cumulonimbus

cumulonimbuses (plural)
cumulonimbi (plural)

The one to the east (which at the moment seemed to be leaping straight out of the heart of a sinister slaty-purple patch of cumulonimbus) drained the Lake of the Hanging Glaciers; that to the west a desolate rock and ice-walled valley which was rimmed by some of the highest summits in the Selkirks.

1921，Lewis R. Freeman，章號 III, in Down the Columbia:


Indian Ocean

In the west, the outer periphery of the Inner Zone is the great divide separating Pacific Ocean and South China Sea drainage on the one hand, from drainage oriented towards Hsin-chiang in the northwest and towards the Indian Ocean in the southwest, on the other.

1970，Joseph B. R. Whitney，China: Area, Administration, and Nation Building，Department of Geography, University of Chicago, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 38:


diatom

源自（已棄用的）屬名 Diatoma，源自古希臘語 διάτομος (diátomos，“切开，切成两半”)。

Diatoms are enclosed in two shells that fit together like a pillbox.

硅藻被包裹在两个像碉堡一样贴合在一起的壳中。

1967，George K. Reid，Pond Life，New York: Golden Press, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 31:

Diatoms are characterized by a cell wall called a fistula made of silica, which usually has two overlapping sections.

硅藻的特点是细胞壁由二氧化硅制成，称为藻壳，通常有两个重叠的部分。

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，Granta Books, 出版於 2013，頁 287:


diatom

We show here, through a systematic study of the covalent chemical bond covering the entire periodic system, that the maximum bond multiplicity is six. The maximum value is reached by the tungsten diatom, W₂. No other pair of atoms in the periodic system (atomic numbers smaller than about 100) reaches a higher bond order.

2007，Björn O. Roos, Antonio C. Borin, Laura Gagliardi，“Reaching the Maximum Multiplicity of the Covalent Chemical Bond”, in Angewandte Chemie，卷 46, 期 9, →DOI，存檔自the original on 2024-04-27，頁s 1469–1472:


discontinuity

來自晚期拉丁語 discontinuitās，來自discontinuus，等同於dis- + continuity。

Shock waves are sudden discontinuities propagated in compressible media – usually air.

2012，George Dyson，Turing's Cathedral，Penguin, 出版於 2013，頁 57:


effective nuclear charge

On the other hand, many concepts on atomic structure (energy levels, ionization potentials, electronegativity of the elements, and so on) are discussed in terms of effective nuclear charges.

1999 September，O. Sala, K. Araki, L. K. Noda，“A Procedure to Obtain the Effective Nuclear Charge from the Atomic Spectrum of Sodium”, in Journal of Chemical Education，卷 76, 期 9，頁 1269:


elytron

古典借詞，源自古希臘語 ἔλυτρον (élutron，“鞘”)。

In a corner, the Darkling Beetle rustles in its Cage, its Elytra the same unforgiving white as the great sand-waste call’d ‘Kalahari’ lying north of here […]

[…] the elytra covering the hind wings of the firefly lift like a light leather, suppler than any other beetle’s.

2020，Aimee Nezhukumatathil，World of Wonders: In Praise of Fireflies, Whale Sharks, and Other Astonishments，Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, →ISBN，頁 9:


meander

源自拉丁語 Maeander，源自古希臘語 Μαίανδρος (Maíandros)，小亚细亚地区（现位于土耳其）的一条蜿蜒曲折的河流（现代土耳其語 Menderes）。

See, how the streams advancing to the main, / Through crooked channels draw their crystal train! / While lingering thus they in meanders glide, / They scatter verdant life on either side.

1712，Sir Richard Blackmore，Creation: A Philosophical Poem:

That journey in the spring of 1891 tracked historical underpinnings of the edifice that Einstein built. Our story will be an extremely interesting mental meander to trace the evolution some of the aspects of relativity theory from the beginning.

2014年August1日，Enders A. Robinson, Dean Clark，Remote Sensing in Action: The Curious Case of Sherlock Holmes and Albert Einstein，SEG Books, →ISBN，頁 30:

Markings on Meander Corners. On all meander corners, the letters “M. C.” ( for meander corner) will be cut into the side facing the stream or lake to be meandered. On post or tree meander corners, within township exteriors[…]

1894，United States Bureau of Land Management，Manual of Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States and Private Land Claims，頁 44:

And as to the lands that were within the national meander boundaries, that description was based upon a state survey?

1911，United States House Committee on Public Lands，Providing for Appeals from Decisions of the Interior Department in Land Matters: Hearing Held Before the Committee on the Public Lands of the House Representatives, June 22, 1910, on H.R. 27071, "To Provide for Appeals from Decisions of the Secretary of the Interior to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, and for Other Purposes."，頁 56:


meander

meanders (third-person singular present)
meandering (present participle)
meandered (past participle)

The stream meandered through the valley.

Instead of a rivulet meandering downwards, there was a foaming brown torrent racing over the ledge, carrying down great loose stones with it and falling with a loud roar far down into the unseen chasm below.

1881，Edwin Lester Arnold，On the Indian Hills:

I'd forgotten how scenic parts of the line are - the railway crosses a host of streams while meandering through meadows or skirting woodland.

2020年November18日，Paul Bigland，“New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, in Rail，頁 51:


washout

wash out 的動詞派生詞。

washaway

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠

No. 21C9 was in need of a boiler washout and though she was carefully and assiduously fired and use made of the fire-irons during the run, it was not possible to maintain steam, which often fell as low as 210 lb.

1944 March–April，E. S. Waterhouse，“Two Footplate Rides on ‘Merchant Navy’ Locomotives”, in The Railway Magazine，London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 88:

In recent months, as we have already reported, boiler washouts of Stratford's "Britannia" Pacifics have been carried out at Norwich, owing to the better staff situation at the latter shed, […]

1959 April，“Motive Power Miscellany: Eastern Region”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 224:

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠 洪水造成的铁路或路面缺口

同類詞：slipout

In a message to NR [National Rail] staff on August 14, Haines said: "It's not just Scotland impacted by extreme wet weather. This week we have seen, and will continue to see, heavy rain fall. This has caused washouts and landslips across the length and breadth of Great Britain."

2020年August26日，“Network News: [Grant] Shapps Orders Rapid Review of Flash Flood Resilience from NR”, in Rail，Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 9:

The Austin picnic was a washout, rained all day.

1939，The Railroad Telegrapher，卷 56, Peoria, Ill.: Order of Railroad Telegraphers, →OCLC，頁 779:

Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout [title]

2011年March28日，“Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout”, in ABC News，Sydney, N.S.W.，存檔自the original on 2023-03-03:

[Joe] Biden failed to flip crucial toss-up states such as Florida and Ohio and pull off the blue washout his supporters had been touting.

2020年November5日，Jack Elsom，“‘We were told this was going to be a landslide!’ Piers Morgan blames the Democrats and Joe Biden’s lacklustre campaign for closer than predicted presidential race”, in Daily Mail，London: DMG Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2020-11-19:

With the ex-president [Donald Trump] facing heat for the GOP's midterm washout, there is conflict on if he should hold off next week's event [subtitle]

2022年November11日，Hugo Lowell，“Rift in Trump’s inner circle over 2024 presidential campaign announcement”, in 衛報，倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-05-16:


equilibrium

源自拉丁語 aequilībrium，源自aequus (“相等”) + lībra (“平衡”)。

equilibriums (plural)
equilibria (plural)

/ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/

It now appears that the locomotive did not blow up, as was commonly stated at the time, but that the aeroplane flew so low as to come into contact with the dome of the engine, knocking it off. It was the combination of the impact and the uprush of steam that so disturbed the equilibrium of the raider as to cause it to crash.

1943 May and June，“Notes and News: Effective Locomotive "Ack-Ack" Fire”, in Railway Magazine，頁 180:


estuary

源自拉丁語 aestuarium (“溪流；河口”)。

/ˈɛst͡ʃʊəɹi/

/ˈɛst͡ʃuˌɛɹi/

The railway then follows the widening estuary of the river, which at high tide has the appearance of a lake, but at low water presents a rather cheerless expanse of dark mud.

鐵路隨後沿著不斷擴大的河口行駛，漲潮時河口看起來像一個湖泊，但退潮時則呈現出一片頗為淒涼的黑色泥灘。

1953 February，H. A. Vallance，“To Brighton through the Shoreham Gap”, in Railway Magazine，頁 82:

There's something special about tidal estuaries, due to the abundance of wildlife and the ever-changing scenes as the water ebbs or rises. Throw in some moody skies and filtered sunlight, and the views can resemble a painting by Turner - only you don't have to go to the National Gallery to see this, it's brought to your seat on a train.

潮汐河口有著獨特的魅力，因為這裡有著豐富的野生動物，隨著水位的漲落，景色也千變萬化。再加上陰沉的天空和過濾的陽光，這裡的景色就像是特納的畫作──只不過你不必去國家美術館就能看到，它就在你的火車座位上。

2020年December2日，Paul Bigland，“My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail，頁 65:


remember

源自中古英語 remembren，源自古法語 remembrer，源自晚期拉丁語 rememorari (“想起，回想起”)，源自re- + memor (“留心的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*(s)mer- (“想，留心，记”)。同源词包括古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)、古英語 māmorian (“权衡，思量，策划”)。还见mammer。
古法语的继承因该与现存日耳曼词的发音词义相近而得到推动：古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)←原始日耳曼語 *mimrōną、*mīmrōną (“记得，留心”)，源自同一印欧语词源，且与薩特弗里斯蘭語 mīmerje (“考量”)、中古低地德語 mimeren (“考量，思索”)、中古荷蘭語 mimeren (“考量”)（荷蘭語 mijmeren (“沉思，深思”)）、古英語 mimor (“留心的”)、古諾爾斯語 Mímir、Mim (“斯堪的纳维亚的记忆之神”)、古英語 māmrian (“想起；策划”)有亲缘关系。与mourn有关。
取代了本土词中古英語 ȝemuneȝen (“记忆”)，源自古英語 ġemynegian (“记忆；提醒”); 中古英語 minnen (“记得”)，源自古諾爾斯語 minna (“提醒”); 中古英語 munden、ȝemunden (“留意，记得”)，源自古英語 ġemynd (“记忆力”)、中古英語 ithenchen、ȝethenchen (“回想；记得”)，源自古英語 ġeþencan、中古英語 manien (“提醒，提到，记忆”)，源自古英語 manian (“劝诫，提醒，提到”)。

remembers (third-person singular present)
remembering (present participle)
remembered (past participle)

义项1中，本词是搭配动名词形式的链接动词。 义项3中，本词是搭配to不定式的链接动词。

In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gayly bore me along the well-remembered road.

1852，Mrs M.A. Thompson，“The Tutor's Daughter”, in Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion，頁 266:

[…] I remember a lady coming to inspect St. Mary's Home where I was brought up and seeing us all in our lovely Elizabethan uniforms we were so proud of, and bursting into tears all over us because “it was wicked to dress us like charity children”.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 6, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

A man's vision reflects his memories. As I looked out on the nation from the President's Oval Office, my reflections included images burned deep in my mind for over a half a century. I remembered my father's concern for the tenant farmer and for the workers' need for collective bargaining. I remembered my mother's deep faith in the value of education. I remembered the pinched and hopeless look of poverty I saw on the faces of the Mexican-American children I had taught. I remembered the army of jobless and ragged men who rode grimy boxcars across our country during the Depression. These and a hundred other separate recollections of struggle and hope were all part of my heritage. They formed a portion of the background against which I developed the programs I felt America wanted and needed.

1971，Lyndon Johnson，The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 104:

Remember me? I live in your building.
#*::
 音頻 (美國)： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

To heal, we must remember. It's hard sometimes to remember, but that's how we heal. It's important to do that as a nation.

But soon, remembering her how brief the whole
Of joy, which its own hours annihilate,
Her set gaze gathered

1870，Dante Gabriel Rossetti，Secret Parting，行s 5–7:

My aunt remembered me in her will, leaving me several thousand pounds.

我姨妈在遗嘱里写了我的名字，给了我几千英镑。

Waitresses, mail carriers, and teachers were often remembered on Boxing Day.

2003，Little Visits 365 Family Devotions: Building Faith for a Lifetime，Concordia Publishing House:


remember

knit 'this scattered corn into one mutual sheaf, / these broken limbs again into one body' - in other words, how to resurrect the dismembered god, to remember Osiris. Yet the only body made whole in these expert, lowering poems is the body of this death.

According to these mysteries, the rites of fashioning or remembering Osiris came to be interpreted as remembering Egypt. Egypt was the body of Osiris, dismembered and scattered across the land.

2008，Jan Assmann，Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the Rise of Monotheism，頁 42:

She remembered Osiris by putting his pieces back together and mating with him one last time, conceiving Horus, who eventually avenged his father's death.

2010，Sandra Ingerman，Medicine for the Earth，頁 100:

To dismember is to tear apart; / To re-member is to put back together. / The old must be dismembered / So that which was prior to it / May be remembered. / Therefore, to re-mind is / To dismember and then re-member.

2012，Roy Melvyn，The Lost Writings of Wu Hsin: Pointers to Non Duality in Five Volumes，Lulu Press, Inc, →ISBN:


could

源自中古英語 coude、couthe、cuthe，源自古英語 cūþe，cunnan (“能够”)（对比相关词cūþ，派生出couth）的直陈过去式或虚拟式。受到与should和would类比的影响，“L”在16世纪初叶引入，两词的“L”常被错误略去的现象（产生了shudd和wode等词形）可能也起到了推动作用。

When the golf ball is there, the whole self-interference package — the hopes, worries, and fears; the thoughts on how-to and how-not-to; the woulds, the coulds, and the shoulds — is there too.

1996，Fred Shoemaker，Extraordinary Golf: The Art of the Possible，頁 88:

Shushona you must learn to rightfully prioritize all the woulds, shoulds and coulds of your life.

2010，Shushona Novos，The Personal Universal: A Guidebook for Spiritual Evolution，頁 395:


hate

源自中古英語 hate (名词)，可能源自古英語 hatian (“恨”，动词)和/或古諾爾斯語 hatr (“恨”，名词)。与中古英語 hete、hæte、heate (“恨”)产生合并，它们源自古英語 hete，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz (“仇恨”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂d- (“强烈情感”)。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 haat、荷蘭語 haat、德語 Hass、挪威語及瑞典語 hat。
动词源自中古英語 haten，源自古英語 hatian (“恨，仇视”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hatēn，源自原始日耳曼語 *hatāną (“恨”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz，源自上面的同一词根。

hates (third-person singular present)
hating (present participle)
hated (past participle)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

一般作状态动词，罕用进行时态。见:Category:英語狀態動詞。

People who hate broccoli may have super-sensitive taste buds.


wait

源自中古英語 waiten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 waiter、waitier（对比法語 guetter←古法語 gaitier、guaitier)，源自古法蘭克語 *wahtwēn (“看守，守卫”)，派生自古法蘭克語 *wahtu (“看守”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wahtwō (“看守”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“鲜，快乐”)。同源词有古高地德語 wahtēn (“看守，守卫”)、德國低地德語 wachten (“等”)、荷蘭語 wachten (“等”)、法語 guetter (“守候”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 wachtje (“等”)、西弗里斯蘭語 wachtsje (“等”)、北弗里斯蘭語 wachtjen (“待命”)。详见watch。
很大程度上取代了本土词古英語 bīdan。

waits (third-person singular present)
waiting (present participle)
waited (past participle)

await

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

to wait one’s turn

The Court had assembled, to wait events, in the huge antechamber known as the Œil de Boeuf.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 30:

Wait here until your car arrives.

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or otherwise his man would be there with a message to say that his master would shortly join me if I would kindly wait.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC，頁 46:

The South London tramway replacement will have to wait, possibly five years, because of the slowing down of bus manufacture due to national requirements.

1948 March and April，“Notes and News: London Transport Plans”, in Railway Magazine，頁 132:

Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee, / And everlasting anguish be thy portion.

1714，Nicholas Rowe，The Tragedy of Jane Shore:

Montague Thorold, who impatiently watched her wherever she went, came to tell her that his mother waited breakfast for her.

1791，Charlotte Smith，Celestina，Broadview, 出版於 2004，頁 185:

等待，盼望 （自己的伴侣长时间离开后归来）

She did not question him. Before leaving, she asked only, "When will I see you again?" He answered, "I don't know. Don't wait for me, Dagny. Next time we meet, you will not want to see me."

1957，Dagny Taggart, Francisco d'Anconia, Ayn Rand's，Atlas Shrugged:

I will wait / Even if it takes forever / I will wait / Even if it takes a lifetime


wait

They lay in wait for the patrol.

an enemy in wait

1667，John Milton，“Book 4”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


meanwhile

繼承自中古英語 menewhile，等同於mean (“中間”) + while。是副詞in the mean while的省略，名詞通常用在形容詞後面。

There was a party going on downstairs. Meanwhile, I was reading a book.

樓下在開派對。而同時，我正在看書。

Meanwhile Nanny Broome was recovering from her initial panic and seemed anxious to make up for any kudos she might have lost, by exerting her personality to the utmost. She took the policeman's helmet and placed it on a chair, and unfolded his tunic to shake it and fold it up again for him.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

We’re going on holiday next month; meanwhile, keep working on the project.

我們下個月要去度假；同時還要繼續寫專案。

The day may dawn when fair play, love for one's fellow men, respect for justice and freedom, will enable tormented generations to march forth triumphant from the hideous epoch in which we have to dwell. Meanwhile, never flinch, never weary, never despair.

1955年March1日，Winston Churchill，“Defence”, in parliamentary debates (House of Commons)，列 1905:

“[…] I’m not ignoring you, I’m very sorry, I’ll talk to you soon. Meanwhile, get your tickets.”

2004，David Osterczy，Interknot: Adventures in Internet Dating, →ISBN，頁 134:

Some songs on the album are beautiful. Meanwhile, others are quite forgettable.

專輯裡有些歌寫得很棒，可其他的卻顯得很不抓耳。

When you are in the studio you don’t have anybody to feed off of, meanwhile when you are playing live you interact with people and you feel the energy in the room.

2013年March29日，Markos Papadatos，引 Marina Diamandis, “Marina And The Diamonds on 'How to be a Heartbreaker'”, in Greek Reporter:


beg

源自中古英語 beggen，古英語 *becgan、*bedcan、*bedican的同化形，bedecian (“乞求，懇求”)的中略形，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *bedagô (“請求者；乞丐”)，源自*bedą、*bedō (“祈禱；請求”)。與北弗里斯蘭語 bēdagi (“祈禱”)、哥特語 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa，“乞丐”)、古英語 biddan (“要求”)有關。參見bid、bead；也見書面挪威語 be (“乞求，要求”)。

“Lord,” I prayed, “it's a long time since I came to You for anything besides a quick beg for help. And it seems every time I come to You I'm asking something bigger, more impossible. But I'm here again. […]

2008，Cathy Gohlke，William Henry is a Fine Name/I Have Seen Him in the Watchfires Set:


blind

源自中古英語 blynd，源自古英語 blind，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blind，源自原始日耳曼語 *blindaz。

blinder (comparative)
blindest (superlative)

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

there are none so blind as those who will not see

死的，不通的，没有出路的

a blind alley

a blind fistula

a blind gut

The naric-hypophysial canal was blind at both ends, and paired olfactory sacs opened into it, as well as a narrow canal from the front of the gut.

1898, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (page 498)

North Richmond street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers' School set the boys free.


blind

A blind bearing the monogram G.V.T. is pulled down over the waiting room window as if still in mourning for the passing of the railway.

1941 June，“Notes and News: The Derelict Glyn Valley Tramway”, in Railway Magazine，頁 279:

Light filtered in through the blinds of the french windows. It made tremulous stripes along the scrubbed pine floor.

1956，Delano Ames，章號 12, in Crime out of Mind:


sabbath

Sabbath的首字母小寫形。

Far-right activists had organised their protest for the Jewish sabbath in an area with a 40% Jewish population.

2015年June30日，Harriet Sherwood，“London neo-Nazi rally moved after outcry from Jewish leaders and MPs”, in The Guardian:


swimming pool

swimming-pool (alternative)
swimming pools (plural)

Fortunately, a waterfall thrums down the nearby mountains and forms a natural swimming pool at the entrance.

幸运的是，瀑布从附近的山上流下来，在入口处形成一个天然游泳池。

2009，Sean Harvey，The Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic, →ISBN，頁 321:


fauna

源自新拉丁語 fauna，來自拉丁語 Fauna，和Faunus (“森林和牧人之神”)相關；與古希臘語 θαῦνον (thaûnon，“野生動物、野獸”)、θώς (thṓs，“胡狼，野狗；豹”)、弗里吉亞語 δάος (dáos，“狼”)同族。

faunae (plural)
faunas (plural)
faunæ (plural)

動物相 （自18世紀晚期）

the fauna of China

Japanese waters also support a rich and diverse shark fauna, including the smallest known shark Squaliolus laticaudus, and the bizarre goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

1983，Richard Ellis，The Book of Sharks，Knopf, →ISBN，頁 199:


fidelity

15世纪，源自中古英語 [具體何詞?]，源自中古法語 fidélité，源自拉丁語 fidēlitās，源自fidēlis (“忠实的”)，源自fidēs (“忠诚”)（英语faith），源自原始印歐語 *bʰidʰ-，*bʰeydʰ- (“命令；托付”)（英语bide）的零母音形式。fealty 的同源對似詞。

By placing them closer to the source, we can reduce the number of messages in the system and this in turn is likely to improve the fidelity of the system.

2003，Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth International Conference on Very Large Databases, Berlin, Germany, 9-12 September, 2003，頁 58:


fjord

非同化借詞，源自挪威語 fjord，源自古諾爾斯語 fjǫrðr，源自原始日耳曼語 *ferþu、*ferþuz (“水湾，峡湾”)，源自原始印歐語 *pértus (“交叉口”)，源自*per- (“前”) + *-tus (从动词词根构成动作名词的后缀)。firth、ford和port 的同源對似詞。

About 20 English miles beyond this river, which is the largest in Norway, the road crosses the fjord which forms the boundary of the two kingdoms [Norway and Sweden]; and whose waters but too often in former days were dyed with the life-blood of many a bold mountaineer who crossed the "border stream" never to return.

1839，T. D. W[hatley]，“Section II. Norway.”, in A Hand-book for Travellers in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Russia, being a Guide to the Principal Routes in Those Countries, […]，London: John Murray, […]; Leipzig: Black and Armstrong, →OCLC，頁 73:

At last one gave a deep groan, and another declared that the spirits of the fiord were against them, and there was no doubt that their boat was now lying twenty fathoms deep, at the bottom of the creek; drawn down by the strong hand of an angry water-spirit. [...] Another said he would not go till he had looked abroad over the fiord, for some chance of seeing the boat.

1841，Harriet Martineau，“The Water Sprites’ Doings.”, in Feats on the Fiord. A Tale (The Playfellow; a Series of Tales to be Published Quarterly; 3)，London: Charles Knight & Co., […], →OCLC，頁s 123–124:

Like most of the larger inlets, and some of the inland lakes, the Sogne fjord is much deeper than the sea beyond, the depth in places being upwards of 4,000 feet, [...] Before the "glacial epoch," thousands of streams commenced the work of erosion and produced valleys and gorges. During the glacial epoch these channels were enlarged, and lake basins were hollowed out. The descending glaciers ground out fjords to their full length when the glacial epoch was at its height, but as it declined they ground out the inner parts to a still greater depth, producing the present character of the marine fjords, and giving rise to lake hollows in other places.

1894 August，Spitzbergen and Norway in August 1894: Itinerary of the Pleasure Cruise of the “S.S. Lusitania.” From 1st August to 2nd September (33 Days)，London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited […], →OCLC，頁 46:

Disenchantment Bay, as the Yakutat Bay inlet is called north of Point Latouche, is bordered on the east by the steep hills of the peninsula and on the west by the main mountain front. Its coast is precipitous and through nearly its entire length it is a true mountain-walled fiord. The two mountain walls approach each other at Point Latouche almost at right angles, and Disenchantment Bay enters between them with a nearly north-south axis.

1909，Ralph S[tockman] Tarr，“General Physiography”, in The Yakutat Bay Region, Alaska (United States Geographical Survey, Department of the Interior, Professional Paper; 64)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, part I (Physiography and Glacial Geology)，頁 15:

In the center of Mount Desert Island is deep Somes Sound, almost bisecting the island and forming the only natural fjord on the entire Atlantic Coast of North America.

1951，Richard A. Hebert，“Hancock County”, in Modern Maine: Its Historic Background, People and Resources，卷 II, New York, N.Y.: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, part III (A County by County Descriptive Outline of City, Town and Country in Maine)，頁 281:

The warm Alaska Current raises the water temperature off the coast of the monument to approximately 55°F. in the summer, while winter temperatures range from 37.5° to 40°F. Temperatures in individual fjords vary due to tidewater glaciers and fresh water flowing into the fjords [...].

1973 December，“Description of the Environment”, in Proposed Harding Icefield–Kenai Fjords National Monument, Alaska: Draft Environmental Impact Statement DES 73-86，[Washington, D.C.: Alaska Planning Group, National Park Service, Department of the Interior], →OCLC, section II.A.1 (Physical Environment)，頁 51:

Why should the flow of water within a fjord be of interest to the geologist? After all, fjordic geomorphology has changed little over the last few thousand years. One reason is that attention has recently focused on fjords as archives of Holocene climate change.

2010，M. E. Inall, P. A. Gillibrand，“The Physics of Mid-latitude Fjords: A Review”, in Fjord Systems and Archives (Geographical Society Special Publication; no. 344)，London: The Geological Society, →ISBN，頁 17:

Fiords are glacially carved oceanic intrusions into land. They are often deep and narrow with a sill in the mouth. Waters from neighboring seas and locally supplied fresh water fill up the fiords, often leading to strong stratification. Fiords with tidewater glaciers also contain glacial ice. During transport into and stay in the fiord, mixing processes modify the properties of imported water masses.

2019，J. N. Moum, W. D. Smyth，“Upper Ocean Mixing”, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences，卷 I (Marine Biogeochemistry), London, San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, →ISBN，頁 75:


fluoridation

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fluoridation.wav

添加氟化物（尤其是水中，以預防蛀牙）

Israel's decision to ban fluoridation follows a vote to preclude the practice in Portland, Ore., and Wichita, Kan. It was also recently overturned in Hamilton, the fourth most populous city in New Zealand.

在以色列决定禁止添加氟化物之前，俄勒冈州波特兰市和堪萨斯州威奇托市已经投票禁止了这种做法。新西兰第四大人口城市汉密尔顿最近也推翻了该决定。

2013年August9日，Douglas Main，“Israel Outlaws Water Fluoridation”, in Live Science, retrieved 2013-09-30:


funnel

源自中古英語 funell、fonel，可能经由古法語 *founel（对比中古法語 fonel、古奧克語 fonilh、enfounilh），源自拉丁語 fundibulum、infundibulum (“漏斗”)，源自infundere (“倒入”)；in (“内”) + fundere (“倾倒”)，对比布列塔尼語 founilh (“漏斗”)、威爾士語 ffynel (“气孔，烟囱”)。参见fuse。

funnels (third-person singular present)
funnelling (present participle)
funneling (present participle)
funnelled (past participle)
funneled (past participle)

导向，引导到 （资金，资源，感情等）

Our taxes are being funnelled into pointless government initiatives.

Like so many others, I was awestruck by the first season, which captured a moment in time and successfully funnelled its rage outwards at a world in which women are indeed silenced, controlled and killed by men.

2018年June16日，Fiona Sturges，“Cattleprods! Severed tongues! Torture porn! Why I’ve stopped watching the Handmaid’s Tale”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2020-02-05:

用漏斗喝 （常指聚会上活跃氛围的活动）

The first time he did it was to this freshman Kevin Ryers and we all just burst out laughing, watching Kevin try to funnel a beer.

2013，Jonathan Caren，The Recommendation，頁 31:


glower

源自glore的一个（可能是苏格兰语的）变体，源自中古英語 glōren、glouren (“照耀；瞪着”)，或原子glow (“盯着”，弃用)，最终源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼语支）语言。同源词有低地德語 gloren (“闪烁；发微光”)、中古荷蘭語 gloren、冰島語 glóra。还见glare。

glowers (third-person singular present)
glowering (present participle)
glowered (past participle)

怒视 （自15世纪末叶）

[...] Last Morning I was unco airly out, / Upon a Dyke I lean'd and glowr'd about; / I ſaw my Meg come linkan o'er the Lee, / I ſaw my Meg, but Maggie ſaw na me: [...]

[1720?]，[Allan Ramsay]，Patie and Roger: A Pastoral Inscribed to Josiah Burchet Esq; Secretary of the Admiralty，[Edinburgh?: Thomas Ruddiman for the author?], →OCLC，頁 9:

Here the Neapolitan appeared at the door, glouring at us both. Velvet-Hood was back in her place in an instant. Said he, in his snarling way, his black eyes shooting out sparkles. "What is this hole and corner work? These confidences when I am gone—speak?"

1858年May1日，[Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald]，“By Night Express”, in Household Words. A Weekly Journal，卷 XVII, 期 423, London: Published at the office, 16, Wellington Street North, Strand; printed by Bradbury & Evans, Whitefriars, London, →OCLC，頁 479:

Andersonville, to-day, presents a striking contrast to the Andersonville of the "Confederacy." [...] No bayonet gleams from the sentry-boxes on the stockade or the dark red earthworks; no frowning muzzle of field artillery glowers from the embrasures of the battery, overlooking town and prison; [...]

1868，S. H. M. Byers，“Appendix. Andersonville as It Was and Is. [From the Boston Transcript.]”, in What I Saw in Dixie; or Sixteen Months in Rebel Prisons，Dansville, N.Y.: Robbins & Poore, printers, Express Printing House, →OCLC，頁 92:

This soothed the irascible fellow somewhat. Still glowering, he spraddled out of the cabin with the boys after him, and presently indicated one of the small temporary cabins with a jerk of his thumb.

1917，T[homas] S[igismund] Stribling，“The Dry Dock”, in The Cruise of the Dry Dock，Chicago, Ill.: The Reilly & Britton Co., →OCLC，頁s 20–21:

She glowered at me; nothing would quiet her.

1974，Algernon D. Black，“Marriage”, in Without Burnt Offerings: Ceremonies of Humanism，New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, →ISBN，頁 107:

[Charles Francis] Harding was a kindly, quiet man, though he seemed to glower through his pince nez spectacles.

1988，Robert W. Topping，“Growth under Edward C. Elliott”, in A Century and Beyond: The History of Purdue University，West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, →ISBN，頁 227:

[A] less interesting character here than in the previous two films, Caesar glowers through the movie, as though aware that he has been condemned to a script that is rushing to clear the stage for the straightforward Planet Of The Apes remake first teased in Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes.

2017年July7日，Ignatiy Vishnevetsky，“The Ambitious War For The Planet Of The Apes Ends Up Surrendering to Formula”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2017-11-27:


glower

怒视 （自15世纪末叶）

She sure has an awful glower on her face.

[H]e [Rab, a dog] growled and gave now and then a sharp impatient yelp; he would have liked to have done something to that man. But James had him firm, and gave him a glower from time to time, and an intimation of a possible kick;—all the better for James, it kept his eye and his mind off Ailie.

1862，John Brown，“Rab and His Friends”, in Spare Hours，Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC，頁 33:

"I thought we could go a bit farther to the back pasture. You can get a better view." / "Of the extensive Bannister estate?" she said with a wry tone. / "Of the ranch," he said, a glower showing her that he didn't fully appreciate her comment.

2015，Carolyne Aarsen，章號 6, in The Cowboy’s Homecoming (Love Inspired Books)，New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN，頁 89:

"Enough," Nathaniel repeated as he kept a tight hold on their suspenders. "What's been said was said. What's been done has been done. It's over. Let is go." / The glowers the boys gave him warned Nathaniel that he was wasting his breath.

2016，Jo Ann Brown，章號 1, in His Amish Sweetheart (Love Inspired Books; Amish Hearts; 3)，New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN:


gorilla

源自古希臘語 Γόριλλαι (Górillai，“毛人（一个女性毛发旺盛的部落）”)，记载于汉诺的手记内，他是一位迦太基航海家，可能到达了一片现在是塞拉利昂的区域，该古希腊语词源自布匿語，最终源自某非洲语言。

In three of these twenty gorillæ 14 ribs are present, and the additional rib in each of them is below. […] The conclusion that the usual place of commencement of the dorsal type in the gorilla is between the 12th and 13th dorsal vertebræ is founded on notes taken of this character in 13 of these gorillæ.

1893，Journal of Anatomy and Physiology，卷 27，頁s 133, 135:

"I'll do the old gorilla the justice to say that he is open-handed with money."

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，When the World Screamed:


gravitational wave

cosmic gravitational-wave background (CGB, CGWB)

gravity wave 有時被用作 gravitational wave 的同義詞，反之亦然。然而，前者通常指兩種流體在重力作用下相遇時形成的波，例如海面上受風吹拂形成的波浪，而不推薦使用該詞描述天體物理現象。

引力波；由加速質量引起的時空波動

It is therefore apparent that the existence of gravitational waves can be deduced from general relativity just as the existence of electromagnetic waves can be deduced from Maxwell's theory.

1941，Leopold Infeld，Quest: The Evolution of a Scientist，New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., →OCLC，頁 261:

It might be anticipated that a pulsating star, such as a Cepheid is believed to be, would emit gravitational waves abundantly; but when the question is examined analytically, this expectation is not confirmed.

1949，Edmund [Taylor] Whittaker，源自Euclid to Eddington: A Study of Conceptions of the External World，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →OCLC，頁 119:

Fourth, there exists a strong competition on the side of purely astronomical means for indirect detection of gravitational waves.

2003，Astrophysics Update，Berlin: Springer-Verlag; Chichester, West Sussex: Praxis Publishing, →ISBN，頁 282:

A gravitational-wave detector exploits the physical effects of a gravitational wave on bodies to detect the waves. A gravitational wave detector may, for example, monitor the separation between two freely falling bodies; as a gravitational wave passes, the two bodies will experience a tidal acceleration relative to each other.

2011，Jolien D[onald] E[arl] Creighton with Warren G. Anderson, “Gravitational Waves”, in Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy: An Introduction to Theory, Experiment and Data Analysis，Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, →ISBN:

Physicists have announced the discovery of gravitational waves, ripples in spacetime first anticipated by Albert Einstein a century ago. “We have detected gravitational waves. We did it,” said David Reitze, executive director of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (Ligo), at a press conference in Washington.

2016年February11日，Tim Radford，“Gravitational waves: discovery hailed as breakthrough of the century: Scientists announce discovery of clear gravitational wave signal, ripples in spacetime first predicted by Albert Einstein”, in The Guardian，London:

These layers also permit visual observation of the well-known "gravitational waves," which were suggested by Helmholtz and have been investigated theoretically at some length. It is frequently suggested that these atmospheric waves may be connected with signal fading.

1951，Propagation of Short Radio Waves [IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series; 24]，London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Electrical Engineers, →ISBN，頁 346:

It is difficult to see whether a sufficient amount of energy is communicated to the sea by the air masses directly in the form of compressional waves or it is transmitted or increased by the action of gravitational waves.

1953，J[ohan] G[erard Jozef] Scholte，“On Theories of the Origin of Microseisms”, in Symposium on Microseisms: Held at Arden House Harriman N.Y. 4–6 September 1952 [Publication (National Research Council); 306]，Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, →OCLC，頁 124:

In the used model sound waves and external gravitational waves have been filtered; combined inertial-internal gravitational waves, however, are still included in the equations.

1959，K. Hinkelmann，“Ein numerisches Experiment mit den primitiven Gleichungen”, in The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion: Scientific Contributions to the Rossby Memorial Volume，New York, N.Y.: The Rockefeller Institute Press in association with Oxford University Press, →OCLC, abstract，頁 486:


kibble

不详，约1790年出现动词用法，系什罗普郡方言。可能是chip的变体或派生自词源2。

粗磨的产物，（尤指）饲料

The pope had already signaled his kids-over-kibbles stance in a 2014 interview with the Rome daily Il Messaggero. When asked whether some in society valued pets more than children, he said that it was a reality that reflected a “sign of cultural degeneration.”

2022年January6日，Elisabetta Povoledo，“Pope Scolds Couples Who Choose Pets Over Kids”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


abandoned

more abandoned (comparative)
most abandoned (superlative)

放蕩的 （首次用於1350年至1470年）

Such immunity to offenders offered a safe asylum to the vilest and most abandoned scoundrels.

1876，Alexander Davidson，A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1884，頁 232:

被遺棄的，被拋棄的 （15世紀晚期）

[…] your abandoned streams […]

不羈的 （17世紀晚期）

Everything was dirty and shabby. There was no sign of the abandoned luxury that Colonel MacAndrew had so confidently described.

1919，W. Somerset Maugham，章號 11, in The Moon and Sixpence:


heating surface

[...] combined heating surface is 6,151 sq. ft. (tubes, 530 sq. ft., flues, 3,275 sq. ft., firebox, with arches and thermic syphons, 415 sq. ft., and superheater 1,931 sq. ft.); [...].

1941 January，“Recent North American Locomotives”, in Railway Magazine，頁 27:


driveway

driveway doesn't go all the way to the road

進入或循環通過一個確定的區域的道路；用於私人進出、維護、安全的道路

The design originally called for a 1-lane-wide driveway leading from the street to the parking area.

1988年April18日，Joseph Truni，“Asphalt Answers”, in Popular Mechanics，頁 127:

They drove in the driveway into the parking lot that was totally full.

2020年October28日，Franco La Monica，Catch 44，Meadville, Pennsylvania: Christian Faith Publishing, →ISBN，頁 37:


hydrochloric acid

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

muriatic acid

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

spirit of salt

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

spirits of salts

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

swimming pool acid

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

If not sufficiently purified, a little hydrochloric or oxalic acid, or caustic potash may be put in the water, according as the stains are from grease or from ink.

如果不够纯净，可以根据污渍来自油脂还是墨水，在水中加入少量盐酸或草酸或苛性钾。

1880，William Blades，The Enemies of Books，頁 92:

In the case of nitric acid, however, the employment of the aræometer introduces far greater errors than when it is used for sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and in most other cases, as the concentrated nitric acids as a rule always contain nitrogen tetroxide in solution, the quantity being seldom less than 1 per cent., but more generally several per cent., which makes its strength when taken with the aræometer seem greater than it actually is.

1905，Georg Lunge, Alfred Isaac Cohn，Techno‐Chemical Analysis，John Wiley & Sons，頁s 57–58:


cash on the barrelhead

在美國邊境，人們用木桶來作為桌子和寫字檯進行交易。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-cash on the barrelhead.ogg

"[W]e're selling, to the highest bidder, and for cash on the barrel head. . . . Cash in hand, no checks accepted."

1938年September1日，Charles B. Parmer，“Serial Story: Photo Finish—Twelve”, in Telegraph-Herald，Iowa, US, retrieved 2013-07-23，頁 11:

[I]n 1946 the U.S. exported $2,166 million worth of food. . . . Most of this ($1,354 million) was paid for, cash on the barrelhead. But $628 million was the U.S. contribution to UNRRA stocks, and $184 million went through Lend-Lease.

1947 March 31, Foreign Relations: Potent Weapon, Time:

In return for support of an Iraq invasion, Turkey wanted—and got—immediate aid, cash on the barrelhead, rather than mere assurances about future help.

2003年February25日，Paul Krugman，“Threats, Promises and Lies”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-07-22:


grief

源自中古英語 greef、gref，源自古法語 grief (“严重的，重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)，源自拉丁語 gravis (“重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)。grave 的同源對似詞。

Surely, he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 53:4:


grief

griefs (third-person singular present)
griefing (present participle)
griefed (past participle)

本词一般使用动名词分词形式griefing，及派生动词griefer。

骚扰，故意破坏，捣乱 （自20世纪90年代末）

While ban and his pals stand squarely in this tradition, they also stand for something new: the rise of organized griefing, grounded in online message-board communities and thick with in-jokes, code words, taboos, and an increasingly articulate sense of purpose. No longer just an isolated pathology, griefing has developed a full-fledged culture.

2008年January18日，Julian Dibbell，“Mutilated Furries, Flying Phalluses: Put the Blame on Griefers, the Sociopaths of the Virtual World”, in Wired:


iceberg

借自荷蘭語 ijsberg（由ijs (“冰”) + berg (“山”)构成的复合词），源自中古荷蘭語 ijsberch。一开始指的是在船上从远处看到的冰川，后指的是这种冰川崩落下来的浮冰。与德語 Eisberg、丹麥語 isbjerg、挪威語 isberg和瑞典語 isberg同源。

冰山一角，（问题表面的）一小部分

He has little to lose: at present he will go down in history, alongside George W. Bush, as a skipper who ignored the looming fiscal iceberg.

2013，“How Barack Obama can get at least some of his credibility back”, in The Economist:


impervious

源自拉丁語 impervius (“无法穿过的”)，源自in- (“不”) + pervius (“能透过的”)。

more impervious (comparative)
most impervious (superlative)

The man was completely impervious to the deception we were trying.

那个男人完全没有被我们的骗术骗到。

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness, the consciousness dawning upon him that his eccentricity was not receiving the ovation it merited.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

For the past decade there were two more or less universally acknowledged truths about digital advertising. First, the rapidly growing industry was largely impervious to the business cycle.

2022年September18日，“The $300bn Google-Meta advertising duopoly is under attack”, in The Economist, →ISSN:

Although patchworked and sagging, the roof proved impervious to the weather.

The white faience façade, the glazed Doultonware Carrera marble, was made locally. And being glazed, it was impervious to London's sooty atmosphere, enabling easier cleaning.

2023年December13日，Robin Leleux，“Restored... and a richly deserved award: Findlater's Corner”, in RAIL，期 998，頁 43:


impregnate

較早的形式作 impregn，源自中古法語 imprégner，源自古法語 enpreignier。

impregnates (third-person singular present)
impregnating (present participle)
impregnated (past participle)

I was impregnated at a clinic but don't know who the sperm donor is.

我在診所受孕，但不知道精子捐贈者是誰。

The queen at their head, the representative of the future, has not yet been impregnated. Their entire destiny depends on the ensuing nuptial flight.

1903 [1901]，Maurice Maeterlinck，譯者 Alfred Sutro, The Life of the Bee，New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company，頁 264:

使滲入，浸透，浸漬；用物質填滿孔隙或空間

It takes a little time for the personal fatty acids to impregnate new shoes or boots, but from the scent point of view leather is a sponge, and the personal scent is left.

1937，Hugh Bertie Campbell Pollard，The mystery of scent，頁 121:


level

源自中古英語 level，源自古法語 livel、liveau m（后作nivel）、niveau，源自拉丁語 libella f (“平衡，水平”)，libra f (“平衡，水平”)的指小词。参见libra、librate。libella和niveau 的同源對似詞。
动词源自中古英語 levelen，其派生自名词。

leveler (comparative)
leveller (comparative)
levelest (superlative)
levellest (superlative)

This table isn't quite level; see how this marble rolls off it?

这个桌子有点歪，你看弹珠都往下滚了。

the smooth and level pavement

1667，John Milton，“Book 1”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

（以level with构式）（与某人或物同等的）一样高的

We tried to hang the pictures so that the bottom of the frames were level with the dark line in the wallpaper.

我们想要把相片挂到它的底框和报纸中的黑线对齐的地方。

Nanny Broome was looking up at the outer wall. Just under the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime. Their bases were on a level with the pavement outside, a narrow way which was several feet lower than the road behind the house.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 14, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

After a poor start to the season, Roy Hodgson's men are now unbeaten in four matches and 10th in the Premier League table, level with Aston Villa on 11 points.

2011年October22日，Sam Sheringham，“Aston Villa 1 - 2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

a very plain and level account

1873，Matthew Arnold，Literature and Dogma:

a level head; a level understanding

a level consideration

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

Intonation or tone is either level, rising, or falling, marked respectively

1891，Henry Sweet，A History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period:


level

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra–wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.

2013年May17日，George Monbiot，“Money just makes the rich suffer”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 23，頁 19:

The sound level is much too high; this hurts my ears. We've reached a new level of success.

音量太高了，吵的我耳朵痛。 我们的成功达到了新的高度。

The troops grow mutinous—the revenue fails—
There’s something rotten in us—for the level
Of the State slopes, its very bases topple,
The boldest turn their backs upon themselves!

1820，Percy Bysshe Shelley，Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:


level

levels (third-person singular present)
leveling
levelling
leveled
levelled

You can level the table by turning the pads that screw into the feet.

调整桌角上用螺丝固定的垫子可以把它调平。

This pitfall, beginning in February and finishing in May, resulted in a drop of about 3 ft. in the platform level; during this period it was necessary to level the track three times weekly, and impose a service slack of 15 m.p.h. The subsidence appears now to have finished, and normal speed is once again permitted.

1939 June，“Pertinent Paragraphs: Pitfalls”, in Railway Magazine，頁 456:

The work involved a complete rewiring of the system, while the addition of four higher-capacity Mechan jacks and the increased length of the new train meant the entire floor (the length of four train carriages) had to be dug up, levelled and strengthened to meet tolerance requirements.

2020年August12日，“Network News: Four new jacks at Clacton depot”, in Rail，頁 18:

将...对准，将...瞄准，使...针对于

He levelled an accusation of fraud at the directors.  The hunter levels the gun before taking a shot.

Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, levelled a quarrel out of a crossbow.

The force of her horror must have been palpable in the air, because Jorge's eyes opened as she raised the bayonet up. \"Fina?\"

2023年October12日，HarryBlank，“Fire in the Hole”, in SCP Foundation，存檔自the original on 2024-05-22:

对...施加 （惩罚等）

If the right of killing salmon belong exclusively to the King, and consequently to his donatories, why has not the Legislature secured the right by levelling penalties against such as should encroach upon it … ?

1809, William Ross (Jr.), Abridgement of the laws of Scotland relating to hunting [etc], page 60:

How can the Minister reconcile the first statement with the clause, when he is in fact levelling punishment at the woman and not at the errant father … ?

1978, Parliamentary Debates of the New Zealand House of Representatives, page 4955:

There is no purpose in levelling fines because they would be merely paid from the £1.8 billion which the BBC collects.

1995，The Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) of the [Great British] House of Lords:

Ultimately, Ms. Kroes [European Union Antitrust Commissioner] could level a fine and order Intel to change its business practices.

2007, Mary Jacoby, EU investigators endorse charges against Intel, Wall Street Journal Europe, 17 January, page 32, column 5:

Holt was furious referee Michael Oliver refused to then award him a penalty after Ledley King appeared to pull his shirt and his anger was compounded when Spurs immediately levelled.

2012年April9日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Tottenham 1-2 Norwich”, in BBC Sport:

Sean, I'll level with you. This could get ugly. Do you have a gun?

2010，James William Jones，Triple Crossed:


piracetam

Nootropics also include extracted and purified components of medicinal plants, as well as substances synthesized from chemical precursors, such as piracetam, the world's first official nootropic (piracetam was created in 1964 in Belgium by a team of scientists whose leader, Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea, coined the term).

益智药还包括从药用植物中提取和纯化的成分，以及由化学前体合成的物质，例如世界上第一种正式的益智药吡拉西坦（吡拉西坦于1964年由比利时的一个科学家团队发明，该团队的负责人 Corneliu E. Giurgea 博士创造了“益智药”这一术语）。

2012年January30日，Ari LeVaux，“Experimenting With Nootropics to Increase Mental Capacity, Clarity”, in The Atlantic:


magnetic field

David (1904) and Brunhes (1906) first observed magnetizations in lava flows that were roughly opposed to that of the present earth's magnetic field.

1983，Ronald T. Merrill, Michael W. McElhinny，The Earth's Magnetic Field: Its History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective，Academic Press，頁 135:

In contrast to the IQHE^([Integer Quantum Hall Effect]), the fractional quantum Hall effect occurs in much stronger magnetic fields, and in this case electrons cannot be considered as noninteracting ones.

1996, V. R. Khalilov, Electron Strong Magnetic Field, [1988, V. R. Khalilov, Elektroni v silnom magnetom poli, Energoatomizdat, Moscow], Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, page 123,

The magnetic field B bears the same relation to a hypothetical magnetic charge m as the electric field bears to the electric charge q, so the development of the previous chapter can be taken over completely. The stress tensor for a magnetic field Bᵢ is identical in form to that for the electric field. The energy density is obviously B²/8π and the magnetic field is a physical reality just like the electric field. Electric and magnetic fields superpose linearly[…]. This is perhaps a convenient place to remark that a magnetic field exerts no force whatever on an electric charge.

2007，Eugene N. Parker，Conversations on Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Cosmos，Princeton University Press，頁 25:

The turian homeworld, Palaven, has a metal-poor core, generating a weak magnetic field and allowing more solar radiation into the atmosphere.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Turians: Biology Codex entry:

The scientific instruments of the day recorded rapid fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field, as powerful electrical currents flowed through the upper atmosphere.

2023年November15日，Prof. Jim Wild，“This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL，期 996，頁 30:


Markov chain

The probability density of the Bayseian posterior was estimated by Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo, with multiple incrementally heated chains.

2004年July27日，F. Keith Barker et al.，“Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation”, in PNAS，頁 11040，列 2:


Markov process

得名自俄羅斯數學家 Andrey Markov (Андре́й Андре́евич Ма́рков) (1856—1922)。

馬爾可夫過程，馬爾夫過程

It has been remarked in 1 that a Markov process with time reversal is again a Markov process.

2007，N. G. Van Kampen，Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry，第3rd版，頁 81:

The second part is written for probabilists and it studies the case where fast motions are certain Markov processes such as random evolutions and, in particular, diffusions.

2009，Yuri Kifer，“Large Deviations and Adiabatic Transitions for Dynamical Systems and Markov Processes in Fully Coupled Averaging”, in Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society，號 944，頁 vii:

In the theory of Markov processes most attention is given to homogeneous (in time) processes.

2013, M. G. Shur, Markov Process, entry in Michiel Hazewinkel (editor), Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Volume 6, page 102,


molybdenum

借自新拉丁語 molybdaenum，來自molybdaena (“任何像鉛的物質”)，來自古希臘語 μολύβδαινα (molúbdaina，“鉛墜，一塊鉛”)，來自μόλυβδος (mólubdos，“鉛；石墨”)，來自安那托利亞語族詞彙同源的呂底亞語 𐤪𐤠𐤭𐤦𐤥𐤣𐤠 (mariwda，“黑暗”)，來自原始印歐語 *morkʷ-iyo-，來自詞根*morkʷ- (“暗”)，與英語 murk同源。參見拉丁語 plumbum nigrum (“鉛”)。後綴為 + -um (“化學元素”)。
18世紀最後25年被證實。

molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum disulphide

The metals at preſent amount to 21 ; only 11 of which were known before the year 1730. Their names are gold, ſilver, platinum, mercury, copper, iron, tin, lead, zinc, antimony, biſmuth, arſenic, cobalt, nickel, manganeſe, tungſten, molybdenum, uranium, tellurium, titanium, chromum.

1803，“Of Metals”, in Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature，第2nd版, 卷 I，頁 225:

Technical terms like ferrite, perlite, graphite, and hardenite were bandied to and fro, and when Paget glibly brought out such a rare exotic as ferro-molybdenum, Benson forgot that he was a master ship-builder, […]

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 4, in Well Tackled!:

At pH levels below 5, wheat yields may be low, molybdenum may become unavailable to plants, and other trace elements may be concentrated to toxic levels.

1990，Arthur J. Conacher，“Salt of the Earth”, in Environment，卷 32, 號 6，頁 40:

a quadruple bond between molybdenums

Thus in M₄O₁₁, for example, ¾ of the molybdenums are octahedrally connected and ¼ are tetrahedrally coordinated and, furthermore, the formula is compatible with the existence of one Mo(IV) for every three Mo(VI), so at first glance the compound might appear to be a class I mixed valence system.

2007，Peter Day，Molecules into Materials: Case Studies in Materials Chemistry—Mixed Valency, Magnetism and Superconductivity，頁 233:


ooze

* （名词） 中古英語 wose (“汁，液”)，源自古英語 wōs (“汁，液，沫”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wōsą（对比中古低地德語 wose (“渣滓”)、古高地德語 wasal (“雨”)、古瑞典語 os, oos），源自原始印歐語 *wóseh₂ (“汁，液”)（对比梵語 वसा (vásā，“油脂”)）。
* （动词） 中古英語 wosen，源自古英語 wōsan，见上。

oozes (third-person singular present)
oozing (present participle)
oozed (past participle)

I promised him I would keep silence, but the story gradually oozed out, and the Cronsons left the country.

1868，Charlotte Riddell，A Strange Christmas Game:

Pale slime oozed through all the surfaces; some of it dripped from the ceiling and burned Dennis as badly as the blazing sparks had done a moment before.

1988，David Drake，The Sea Hag，Baen Publishing Enterprises, 出版於 2003, →ISBN:

He was hard to understand because he spoke softly, and his Vermont accent was as thick as maple syrup oozing down a pile of pancakes.

1994，Madeleine May Kunin，Living a Political Life，Vintage Books, 出版於 1995, →ISBN:

Her heart constricted when she saw thick blood oozing from a wide gash in his forehead.

2011，Karen Mahoney，The Iron Witch，Flux, →ISBN，頁 278:

散发，显露 （某种特质）

"Good servants are so hard to find," Chesna said, oozing arrogance.

1989，Robert R. McCammon，The Wolf's Hour，Open Road Integrated Media, 出版於 2011, →ISBN:

There are no two ways about it: a Berardi dress oozes sex appeal from its very seams.

1999，Tamsin Blanchard，Antonio Berardi: Sex and Sensibility，Watson-Guptill Publications, →ISBN，頁 16:

Newcastle had failed to penetrate a typically organised Stoke backline in the opening stages but, once Cabaye and then Cisse breached their defence, Newcastle oozed confidence and controlled the game with a swagger expected of a top-four team.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:


oxbow lake

Humans called this an oxbow lake—one that had originally been part of the river.

人类将其称为牛轭湖——它原本是河流的一部分。

1988，Octavia E. Butler，“Part II, Chapter 1”, in Adulthood Rites，頁 69:


peak

早期形式peake、peek、peke，源自中古英語 *peke、*pek（可考作peked，是piked的变体），变换自pike、pyke、pyk (“尖端”)，源自古英語 pīc、piic (“针，尖刺，顶端，锥”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *pīkaz (“顶”)。同源词有荷蘭語 piek (“顶峰”)、丹麥語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、瑞典語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、挪威語 pik (“尖端，顶峰”)。还见pike。

apex

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

pinnacle

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

A less risky method is to lift your whisk or beater to check the condition of the peaks of the egg whites; the foam should be just stiff enough to stand up in well-defined, unwavering peaks.

2002，Joy of Cooking: All About Cookies, →ISBN，頁 29:

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

The stock market reached a peak in September 1929.

证券市场在1929年9月达到了最高值。

By last year, family income was 8 percent lower than it had been 11 years earlier, at its peak in 2000, according to inflation-adjusted numbers from the Census Bureau.

2012年October23日，David Leonhardt，New York Times, retrieved 2012-10-24:

（整座）山，丘 （尤指独立时的）

To the South we observed a large plain some ten miles wide, with snowy peaks rising on the farther side. In front was a hill projecting into the plain, on which stood a mani wall; and this latter discovery made me feel quite confident that I was on the high road to Lhassa.

1898，Arnold Henry Savage Landor，章號 62, in In the Forbidden Land:


peak

peaks (third-person singular present)
peaking (present participle)
peaked (past participle)

使...接受性别批判主义或排跨基女观点（略自peak trans）

I came to this via sport but the thing that really peaked me was this.

My friend peaked me last year, at the GRA [Gender Recognition Act] consultation.

Solidarity from Spain, @jk_rowling. Thank you for peaking so many people all over the world.

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:peak。


peak

more peak (comparative)
most peak (superlative)

When they're tryna get the girl to the crib and she leaves, it's peak / Tryna keep it discreet and she tweets, it's peak / See me rolling with 20 man deep, it's peak / Yo rudeboy, pull up, repeat, it's peak

2015，“Its Peak”, 演出者 Tinie Tempah (featuring Stormzy and Bugzy Malone):

Tempting, but I think it's actually something I need to do. Like, I get what they did was peak, but I have to take some responsibility, you know?

2023，Nathan Bryon, Tom Melia，Rye Lane，spoken by Dom (David Jonsson):


peak

Dwindle, peak, and pine.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:


archaeological

more archaeological (comparative)
most archaeological (superlative)

A living floor is, in archaeological terms, the floor of a cave upon which people lived and which retains evidence of their activities.

从考古学角度来说，生活层是指人们居住的洞穴的地面，上面保留着他们活动的证据。

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: A Natural History，頁 202:


asunder

原为两个词，源自古英語 on (介词，等同于a) sundran (“分开的位置”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sunder、*sundraz。同源词包括丹麥語 sønder、瑞典語 sönder、荷蘭語 zonder、德語 sonder、冰島語 sundur、法羅語 sundur和挪威語 sunder/sønder，与哥特語 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)有关。

more asunder (comparative)
most asunder (superlative)

apart

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

in twain

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

Lest anyone find her treasure, she tore the map asunder and cast its pieces into the wind.

她将地图撕碎撒向风中，以防有人找到她的宝藏。

Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 2:3:

On both of those occasions, he came back to the fire with the inexplicable air upon him which I had remarked, without being able to define, when we were so far asunder.

You don't want to hurt me, but see how deep the bullet lies. Unaware that I'm tearing you asunder. There is thunder in our hearts.

1985，Kate Bush （作曲作詞）, “Running Up That Hill”:


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。

as an huge rockie clift, / Whose false foundation waues haue washt away, / With dreadfull poyse is from the mayneland rift, / […] So downe he fell […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


poise

poises (third-person singular present)
poising (present participle)
poised (past participle)

one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

to poise with solid sense a sprightly wit

1699, John Dryden, Epistle to John Dryden

给...加重负荷 （16-18世纪）

Every man poiseth [譯 poise] upon his fellowes sinne, and elevates his owne.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 2, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:


prospector

A large number of prospectors have crossed over the divide to the British head waters of the Yukon, in search of the rich diggings found by a lucky few last year.

1886年June9日，“Geographical Notes”, in Science，卷 VIII, 號 179, New York: The Science Company，頁 27:


turmoil

未知。首个记录见于1520年，可能源自古法語 tremouille (“磨粉机的漏斗”)。

Oleg Blokhin's side lost the talismanic Andriy Shevchenko to the substitutes' bench because of a knee injury but still showed enough to put England through real turmoil in spells.

2012年June19日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-0 Ukraine”, in BBC Sport:

The Taoists developed their philosophy during an extended era of turmoil known as the Warring States period of Chinese history.

2024年January14日，Charles Hugh Smith，Self-Reliance, Taoism and the Warring States:


Herculean

more Herculean (comparative)
most Herculean (superlative)

/ˌhɜːɹkjəˈliːən/

a Herculean labour

He replied in a dry manner, that I would find it a Herculean task to chastise everybody who should laugh at my expense;

1748，Tobias George Smollett，The Adventures of Roderick Random:

The guys at Volkswagen have a Herculean task.

2006, Jeremy Clarkson, Top Gear (TV show), commenting on the Bugatti Veyron automobile

There are thousands of known isotopes, and to have a functional and easily maintainable exhibit for all of these would require a Herculean effort.


staggering

more staggering (comparative)
most staggering (superlative)

The army suffered a staggering defeat.

军队遭受了一次惨烈的失败。

It is this stretch which provides what is perhaps the most staggering scenic prospect of all; the impression made on the mind by the overwhelming height of the Eiger, towering over the train, is almost impossible to describe.

1960 December，Voyageur，“The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 754:


staggering

There are to whom the gods, in their bounty, give glory: but far oftener it is given in wrath, as a curse and a poison; disturbing the whole inner health and industry of the man; leading onward through dizzy staggerings and tarantula jiggings […]

1837，“Memoirs of Mirabeau”, in The Westminster Review，卷 26，頁 436:

But these doubts, and fears, and staggerings, although they may be in the believer, yet they are not in his faith; these things argue the infirmity of his faith, indeed; but under all this, faith is fighting for the victory[…]

1738，Ebenezer Erskine，The Annals of Redeeming Love:


macabre

借自法語 macabre，其词源不详，但可能源自danse macabre —— 其作定语时为形容词 —— 一般认为是圣经名字Maccabees的变体，对比拉丁語 Chorea Machabaeorum。
另一理论认为其派生自西班牙語 macabro，源自阿拉伯語 مَقَابِر (maqābir，“墓地”)，مَقْبَرَة (maqbara)或مَقْبُرَة (maqbura)的复数形式。而直接借用阿拉伯语复数的例子并不鲜见。

more macabre (comparative)
most macabre (superlative)

There are four fundamental figures. One is a man measuring and comparing his world[…] In front of him is a macabre figure, a cadaver ready to be dissected. This symbolizes man serving mankind. The third figure is the scientist, the man who makes use of the information gathered in the first two fields of mensurable science.

1941，George C. Booth，Mexico's School-made Society，頁 106:

Indeed, in the 1854 draft of Tristan he planned to have Parzival visit the dying knight, and both operas display the same macabre obsession with bloody gore and festering wounds.

1993，Theodore Ziolkowski，“Wagner's Parsifal between Mystery and Mummery”, in The Return of Thematic Criticism，頁s 274-275:

The appeal of the spectrally macabre is generally narrow because it demands from the reader a certain degree of imagination and a capacity for detachment from every-day life.

1927，H. P. Lovecraft，“Introduction”, in Supernatural Horror in Literature，出版於 1938:


engulf

engulfs (third-person singular present)
engulfing (present participle)
engulfed (past participle)

Desperation engulfed her after her daughter's death.

她女儿死后，她陷入了绝望中。

Shaken by the biggest challenge to their authority in years, Brazil’s leaders made conciliatory gestures on Tuesday to try to defuse the protests engulfing the nation’s cities.

2013年June18日，Simon Romero，“Protests Widen as Brazilians Chide Leaders”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-06-21:

The blank spaces of Mallarmé, the silence of Maesterlinck, the inaniloquous repetitive babblings of Gertrude Stein are the abyss which threatens to engulf creative effort if it continues in this direction.


bright

形容词派生自中古英語 bright (“光亮的，明亮的；强烈的；闪亮的；辉煌的；（指人）美丽的，面色红润的；极佳的；清晰的；（指视觉）明晰的；（比喻义）无罪过的；开明的”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 bryht、breht (诺森伯兰)，字母换位自byrht (盎格鲁)、beorht (西萨克逊)、berht (“明晰的”) [以及其他形式]，源自原始西日耳曼語 *berht，源自原始日耳曼語 *berhtaz (“明亮的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰerHǵ- (“照，使...变白”)。
名词派生自中古英語 bright (“光亮，闪亮；阳光；光”)，源自bright (形容词)：见上文。
英语词的同源词包括阿爾巴尼亞語 bardhë (“白的”)、荷蘭語 brecht (用于人名)、冰島語 bjartur (“明亮的”)、立陶宛語 brekšta (“破晓”)、中古愛爾蘭語 brafad (“眨眼”)、挪威語 bjart (“光亮的，明晰的”)、波斯語 برازیدن (barâzidan，“美化；适宜于”)、北盧里語 بڵێز (bełız，“火焰”) 俄語 бре́зжить (brézžitʹ，“破晓；发微光；（比喻义，指希望，思想等）出现，显现”)、梵語 भ्राजते (bhrājate)、低地蘇格蘭語 bricht (“明亮的”)、威爾士語 berth (“美丽的”) (弃用)。

brighter (comparative)
brightest (superlative)

明亮的，发光的，闪耀的，照耀的；炫目的

The sky was remarkably bright and blue on that beautiful summer day.

夏天里的那天，蓝色的天空格外的闪耀夺目。

Where the bright Seraphim in burning row / Their loud up-lifted Angel trumpets blow; / And the Cherubick hoſt in thouſand quires / Touch their immortal Harps of golden wires, […]

1646 (indicated as 1645)，John Milton，“At a Solemn Musick”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC，頁 22:

Thee Father firſt they ſung Omnipotent, / […] that brighteſt Seraphim / Approach not, but with both their wings veil thir eyes.

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 372 and 381–382:

There were very few people about, and though the sun was bright, and the air clear and fresh, the big, grim-looking waves, that seemed dark themselves because the foam that topped them was like snow, forced themselves in through the narrow mouth of the harbour—like a bullying man going through a crowd.

1897，Bram Stoker，“Cutting from ‘The Dailygraph,’ 8 August (Pasted in Mina Murray’s Journal.)”, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC，頁 95:

It was said that the Irish whom [Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of] Feversham had let loose were marching on London and massacring every man, woman, and child on the road. At one in the morning the drums of the militia beat to arms. […] Before two the capital wore a face of stern preparedness which might well have daunted a real enemy, if such an enemy had been approaching. Candles were blazing at all the windows. The public places were as bright as at noonday.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 X, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 564:

[H]e felt the influence of the bright sky, and looked up smiling into its deep unfathomable blue.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 77，頁 392:

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes. The clear light of the bright autumn morning had no terrors for youth and health like hers.

1910，Emerson Hough，“A Lady in Company”, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，頁 6:

They gathered soberly in the farthest recess of the ward and gossiped about him in malicious, offended undertones, rebelling against his presence as a ghastly imposition and resenting him malevolently for the nauseating truth of which he was bright reminder.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 169:

Her step was quick; her eye piercing, and of the brightest blue; […]

1838 May，L. M.，“The West Fifty Years Since”, in The Southern Literary Messenger: Devoted to Every Department of Literature and the Fine Arts，卷 IV, 期 V, Richmond, Va.: T. W. White, […], →OCLC, chapter II，頁 308，列 1:

The orange and blue walls of the sitting room were much brighter than the dull grey walls of the kitchen.

客厅的橙色蓝色相间的墙壁比厨房的单调灰色的墙鲜艳多了。

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 II, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC，頁 15:

透明的，澄明的；纯净的，无杂质的； 纯净的，无悬浮物的，优质的

From […] the brighteſt Wines / He'd turn abhorrent.

1728，[James] Thomson，Spring: A Poem，London: […] A[ndrew] Millar and G[eorge] Strahan, →OCLC，頁 10:

And 'twas the worſt, if not the only ſtain, / I'th' brighteſt Annals of a Female Reign.

1681，Charles Cotton，The Wonders of the Peake，London: […] Joanna Brome, […], →OCLC，頁 16:

I woke up today feeling so bright that I decided to have a little dance.

今天起床心情特别好，好到我跳了支舞。

Their spirits had risen a little at the discovery of the path, but now they sank into their boots; and yet they would not give it up and go away. The hobbit [Bilbo Baggins] was no longer much brighter than the dwarves. He would do nothing but sit with his back to the rock-face and stare[…]。

1937年September21日，J[ohn] R[onald] R[euel] Tolkien，“On the Doorstep”, in The Hobbit: Or There and Back Again，第3rd版, London: Unwin Books, George Allen & Unwin, 出版於 1966 (1970 printing), →ISBN，頁 191:

Bright eyes / Burning like fire / Bright eyes / How can you close and fail? / How can the light that burned so brightly / Suddenly burn so pale? / Bright eyes

1978年October19日，Mike Batt （作曲作詞）, “Bright Eyes”, in Fate for Breakfast，演出者 Art Garfunkel, 出版於 19 January 1979:

Come on: / Gentle my Lord, ſleeke o're your rugged Lookes, / Be bright and Iouiall among your Gueſts to Night.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]，頁 140，列 2:

She has a bright future ahead.

Things are going great, and they're only getting better / I'm doing all right, getting good grades / The future's so bright, I gotta wear shades

1986，Pat MacDonald （作曲作詞）, “The Future’s So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades”, in Greetings from Timbuk3，演出者 Timbuk3:

She’s very bright. She was able to solve the problem without my help.

她很聪明，不需要我帮忙就解决了那个问题。

―Ah, God, Corley replied, sure I couldn't teach in a school, man. I was never one of your bright ones, he added with a half laugh, Got stuck twice in the junior at the Christian Brothers.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16: Eumaeus]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos]，頁 573:

Think of banking today and the image is of grey-suited men in towering skyscrapers. Its future, however, is being shaped in converted warehouses and funky offices in San Francisco, New York and London, where bright young things in jeans and T-shirts huddle around laptops, sipping lattes or munching on free food.

2013年August3日，“Revenge of the nerds: An explosion of start-ups is changing finance for the better”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8847, London: Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2013-08-03:

[T]he Queriſt muſt not proceed too ſwiftly towards the Determination of his Point propos'd, that he may with more Eaſe, with brighter Evidence, and with ſurer Succeſs draw the Learner on to aſſent to thoſe Principles ſtep by ſtep, from whence the final Concluſion will naturally ariſe.

1741，I[saac] Watts，“The Socratical Way of Disputation”, in The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […]，London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC, paragraph V，頁 172:


bright

humanist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

nonsupernaturalist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

atheist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

super

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

supernaturalist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

Thee Father firſt they ſung Omnipotent, / […] when thou ſhad'ſt / The full blaze of thy beams, and through a cloud / Drawn round about thee like a radiant Shrine, / Dark with exceſſive bright thy ſkirts appeer, / Yet dazle Heav'n, […]

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 372 and 377–381:

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

Brights constitute 60% of American scientists, and a stunning 93% of those scientists good enough to be elected to the elite National Academy of Sciences (equivalent to Fellows of the Royal Society) are brights.

2003年June20日，Richard Dawkins，“The future looks bright”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2021-03-22:

Many of us brights have devoted considerable time and energy at some point in our lives to looking at the arguments for and against the existence of God, and many brights continue to pursue these issues, hacking away vigorously at the arguments of believers as if they were trying to refute a rival scientific theory. But not I.

2006，Daniel C[lement] Dennett，“Breaking Which Spell?”, in Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon，New York, N.Y.: Viking, →ISBN, part I (Opening Pandora’s Box), section 5 (Religion as a Natural Phenomenon)，頁 27:

[Richard] Dawkins has received appreciative letters from people who were formerly what he derisively calls "faith-heads" who have abandoned their delusions and come over to the side of the brights, the pleasant green pastures where clear-eyed, brave, bold, and supremely brainy atheists graze contentedly.

2008 April，David Aikman，“The Attack of the Four Horsemen”, in The Delusion of Disbelief: Why the New Atheism is a Threat to Your Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness，Carol Stream, Ill.: SaltRiver, Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 28:


bright

源自中古英語 brighten (“照亮；变亮；破晓；（比喻义）净化，纯化；解释，阐明”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 beorhtian (“照亮，照耀；发声清晰洪亮”) [以及其他形式]，可能源自beorht (“明亮的”，形容词)（详见词源 1） + -ian (从形容词和名词构成动词的后缀)。该词之后的使用可能亦直接派生自形容词。

brights (third-person singular present)
brighting (present participle)
brighted (past participle)

embrighten

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

enliven

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

delight

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

gladden

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

please

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

brighten

（变得符合形容词的多个义项）

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

Toward Mid-day he [the Sun] brighteth the Air into a chearful Saphir, and guildeth the Borders of the very Clouds with a coſtly limbus.

1686，J[ohn] Goad，“The Sun, the Great Light, Justly Admired. […]”, in Astro-meteorologica, or, Aphorisms and Large Significant Discourses of the Natures and Influences of the Cœlestial Bodies; […]，第2nd版, London: […] O[badiah] B[lagrave] and sold by John Sprint, […], 出版於 1699, →OCLC, book I, § 2，頁 14:

（变得符合形容词的多个义项）

Day brighteth at the smile o' her and yea, He hath aplanted full o' seed for harvesting by thy loving.

1915，The Patience Worth Record，卷 I, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 238:


building

來自中古英語 bildyng、buildyng、buyldyng、byldyng、bulding、beldyng，等同於build + -ing。

One particularly damaging, but often ignored, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on schools[…]as children, teachers or school buildings become the targets of attacks. Parents fear sending their children to school. Girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence.

冲突对教育产生的一个特别有害但往往被忽视的影响是，对学校的袭击激增 […] ，因为儿童、教师或学校建筑成为袭击的目标。家长们害怕送他们的孩子去学校。女孩特别容易遭受性暴力。

2013年July19日，Mark Tran，“Denied an education by war”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 1:

My sister lives in that apartment building.

我姊妹住在那棟公寓樓裡。


quartzite

Following the course of the river from New Ulm to Fort Ridgely, there are several exposures of reddish-brown “granite” or quartzites, which has been quarried in a few places, but I do not feel entirely sure of its connection with the rocks in the prairie or at the Ferry below.

1869，James Hall，“Notes upon the Geology of Some Portions of Minnesota, from St. Paul to the Western Part of the State”, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society，卷 XIII，頁 331:

The stone experimented upon being of the hardest and toughest kind the effect is not seen for several strokes ; but within two minutes, during which the writer watched the experiment, a steel chisel was completely blunted and rendered useless, and there was a hole made about two inches deep in the mass of quartzite placed to operate upon.

1870年November18日，Professor Ansted，“The Passage of the Mont Cenis”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 229，頁 656:

Granites of the usual type, compact reddish or greyish quartz-felsite or rhyolite alternate one with another. A mica-trap is also found. Evidently this is an extension of the last group of rocks. A specimen of epidotic quartzite proves that there are, at any rate, some indications of the metamorphic series.

1883，T. G. Bonney，“On a Collection of Rock Specimens from the Island of Socotra”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society，卷 174，頁 273:


ravine

借自法語 ravin (“溪谷”)，源自古法語 raviner (“洗劫；突袭；倾泻”)，源自ravine (“劫掠；激流，雪崩；冲动”)，源自拉丁語 rapīna（对比rapine）。

He fell into a reverie, a most dangerous state of mind for a chauffeur, since a fall into reverie on the part of a driver may mean a fall into a ravine on the part of the machine.

1913，Robert Barr，章號 3, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Thirty feet below her, where the Persians were crashing through the brush, the streambed kinked to the left side of the ravine and ran under an enormous thorn tree with a thick base.

2007年April1日，Thomas Harlan，The Shadow of Ararat: Book One of 'The Oath of Empire'，頁 294:


ravine

源自中古英語 ravene、ravine，源自古法語 raviner (“强抢”)，源自ravine (“劫掠”)，源自拉丁語 rapīna (“洗劫”)，源自rapere (“占领，洗劫”)。

raven (“劫掠”)的另一種寫法

And he, shall he,
Man, her last work, who seem’d so fair, […]
Who trusted God was love indeed
And love Creation’s final law—
Tho’ Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shriek’d against his creed—
Who loved, who suffer’d countless ills,
Who battled for the True, the Just,
Be blown about the desert dust,
Or seal’d within the iron hills?

1849，Alfred, Lord Tennyson，In Memoriam A.H.H.:


recovery time

Actually, the point-to-point times in general were not varied; the additions were all in the form of blocks of recovery time over certain selected stretches of line.

1959 October，Cecil J. Allen，“Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 475:


remote control

A single slice of this could leave you supine in front of the Queen's speech without even the wherewithal to reach for the remote control.

2011年December15日，Felicity Cloake，“How to cook the perfect nut roast”, in Guardian:


reproducer

Local musicians were not just passive reproducers of the tradition.

当地音乐家并非只是传统的被动复制者。

2000，David Greer, Ian Rumbold, Jonathan King，Musicology and Sister Disciplines，頁 304:


titanium

Even as FDA works to develop that plan, consumers continue to be exposed to unsafe food chemicals including not just dyes but also the artificial sweetener aspartame, the white pigment titanium dioxide, the preservative propylparaben, and the phthalate food packaging chemicals, according to CSPI.

2025年January15日，“FDA moves to eliminate carcinogenic Red 3 from foods”, in Center for Science in the Public Interest:


a cappella

借自意大利語 alla cappella (“以[西斯廷]教堂的方式”)，指非器樂合唱團。

a capella (alternative)
acapella (alternative)

/ˌɑ kəˈpɛl.ə/

與一種主要與美國大學表演團體相關的純聲樂形式有關的

Socially, a cappella groups tend to be tight-knit ensembles in which close interpersonal relationships are formed.

2012，Joshua S. Duchan，Powerful Voices，頁 2:


music

源自中古英語 musik、musike，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 musik、musike、古法語 musique，及它们的来源拉丁語 mūsica，源自古希臘語 μουσική (mousikḗ)，源自古希臘語 Μοῦσα (Moûsa，“缪斯”)，古希腊的艺术女神。词形分析作muse + -ic (“与...有关的”)。取代了日耳曼语系本土词古英語 drēam，其与英語 dream同源。

I keep listening to this music because it's a masterpiece.

我总是听这个音乐因为它是杰作。

Music lessons in early childhood lead to changes in the brain that could improve its performance far into adulthood, researchers say.

2013年November22日，Ian Sample，“Music lessons in early childhood may improve brain's performance”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 24，頁 32:

“Oh! this was very kind,” she said, with that simplicity and tenderness, which at times made her voice pure music, “I could not have expected you so soon.”

1856，John Esten Cooke，The Virginia Comedians，頁 247:


king's ransom

源自被绑架的王需要大笔赎金才能救回的说法。

king's ransoms (plural)
kings' ransoms (plural)

"But to yonder pavilion . . . the moon is glimmering on the gilded ball which crowns its roof, and which is worth a king's ransom."

1825，Sir Walter Scott，章號 12, in The Talisman:

These gold, silver and pewter pieces are part of a king’s ransom of Spanish treasure salvaged from the sea off Florida where they had lain for 250 years.

1967 March 10, Archeology: An Ill-Starred Treasure Comes into Its Own (pictorial), LIFE, page 101:

“ […] This commercial message is sponsored by Lebenthal in the heartfelt belief that we’re not the only ones who are going to miss the bonds when they’re gone and it costs a king’s ransom to turn on the lights, boil water, or haul the garbage.”

1986 March 24, Bernice Kanner, The Real James Bond: Jim Lebenthal’s Tax-Bill Crusade, New York, page 46:

Solving longitude was one of the major preoccupations of European nations from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries. King’s ransoms were offered for its solution.

2005, Michael R. Matthews, Colin F. Gauld, Arthur Stinner, The Pendulum: Its Place in Science, Culture and Pedagogy, Michael R. Matthews, Colin F. Gauld, Arthur Stinner (editors), The Pendulum: Scientific, Historical, Philosophical and Educational Perspectives, page 7:

Except that Clarissa Astley would not have been decked out in a king's ransom of diamonds.

2010，Jane Feather，Rushed to the Altar，Pocket Books, 出版於 2010, →ISBN，頁 386:


ablaze

more ablaze (comparative)
most ablaze (superlative)

猛烈燃烧的，炽热的 （18世纪）

On entering the walls which surround the house, then all ablaze, a most dreadful conflict took place […]

1791, The Bee, Volume 4, Short Chronicle of Events, 27 July, 1791, p. v,

The canoe, a dim shadowy thing, moves across the black water, / Bearing a torch ablaze at the prow.

1881，Walt Whitman，“The Torch”, in Leaves of Grass，Boston: James R. Osgood，頁 305:

So Wang and Tiger’s men rushed into such houses as were not too ablaze and they began to drag out booty of silken pieces and yards of cloth and garments and anything they could carry.

1932, Pearl S. Buck, Sons, Wakefield, RI: Moyer Bell, 1992, Chapter 13, pp. 128-129,

Mario Balotelli, in the headlines for accidentally setting his house ablaze with fireworks, put City on their way with goals either side of the interval as United struggled to contain the array of attacking talent in front of them.

2011年October23日，Phil McNulty，“Man Utd 1 - 6 Man City”, in BBC Sport:

耀眼的，亮眼的 （18世纪）

The Heav’ns are all a-blaze, the face of night
Is cover’d with a sanguine dreadful light:

1716，John Gay，Trivia，第3rd版, London: Bernard Lintot, 出版於 1730, Book 3, p. 64:

All ablaze with crimson and gold.

1872，Henry Wadsworth Longfellow，Christus: A Mystery:

The day being June the thirtieth, which is the very high-tide time of summer flowers, the immediate neighbourhood of the castle was ablaze with roses, pinks, pansies, carnations, hollyhocks, columbines, larkspurs, London pride, Canterbury bells, and a multitude of other choice blooms.

1923，P. G. Wodehouse，章號 I, in Leave It to Psmith:

She loved this hour when the lights were coming up in the causeway: white and blue and orange lights and the hotels and coloured adverts ablaze but not yet effective in the pale twilight.

1961，Cyprian Ekwensi，章號 3, in Jagua Nana，Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 出版於 1969，頁 13:

Autumn is a lovely time to visit as the tree cover near the line is ablaze with colour.

2021年July28日，Paul Bigland，“Calder line captures picturesque Pennines”, in RAIL，期 936，頁 69:

非常激动的，非常兴奋的 （17世纪）

And this Fire of your Eyes easily strikes those of your Auditors, who have theirs constantly fixt upon yours; and it must needs set them a-blaze too upon the same Resentment and Passion.

大約1680, uncredited translator, An Essay upon the Action of an Orator by Michel Le Faucheur, London: Nicholas Cox, pp. 184-185,

The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos.

1851，Thomas Carlyle，The Life of John Sterling:

Raoul was ablaze with indignation.

1880，George Washington Cable，章號 40, in The Grandissimes，New York: Scribner，頁 318:

His indifference to Carmen, who has all the other males in sight quivering with a passion never seen on land or sea, sets her ablaze; in a series of scenes which it is difficult to call erotic without adding that they are also infantile, she goes after him and he falls.

1955，James Baldwin，“Carmen Jones: The Dark is Light Enough”, in Notes of a Native Son，New York: Dial, 出版於 1963，頁 48:

[…] Dawit, glorious and fearless, charging at the enemy, […] his eyes ablaze with a hatred so pure that for a moment, the ascaro draws back before he lifts his weapon and aims.

2019，Maaza Mengiste，The Shadow King，Edinburgh: Canongate:


ablaze

燃烧着 （19世纪初叶）

[…] with the spontaneous combustion the house smouldered ablaze.

1969，Ray Bradbury，“The Haunting of the New”, in I Sing the Body Electric!，New York: Knopf，頁 143:


aba

源自阿拉伯語 عَبَاءَة (ʕabāʔa)。對照abaya。

阿拉伯式寬鬆無袖服裝，由上述材料或絲綢製成（首次使用於19世紀早期）

'A pale mauve abba such as you buy in the East.'

1934，Agatha Christie，章號 5, in Murder on the Orient Express，London: HarperCollins, 出版於 2017，頁 110:

Here Nessim would sit night after night in the winter, dressed in his old rust-coloured abba, staring gravely at Betelgeuse, or hovering over books of calculations for all the world like a medieval soothsayer.


abattis

abatis的另一種拼寫法

He withdrew Torfrida and his men into the heart of the forest,—no hint of the place is given by the chronicler,—cut down trees, formed an abattis of trunks and branches, and awaited the enemy.

1866，Charles Kingsley，章號 34, in Hereward the Wake，London: Nelson，頁 469:


abdicate

* 首次記錄於1541年。
* 派生自拉丁語 abdicātus (“放棄的”)，abdicō (“放棄，拒絕”) 的完成被動分詞，源自ab (“離開”) + dicō (“宣告、表明”)，類似於dīcō (“說”)。

abdicates (third-person singular present)
abdicating (present participle)
abdicated (past participle)

投降、放棄或交出（主權等）；不再擔任或履行高級職位、身分 （首次記錄於17世紀）

to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy

The cross-bearers abdicated their service.

1776，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:

He abdicates all right to be his own governor.

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:

The understanding abdicates its functions.

1856，James Anthony Froude，History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth:

放棄王位或其他高級職位、身分 （18世紀早期－）

Though a king may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate for the monarchy.


abduct

派生自拉丁語 abductus，abduco (“帶走”)的完成被動分詞，源自 ab (“遠離”) + duco (“帶領”)。
* (生理學)： abduction 的逆構詞。

abducts (third-person singular present)
abducting (present participle)
abducted (past participle)

誘拐；劫持；綁架 （17世紀早期）

That same night he had by force abducted the president and the secretary of the club, and had taken them, much against their will upon a voyage in the wonderful air-ship, the “Albatross,” which he had constructed.

1904，Jules Verne，章號 16, in The Master of the World:

to abduct children


Abel

繼承自中古英語 Abel，繼承自古英語 Ābel，源自拉丁語 Abel，源自古希臘語 Ἅβελ (Hábel)，源自聖經希伯來語 הֶבֶל (heḇel，“蒸汽；呼吸；愚蠢；荒謬”)，可能源自阿卡德語 𒌉𒍑 (ablu，“兒子”)。

And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.

該隱與他兄弟亞伯說話，二人正在田間，該隱起來打他兄弟亞伯，把他殺了。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 4:8:


vert

源自中古英語 vert，源自古法語 vert，源自拉丁語 viridis。 virid 的同源對似詞。

“I understand thee,” said the King, “and the Holy Clerk shall have a grant of vert and venison in my woods of Warncliffe.”


abigail

源自人名Abigail，17世紀初的劇作《The Scornful Lady》中一位女侍者的名字。

女僕，侍女，丫頭 （17世紀中期－19世紀）

It was therefore concluded that the Abigails should, by turns, relieve each other on one of his lordship’s horses, which was presently equipped with a side-saddle for that purpose.

In the servants’ hall two coachmen and three gentlemen’s gentlemen stood or sat round the fire; the abigails, I suppose, were upstairs with their mistresses; the new servants, that had been hired from Millcote, were bustling about everywhere.


abhorrent

借自拉丁語 abhorrēns, abhorrēntis，abhorreō (“痛恨”) 的現在主動分詞。等價於abhor + -ent。

more abhorrent (comparative)
most abhorrent (superlative)

背离的，相悖的，相反的 （16世纪末）

abhorrent thoughts

The persons most abhorrent from blood, and treason, and arbitrary confiscation, might remain silent spectators of this civil war between the vices.

1803，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:

与...相反的，与...不协调的（17世纪中叶）

This legal, and, as it should seem, injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to out stricter principles, was received with a very faint murmur, ...

1827，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire:

In establishing his ideal state he expressed some opinions utterly abhorrent to our customs and ways of living. He believed, for instance, that all wives should be held in common ... with the result that no one could tell his own children from those of a perfect stranger.

1990，James Hankins，Plato in the Italian Renaissance:

令人厌恶的，可恨的，可憎的 （19世纪初叶）

If Pride, abhorrent as it is, and if Ambition, ...

That, I protest, is a doctrine psychologically impossible and ethically abhorrent.

The arts of pleasure in despotic courts I spurn, abhorrent; in a spotless heart I look for pleasure.


safety valve

outlet

發洩情緒的途徑，舒緩情緒的方法

release

發洩情緒的途徑，舒緩情緒的方法

Spun glass mattresses are used for lagging the boiler, which has three Ross pop safety valves on the front ring.

1941 April，“British Locomotive Developments”, in The Railway Magazine，London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 173:

[A]nd to show that there was no shortage of steam, Royal Scot, directly we stopped, blew off vigorously from its safety-valves steam that well might have been used in the cylinders in the interest of timekeeping.

1959 April，Cecil J. Allen，“Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 185:

發洩情緒的途徑，舒緩情緒的方法

美國的一條法律，編入美国法典第§3553條，授權法官對很少或沒有犯罪前科的罪犯不適用強制性最低刑罰

Hernández additionally requested that he be given a two-level safety-valve reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2, which mitigates the harsh effect of mandatory minimum sentences on certain first-time offenders who played only supporting roles in drug-trafficking schemes and who provided testimony about their involvement in the criminal activity.

2020年June30日，David Jeremiah Barron, Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit，“United States v. Hernández-Hernández”, in Federal Reporter […] (No. 19-1123)，卷 964, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-07-02，頁 100:


zany

源自中古法語 zani、zanni，源自意大利語 zanni (“戴面具的丑角”)，源自Zanni，Giovanni的方言形式。

zanier (comparative)
zaniest (superlative)

And I will admit now but never then that, more than once, listening to the Viennese chattering their zany German on the pavements, or taking himself to one of the struggling small theatres that were cropping up in cellars and bombed houses...

Press articles emphasized his [Dizzy Gillespie's] ambassadorial role and drew attention to the paradox that he was a shrewd musician and leader despite his zany image.

1999，Alyn Shipton，“Gillespiana”, in Groovin' High: The Life of Dizzy Gillespie，Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 293:

When playing for Connie Mack, Rube [Waddell]'s pattern after one of his zany outbursts usually involved promises of good behavior and a spurt of excellent pitching.

2000，Alan H. Levy，Rube Waddell: The Zany, Brilliant Life of a Strikeout Artist，Jefferson, N.C.: London: McFarland & Company, →ISBN，頁 241:

This runs counter to the play, where Grandpa is always benignly indulgent of all his zany progeny and their equally zany spouses, and is even somewhat zany himself.

2013，William Paul，“No Escaping the Depression: Utopian Comedy and the Aesthetics of Escapism in Frank Capra's You Can't Take it with You (1938)”, in A Companion to Film Comedy，Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 280:

The montage goes on to show scenes of Carla singing, dancing, meditating, breaking the tension amongst her co-cheftestants with sing-a-longs and “hootie-hoo” lessons, and ultimately wooing the judges with a combination of her zany personality and solid cooking skills.

2015，Kimberly D. Nettles-Barcelón，“The Sassy Black Cook and the Return of the Magic Negress: Popular Representations of Black Women's Food Work”, in Dethroning the Deceitful Pork Chop: Rethinking African American Foodways from Slavery to Obama，Fayetteville, Ark.: University of Arkansas Press, →ISBN，頁 117:


zany

小丑 （尤指滑稽模仿主要丑角的）

Then write that I may follow, and so be / Thy echo, thy debtor, thy foil, thy zany.

a. 1631, John Donne, Epistle to Mr. I. W.

O great restorer of the good old stage, / Preacher at once, and Zany of thy age!

1728，Alexander Pope，“Book III”, in The Dunciad:

Part of the illusory world is the 'quack' or mountebank who can be seen standing on his own special platform in the centre of the crowd[…]。Such a person travelled round to fairs and markets selling his nostrums or medicines. This character is dressed in a lace hat, long periwig and embroidered coat with lace cuffs, and is attended by his zany, who is wearing a chequered harlequin outfit and is 'quacking' or 'puffing' his master's wares. No seventeenth- or eighteenth-century mountebank was complete without his zany or 'Merry Andrew' – a term originally applied to Dr Andrew Boorde, physician to Henry VIII and noted for his ready wit and humour, who was the subject of many broadside ballads.

1996，Fiona Haslam，From Hogarth to Rowlandson: Medicine in Art in Eighteenth-century Britain，Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, →ISBN，頁 69:


zenith

源自中古英語 cenyth，源自中世紀拉丁語 cenit，源自阿拉伯語 سَمْت (samt，“方向，小路”)，源自完整形式سَمْت اَلرَّأْس (samt ar-raʔs，“头的朝向”)。以-ni-代-m-的情况有时被认为是误读了三个笔画。这个说法确实有道理，但是也可能只是发音模仿导致的。

nadir

天顶 （观测者头顶水平向上的位置）

perigee

天顶 （观测者头顶水平向上的位置）

Winning the continental championship was the zenith of my career.

在洲际锦标赛中夺冠是我生涯的巅峰。

It was during those civil troubles […] this aspiring family reached the zenith.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 13, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

"There for a while I enjoyed myself in the zenith of glory and pleasure."

1900，William Beckford，The History of the Caliph Vathek，頁 173:


zealous

來自古希臘語 ζῆλος (zêlos，“熱心、戒備”)，來自ζηλόω (zēlóō，“競爭，嫉妒”)。jealous 的同源對似詞。

zelous (alternative)
more zealous (comparative)
most zealous (superlative)

Doubtless many will exclaim against the Roman Catholic Church for this; but the simple truth is that Protestantism was no less zealous against the new scientific doctrine.

1896，Andrew Dickson White，A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom，第2004版，頁 122:

[…]and there were few more zealous dancers at the fashionable balls in the Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg.

1940，Foster Rhea Dulles，America Learns to Play: A history of popular recreation, 1607-1940，頁 61:

Newt Gingrich […]left Congress in 1998, following GOP midterm-election losses that many blamed on his zealous pursuit of Bill Clinton's impeachment.

2011 April 4，“Newt Gingrich”, in Time, retrieved 2013-09-09:


adjacent

借自拉丁語 adiacēns，adiacentis，衍生自adiaceo (“我躺在旁邊”)；来自ad (“於，至，對，向”) + iaceo (“我躺下”)。

這個介詞通常與單詞to一起使用，即“adjacent to”。但是，在美國，adjacent有時會單獨使用。

While Amazon has increasingly become a one-stop shop for some people, we’re also seeing a large proliferation of online companies looking to connect with users wherever they happen to be spending the most time, whether that’s on a social media platform, or on a site that caters to interests adjacent to the businesses’s own — and most importantly not necessarily on the company’s own web properties.

雖然亞馬遜越來越成為某些人的一站式商店，但我們也看到大量在線公司希望在用戶花費最多時間的地方與他們建立聯繫，無論是在社交媒體平台上，還是在一個迎合企業自身相關利益的網站——最重要的是，不一定在公司自己的網絡資產上。

2008年March27日，Ingrid Lunden，“Braintree launches Extend to integrate loyalty, fraud prevention and other services into payments”, in TechCrunch, retrieved 2019-07-26: