guardian:


exhilarating

more exhilarating (comparative)
most exhilarating (superlative)

What most delights us today in Candide is not the 'conte philosophique', nor its satire, nor the gradual emergence of a morality and vision of the world: instead it is its rhythm. With rapidity and lightness, a succession of mishaps, punishments and massacres races over the page, leaps from chapter to chapter, and ramifies and multiplies without evoking in the reader's emotions anything other than a feeling of an exhilarating and primitive vitality.

1991，Italo Calvino，Martin McLaughlin, transl.，“Candide, or Concerning Narrative Rapidity”, in Why Read the Classics?，New York, N.Y.: Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 出版於 2014, →ISBN，頁 103:

Writing a "Treehouse Of Horror" segment has to be both exhilarating and daunting. It's exhilarating because it affords writers all the freedom in the world.

2012年April29日，Nathan Rabin，“The Simpsons (Classic): ‘Treehouse Of Horror III’”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2016-10-17:

"Like many other large resorts, the town operated electric tramways, with open-topped cars. The journey down the steep incline to the harbour must have been exhilarating at times, testing the brakes on the vehicles to the limit."

2021年September8日，Dr Joseph Brennan，“Electric tramways at the heart of our seaside story”, in RAIL，期 939，頁 59:


exhilarate

源自拉丁語 exhilarāre (“使...高兴，使...欢快”)，源自ex- (“出，离”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁eǵʰs (“外”)） + hilarāre，hilarō (“鼓舞，使...高兴”)的现在时不定式，源自hilaris (“愉快的，轻松的，活泼的”)（源自古希臘語 ἱλαρός (hilarós，“高兴的，愉快的”)，源自ἵλαος (hílaos，“亲切的，吉祥的”)，源自原始印歐語 *sōlh₂- (“宽慰，宽容”)）。

exhilarates (third-person singular present)
exhilarating (present participle)
exhilarated (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzɪləɹeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzɪləˌɹeɪt/

振奋，鼓舞，使...开心

Good news exhilarates the mind; wine exhilarates the drinker.

For the Philiſtian preſcribeth Cures of the minde in Phrenſies, and melancholy Paſsions; and pretendeth alſo to exhibite Medicines to exhilarate the minde, to confirme the courage, to clarifie the wits, to corroborate the memorie, and the like; but the ſcruples and ſuperſtitions of Diet, and other Regiment of the body in the ſect of the Pythagoreans, in the Hereſy of the Manicheas, and in the Lawe of Mahumes doe exceede; […]

1605，Francis Bacon，The Tvvoo Bookes of Francis Bacon. Of the Proficience and Aduancement of Learning, Diuine and Humane. To the King，book II, London: Printed [by Thomas Purfoot and Thomas Creede] for Henrie Tomes, and are to be sould at his shop at Graies Inne Gate in Holborne, →OCLC，頁 37, recto:

Any and ſundry are the meanes, which Philoſophers and Phyſicians haue preſcribed to exhilarate a ſorrowfull heart, to diuert thoſe fixed and intent cares and meditations, which in this malady ſo much offend; but in my judgement none ſo preſent, none ſo powerfull, none ſo [a]ppoſite as a cup of ſtrong drinke, mirth, muſicke, and merry company.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Musicke a Remedy”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 6, subsection 3，頁 276:

I slept soundly, and without feeling the least uneasiness, and am a great deal better this morning; neither do I find that the henbane has affected my head, which，源自the great effect it had on me,—exhilarating me to the most extraordinary degree, and yet keeping me sleepy,—I feared it would.

1838年November1日，Charles Dickens，“XV. Mrs. Charles Dickens.”, in Life, Letters, and Speeches of Charles Dickens with Biographical Sketches of the Principal Illustrators of Dickens’s Works: Illustrated with Engravings on Steel: In Two Volumes，卷 I, Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Company; The Riverside Press Cambridge [Mass.], 出版於 1894, →OCLC，頁 118:

It is now for us to say, that with very considerable powers of fancy, and a deep feeling of enthusiasm, he [James G. Small] has described the scenes of his romantic rambles, and recorded the historical or traditional events for which he cherishes such a warm veneration, in song that by turns exhilarates, captivates, and melts; and that will especially arouse Scotland's associations.

1843 June，“Art. XI. The Highlands, The Scottish Martyrs, and Other Poems. By the Rev. James G. Small. Edin. Whyte & Co.”, in The Monthly Review (New and Improved Series)，卷 II, 期 II, London: G. Henderson, 2, Old Bailey, Ludgate-Hill, →OCLC，頁 235:

Returning to their desks at the beginning of April 1966, exhilarated by the size of the Labour majority, Ministers found that there had been no improvement in the economic outlook while they had been away; indeed it had grown worse.

1978，Michael Stewart，“The Light that Failed: April 1966 – June 1970”, in Politics & Economic Policy in the UK since 1964: The Jekyll & Hyde Years，Oxford: Pergamon Press, →ISBN，頁 64:

[A]lcohol, as all the world knows, or should know, does not nourish, but only stimulates,—exhilarates if you will, but exhilarates as fire exhilarates! Would carbon or any other combustible exhilarate only to burn up, consume, and destroy?

1856，Joel Pinney，“The Effects of Alcoholic Liquors, and the Customs of Drinking and Inebriety”, in The Duration of Human Life and Its Three Eras: When Men Attained to More than Nine Hundred Years of Age; when They Attained to Only Four Hundred and Fifty; when They Reached to Only Threescore Years and Ten; Shewing the Probable Causes and Material Agents that have Shortened the Lives of the Human Race, and the Barriers that Prevent a Return to the Longevity of the Early Patriarchs，London: Longman & Co., →OCLC，頁 116:

Harriet became suddenly conscious that every woman in the room was gazing furtively or with frank interest at Wimsey and herself, and the knowledge exhilarated her.

1932, Dorothy L Sayers, Have his Carcase, Chapter 12.


at last

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or[…]. And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in a spirit of thankfulness.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC，頁 46:

She was so mad she wouldn't speak to me for quite a spell, but at last I coaxed her into going up to Miss Emmeline's room and fetching down a tintype of the missing Deacon man.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 6, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

After all their troubles, at last they lived happily ever after.

在經歷一波三折後，他們最終幸福快樂地生活下去。

After exhausting all possibilities, Holmes was at last satisfied the problem was unsolvable.

在用盡一切可能性後，福爾摩斯最終確信這個問題是無法解決的。


one day

one of these days

未來不定指的時間；日後，以後；有朝一日

someday

未來不定指的時間；日後，以後；有朝一日

once

過去不定指的時間；之前某日，有一天

過去不定指的時間；之前某日，有一天

One day I was playing with a girl from my class.

有一天，我正和同班的女生玩。

One day I was out in the barn and he drifted in. I was currying the horse and he set down on the wheelbarrow and begun to ask questions.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 11, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


trucker

Because of deregulation and the drive to lower costs, Mr. Lorr said, truckers are now regarded by many companies as just another replaceable part. Some can barely eke out a living.

勞爾先生稱，由於管制放鬆和許多公司試圖降低花費，卡車司機被他們視作可替換的部件。有的司機只能勉強糊口。

2020年September24日，Alex Williams，“The Ugly (and Glorious) Truth About American Supermarkets [美國超市的醜陋（且光榮）的事實]”, in New York Times:


pfft

"Are we talking a delicate little Scandinavian pfft, or the whole raspberry tart?"

2008，Nicholas Drayson，A Guide to the Birds of East Africa，頁 28:


throw up

throws up (third-person singular present)
throwing up (present participle)
threw up (past)
thrown up (past participle)

“No!” returned the spy. “I throw up. I confess that we were so unpopular with the outrageous mob, that I only got away from England at the risk of being ducked to death, and that Cly was so ferreted up and down, that he never would have got away at all but for that sham. Though how this man knows it was a sham, is a wonder of wonders to me.”

1859，Charles Dickens，A Tale of Two Cities:

In 1944, believing, as people in Leeds tended to do, that flying bombs or no flying bombs, things were better Down South, Dad threw up his job with the Co-op and we migrated to Guildford.

2011, Alan Bennett, "Baffled at a Bookcase", London Review of Books, XXXIII.15:


Buryat

We met the President of the Republic, Salomon M. Ivanov, who is a native Buryat.

我們與共和國的總統薩洛蒙·M·伊凡諾夫會面，他是土生土長的布里亞特人。

1948，Henry A. Wallace，Andrew Jacob Steiger，Soviet Asia Mission, →OCLC, →OL，頁 54:


Twitter

源自twitter (“發出一連串啼叫聲”)。

Twitters (third-person singular present)
Twittering (present participle)
Twittered (past participle)

2009年March2日，Justin Rebello，“Eight top-notch tips for the Twittering attorney"”, in Wisconsin Law Journal, retrieved 2009-03-02:

2009年February23日，MSNBC，“Stars can’t stop Twittering at Oscars, parties”, in Access Hollywood, retrieved 2009-03-02:


catch on

catches on (third-person singular present)
catching on (present participle)
caught on (past participle)

They waited for the pot roast to "catch on," sticking to the pot just enough to brown

2011，Mark Gaier, Clark Frasier, Rachel Forrest, and Ron Manville，Maine Classics: More than 150 Delicious Recipes from Down East，Philadelphia: Running Press, →ISBN，頁 172:


pull someone's leg

该短语源自苏格兰，原意为“捉弄某人”，尤其是通过欺骗的方式。一理论认为其来自通过猛拽某人的腿来使其摔倒而捉弄他/她的说法。

pulls someone's leg (third-person singular present)
pulling someone's leg (present participle)
pulled someone's leg (past participle)

捉弄某人，开某人的玩笑，戏耍某人

I hadn't pulled Mrs. Barstow's leg for any of that stuff, she had just handed it to me on a platter, and that wasn't my fault.

1934, Rex Stout, Fer-de-Lance, 1992 Bantam edition, ISBN 0553278193, page 111:

No, I'm just pulling your leg, it's crucifixion really.

1979，Life of Brian，spoken by Mr. Cheeky (Eric Idle):

从某人骗钱（通过借钱或敲竹杠等方式）（19世纪末）

I'm very glad to hear of his good fortune; but it's a deuced strange thing, for I saw him at the club last night and he never said a word of it. I'll pull his leg when I see him.

1886，Mark Well，“An Old-Time Tip”, in Wallace's Monthly，卷 12:

The verb 'to-pull-his-leg' means to extract from his pocket all the lucre it will yield.

1893，John Kendrick Bangs，Coffee and Repartee:

"I would 'pull his leg,' but Laura will not work with me." The expression "pulling his leg," Miss Sullivan explained as meaning to coax or wheedle his wealth out of him.


sugoi

借自日語 凄い (sugoi，可能原意為“可怕的，厲害的”)，或與英語 terrific的含義變化相同。

more sugoi (comparative)
most sugoi (superlative)

Now ... I got one, and for some reason was able to see a very sugoi card was next in the machine […]

1997年August16日，username NeoMercury，“ARRGH! 955 Posts! and now while we’re on the topic, SM Dreams.”, in Usenet group alt.fan.sailor-moon:

The Miko outfits are totally sugoi, and the human forms of the gods are really cool as well.

1998年June23日，username Shiva the perpetually busy，“[POLL] What anime scenes would look best in real life movie?”, in Usenet group alt.fan.sailor-moon:

I’m wearing my latest Harajuku find: a gauzy, green sleeveless blouse, a pair of slimming pants—black, with some kind of shiny fabric—and a pair of totally sugoi sandals, with thick heels, black straps, and gleaming silver buckles.


cuts

‘I′ll give you something to keep you awake, McFadyen!’ Ape shouted.

1995, Bill Marsh, Ape, Old Yanconian Daze, page 110,

He reckons that about 80% of the boys in the school regularly received the cuts from Mr Saunders so he didn′t feel as if he was being unduly picked on.

他估計，學校裡大概有80%的男生都經常受到桑德斯先生的體罰，所以他並不覺得自己是被故意挑中的。

2001，Lyall Ford，Poorhouse to Paradise: The Adventures of a Pioneering Family in a North Queensland Country Town，頁 55:

My greatest happiness is that Sebastian is having a good time at school and has never been given the cuts.

我最開心的事情就是，塞巴斯蒂安在學校過得好，沒被老師體罰。


booker

源自中古英語 bokere，源自古英語 bōcere (“抄寫員”)。等同於book + -er。現代義項受動詞book的影響。

What Booker doth prognosticate Concerning Kings or Kingdoms State […]

1711，Martin Parker，William Wagstaffe (M.D.)，The king enjoyes his own again:


evil eye

仿譯自拉丁語 oculus (“眼睛”) + malus (“壞、惡、有害”)。

Various amulets were used to avert the influence of the evil eye. The most common of these appears to have been the phallus, called by the Romans fascinum, which was hung round the necks of children.

1890，“Fascinum”, in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities:

A common dread was the evil eye, and the chief charm against it was in the form of a knotted cord woven by a "wise woman".

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 26:

If you tell me, "Good morning" / I'm gonna tell you, "That's a lie" / If you say I'm old, baby / I'm gonna give you the evil eye

1964，Leonard Feather （作曲作詞）, “Evil Gal Blues”, 演出者 Aretha Franklin:


phones

I don't like wearing phones for any length of time, but these are as comfortable as any I've tried. The only problem is that their isolation is so good, you feel cut off from the outside world and you can't hear what people are saying about you.

1990, Home & Studio Recording (volume 4, page 33)

I ripped the phones off my head, fluffed my hair, and tossed the crumpled lyric sheet in the garbage can before strolling into the control room like a queen.

2015，Bethany Michaels，Naughty in Nashville Super Bundle:


projects

為低收入居民建設的高密度城市住房

My friend Larry Gray never gangbanged with us but was from the projects and to your rival, that meant you were one

2008，Donovan Simmons, Terry Moses，Bloods and Crips: The Genesis of a Genocide，頁 128:


all-knowing

常用于修饰神明名字，也可用于描述很有智慧的人。

She waited on her horse passive and all-knowing.

1974，John Boorman，Zardoz，London: Pan Books，頁 19:


bad luck

不幸；倒霉。不理想的事態發展（如意外事故）

McCarthy will point to their bad luck but the statistics now show that Wolves have lost four league matches and have claimed one point from a possible 15 - so it may prove to be another difficult season for the Midlands side.

2011年October1日，Saj Chowdhury，“Wolverhampton 1 - 2 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport:


hanbok

借自朝鮮語 한복(韓服) (hanbok)。

The Chinese embassy in Seoul defended the decision to include a participant wearing hanbok, describing her as a representative of the country’s dozens of ethnic groups.

中國駐首爾大使館為這名穿著韓服的表演者辯解，稱她是全國[五十六]個民族中的代表之一。

2022年February9日，Justin McCurry，“Hanbok at Beijing Winter Olympics opening sparks South Korean anger [北京冬奧會開幕式上的韓服惹南韓民眾憤怒]”, in The Guardian:


payphone

I only had ten cents in my pocket, so I couldn't use the payphone to call a cab.

我口袋裡只有一毛錢，所以打不了公用電話叫計程車。

You called me from a payphone / They still got payphones / It costs a dollar a minute / To tell me you're getting sober

2020，“Kyoto”, in Punisher，演出者 Phoebe Bridgers:


evitate

拉丁語 evitatus，evitare (“躲避”) 的過去分詞；e (“出”) + vitare (“避開”)。

evitates (third-person singular present)
evitating (present participle)
evitated (past participle)

Since therein she doth evitate and shun / A thousand irreligious cursed hours

a. 1597，William Shakespeare，The Merry Wives of Windsor, act 5, scene 5:


deez nuts

After a bit of back-and-forth, the man suddenly shouts “Deez nuts!”, and since then, it’s become a viral joke.

2021年May8日，“TikTok: What are 'Deez Nuts' Jokes?”, in HITC:

Nick Saban is known for his solemn and stern demeanor. So when Alabama safety Jordan Battle revealed his head coach has an affinity for "deez nuts" jokes, it was both shocking and hilarious.

2021年September21日，“Mac Jones confirms Nick Saban's love for 'deez' jokes”, in NBC Sports:

It's got crunchy mixed in frozen fruits and is designed to be eaten with a spoon. Hard to make fun of deez nuts in our mouth.

2022年January18日，“This peanut butter made for gamers actually sounds delicious”, in PC Gamer:

The best part is, of course, when he says “it’s time for love and unity” after flipping everyone off and shortly before telling them to suck “deez nuts.”

2022年March11日，“Kid Rock Is So Unoriginal, He Made the Same Bad Music Video All Over Again”, in Metal Sucks:


ill-gotten gains

dirty money

從非正當手段獲得的錢財或資產

從非正當手段獲得的錢財或資產

Ill-gotten gains never prosper.

不義之財絕不會令你發達。

Was it her fault if she did not possess those sycophantic arts which her hypocritical nephew, Pitt Crawley, practised? She wished him all the happiness which he merited out of his ill-gotten gains.

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 XXXIX, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

Secondly, the highly reprehensible course pursued by the Free Church of Scotland, in soliciting, receiving, and retaining money in its sustentation fund for supporting the gospel in Scotland, which was evidently the ill-gotten gain of slaveholders and slave-traders.

1855，Frederick Douglass，“Life as a Freeman”, in My Bondage and My Freedom，New York: Miller, Orton and Mulligan，頁 380:

By the bright bow of Heaven, I will have their ill-gotten gains from them, even though I hang for it as high as e'er a forest tree in Sherwood!

1883，Howard Pyle，“Robin Hood and Will Scarlet”, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Great Renown, in Nottinghamshire，New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC:

The exclusion from his clubs would mean ruin to Moran, who lived by his ill-gotten card gains.

1903，Arthur Conan Doyle，“The Adventure of the Empty House”, in The Return of Sherlock Holmes:

How, exactly, does a lawyer come to legally give away ill-gotten gains on behalf of an international company that does not want to be named and surely does not want to face prosecution for what one division did?

2015年February6日，Paul Sullivan，“Finding the ‘Right’ Way to Dispose of Ill-Gotten Gains”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


hot air

"You'll never get anywhere so long as youse trail with that reform bunch. It's all hot air and tomfool theory."

1913，William MacLeod Raine，章號 8, in The Vision Splendid:

"You give me a lot of hot air about your conscience. Why don't you get a soap-box and preach on the street-corners?"

Some of the steam in Washington rises from real issues, but a lot is the hot air of partisan politics.

2001 June 24, Johanna McGeary, "How Bad Is China?," Time (retrieved 22 Sept 2013):

Klein diagnoses impressively what hasn’t worked. No more claptrap about fracked gas as a bridge to renewables. Enough already of the international summit meetings that produce sirocco-quality hot air, and nonbinding agreements that bind us all to more emissions.

2014年November6日，Rob Nixon，“Naomi Klein’s ‘This Changes Everything’”, in New York Times:


traffick

動詞的這種拼寫可能是受到名詞trafficking的影響，意思都與非法販運有關。

trafficks (third-person singular present)
trafficking (present participle)
trafficked (past participle)

traffic的另一種拼寫法（尤用於非法貨物）

If an addict-possessor who trafficks in narcotics is to be prosecuted, and if these “time to time” acts constitute “trafficking,” then the Watson majority's possession exemption “will prove nearly meaningless […]

如果要起訴販運毒品的癮君子，並且如果這些“時不時”做出的行為確實構成“販運”，那麼沃森多數人的持有豁免“將證明是幾乎毫無意義的 […]

1970，The Catholic University law review，卷 20，頁 760:

The writer is also a double agent, who trafficks in perceptions and double-deals between circumstances and possibilities, present and future.

作者也是一個雙重間諜，他在現狀與可能、現在和未來之間販運感知，搞兩面派。

1982，Helen Daniel，Double agent: David Ireland and his work，頁 159:

Appellant contends that the imposition of a fine is totally unauthorized as punishment for conspiracy to traffick in marijuana.

上訴人認為，這一為懲罰共謀販運大麻便處以罰款的行爲是完全未經授權的。

These offences include: (1) Section 129(1): this makes it an offence to traffick in persons to or from Hong Kong for the purpose of prostitution.

這些罪行包括：（1）第129(1)條：任何人參與將另一人帶入或帶出香港，目的在於賣淫，即屬犯罪。

2003，Michael Jackson，Criminal law in Hong Kong，頁 637:


premiate

premiates (third-person singular present)
premiating (present participle)
premiated (past participle)

Inevitably, a jury numbed by a succession of slides premiates some designs because they are "interesting" or "different."


skinship

skin + kinship 組成的混成詞，亦可分析为skin + -ship。早在1966年便在牛津英语词典内有记载，可能是仿譯自日語 スキンシップ (sukinshippu)，其本身是一个可追溯到至早1955年的和制英语（日本创造的伪英语词），另可能源自朝鮮語 스킨십 (seukinsip)（1971年或更晚）。日语内亦早在1955年就有拉丁字母书写的该单词。

（爱人、亲人间的）身体接触

In Mexico, interdependence among people in emphasized and expressed through cosleeping and "skinship." … A similar type of "skinship" also exists throughout Mexico—all one had to do is look at the way people walk or sit together. … women are always patting touching ...

1994，Nicole Landry Sault，Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations，Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁 311:

However, there were times that folks needed that skinship to feel hearten'd and Dan often felt when others had that need.

2015，LT Wolf，The World King (fiction), →ISBN:

This relationship of parents to children is especially enhanced by bathing together—commonly known as skinship (sukinshippu). Other groups, from businessmen or to neighboring housewives to hikers and classmates, often seek to increase the strength of a relationship by engaging in hadaka no tsukiai at a sentō, health center, or onsen.

(Can we date this quote?)，Scott Clark，“The Japanese Bath: Extraordinarily Ordinary”, in Re-made in Japan: Everyday Life and Consumer Taste in a Changing Society (social science), Yale University Press, 出版於 1992，頁 102:


magical girl

仿譯自日語 魔法少女 (mahō shōjo /まほうしょうじょ/)。

The magical girl starts out as a typical schoolgirl. Her transformation—via a glamorous costume, and amplified by special powers—gives her a new identity.

2013，Christopher Hart，Magical Characters，Watson-Guptill Publications, →ISBN，頁 17:

Contrary to conventional magical girl anime, in which protagonists happily accept their superpower, shōjo heroines are reluctant to become Magical Girls in Puella Magi Madoka Magica.

2014，Lien Fan Shen，“The Dark, Twisted Magical Girls: Shōjo Heroines in Puella Magi Madoka Magica”, in Heroines of Film and Television: Portrayals in Popular Culture，Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 183:

The magical girl genre was originally aimed at girls: series like Sailor Moon were first serialized in shōjo manga (girls' comics) magazines and contained many traits common to that genre.

2015，Deborah Shamoon，“The Superflat Space of Japanese Anime”, in Asian Cinema and the Use of Space: Interdisciplinary Perspectives，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 98:


gacha

來自日語 ガチャ，ガチャポン的簡稱。義項3也是“gotcha”的同音詞。

Gacha, from the Japanese word gachapon, refers to capsules sold in vending machines and containing random toys inside

2018，Ennio De Nucci and Adam Kramarzewski，Practical Game Design，頁 54:

And if you’re looking for something that’s cute, compact, and affordable, you can’t go past the country’s gacha capsule toy vending machines.

2018 October 24，Oona McGee，“Pokemon cosplay for cats”, in Japan Today:

Since a loot table with ten rewards won’t last for long, the very first step in gacha design is to ensure that you have enough content to make gacha a viable monetization strategy.

2018，Ennio De Nucci and Adam Kramarzewski，Practical Game Design，頁 394:


sorbite

源自 Sorby (姓氏) + -ite，以地質學家 Henry Clifton Sorby 命名。

According to Boynton this constituent is sorbite in the case of steels containing more than ·8 per cent. carbon, for if troostite be β iron free from carbon it cannot exist in hyper-eutectoid steels.

1905，Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers，卷 30，頁 217:

After a very long period of annealing their morphology is very similar to the carbides precipitated in the sorbite and, as regards the amount of precipitate, the ferritic grains are almost indiscernible from the sorbitic (Fig.3).

1962，The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute，卷 200，頁 940:

Some consider granular pearlite or granular cementite to be sorbite. Hence it is also called sorbitic pearlite, and when referring to the contained carbon, sorbitic carbide.

1962，J. W. Mellor，A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry，卷 12，頁 847:


sorbite

Sorbite is isomeric with mannite and dulcite, and forms with oxalic acid at 75° sorbite-formamide, with evolution of carbonic anhydride. It is a colourless odourless syrup.

山梨醇与甘露醇和半乳糖醇为同分异构体，与草酸在75°时生成山梨醇-甲酰胺，并放出碳酸酐。山梨醇为无色无味的糖浆。

1881，“Abstracts of Chemical Papers: Sorbin and Sorbite”, in Journal of the Chemical Society，卷 11，頁 148:


jargonium

These various spectra of jargonium are all of a very marked character, quite unlike those due to any other element in similar conditions.

1869年July2日，H. C. Sorby，“On jargonium: a new elementary substance associated with zirconium”, in The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science:

In the same year as the jargonium announcement, 1869, Arthur Herbert Church (1834–1915) announced the discovery of a new element associated with zircon.

2014，Marco Fontani，The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side:

Sorby announced, in 1869, the discovery of a new element – Jargonium – by spectroscopic analysis, but was forced in the following year to withdraw his claim as it was found that the interpretation of the spectrum was more complicated than he had supposed.

2016，A. Meadows，Science and Controversy: A Biography of Sir Norman Lockyer, Founder，頁 59:


Qur'ān

Qur'an的另一種寫法

He [...] collected his gold-plated, velvet-fringed Qur'ān from the living room.

他 … 從客廳收集了他的鍍金天鵝絨流蘇古蘭經。

2000，Zadie Smith，White Teeth，Penguin Books (2001)，頁 222:


jerkoff

源自動詞jerk off (“自慰”)。

I think she's a very nice girl, but she's marrying that jerkoff.

我覺得她是個很不錯的女孩兒，但她要嫁給那個鳥人。

1998，Tim Herlihy，The Wedding Singer，spoken by Robbie Hart (Adam Sandler):

All New Yorkers have this feeling that anyone who's not from New York is a jerk-off. And I couldn't believe that someone had the balls to shoot at me.

所有紐約人都覺得外地人全都是傻逼。而我無法相信有人敢朝我開槍。

1992，Eric Lee，Saigon to Jerusalem: conversations with U.S. veterans of the Vietnam War who ...，頁 25:

Slob or Slop for a dirty child, Beans for a child who breaks wind, Jerk-off for a child who masturbates.

髒兮兮的小孩被叫做“Slob”或“Slop”，放屁的小孩被叫做“Beans”，自慰的小孩被叫做“Jerk-off”。

1935，Lawson Gentry Lowrey，“Proceedings of the 8th- annual meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association”, in American journal of orthopsychiatry, Volume 5 - Page 279，卷 5，頁 279:


show off

shows off (third-person singular present)
showing off (present participle)
showed off (past)
shown off (past participle)

She loves to show off her driving prowess.

She loves to show off when she gets behind the wheel of a car.

If you've just acquired a Google Glass headset for £1,000, don't show it off at the movies. UK cinemas are to ban the headsets over fears that the gadgets can be used to make pirate copies of Hollywood blockbusters.

如果您剛買了一副Google眼鏡耳機，不要戴到電影院炫耀。因為擔心其能夠盜攝好萊塢大片，英國電影院將禁止這種耳機入場。

2014年June29日，Adam Sherwin，“UK cinemas ban Google glasses over piracy risk”, in The Independent:


amaze

源自中古英語 *amasen (“使迷惑、困惑”)，源自古英語 āmasian (“使迷惑，使驚奇”)，源自ā- (完成時前綴) + *masian (“使困惑”)，等同於a- + maze。

amazes (third-person singular present)
amazing (present participle)
amazed (past participle)

使感到驚奇、驚訝 （自16世紀）

He was amazed when he found that the girl was a robot.

他得知女孩是機器人的時候，吃了一驚。

And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David?

眾人都驚奇，說，這不是大衛的子孫麼。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 12:23:

Spain has long fallen from amazing Europe with her wit, to amusing them with the greatness of her Catholic credulity.

1759, Oliver Goldsmith, The Present State of Polite Learning

Eye is blinded, ear amazes.


amaze

驚奇，驚訝 （自16世紀）

All in amaze he suddenly vp start / With sword in hand, and with the old man went ….

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, I.ii:

Presently, however, as we stood in amaze, gazing at the marvellous sight, and wondering whence the rosy radiance flowed, a dread and beautiful thing happened.

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:

Shattuck looked at him in amaze.

1891, Mary Noailles Murfree, In the "Stranger People's" Country, Nebraska 2005, p. 103:

She took the proffered cheque and stared at it with puzzled amaze, dazed by her own behaviour.

1985, Lawrence Durrell, Quinx, Faber & Faber 2004 (Avignon Quintet), p. 1361:


stupefying

more stupefying (comparative)
most stupefying (superlative)

Detectives on Thursday arrested and charged a man and his girlfriend who they allege were running an illegal prostitution racket involving sexual slavery, the administration of "stupefying drugs" and secret filming of the girls with clients.

星期四，警探逮捕並指控一名男子及其女友，稱他們從事非法賣淫活動，涉及性奴役、使用“迷魂藥”，以及與客戶秘密拍攝女性。

2021年February6日，The Courier-Mail，Brisbane，頁 4，列 1:


lees

源自古法語 lies，源自中世紀拉丁語 lias (“红糟，渣滓”)（修道院製酒的產物），源自高盧語 *ligyā、*legyā (“泥沙，沉積物”)（對比威爾士語 llai、上古布列塔尼語 leh (“泥沙，沉積物”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *legyā (“層”)，源自原始印歐語 *legʰ- (“躺”)。

Methinks my body is but the lees of my better being.

1851，Herman Melville，Moby Dick, Chapter 7:

Kipper drained his glass to the lees and seemed to become calmer.

1960，P. G. Wodehouse，Jeeves in the Offing, chapter X:


El Niño

源自西班牙語 El Niño (字面意思是“小男孩”)，指聖嬰，因為這種氣候現象出現在聖誕節前後。

Additionally, scientists aren’t expecting to be surprised again by El Niño, a warming of the Pacific Ocean that tends to dampen Atlantic hurricane activity.

The odd weather phenomenon that many blame for the suffering here — the drought and sudden storm pattern known as El Niño — is expected to become more frequent as the planet warms.

2020年July23日，Abrahm Lustgarten，“The Great Climate Migration”, in New York Times:


oh my God

在不同語境下，本詞可以帶有褻瀆，也可只是單純地表達情緒。相對委婉的說法有oh my gosh、omigosh以及oh my goodness。

表示憤怒、困惑、興奮、驚訝等情緒。

"Oh my God!"; those can't be the last words of your man.

2001，“We Right Here”, in Earl Simmons 作詞, Black Key 作曲, The Great Depression，演出者 DMX, Ruff Ryders Entertainment:


fuck if I know

Hit by a mortar or an M16 round or maybe he was dead years ago...fuck if I know.

2008，Edward Stapleton III，The Believers，Lulu.com, →ISBN，頁 42:

Fuck if I know, and honestly, I don't give a shit.

2008，Harold L. Turley，Born Dying，Simon and Schuster, →ISBN，頁 182:

Fowler is lying on the floor, switching CDs. He props himself up on his elbow. He says, “You think it'd hurt us though?” I shrug. “Fuck if I know.”

2011，Peter Brown Hoffmeister，The End of Boys，Catapult, →ISBN，頁 72:

“She's married?” “She's not only married, she's leaving. Or she already left. Fuck if I know.”

2013，Lexi Ryan，Wish I May，Lexi Ryan, →ISBN，頁 169:


common noun

在英語中，大多數的普通名詞前面可加不定冠詞，但也有例外（如一般不說“there is a molybdenum on earth”，而是說“there is molybdenum on earth”），許多普通名詞首字母不大寫，也有首字母大寫的情況（如Frenchman）。首字母是否大寫不是區分普通名詞和專有名詞的依據。

The Butlers had been serving the Fowls for centuries. It had always been that way. Indeed, there were several eminent linguists of the opinion that this was how the common noun had originated.


aeronaut

源自aero- + -naut，源自法語 aéronaute；對比意大利語 aeronauta。

/ˈɛəɹəˌnɔːt/

"Well, what is it that he does that I don't do? Just say the word, - teetotal, vegetarian, aeronaut, theosophist, superman."

1912，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Lost World:


Red China

The highest military body in Red China, the People’s Revolutionary Military Council, is made up of 22 of these 52 Red generals, and three-fifths of them are on the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

1951，Robert B. Rigg，Red China's Fighting Hordes，Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, →ISBN，頁 61:

Kennedy said that he was opposed to recognition of Red China. He indicated, however, that strong arguments had been presented to him in favor of the so-called “two Chinas policy.” Under this policy, Nationalist China would retain its seat on the Security Council, and Red China would have only a seat in the Assembly. This would mean that Red China would have only one vote out of about a hundred in the Assembly and would not be able to block UN action by veto. Kennedy said that proponents of this policy were contending that Red China could not do any damage in the UN under such circumstances.

1962，Richard M. Nixon，Six Crises，Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 408:

Overseas, however, leading public figures urged on us a variety of different courses. For example, former Prime Minister Clement Attlee, returning early in September from a British Labor-party tour of Red China, confirmed reports that Mao Tse-tung had asked him and his fellow Laborites to pressure the United States into pulling the Seventh Fleet away from the waters around Formosa, which, Attlee added, the Communists have a "strong determination" to capture.

1963，Dwight Eisenhower，Mandate for Change 1953-1956，Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 464:

Millions of citizens are deeply disturbed that the military-industrial complex too often shapes national policy, but they do not want to be considered unpatriotic. Countless loyal Americans honestly feel that a world body such as the United Nations should include even Red China, but they fear being called Communist sympathizers.

1963，Martin Luther King, Jr.，“Transformed Nonconformist”, in Strength to Love，New York: Pocket Books, 出版於 1964, →OCLC，頁 13:

I thought that perhaps a sudden and effective air strike would convince the leaders in Hanoi that we were serious in our purpose and also that the North could not count on continued immunity if they persisted in aggression in the South. I realized the risks of involving the Soviets or the Chinese, as Senator Mansfield feared, I said, but neither of them was trying to bring peace or even urging restraint. I doubted that they wanted direct involvement themselves. I pointed out that our intelligence analysts believed Red China would not enter the war unless there was an invasion in the northern part of North Vietnam or unless the Hanoi regime was in danger of being toppled.

1971，Lyndon Johnson，The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 125:


ununennium

音頻 (標準英式、通用美式)

原子序數為119的未發現元素（符號：Uue）。

Element 119: Ununennium (Uue) This has yet to be reported. From its position in the periodic table, in group 1 below francium, this element should have the physical properties of an alkali metal and, were it long-lived enough, the element should display the singly-charged ion M⁺ as its most favoured chemical state.

2001，John Emsley，“The Elements (A–Z)”, in Nature’s Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements，Oxford: Oxford University Press, 出版於 2002 printing, →ISBN，頁 468:

"[…] Clemson had element 119 and somehow it attached itself to the oxygen atoms on Earth. The commission wants this element 119 to be called Ununennium based on the element number, one, one, and nine." / Sandi speaks into the telephone, "That is ridiculous! Can't you change the name of the element to the person that found the gas cloud back at SETI, Rich Tolt?" / "I can make a recommendation to the rest of the commission, but rarely do they change names. The names for the next ten elements have been chosen based on the element number and the Latin names of that number to make it easier for the world."

2007，Steven Comas，章號 10, in The Trojan Horse Cloud，Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 77:

Our question at the beginning of this essay was "are there more elements to be discovered?" The next elements would be ununennium (atomic number 119) and unbinilium (atomic number 120). The problems in trying to produce these elements by accelerating an ion beam into a target are the short half-lives of possible target elements and the extended times required for a successful observation of a new element. So far, elements 119 and 120 have eluded discovery. But you can expect that scientists will continue to search for new elements.

2017，Darrell D. Ebbing，Steven D. Gammon，“Atoms, Molecules, and Ions”, in General Chemistry，第11th版, Boston, Mass.: Cengage Learning, →ISBN，頁 46:


KGB

源自俄語 КГБ (KGB)，Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности (Komitét gosudárstvennoj bezopásnosti，“国家安全委员会”)的首字母缩略词。

（苏联）国家安全委员会，克格勃

But in 1967 Treholt's trenchant opposition to the Vietnam War attracted the attention of the KGB.

2019 [2018]，Ben Macintyre，章號 4, in The Spy and the Traitor，Penguin Books, →ISBN，頁 75:


expressionlessly

more expressionlessly (comparative)
most expressionlessly (superlative)

She was staring expressionlessly at the back of the driver's head.

她呆呆地盯著司機的後腦勺。

1968，Carl Ruhen，The Key Club，Sydney: Scripts，頁 21:


pipe dream

源自抽鸦片烟时出现的幻觉。

I think that his plan to become a professional athlete is a pipe dream and that he should stay in school.

我觉得他要成为专业田径选手的目标就是做梦，他应该待在学校里。

Only a year ago it would have needed a "super-Micawber" to be optimistic that the railways would once again pay their way. But it was no longer a pipe dream that B.R. could make a profit, the way to do it was now clear.

1962 December，“Dr. Beeching previews the plan for British Railways”, in Modern Railways，頁 376:


smoker

Even though I don't smoke, I'm not one of those fanatics you run into. In fact, I love watching cigarette smokers in their sad little sealed-off areas, sucking away, deep lines in their faces, precancerous lesions taking hold, the posture and body language of petty criminals. You know what you do with these people? Give 'em free cigarettes. Let 'em smoke. Offer them a light!

1997，George Carlin，Brain Droppings，New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 47:

只限男性參加的非正式社交活動，一般允許吸煙

That evening A Company had a "smoker" in one of the disused huts of Shorncliffe Camp.

Yes we're gonna have a wingding / A summer smoker underground

1982，Donald Fagen （作曲作詞）, “New Frontier”, in The Nightfly:


jet ski

"Jet ski" is actually Kawasaki's name for their PWC (personal water craft) models, but like hoovers and speedos has become genericised.

2006 October，“Gimme Fuel: High Octane Advise for Buying a Ski”, in Tracks magazine，頁 154:


ancillary

源自拉丁語 ancillāris (“附属的；与女仆有关的”)，源自ancilla (“女仆”)。

more ancillary (comparative)
most ancillary (superlative)

[…] how easily he took all things along with him,—the persons, the opinions, and the day, and nature became ancillary to a man.

1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature, Chapter 3:

[E]very organ of the body, whatever function it may perform, must also perform the other four functions in an ancillary manner.

1898, John Wesley Powell, Truth and Error, Chapter 7

The cafeteria is primarily used by students and staff (academic, administrative, and ancillary).

2019，Li Huang，James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 4:


ancilla

源自拉丁語 ancilla (“女仆，婢女”)。

The filter achieves this two-qubit filtering effect by using two ancilla photons as probes that detect whether or not the two input photons are in the desired states.

2009年January23日，Ryo Okamoto et al.，“An Entanglement Filter”, in Science，卷 323, 期 5913, →DOI:


willies

自1896年起有记载的“紧张的咒语”一意可能来自woollies，“紧张，窘迫”一意的方言词，可能指代的是穿着羊毛（wool）衣物时身上的瘙痒感。

Staying in the haunted house gave me the willies.

待在鬼屋里让我心里毛毛的。

I get the willies when I see closed doors. Even at work, where I am doing so well now, the sight of a closed door is sometimes enough to make me dread that something horrible is happening behind it, something that is going to affect me adversely.

1974，Joseph Heller，Something happened，頁 3:


birthday suit

源自出生时一丝不挂的说法。

一般用于短语“in one's birthday suit”，但有时亦单独使用。如“Guess what she was wearing? Her birthday suit! (“你猜猜她穿了啥？啥都没穿！”)”。

出生时穿的衣服，即一丝不挂

George embarrassed his aunt by answering the door in his birthday suit.

George一丝不挂地去应门，让他的阿姨尴尬不已。

Nature, the universal tailor, provides for every other animal a birthday suit of clothes which is to outlast his life; but man, though so peculiarly sensitive to the assaults of the elements, is ushered into this nether sphere without any covering, in order that he may be compelled to exert his faculties, and become his own tailor, and thereby his own civilizer.

1842，H.，“Short Rides in an Author's Omnibus”, in The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist，頁 267:

At last I'm down to the nitty-gritty, my original birthday suit. Where do I put my hands? I need pockets.

1998，Paul Vaughn，“Confessions of a Naked Writer”, in Orange Coast，頁 185:

The terms naturalistic and naturalism suffer from the fact that they have a range of meanings, covering a variety of things from the Romantic submission to nature or the collecting of butterflies to the practice of bathing on the beach clad only in one's birthday suit.

2000，Denis Charles Phillips，The Expanded Social Scientist's Bestiary: A Guide to Fabled Threats to, and Defenses of, Naturalistic Social Science，頁 85:

A person suddenly caught naked by the collapse of a building wall is treated quite differently than a person who intentionally “streaks” a public gathering in his or her birthday suit.

2001，Tom Slattery，Immodest Proposals: Through the Pornographic Looking Glass，頁 181:


without a hitch

So far Mr. Martindale's journey had been without a hitch

1908，Herbert Strang，Samba: A Story of the Rubber Slaves of the Congo:


snazzy

未知，但可能是snappy + jazzy 組成的混成詞，或源自愛爾蘭語 snas (“娴熟；好看的外貌”)。

snazzier (comparative)
snazziest (superlative)

dapper

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

elegant

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

pizazzy

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

smart

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

cool

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

cool

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

nifty

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

smart

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

inelegant

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

scruffy

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

sloppy

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

crappy

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

duff

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

lame

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

naff

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

rubbishy

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

Those Friday afternoon dances in the gym are really snazzy.

1938年April17日，Jane Murdock，“Friday Afternoon Dances”, in Washington Post，頁 PY8:

Of those migrating to the iPhone from other devices, a good number of them are former Treo users who found Apple's device to be a souped-up, snazzier and even easier-to-use version of the Treo.

2009年January8日，Suzanne Choney，“Palm looks to regain place in smartphone race”, in msnbc.com，存檔自the original on 2009-01-21:


primocane

But Courtney Weber, a breeder at Cornell University, is working with Mr. Clark’s primocane selections to develop varieties that could be mown down before winter and fruit the next year.

2007年July25日，David Karp，“At Last, Sweet Blackberries Stay the Course”, in New York Times:


let the cat out of the bag

（1700年代中期）與pig in a poke相對，如果一个不诚实的商人试图把猫当作猪来卖，而猫出来了或者被人从袋子里拿出来了，那么这个商人的秘密就被泄露了。

lets the cat out of the bag (third-person singular present)
letting the cat out of the bag (present participle)
let the cat out of the bag (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-let the cat out of the bag.ogg

露餡；洩露秘密；使秘密爲人所知（多指不經意地）

It was going to be a surprise party until someone let the cat out of the bag.

要不是有人洩露了秘密的話，这本來會是一个惊喜派对的。

He proved himself as decent, decorous, and conscientious as Peter was rampant, boisterous, and — This last epithet I choose to suppress, because it would let the cat out of the bag.

他爲人正派、端莊、真誠，而彼得卻是跋扈、暴烈和——這最後的形容詞，姑且從略，因爲寫出來會露餡的。

1849，Currer Bell [筆名; Charlotte Brontë]，Shirley. A Tale. […]，卷 III, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC:


a leopard cannot change its spots

源自耶利米書13:23：Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil.（古實人豈能改變皮膚呢？豹豈能改變斑點呢？若能，你們這習慣行惡的便能行善了。）

the wolf may lose his teeth but never his nature

you can take the person out of the place, but you can't take the place out of the person

what's bred in the bone will come out in the flesh

江山易改，本性難移。字面意思为“豹不能改變它的斑點”。

King.[…]Lyons make Leopards tame. / Mo[wbray]. Yea, but not change his ſpots:

理查王： […] 雄狮的神威可以使豹子慑伏。毛[勃雷]：是的，可是不能改变它身上的斑点。

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，William Shakespeare，“The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]，頁 24，列 2:

Can the Ethiopian change his ſkinne? or the leopard his ſpots?

古實人豈能改變皮膚呢？豹豈能改變斑點呢？

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 13:23，列 1:

End now all unkindness. Let us put the Jew to ransom, since the leopard will not change his spots, and a Jew he will continue to be.

讓我們言歸於好。現在得給猶太人的贖金定個價錢了，因爲豹子身上不會沒有斑點，猶太人也永遠是猶太人。

1820，沃尔特·司各特，章號 II, in 艾凡赫，卷 III, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，頁 60:


double helix

字面意思為“雙螺旋”，指DNA的雙螺旋結構。

double helixes (plural)
double helices (plural)

If I had been married earlier in life, I wouldn't have seen the double helix. I would have been taking care of the kids on Saturday.

要是我早點結婚，就不會見到「雙螺旋」了。那樣的話我週六就會在照顧孩子了。

2007 January，“WHAT I'VE LEARNED: James Watson”, in Esquire，卷 147, 期 1，存檔自the original on 2007-01-25:


cough up

coughs up (third-person singular present)
coughing up (present participle)
coughed up (past participle)

不情愿地交出
（指钱） （不情愿地）给，支付

Do you think he'll be able to cough up the three grand by Tuesday?

你觉得他周二前能交出三千美元吗？

"[…] Usually businessmen. Married, middle-aged guys who'll cough up fifty bucks to smoke my pole."

2006，K. M. Soehnlein，You Can Say You Knew Me When，頁 240:

不情愿地交出
（指其他事物） 交出

"Anyhow, you go and cough it up and then we shall see."

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:

Cough it up, Cooper.

2013, The Big Bang Theory, season 6, episode 14:

England had never before come back to win from a margin of more than 12 points, and the errors continued to come thick and fast as Tom Croft became the latest to cough up the ball.

2011，Tom Fordyce，Rugby World Cup 2011: England 12-19 France:


mouth breather

乡巴佬；傻子，呆子；无趣的人

She's a philosophy major from Brown, now working retail at Niagara Falls, living in a trailer and working for a "mouth breather" of a boss.

2004年March12日，Tim Goodman，“Trinkets are spirit guides in Fox's brilliant 'Wonderfalls'”, in San Francisco Chronicle:


reach for the sky

reaches for the sky (third-person singular present)
reaching for the sky (present participle)
reached for the sky (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-reach for the sky.ogg

Far better to start modestly and grow gradually than to reach for the sky with grand plans that could only end in the collapse of the institution.

1993，Robert Emmett Curran，The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University: From academy to university, 1789-1889，Georgetown University Press, →ISBN，頁 27:

Resigned to his blue-collar status, Donna's father's belief was “Why reach for the sky when you can be happy on earth?” Donna says, “My dad was trying to save me from disappointment. The daughter of peasant stock shouldn't strive to be in the ruling class, he thought.”

2010，Alfred Lubrano，Limbo: Blue-Collar Roots, White-Collar Dreams，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 33:

Indeed, career counseling encourages individuals to “reach for the sky.”

2014，Gideon Arulmani, Anuradha J. Bakshi, Frederick T. L. Leong, A. G. Watts，Handbook of Career Development: International Perspectives，Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN，頁 306:


mukwa

mukula的羅德西亞和津巴布韋寫法

Inside, your boss settles behind a mukwa desk and gestures for you to take a seat on a chair done up in leather upholstery that softens a frame of the same softly glowing wood.

2018，Tsitsi Dangarembga，This Mournable Body，Faber & Faber (2020)，頁s 240-241:


bird of paradise

首次由歐洲探險家斐迪南·麥哲倫環航地球發現。在安东尼奥·皮加费塔紀錄寫道：“當地人告訴我們，那些鳥來自人間天堂，他們稱呼那些鳥為‘bolon diuata’，即‘神之鳥’”。

bird-of-paradise (alternative)
birds of paradise (plural)

She had a jonquil silk pelisse, a bonnet of the same colour, with a bird of paradise plume, looking very much like an illuminated butterfly.

1842，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Lady Anne Granard，卷 1，頁 187:


palmier

借自法語 palmier，為其原名feuille de palmier (“棕櫚葉”)的簡稱。

Glass cases are filled with a pastel field of pink sweet buns, glossy guava-oozing pastries and their vanilla custard cousins, crispy, heart-shaped orejas (elephant ears, or, at French bakeries, palmiers), and conchas (shells).

2007年January30日，Lily Koppel，“In a Bakery Window, Shades of Miss Havisham”, in New York Times:


toucan

源自法語 toucan，源自葡萄牙語 tucano或西班牙語 tucán，源自圖皮語系 tuka、tukan、tukana，可能是模仿其叫聲。

The ear, small and shapely, the arch of the foot, the curve in mouth and nostril, even the indurated hand dyed to the orange-tawny of the toucan's bill, a hand telling alike of the halyards and tar-bucket;


sorgho

It is by manuring the land, with the dung of their cattle, that the Negroes raise pretty good crops of sorgho.

黑人通過給土地施自家的牛糞，種出相當不錯的高粱。

1818，J. B. Henry Savigny and Alexander Correard，Narrative of a Voyage to Senegal in 1816 [對1816年塞內加爾航行的敘述]:


iconostasis

The altar was hidden behind an Iconostasis. The church was looked after by an old sacristan who lived in a cottage on the shore of the lake.

聖壇隱藏於聖幛之後。教堂由一名老看守人照料，他住在湖邊的一間小屋子裡。

1932，Maurice Baring，章號 10, in Friday's Business:


asthmatic

源自拉丁語 asthmaticus，源自古希臘語 ἀσθματικός (asthmatikós，“受呼吸短促折磨的”)，源自ἆσθμα (âsthma，“呼吸短促”) （對比asthma）；等同於asthma + -ic。

more asthmatic (comparative)
most asthmatic (superlative)

The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.

1917，Anton Chekhov，譯者 Constance Garnett, The Darling and Other Stories，Project Gutenberg, 出版於 9 September 2004, →ISBN，頁 71:


sketchbook

This compact sketchbook displays every style of blinds imaginable, from rollers to Romans and from London to Austrian blinds.

2005，Wendy Baker，Compact Sketchbook of Blinds, →ISBN:

Since writing the preface for my sketchbook, I have, of course, been involved in a number of more recent projects where I have sketched ideas for structural solutions.

2012，Tony Hunt, Sir Norman Foster，Tony Hunt's Second Sketchbook, →ISBN，頁 iv:

This sketchbook provides an artist's impression in watercolours and drawings of the city's varied past, linked to the buildings and neighbourhoods still here today, as well as a glimpse of some of the beautifully conserved historic settlements on nearby islands.

2013，Bahamas Sketchbook: Islands in the Sun, →ISBN，頁 11:


eukaryote

借自法語 eucaryote；等同於eu- + karyon + 衍生自古希臘語-ώτης (-ṓtēs)的後綴。

It is now clear that among organisms there are two different organizational patterns of cells, which Chatton (1937) called, with singuar prescience, the eucaryotic and procaryotic type.

现在我们清楚，生物体中存在两种不同的细胞组织模式，正如Chatton (1937) 所预见的，真核和原核类型。

1962 March，Roger Stanier，“The concept of a bacterium”, in Archiv für Mikrobiologie，卷 42, 期 1，頁 17:


以每分鐘78轉播放的留聲機唱片

She swallowed hard, and her arm jerked sideways, knocking over a table lamp, which fell onto the record player, where our favourite 78 was spinning round.

2009，Jennifer Worth，Farewell to the East End，Weidenfeld & Nicholson，頁 273:


插入 Cadbury 公司 Flake 牌巧克力棒的甜筒

"Two 99s please. And your story." The ice cream was in insulated compartments and he scooped it out […]

2008，Ian Pattinson，Global Weirding, →ISBN:

'Two 99s for you, young man. A Fab? Yes, here you are, madam. A Mivvi coming up.' As he handed over the ices, the kids ran or just sauntered off. I don't know if the ice-cream man thought some adult was going to appear and pay for the lot, […]

2011, On The Cobbles: Jimmy Stockin ISBN 1780573898:

'Two 99s, please.' Copper Pie held them while I searched for the right money. […] Copper Pie was still on the ground, holding the ice creams […]

2012，T. M. Alexander，A Thousand Water Bombs, →ISBN:


希爾斯堡慘劇的96名死者

But the families of the 96 still feel that justice has not been done, and fight on.

但96名死者的家人仍然感到正義沒有到來，並為之持續鬥爭。

2001，Arabella McIntyre-Brown，Liverpool: The First 1,000 Years [利物浦：立城1000年]:

AS part of our Hillsborough Remembered coverage, we've been asking for your tributes to the 96 and messages of support for those still fighting for Justice twenty-two years on.

作為我們“永不磨滅的希爾斯堡記憶”報道的一部分，我們一直在徵集您對96名受害者的悼念，以及在這22年裡持續為正義奔走者的消息。

2011年May11日，Dan Kay，“Hillsborough remembered: Your tributes to the 96 and those still fighting for Justice [永不磨滅的希爾斯堡記憶：您對96名受害者的悼念，及向為正義而鬥爭者的致敬]”, in Liverpool Daily Echo:

There is euphoria at the utter vindication for the families prevailing in their dignified campaign and the complete achievement of the first objective, which was was to clear the names of the 96.

人们对这些家庭的彻底平反感到欣喜，这标志着他们庄严的运动和第一个目标的实现取得了成功，同时也是为这96名受害者正了名。

2012年September14日，Andy Burnham，“We have the truth, now we need justice for the 96 [我們手裡有真相，現在我們要為96名受害者討回公道]”, in The Independent:


未知。《牛津英語詞典》認為是nix的押韻俚語。
其他的說法包括：
# 來自紐約市的戴爾莫尼科餐廳菜單第#86號，腰牛排（Delmonico steak），19世紀時經常很快就售罄。
# 來自禁酒令時期紐約的熱門地下酒館Chumley’s。Chumley’s 隱藏在西村的住宅當中，有兩個門口：一個經過裝潢的主入口，在巴羅街（Barrow Street）；還有一個隱蔽的後門，在貝德福德街86號（86 Bedford Street）。當守門人在大門口看見警察接近的時候，就會大喊“86 it!”，通知顧客把酒藏好，從後門快速離開。

He stole from me and snitched on me, so I 86ed him.

他偷了我東西，所以我把他幹掉了。

RONALD:”They tried to ghost your girl Isabel right here”. WES CHANDLER(played by Ron Perlman):”Tried to ‘ghost’ her?” RONALD:”Merk. 86. Put her down in the dirt. You feel me?”

2017年September28日，Josh Corbin，片头起37:03, in Start Up，季数 2, 集数 6, spoken by Ronald Dacey (Edi Gathegi):


thirty-one

Toad, that vnder cold ſtone, / Dayes and Nights ha's thirty one: / Sweltred Venom ſleeping got, / Boyle thou firſt i'th'charmed pot.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]，頁 143，列 2:


thirty-seven

‘You know [...] when people are asked to choose a number between one and a hundred, most people choose thirty-seven.’

「你知道嗎 […] 當被要求從一至一百中挑選一個數字時，大多數人會選擇三十七。」

2002，Zadie Smith，The Autograph Man [簽名商人]，Penguin Books (2003)，頁 297:


eighty-six

未知。《牛津英語詞典》認為是nix (“取消，拒絕”)的押韻俚語。也有可能是1920年代的某些數字代碼。參見英語維基百科條目86 (term)。

eighty-sixes (third-person singular present)
eighty-sixing (present participle)
eighty-sixed (past participle)

We finally had to eighty-six that old printer after it jammed one too many times.

那台舊打印機出太多故障，我們終於不得不把它扔掉了。

...Apple eighty-sixed all of its paid moderators...


sixty-sixth

The answer appears on the sixty-sixth page of the book.

She finished sixty-sixth in the race.

她以第六十六名完成比賽。

Though in his sixty-sixth year, I have never heard him express any dissatisfaction at the occasional hardships which we have had to encounter.

虽然他今年六十六岁了，但我从未听到他对我们偶尔遇到的困难表示过任何不满。

1912，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Lost World [失落的世界]:


gnomology

派生自古希臘語 γνωμολογία (gnōmología)，源自γνώμη (gnṓmē，“評斷，格言”) + λογία (logía，“匯集”)（後者源自λέγω (légō，“收集，拾取”)，見 anthology）。對照法語 gnomologie。

wisest men have also taught in their ethical precepts and Gnomologies

1645，John Milton，Tetrachordon: Expositions upon the foure chief places in Scripture, which treat of Mariage, or nullities in Mariage. […]，London:


returns

The number of unsold books that booksellers return to publishers (called the rate of returns) has been averaging between 25 per cent and 35 per cent.

書商退回給出版社的滯銷書本比率（叫做退貨率）平均大約在25%到35%之間。

2002，Irina Dunn，The writer's guide^(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CwKUuUcdBPgC&pg=PA129&dq=%22average+rate+of+returns+(unsold+books)%22)，頁 129:


air-conditioning

Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent, with the consequences of climate change potentially accelerating the demand.

尽管如此，很明显，随着国家变得更加富裕，全球对空气调节的能源需求将大幅增加，气候变化的后果可能会加速其增长。

2013 September-October，Michael Sivak，“Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?”, in American Scientist:


servitude

源自中古法語 servitude，源自拉丁語 servitūs，源自拉丁語 servus (“奴隶”)。

to place in the servitude of somebody

In spite of the importance of this route it remained until a few years ago very insecure. Overhung almost its entire length by the inaccessible fastnesses of Lololand, the passing caravans dared journey only with convoy, and even then were frequently overwhelmed by raiders from the hills, who carried off both trader and goods into the mountains, the former to lifelong servitude.

1913, Elizabeth Kimball Kendall, A Wayfarer in China

The Enlightment worldview, which considered the order of "Nature" as a basis and, at the same time, the subject of explorations of scientific natural sciences, has, at the same time, considered this order as a criterion of the artistically-aesthetic qualities of art. From an "ideological" point of view, it liberated art from its feudal religious and courtly servitude.

1986，Theories of Ideology and Ideology of Theories，Rodopi, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 57:


jibaro

來自西班牙語 jíbaro。

The cultivation of the crops is entirely in the hands of the jibaro, or peasant, who is seldom of direct Spanish descent, while the financiering and exportation is conducted almost entirely by peninsulares, or Spanish-born colonists, who monopolize every branch of commerce to the exclusion of the colonian-born subject.

1898，Murat Halstead，The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions,:


stonebow

O, for a stone-bow, to hit him in the eye!

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene v]:


scoot

不详。可能源自古諾爾斯語 skjóta (“射击”)或可能与中古英語 scottlynge (“快速动脚，蹦蹦跳跳”，字面意思是“碎步走”)有关，参见scuddle、scuttle。

Instinctively, he lifted the chair a fraction, and gave it a little scoot away from her.


scoot

scoots (third-person singular present)
scooting (present participle)
scooted (past participle)

The dog was scooting all over our new carpet.

狗狗正用牠的前爪到處擦咱們的新地毯。

If you ever see your dog scooting its hind end along the floor, chances are that anal sac irritation or impaction exists.

1990，Chris C. Pinney，Guide to Home Pet Grooming，頁 44:

What if my cat is biting its tail, scooting or rubbing its bottom on the ground?

1997，J. M. Evans and Kay White，Catopedia:

The old wives tale is that a dog that scoots on its rear has worms, but that's rarely the case. Dogs that scoot, lick, or chew underneath their tails usually have anal gland issues.

2008，Sandy Blackburn，The Everything Dog Grooming Book: All You Need to Help Your Pet Look and Feel Great!，頁 62:


Shangri-La

源自英国作家詹姆斯·希尔顿(1900–1954)在1933年所著《消失的地平线》内的虚构地名，参见下方引文。有提出了藏語词源，源自ཞང (zhang，卫藏地区一个地名) + རི (ri，“山”) + ལ (la，“关卡”)。

/ˌʃæŋɡɹɪˈlɑː/

He spoke a kind of Chinese that I don't understand very well, but I think he said something about a lamasery near here—along the valley, I gathered—where we could get food and shelter. Shangri-La, he called it. La is Tibetan for mountain-pass. He was most emphatic that we should go there.

[1933 September，James Hilton，Lost Horizon，London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, St. Martin's Street, London, 出版於 October and November 1933 (2nd printing), →OCLC，頁 64:

The length of the journey gives a measure of the anachronism, which as [César] Vallejo said in one of his stories made the hill town a Shangri-La, forgotten by the rest of Peru.

1976，Jean Franco，“Poetry as a Mode of Existence”, in César Vallejo: The Dialectics of Poetry and Silence，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN; 第1st paperback版, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, →ISBN，頁 2:

With the fragmented policy-making system which results, America is a Shangri-La for interest groups and lobbyists.

1989，Clive S. Thomas，“Understanding Interest Group Activity in the American States”, in Studies in US Politics，Manchester, New York, N.Y.: Manchester University Press, →ISBN，頁 182:

He couldn't believe it when he'd discovered there actually was a town called Bedford Falls. It seemed like fans of the film had all collected there to live out their lives in a self-created 1940s American Shangri-la.

1989，Grant Naylor [i.e., Rob Grant and Doug Naylor]，Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers，London: Penguin Books, →ISBN:

Tiki Style was forged in the business of bars and restaurants and celebrated in backyard luaus and at theme parks like Disneyland and roadside attractions such as Tiki Gardens. As these ersatz Shangri-las competed to outdo each other with the latest tropical-inspired styles, the popularity of the neighborhood Tiki lounge soared.

2004，Otto von Stroheim，“Introduction”, in Tiki Art Now!: A Volcanic Eruption of Art，San Francisco, Calif.: Last Gasp of San Francisco; The Shooting Gallery, →ISBN，頁 8:

The human species was lucky, because the only time in the development of bacterial populations when diversity is sacrificed for reproductive expediency is during the exponential burst of growth that follows their discovery of an unprotected ecosystem. The two notable instances in which bacteria find these Shangri Las are in test tubes filled with fresh media and in naive animals that have not seen these particular bacteria in recent immunological memory.

2007，J. William Costerton，“Replacement of Acute Planctonic by Chronic Biofilm Diseases”, in The Biofilm Primer，Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN:

The desire for a better life in a better place, for a land of happiness, is perhaps one of the most basic human desires that has found many expressions in various forms—a paradise, a Golden Age, a Shangri-La, an ideal society or—generically speaking—a utopia.

2015，Zhang Longxi，“In Search of a Land of Happiness: Utopia and Its Discontents”, in From Comparison to World Literature (SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture)，Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, →ISBN，頁 103:


therapist

Seeing the British establishment struggle with the financial sector is like watching an alcoholic […]. Until 2008 there was denial over what finance had become. […] But the scandals kept coming, and so we entered stage three – what therapists call "bargaining". A broad section of the political class now recognises the need for change but remains unable to see the necessity of a fundamental overhaul. Instead it offers fixes and patches.

2013年June28日，Joris Luyendijk，“Our banks are out of control”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 3，頁 21:


Jersey

源自中古英語 Gersey，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 Gersui，進一步的詞源有爭議。可能來自古諾爾斯語，為Geirs (“Geirr 的”) + ey (“島嶼”)的組詞。也有可能與拉丁語 Caesarea有關，是羅馬人在佔領的土地上為紀念愷撒而起的名稱（對比法語 Césarée）。後者影響了拉丁語對該島嶼的翻譯。

澤西（英國島及屬地名，在英吉利海峽上）

The resilience of Jersey’s elite is not new (Jersey is perhaps the only place in Europe that had the same government before, during and after Nazi occupation) but it had never previously been described with such forensic force.

2018，Oliver Bullough，章號 3, in Moneyland，Profile Books, →ISBN:


Tienanmen Square

仿譯自漢語 天安門廣場／天安门广场 (Tiān'ānmén Guǎngchǎng)，采用威妥瑪拼音：Tʻien¹-an¹-mên²。

About 1,000 youths gathered on Changan Street and in the Tienanmen Square in Peiping Saturday night to demand democracy and law, and freedom of speech, Japanese correspondents reported.
The crowds, whose members appeared to have an average age of 20, asked the correspondents about the election system, land reform, human rights and press censorship in Japan and about democracy in the United States, and asked how the American President is elected.

據日本記者報導，大約1000名青年星期六晚上聚集在北平的長安街和天安門廣場，要求民主和法治，以及言論自由。
人群平均年齡似乎為20歲，他們向記者詢問日本的選舉制度、土地改革、人權和新聞審查以及美國的民主情況，並詢問美國總統是如何選出來的。

1978年December3日，“Mainland youths demand democracy”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XIX, 期 48, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 3:

Pondering these matters, he stepped out to visit the world’s largest Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant, near Tienanmen Square.

想著這些，他走出去參觀了天安門廣場附近的世界最大的肯德基餐厅。

1993，Wayne Grady，The Dinosaur Project: The Story of the Greatest Dinosaur Expedition Ever Mounted, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 146:

Soon we arrived at the Beijing Hotel—within shouting distance of the now infamous Tienanmen Square.

很快我們就到了北京飯店——離現在臭名昭著的天安門廣場近在咫尺。

1995，Leonard Nimoy，I Am Spock，New York: Hyperion, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 188:

Jessica Johnson和Chloe Lai的關於天安門廣場大屠殺的項目獲得了團體展覽類別的第一名。

Jessica Johnson & Chloe Lai's project on the Tienanmen Square Massacre won 1st place in the group exhibit category.


Tienanmen

来自官話 天安門／天安门 (Tiān'ānmén)，採用威妥瑪拼音：Tʻien¹-an¹-mên²。

The most notable example of engraved dragons is on the stone columns of the Temple to Confucius at his birthplace in Chüfu. These are also found in the "cloud pillars" (single stone columns—huapiao in Chinese) outside the Tienanmen, while those at the Ming Tombs are still finer.

最明顯的刻龍例子是在孔子出生地曲阜的孔廟的石柱上。在天安門外的華表上也發現了這些圖案，而明朝陵墓的圖案則更加精細。

1961，Yutang Lin，“Studies in Form: Temples, Pagodas and the Plastic Arts”, in Imperial Peking: Seven Centuries of China，New York: Crown Publishers, →OCLC，頁 125:

The Communists had their own anniversary to mark the victory of their revolution on October 1. They took no notice of October 10. Sun's portrait never hung among the great ones up on the wall at Tienanmen.

共產黨人在10月1日有自己的紀念日，以紀念他們的革命勝利。他們對10月10日不聞不問。孫文的肖像從未掛在天安門城楼上。

1985，Harold R. Isaacs，Re-encounters in China，M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 70:

很快我們就到了北京飯店——離現在臭名昭著的天安門廣場近在咫尺。


Tian'anmen Square

Analysts have linked the campaign to broader efforts to stifle dissent ahead of sensitive political dates this year, especially the 20th anniversary year of the government’s bloody crackdown on pro-democracy protests centered on Beijing’s Tian’anmen Square in 1989.

分析家們將這場運動與今年敏感的政治日期前对異議更广泛的壓制聯繫起來，特別是今年是1989年政府血腥鎮壓以北京天安門廣場為中心的民主抗議活動的20週年。

2009年January8日，Ian Ransom，“Chinese Internet operators apologize for lewd content”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2022-05-25, Internet News:


Tian'anmen

来自官話 天安門／天安门 (Tiān'ānmén)读音的拼音。

Adjoining the parks on the south is part of the remaining southern wall of the former Imperial city. The wall is pierced by T'ien-an Men (Gate of Heavenly Peace), on which China's Communist leaders gather on ceremonial occasions to review military and civilian parades in the square adjoining the gate.

南面與公園相鄰的是前皇城南牆的一部分。城牆中間嵌着天安門，中國共產黨領導人在儀式場合的時候會聚集在天安門上，檢閱毗鄰天安門的廣場上軍隊和平民的遊行。

[1968，“PEKING (PEIPING)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica，卷 17, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 532，列 2:

27 October 1999 The People's Daily publishes the article '"Falun Gong" is an evil cult', written by a special commentator. Approximately 600 practitioners are arrested in Tian'anmen. Seventeen practitioners drape a Falun Gong banner across the rostrum of Tian'anmen.

1999年10月27日《人民日報》發表特約評論員文章《“法轮功”就是邪教》。約有600名學員在天安門廣場被捕。17名學員將法輪功的旗幟掛在天安門城樓上。

2005，Jennifer Zeng，譯者 Sue Wiles, Witnessing History，Soho Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 333:


Tiananmen Square

部分仿譯自官話 天安門廣場／天安门广场 (Tiān'ānmén Guǎngchǎng)。

On my return from the meeting with Dr Fry, I spent some time walking about Tiananmen Square and took some photographs. Though I had not seen any wall posters there, I did notice six large portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Hua. In the middle of Tiananmen Square there were several small open air photography stalls around which people were queuing up to have themselves photographed at the great revolutionary centre.

與弗萊博士會面结束回來後，我花了一些時間在天安門廣場散步，並拍了一些照片。雖然我在那裡沒有看到任何牆報，但我確實注意到了馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林、毛澤東和華國鋒的六幅大幅畫像。在天安門廣場的中央，有幾個小型的露天攝影攤位，人們在周圍排隊等候在這個偉大的革命中心拍攝照片。

1979，Govind Kelkar，China After Mao，New Delhi: USHA Publications，頁 85:

On the streets leading down to the main road to Tiananmen Square, furious people stared in disbelief at the glow in the sky, listening to the sound of shots.

在通往天安門廣場主路的街道上，憤怒的人們難以置信地盯著天空中的光芒，聽著槍聲。

1989年June4日，Kate Adie，片头起0:11, in Archive: Chinese troops fire on protesters in Tiananmen Square - BBC News，Peking: BBC News, 出版於 2014:

Only history can tell us where China will go from here. The Chinese leadership's brutal crackdown on students seeking fundamental democratic rights makes it difficult to chart the future. Those brave students who laid down their lives against the tanks of Tiananmen Square confirmed what I'd always believed: that no totalitarian society can bottle up the instinctive drive of men and women to be free, and that once you give a captive people a little freedom, they'll demand still more.

只有歷史才能告訴我們中國將何去何從。中國領導層對尋求基本民主權利的學生的殘酷鎮壓，使我們難以描繪未來。那些勇敢的學生在天安門廣場的坦克面前獻出了自己的生命，證實了我一直以來的信念：沒有一個極權主義社會可以遏制男人和女人爭取自由的本能動力，而且一旦你給了被俘虜的人一點自由，他們便會要求更多。

1990，Ronald Reagan，An American Life，Pocket Books, →ISBN，頁s 372-373:

Because it was a state visit, the Chinese government insisted on a formal arrival ceremony in Beijing. We usually conduct these ceremonies on the White House South Lawn, and the Chinese usually conduct theirs in Tiananmen Square. Bill and I debated whether we should attend a ceremony in Tiananmen Square, where Chinese authorities had used tanks to forcibly suppress pro-democracy demonstrations in June of 1989. Bill didn’t want to appear to endorse China’s repressive tactics and violations of human rights, but he understood the square’s importance over centuries of Chinese history and agreed to respect the Chinese request.

由於這是一次國事訪問，中國政府堅持在北京舉行正式的抵達儀式。我們通常在白宮南草坪舉行這些儀式，而中國人的儀式通常在天安門廣場舉行。比爾和我爭論過我們是否應該在天安門廣場參加儀式，1989年6月，中國當局曾在那裡用坦克強行鎮壓民主示威活動。比爾不想表現出贊同中國的鎮壓手段和侵犯人權的行為，但他理解該廣場在中國幾百年歷史中的重要性，同意尊重中國的要求。

2003，Hillary Rodham Clinton，“Imagine the Future”, in Living History, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 457:

In 2011, a statue of Confucius was placed in Tiananmen Square within sight of Mao’s mausoleum — the only other personality so honored.

2011年，一尊孔子雕像被放置在天安門廣場上，就在毛澤東陵墓的視線範圍內——两人是仅有的两个被如此尊崇的人物。

2011，Henry Kissinger，On China，New York: Penguin Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 112:

"We must make economic stability our top priority," Li told delegates gathered at the cavernous Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square.

“要坚持稳字当头、稳中求进。”李克強對聚集在天安門廣場西側空曠的人民大會堂的代表們說。

2022年March5日，Kevin Yao，Ryan Woo，“China to crack down on use of leanness enhancers in cattle and sheep”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2022-03-05:

The situation had its parallels to the one that developed in China that year: one might not be in the mood to talk with that country's leaders after Tiananmen Square, but if you really wanted to move them in the direction of democracy, and get them to restore the very rights they had trampled on, you were better off talking to them than driving them into hard-headed isolation.

這種情況與當年中國的情況有相似之處：在六四事件之後，人們可能沒有心情與該國領導人交談，但如果你真的想讓他們朝著民主的方向發展，並讓他們恢復他們所踐踏的權利，你最好與他們交談，而不是把他們趕到強硬的孤立狀態。

1994，Dan Quayle，Standing Firm: A Vice-Presidential Memoir，第1st版, HarperCollins, →ISBN，頁 121:

But now the best argument against Trump's parade is that it will become a cultural-war flashpoint and “the resistance” will try its utmost to ruin the affair. Just imagine a protester in a pussy hat in a Tiananmen Square-style standoff with an M1 Abrams tank.

但現在反對特朗普閱兵的最佳論據是，它將成為文化戰爭的爆發點，“抵抗力量”將竭力破壞這一事件。試想一下，一個戴著粉色猫咪帽的抗議者與一輛M1艾布蘭主力戰車進行六四事件式的對峙。

2018年February8日，Rich Lowry，“Yes, we should throw a parade”, in Politico，存檔自the original on 2018-02-08:


metachemical

more metachemical (comparative)
most metachemical (superlative)

元化學的；原子結構化學的

metachemical metamorphism

The greater part of this is in comparative thermal equilibrium, and so we should not expect metachemical change to occur.

1910，Knowledge and Illustrated Scientific News - Volume 33，頁 xxii:

Alfred Nordmann, in Chapter 19, draws on the work of Emile Meyerson and Gaston Bachelard — two philosophers with some genuine chemical knowledge — to articulate a more general, a richer, and a metachemical notion of substance.

2011，Davis Baird, Eric Scerri, Lee McIntyre，Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline, →ISBN，頁 15:

This is by no means reducing chemistry to a sub-division of physics, and even less making it a defenceless victim of Don Quixote-like pseudomathematical and metachemical theorists; a fundamental knowledge of natural history is still an essential condition for any further progress in an understanding of chemical bonding.

2012，C.K. Jorgensen，Inorganic Complexes, →ISBN:


labyrinthe

more labyrinthe (comparative)
most labyrinthe (superlative)

It was to be added at the same time that even if his silence had been labyrinthe—which was absurd in view of all the other things too he couldn't possibly have spoken of—this was exactly what must suit her, since it fell under the head of the plea she had just uttered to Susie.


zongzi

Taiwanese zongzi on sale in Yokohama Chinatown, Yokohama, Japan
日本橫濱中華街售賣的臺灣粽子
Zongzi which have been cut open to reveal their fillings. The one in front is filled with pork, and the one in the background with red bean (azuki bean) paste.
切開以展示內餡的粽子。前面的是豬肉餡，後面的是紅豆餡。
源自官話 粽子 (zòngzi)的拼音轉寫，來自粽 (zòng) + 子 (zi，指小後綴)。

The traditional fare around Dragon Boat Festival time is zongzi, pyramids of glutinous rice wrapped in reed leaves. The zongzi, it is said, symbolize the rice that the Miluo River people threw to the fish so that they would leave Qu Yuan's body undisturbed.

端午节前后的传统美食是粽子，呈圆锥形，里面是用芦苇叶包裹的糯米。据说，粽子象征着汨罗江两岸人扔给鱼吃的米，这样鱼就不会打扰屈原的身体。

1953，Women of China [中國的女性]，Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC，頁 17，列 2:

The people honor the memory of Qu Yuan on this day by eating Zongzi and holding dragon-boat races. Zongzi are little packets of glutinous rice with jujubes, ham and sweet bean paste added for interest, wrapped in leaves of rushes.

在这一天，人们通过吃粽子和赛龙舟来纪念屈原。粽子是一小包的糯米，里面加了枣子、火腿和甜豆沙，用芦苇叶包裹着。

1979，China Reconstructs，Beijing: China Welfare Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 49:

A week or two before the festival, villagers would prepare glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo leaves before cooking, commonly known as zongzi or chang (in Hokkien).

节前一两个星期，村民们会在烹调前准备好用竹叶包裹的糯米，俗称粽子或“粽”（福建话）。

2005，Lim Hin Fui（林廷辉），Fong Tian Yong（方天养），The New Villages in Malaysia: The Journey Ahead [马来西亚新村: 迈向新旅程]，Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Institute of Strategic Analysis & Policy Research（战略分析与政策研究所）, →ISBN，頁 126:

Sunny ordered four zongzis or dumplings and, out of tradition, haggled with the woman until they agreed on a price.

桑尼点了四个粽子或者饺子，并打破传统，与这位女士讨价还价，直到他们最后确定价格。

2011，Daniel Kalla，The Far Side of the Sky: A Novel of Love and Death in Shanghai，Toronto, Ont.: HarperCollins, →ISBN; 第paperback版, New York, N.Y.: Forge/A Tom Doherty Associates Book, 2015, →ISBN:


handfeed

handfeeds (third-person singular present)
handfeeding (present participle)
handfed (past participle)

Walker only saw the place in its deceitful summer promise, when the corn, whose husks were never to fill, was waving in sunshine, when the potato-fields, which were to yield nothing but dwarfed and rotten tubercles, were still gay in blossom, and the cattle, which for nine months of the year have to be housed and handfed with more tenderness than their masters, were luxuriating in sunny grass.

1878，William O'Brien，Christmas in the Galtees: An Inquiry Into the Condition of the Tenantry of Mr. Nathaniel Buckley:

Marjorie handfeeds one of her many pets, an orphaned joey, at Campbell Town.

2011，Danielle Wood，Housewife Superstar: The Very Best of Marjorie Bligh，頁 97:

It would be important to keep the total number of cattle handfed on property to a minimum.

2016，Lajpat R. Ahuja，Agricultural System Models in Field Research and Technology Transfer:


supercelestial

more supercelestial (comparative)
most supercelestial (superlative)

Zeus directly produces the supercelestial gods, divided into Olympians and Titans.

2022，John Opsopaus，The Secret Texts of Hellenic Polytheism: A Practical Guide to the Restored Pagan Religion of George Gemistos Plethon，Llewellyn Worldwide, →ISBN:


biblically

Most of them showed an intimate knowledge of the young blonde, leading Seth to the conclusion they had known her biblically.

他們中的大多數人都對這位年輕的金髮女郎表現出深入的了解，使塞思得出結論，他們是透過肉體認識她的。


down-heartedness

And now the sight of the two bottom fields, their gently undulating topography now changed beyond all recognition, exacerbated his down-heartedness.

而現在看到這兩塊底層田地，其平緩起伏的地形現在已經改變得面目全非，使他更加心灰意冷。

2013，Robin Pilcher，章號 24, in Starting Over, →ISBN:


pluricellular

Fusion events in vivo, particularly in embryonic development, often involve the purse-string contraction of a pluricellular actomyosin cable at the free edge.

2015，V. Nier, M. Deforet, G. Duclos, H.G. Yevick, O. Cochet-Escartin, P. Marcq, P. Silberzan，“Tissue fusion over non-adhering surfaces”, in PNAS，卷 112:


birb

The here-then-gone-then-here-again appearance of the #birb (as Twitter loves to lovingly refer to pretty, pretty birdies) plus the internet’s instant oatmeal obsession with him inspired WIRED’s Paris Martineau to propose a different nickname for the fowl: duckboi

2018年October10日，Emily Dreyfuss，“Glamour Duck and the Internet's Rabid Love of Wild Animals”, in WIRED:

Violent or unseemly behavior doesn’t disqualify a bird from birbness: the aggression of hummingbirds […] and brain-eating of Great Tits are immaterial to their round fluffiness. You could post a picture of any of these on reddit under "murder birb" and nobody would blink.

2019年December12日，Asher Elbein，“When Is a Bird a ‘Birb’? An Extremely Important Guide”, in Audubon:


teabag

He put a spoon and teabag on the saucer and placed it before Mr. McManus.

他把勺子和茶包放在碟子上，摆在麦克马纳斯先生面前。

1980，Walter Stovall，The Minus Pool，頁 10:


bum out

源自bum (“不好的，劣質的”)。

bums out (third-person singular present)
bumming out (present participle)
bummed out (past participle)

“It bums me out that I can’t play, but I’m glad my brother has the opportunity,” Austin Baker said.

2008年March5日，Rick Weegman，“Cloquet-Esko-Carlton: childhood dreams come true”, in Duluth News Tribune:


porn star

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-porn star.wav

色情演員，色情明星 以出演色情影片而著名的演員

Bonnie, straddling the kayak like a porn star, smiled and acted like she had no clue as to what they were laughing about.

邦妮像色情明星一样微笑着跨坐在皮划艇上，表现得好像不知道他们在笑什么一样。

2012，Bruce Norris，What Lurks Below，Dorrance Publishing, →ISBN，頁 52:

色情演員，色情明星 在色情影片中進行性行為的人

‘I had no idea she was filming me. I was a reluctant porn star, you could say,’ Adam replied.

“我不知道她在拍我。你可以说我是一个非自愿的色情演员。”亚当回答道。

2017，Carmel Harrington，Cold Feet: The Lost Years:


give up the ghost

字面意思為死亡時從體内釋出靈魂。來自中古英語 "gaf up þe gost"，"ʒave up þe gost"，来自古英語短語如"hēo āġeaf hire gāst"（字面意思為她放棄了她的靈魂），"þæt iċ gāst mīnne āġifan mōte"（字面意思為我必須放棄我的靈魂）等。对比德語 den Geist aufgeben和荷蘭語 de geest geven。

gives up the ghost (third-person singular present)
giving up the ghost (present participle)
gave up the ghost (past)
given up the ghost (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-give up the ghost.ogg

And Ieſus cryed with a loude voice, and gaue vp the ghoſt.

耶穌大聲喊叫，氣就斷了。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Mark 15:37:

But McCartney, 50, is hardly ready to give up the ghost of his creative past.

1993年February8日，“A Magical History Tour”, in Time:

Burnett holds the door while Lowrey holds Francine. She's broken, crying, and giving up the ghost of her past.

Its Windows CE, ostensibly for consumer electronics, is flailing, largely because Microsoft has taken a PC mentality to develop CE, unable to give up the ghost of its heritage.

2000年January14日，Kevin Maney，“Gates closes an era Microsoft prepares to lay out a road map”, in USA Today:


uninitiated

His jargon-filled talk was gibberish to the uninitiated, but clear and concise to practitioners.

他的谈话充满了专业术语，对门外汉来说听着莫名其妙，但对从业者来说清晰而简练。

Even in the midst of the full swing of fancy, swayed to and fro by the many currants of thought that arise out of a single word, snatches of the verse from which the flight was taken will suddenly appear on the surface like a refrain or a keynote, showing that in reality there is a connexion, though hidden to the uninitiated.

1863，A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising its Antiquities, Biography, Geography and Natural History，Volume III. Red Sea-Zuzims, Little, Brown, and Co, Versions, Ancient (Targum)，頁s 1653-1654:

To the uninitiated, the belief not merely in the influence of the dead, but in their actual presence during secret rites is, or has until lately been, very real, and in so far as the uninitiated are brought into relation with the societies will possess a religious character.

1914，William Halse Rivers Rivers，The History of Melanesian Society，卷 2, Part 1, Adegi Graphics, 出版於 2001, →ISBN, Chapter XXXIII. Religion and Magic，頁 411:

A quick guide for the uninitiated

1962年January18日，“Tape recorders: A quick guide for the uninitiated”, in Changing Times: The Kiplinger Magazine，卷 16, 期 1, Kiplinger Washington Editors, →ISSN，頁 13:

Although the priests are the initiated, they remain ignorant and incapable of instructing the uninitiated in the proper method of painting the temples.

2008，David E. Johnson，Anthropology's Wake: Attending to the End of Culture，Fordham University Press, →ISBN, Ex-Cited Dialogue，頁 107:


shmup

Highlights include the great-looking shmup Judgement Silversword.

Galaga was probably the most influential of all of these because it added bonus levels and the power-up, a concept that has become standard in every shmup.

2005，Raph Koster，A Theory of Fun for Game Design:


all-you-can-eat

自助餐的 （支付固定价格后可无限享用食物的）

It's an all-you-can-eat deal, and students can use their meal cards at numerous campus snack bars and sandwich shops.

1995，Edward B Fiske，The Fiske Guide to Colleges 1995:

JT's serves all-you-can-eat prime rib on Wednesday nights for $18.99.

2007, Bob Sehlinger, Grant Rafter, Katie Brandon, Beyond Disney


trailblazing

more trailblazing (comparative)
most trailblazing (superlative)

开创性的，先驱的，创新的

One can only wonder what led Rothstein to claim that Neville was such a trail-blazing pornographer.

2011，Patrick Spedding，James Lambert，“Fanny Hill, Lord Fanny, and the Myth of Metonymy”, in Studies in Philology，卷 108, 期 1，頁 120:

The trailblazing Oaxacan chef Alejandro Ruiz […] has spiked this black-bean sauce with a hidden depth charge of flavor: patches of foliage from a local avocado tree. The leaves electrify the sauce with an unexpected thrum of black licorice.

2014年October25日，Jeff Gordinier，“In search of the perfect taco”, in T: The New York Times Style Magazine (international edition)，頁 100:


schnozz

可能借自意第緒語 שנויץ (shnoyts)，其源自德語 Schnauze (“鼻子”)。对比schnozzle。另一较少见理论认为其是一个受到schm-的影响或者和意第绪语单词联想而得到的nose的变体。至少1940年起已可考。

[…] you have got J-E-W written right across the middle of that face—look at the shnoz on him, for God’s sakes!

1969, Philip Roth, Portnoy’s Complaint, New York: Vintage, 1994, pp. 149-150,

In another talk, a DinoNose collaborator, Scott Sampson of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, pointed out a number of ridges in the ceratopsian schnozz that probably supported curtains of cartilage; these in turn may have served as scaffolding for layers upon layers of mucous membranes.

1999年November5日，Carl Zimmer，“Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: The Stories Behind the Bones”, in Science，卷 286, 期 5442, →DOI, →ISSN，頁s 1071-1074:


smug

可能源自中古低地德語 smuk (“轻柔的，纤弱的，修长的”)，但是英语词形内的 g 难以解释。源自一低地德語词，该词亦派生出北弗里斯蘭語 smok、丹麥語 smuk 和瑞典語 smukk（现已弃用或方言）。最终应派生自原始日耳曼語 *smeuganą。
对比中古高地德語 gesmuc (“饰品”) 和 smücken (“给...穿衣，打扮”)，两者最终源自 smiegen (“按入，插入；坐落于”)，因而有同源词德語 schmiegen、Schmuck 和 schmücken。但是德语形容词 schmuck 借自低地德語。详见 smock。

smugger (comparative)
smuggest (superlative)

刻意精致的，做作的，刻板的

They be so smug and smooth.
#*:: 它們如此之做作且光滑。

1556年，拉斐羅賓遜，《More’s Utopia: The English Translation thereof》

the smug and scanty draperies of his style

其風格的做作且窄小的布料

1828年，托馬斯·德·昆西，“Elements of Rhetoric”, in Blackwood's Magazine:


skanky

skankier (comparative)
skankiest (superlative)

Heavy Metal, Music from the Motion Picture (1981, Elektra): This movie is pretty lousy if you're sober and/or an adult, and the soundtrack should be either glammier or skankier, or maybe both.

2010，Chuck Klosterman，“The Jack Factor”, in Chuck Klosterman on Rock: A Collection of Previously Published Essays:


egg on

* 源自中古英語 eggen (“煽动；催促；唆使”)，源自古諾爾斯語 eggja (“促使”)，源自egg (“边缘”)。详见edge。
* 古旧形式“edge on”的变体。

eggs on (third-person singular present)
egging on (present participle)
egged on (past participle)

唆使，怂恿，哄骗 （尤指让某人去干蠢事或鲁莽的事）

Then I heard that at morning one brother the other / With edges of irons egged on to murder,

1892，Lesslie Hall (translator)，章號 35, in Beowulf:

He resented the idea of interference from those who had […] egged him on to a new peril.

1908，Robert Louis Stevenson，章號 25, in In the South Seas:

She had deliberately egged him on to wreck his prospects.

1912，P. G. Wodehouse，章號 8, in The Adventures of Sally:


the lady doth protest too much

出自莎士比亚作品《哈姆雷特》，为哈姆雷特之母女王葛楚的一句台词。剧中，“protest”指“坚持自己所言为实”（剧中即指戏子女王对爱的发言），而非“坚持他人所言为虚”。

the lady doth protest too much, methinks

（用于暗示某人过分强调自己说的是真的，因此反而其所说的肯定是假的。）此地无银三百两

In all Penelope's devotion to her husband there is an ever present sense that the lady doth protest too much.

1897，Samuel Butler，The Authoress of the Odyssey:


Shiba Inu

/ˌʃiːbə ˈiːnuː/

Even Dogecoin, a cryptocurrency that began as a joke with a perpetually surprised Shiba Inu dog for its symbol, has soared almost 1,000 percent over the last week to set a record.

2021年February8日，Nathaniel Popper，“Elon Musk and Snoop Dogg Push Cryptocurrencies to Record Highs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


billy goat

起於19世紀，來自源自人名 Billy。

There were once upon a time three Billy-goats, who were going up into the hills to get fat.

曾經有三頭公山羊，要上山去吃肥美的草。

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 141:


tant pis

Then deep melancholia struck her, the lace was left out of whatever fine lace should be kept in for moth protection, and the moths ate it up. Oh, well. Tant pis.

1975，Tennessee Williams，Memoirs，New Directions Publishing, 出版於 2006, →ISBN，頁 105:


smutty

smutties (third-person singular present)
smuttying (present participle)
smuttied (past participle)

[…] but went on smuttying her face and fingers at her little table, so littered with powder and blue and whitey-brown serpent cases that it looked like a Lilliputian arsenal.

1870年September1日，“Episodes in an Obscure Life”, in The Sunday Magazine，頁 713:


realisation

源自法語 réalisation，源自中古法語，等同於realise + -ation。

A widening of the M4 had long been mooted, and the Welsh Government had even earmarked most of the required £1.6bn funding for a new 14-mile, six-lane section around Newport. Then, in the face of opposition from environmentalists, came a realisation that similar road schemes across the world tend merely to encourage greater car use and therefore soon prove ineffective in solving the original problem.

2020年December2日，Christian Wolmar，“Wales offers us a glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, in Rail，頁 56:


provocateur

Gerard Mortier, an iconoclastic impresario and one of the opera world’s premier provocateurs, will become general manager and artistic director of the New York City Opera in 2009.

2007年February28日，Daniel J. Wakin，“City Opera Lures Director From Paris”, in New York Times:


homes

holmes的另一種拼寫法

Ghee said, "Yo, homes. This is my youngest baby, Marisol. Sweetie, say hi to Mr. Holman." Marisol told Holman it was a pleasure to meet him.

格依說道，“喲，兄弟。這是我的小女兒瑪麗索。寶貝，跟霍爾曼叔叔打聲招呼。”瑪麗索告訴霍爾曼，很高興見到他。

I said what's up Homes? What you doing over this side of the hood?

2008, Matthew Ray, Ethan Brown's Twisted Reality


heats

Everyone suffered during the heats of July.

七月三伏天，人人都難受。

The heats of the spring, says M. Berthe, (which I need not observe are considerable at Seville,) were at this time beginning to be felt.

伯莎女士說，春天的炎熱（我無需指出在塞维利亚已經相当炎热）這時就開始能感受得到。

1830，Usher Parsons，On the comparative influence of Vegetable and Animal Decomposition as a cause of Fever.:

During the heats of summer the mortar is injured by a too rapid desiccation.

在炎热的夏季，砂浆会因干燥过快而受损。

1871，Robert Scott Burn，Masonry, Bricklaying and Plastering，出版於 2015，頁 156:

Day after day succeeds of most delicious, dreamy softness; not enervating like the heats of summer, but exhilarating to soul and body.

日复一日延續著那最宜人、梦幻般的柔软；不像夏天的酷热那样令人疲倦，而是使灵魂和身体感到振奋。

1901，Albert Matthews，The Term Indian Summer，頁 34:


stirring

But Chelsea, who left Didier Drogba on the bench as coach Carlo Ancelotti favoured Fernando Torres, staged a stirring fightback to move up to fourth and keep United in their sights on a night when nothing other than victory would have kept the Blues in contention.

但是，由于教练卡洛·安切洛蒂偏爱费尔南多·托雷斯，切尔西将德罗巴留在了替补席上，他们上演了一场激动人心的反击战，上升到第四位，并在这个夜晚将曼联挡在了他们的视线之外，除了胜利，没有什么能让蓝军保持竞争优势。

2011年March1日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2 - 1 Man Utd [切爾西 2 - 1 曼聯]”, in BBC:

The opening crawl (and a stirring propaganda movie) informs us that “The Hunger Games” are an annual event in Panem, a North American nation divided into 12 different districts, each in service to the Capitol, a wealthy metropolis that owes its creature comforts to an oppressive dictatorship.
#*:: 开场白（和一部激动人心的宣传片）告诉我们，“饥饿游戏”是施惠国的一项年度活动。施惠国是一个位于北美的国家，国内分为12个不同的行政区，每个区都为都城服务，都城是一个富裕的大都市，它的物质享受依靠压迫性的独裁政权维持。

22 March 2012, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Hunger Gameshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-hunger-games,71293/


stirring

The reduction takes the central bank back to where it was in December 2005, when it began raising its key rate despite objections from some political figures and many economists about choking the early stirrings of a recovery in growth.

这次下调使欧元区的关键利率回到了2005年12月的水平，当时尽管一些政治人物和许多经济学家反对扼杀增长复苏的早期萌芽，欧洲央行依然开始提高关键利率。

2009年January16日，Carter Dougherty，“European Central Bank Cuts Key Rate [歐洲央行下調關鍵利率]”, in New York Times:


affecting

more affecting (comparative)
most affecting (superlative)

The moment when Tyrion firmly grabs his friend’s arm just before Dany utters the cue for Drogon to burn the eunuch alive is affecting, because it conveys both how much Tyrion cares for his friend, and also how much this is costing him.

维斯特洛在《权力的游戏》倒数第二季面临灾难性的最后一战

2019年May12日，Alex McLevy，“Westeros faces a disastrous final battle on the penultimate Game of Thrones (newbies) [维斯特洛在《权力的游戏》倒数第二季面临灾难性的最后一战]”, in The A.V. Club:


unsavoury

more unsavoury (comparative)
most unsavoury (superlative)

The lawyer and twice-divorced mother of three had presented herself as the modern face of her party, trying to strip it of unsavoury overtones after her father's convictions for saying the Nazi occupation of France was not "particularly inhumane".

在父亲因说纳粹对法国的占领并非“特别不人道”而被定罪后，这位有三个孩子、離過两次婚的律师母亲曾以该党的“新一代”面孔示人，试图使其摆脱因此被蒙上的不光彩。

2012年April23日，Angelique Chrisafis，“François Hollande on top but far right scores record result in French election [弗朗索瓦·奧朗德當選，但極右翼在法國選舉中取得歷史最高得票]”, in the Guardian:

England consolidated their position of power in pursuit of a place at next year's World Cup in Qatar with a hugely impressive victory against Hungary in a hostile and often unsavoury atmosphere in Budapest.

在布达佩斯敌对和经常令人感到讨厌的气氛中，英格兰对匈牙利取得了一场印象深刻的胜利，从而巩固了他们追求明年卡塔尔世界杯名次的实力。

2021年September2日，Phil McNulty，“Hungary 0-4 England [匈牙利 0-4 英格蘭]”, in BBC:


blossoming

“The Vagrants” begins on March 21, 1979 — the spring equinox — which is this careful writer’s way of telling us that a long winter of privation and darkness may be giving way, at last, to the blossomings of spring.

《漂泊者》的故事開始於1979年3月21日，那天正是春分。细心的作家通过这种方式告诉我们，漫长而艰难的黑暗冬天也许终将过去，迎來春天的绽放。

2009年March8日，Pico Iyer，“Crimes of Innocence”, in New York Times:


bringing

Now, it seems intuitively obvious that these indirect bringings about are genuine actions[…]

1984，Michael J. Zimmerman，An essay on human action，頁 93:


symbolise

symbolises (third-person singular present)
symbolising (present participle)
symbolised (past participle)

In summer 2020, the trains were unveiled at Wimbledon depot, and given the name Arterio. The operator said this symbolised its role as an artery for connecting the capital and beyond.

2020年夏季，“動脈號”列車在溫布爾登機務段正式發車。車長稱它象徵著連接首都及遠方的動脈作用。

2022年January12日，“Network News: Wait goes on for South Western Railway Arterios to start work”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 9:


hold up

holds up (third-person singular present)
holding up (present participle)
held up (past participle)

I've got to be to work now. Why are you holding me up?

我现在要去上班呢。你拦着我干嘛？

What is holding up traffic?

It worked to perfection. Ferrari's decision not to stop on the next lap simply made life easier, especially when Alonso was held up by Marussia's Charles Pic during that period - for which the Frenchman earned a drive-through penalty.

2012年May13日，Andrew Benson，“Williams's Pastor Maldonado takes landmark Spanish Grand Prix win”, in BBC Sport:

Hold up the table while I slide this underneath.

抬一下桌子，我把这个滑进去。

In order to accommodate the new platform 4 and the reversibly signalled slow line, a deep cutting had to be cut back and held up in places with a concrete retaining wall.

1962 June，David Walters，“The new station and layout at Coventry”, in Modern Railways，頁 405:


vanful

一辆客货车能容纳的人或物

For one thing, they are cheaper and more compact than older systems, which required a vanful of equipment and a dedicated tech nerd and cost thousands of dollars a week to rent.

2007年March25日，Jesse Green，“Theater’s Alive With the Sound of Laptops”, in New York Times:


Cape Verdean

I hear [...] the surf on the Cape Verdean beaches is incredible.

我聽說 … 在佛得角的海岸上衝浪很爽。

2015，Paul Beatty，The Sellout，Oneworld Publications (2016)，頁 219:


Chin

源自官話 晉／晋 (Jìn)的威妥瑪拼音。

Jin的另一種寫法：晉國；晉朝

The most amazing poems in human history are the Huêi-wên-tʻü or the revolving chart, by Lady Su Huêi, of the Chin Dynasty (265-419), and the Chʻien-tzŭ-wên, or thousand-character literature, by Chou Hsing-ssŭ, (fifth century a.d.)

人類歷史上最為神奇的詩文，一是晉朝（265-419）才女蘇蕙所作的《迴文圖》，又名《璇璣圖》；二是周興嗣（西元5世紀）所作的《千字文》。

1929，Witter Bynner（譯者）, The Jade Mountain [群玉山頭]，Alfred A. Knopf, 出版於 1967, →OCLC，頁 xxxvi:

The second significant feature in the development of Chinese literature is the immense influence of Buddhist literature on the development of every sphere of Chinese literature since the East Chin Period (A.D. 317).

中國文學發展中的第二個顯著特徵，在於東晉（西元317年）以來，佛教的影響開始大範圍滲透到中國文學當中。

1964，Lai Ming，A History of Chinese Literature [中國文學史]，New York: John Day Company, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 3:

Wang Tao, the head of a great northern family, emigrated to the south and there became the chief architect of the Eastern Chin dynasty, a regime noted for excellent calligraphy.

王導，這名北方世家之首，也南渡建康，後來登上東晉——這一以優秀書法而聞名之朝代——的宰相。

1979，Bradley Smith，Wan-go Weng，China: A History in Art [中國藝術史]，Doubleday & Co., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 100-101:


Dominican

源自Dominica + -an或Dominic + -an。对比拉丁語 dominicānus。

more Dominican (comparative)
most Dominican (superlative)

The first night, I did nothing more than have a glass of wine at Faust Wine Cellar, located under the Dominican cloister that houses the Hilton Budapest Hotel in the Buda Castle complex.

第一晚，我只是去了浮士德酒窖品了品酒，這座酒窖位於布達城堡建築群中，就在布達佩斯希爾頓酒店所在的道明會修院下面。

2014年January30日，Seth Kugel，“Wintertime Bargains in Budapest”, in The New York Times:


Dane

源自中古英語 Dane，源自古諾爾斯語 danir。代替本土的古英語 Dene。兩者均源自原始日耳曼語 *daniz。

丹麥人，來自丹麥或具有丹麥血統的人

Fresleven - that was the fellow’s name, a Dane - thought himself wronged somehow in the bargain, so he went ashore and started to hammer the chief of the village with a stick.

斐斯勒文，那個丹麥人，覺得自己買賣吃了虧，於是走到岸邊，開始用棒子猛敲村長。

1899 Feb，Joseph Conrad，“The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine，頁 198:

Kenett states that the military works still known by the name of Tadmarten Camp and Hook-Norton Barrow were cast up at this time ; the former, large and round, is judged to be a fortification of the Danes, and the latter, being smaller and rather a quinquangle than a square, of the Saxons.

肯尼特指出，塔德瑪頓營地和胡克-諾頓古墳等軍事設施，都是在這一時期建造的；前者大而圓，一般認定是丹人的防禦設施；後者小，比起方形來說更像是五邊形，一般認為是薩克遜人建造的。

1881，John Kirby Hedges，The history of Wallingford，卷 1，頁 170:


Ghanaian

‘I lost my job as the personal chef to the Ghanaian Ambassador to Nigeria.’

“我丟掉了作為加納駐尼日利亞大使私人廚師的工作”

2020，Abi Daré，The Girl With The Louding Voice，Sceptre，頁 145:


Ghanaian

The locals did this, waiting for tourists to disembark so that they could con them into paying for things Ghanaians knew were free.

當地人這麼做，等待著遊客們下車，這樣就可以騙他們，為那些加納人免費就能搞定的事情花錢。

2016，Yaa Gyasi，Homegoing，Penguin Books (2017)，頁 264:


Grenadian

We agreed that the operation would have to be mounted under conditions of the strictest secrecy, so that the Grenadian forces and Cubans on Grenada would not have time to bring in reinforcements or to make a run for the American students at St. George's University Medical School.

我们同意，这次行动必须在最严格的保密条件下进行，这样格林纳达的部队和岛上的古巴人就没有时间带来增援，也没有时间把圣乔治大学医学院的美国学生带走。

1990，Ronald Reagan，An American Life，Pocket Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 450:


Irishman

It is so absurd to advance into the presence of savage royalty after the fashion of an Irishman driving a pig to market, for that is what we looked like, and the idea nearly made me burst out laughing then and there.

以爱尔兰人赶着猪去市场的方式进入野蛮的皇室，这太荒唐了，因为我们看起来就像这样，这个想法几乎让我当时就笑出声来。

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:


Ivorian

/aɪˈvɔːɹiən/

Battling Bolton disputed the goal, claiming Drogba was offside, but the Ivorian appeared to have timed his angled run across the visitors back line to perfection to race onto a fine Michael Essien pass and ensure Chelsea moved back into fourth place in the Premier League.

博尔顿对进球提出异议，声称德罗巴越位，但科特迪瓦人似乎对他斜着跑过客队后防线的时间把握得很好，接到迈克尔·埃辛的妙传，确保切尔西回到英超联赛的第四位。

2010年December29日，Chris Whyatt，“Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC:


Kazakhstani

more Kazakhstani (comparative)
most Kazakhstani (superlative)

Unlike Ali G Indahouse, Baron Cohen’s failed attempt to bring his most famous character into an entirely fictional universe, Borat found the comic tension in placing his Kazakhstani buffoon in delicate social situations, like a rodeo where he supports the “War Of Terror” a bit too zealously.

2012年May15日，Scott Tobias，“Film: Reviews: The Dictator”, in The Onion AV Club: