flabbergast

不详，可能是一方言词（萨福克郡），源自flabby或flap (“打击”) + aghast。该词可能与苏格兰英語 flabrigast (“夸口”)或flabrigastit (“筋疲力竭”)有关。
名词派生自动词。

flabbergasts (third-person singular present)
flabbergasting (present participle)
flabbergasted (past)
flabbergasted (past participle)
flabbergast (past participle)

flabbergaster

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

He was flabbergasted to find that his work had been done for him before he began.

他发现他的活在他开始做之前就已经做好了的时候目瞪口呆。

Her stupidity flabbergasts me, and I have to force myself to keep a straight face while she explains her beliefs.

她的愚蠢真是惊到我了，她在解释她那些信念的时候我得憋着我的表情。

I love to flabbergast the little-minded by shattering their preconceptions about my nationality and gender.

我特别喜欢粉碎掉那些对我的民族和性别的偏见，让那些心胸狭隘的人大吃一惊。

The oddity of the situation was so flabbergasting I couldn’t react in time for anyone to see it.

反常的势态令我大吃一惊，让我没有时间作出反应让别人看到。

Now we are flabbergaſted and bored from morning to night—in the ſenate, at Cox's muſeum, at Ranelagh, and even at church.

1772，“Observator” [pseudonym]，“On New Words; from the Same [Town and Country Magazine]”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XV, London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, […], 出版於 1773, →OCLC，頁 191，列 1:

They flabagast good manners and good morals, and only show that one of the parties is vex'd and disappinted.^([sic])

1834，Jack Downing [pseudonym; Seba Smith]，章號 XXV, in The Life of Andrew Jackson, President of the United States，Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by T. K. Greenbank, →OCLC，頁 183:

Now, there are assertions, not dissimilar in their power of benumbing and flabbergasting one, but yet within the bounds of sane and perfectly orderly plausibility, for which our language wants a name. Paradox is too hackneyed a term. They ought to be called Buckleisms. When a man makes an assertion clean in the teeth of all previous belief, and makes it coolly, fluently, without proof, and yet as if contradiction were impossible—that is a Buckleism.

1861 August，[David Masson]，“Mr. Buckle’s Doctrine as to the Scotch and Their History”, in Macmillan’s Magazine，卷 IV, 期 22, Cambridge, London: Macmillan and Co. […], →OCLC, part II (The Weasel-wars of Scotland and the Scottish Reformation)，頁 316，列 1:

Skates that are not quite a fit, my dear Smith, / May flabberghast even a chap of your pith.

1887年January29日，“The ‘Emergency-Man’”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 XCII, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁 54，列 1:

At this I was rendered completely flabaghast—for, although the allegation was undeniably correct, I had confidently hoped that my friend Ram was unaware of the fact, or would at least have the ordinary mother-wit to refrain from blurting it out!

1896年August22日，[F. Anstey] [pseudonym; Thomas Anstey Guthrie]，“Jottings and Tittlings. (By Baboo Hurry Bungsho Jabberjee, B.A.) No. XXI. Mr. Jabberjee Halloos before He is Quite Out of the Woods”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 CXI, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁s 88–89，列 2:

He [Franklin Delano Roosevelt] loved to flabbergast his associates by announcing some startling new policy without consulting any of them.

1956，John T[homas] Flynn，“The Rabbits Go Back in the Hat”, in The Roosevelt Myth，第revised版, New York, N.Y.: Devin-Adair Publishing Company, →OCLC; reprinted Auburn, Ala.: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008, →OCLC, book 1 (Trial—and Error)，頁s 50–51:

The idea may surprise you, but I intend that it shall flabbergast the poor foolish Englishmen mured up behind those pine and redwood logs. Flabbergast 'em, I say!

2008，Harry Turtledove，The United States of Atlantis: A Novel of Alternate History，New York, N.Y.: Roc/New American Library, →ISBN，頁 240:

Then the most unbelievable thing happened, totally flabbergasting every student in the class.

2012，Tara M. Tamasi，Ms. O’Brien’s Class，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 226:


flabbergast

When I saw my house on fire, the flabbergast overcame me and I just stood and stared, too shocked to comprehend what I was seeing.

我看到我房子着火的时候，惊讶得呆呆地站在那看着，吃惊得无法理解我看到的景象。

His flabbergast was so great he couldn’t even come up with a plausible answer.

他惊讶得没法组织出合理的回答。

Her foibles were flattery, fine feeling, and flabergast; and if not old enough to be his mother, sufficiently so to be a young aunt.

1852 October，“Adventures of Tom Honeycomb—No. I”, in Yankee Notions，卷 2, 期 10, New York, N.Y.: Published by T. W. Strong, […], →OCLC，頁 297:

Then quit your flabbergast, and talk in plain English.

1868年February22日，Oliver Optic [pseudonym; William Taylor Adams]，“Freaks of Fortune; or, Half Round the World”, in Oliver Optic’s Magazine. Our Boys and Girls，卷 III, 期 60, Boston, Mass.: Published by Lee and Shepard, […], →OCLC, chapter XVI (Pistols for Two)，頁 117，列 2:

Bob's big-eyed flabbergast struck him as comic and he laughed and said, "Lying sack, hey?"

1998，James Carlos Blake，Red Grass River: A Legend，New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN; 第1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN，頁 52:


flowerpot

Three chairs of the steamer type, all maimed, comprised the furniture of this roof-garden, with (by way of local colour) on one of the copings a row of four red clay flower-pots filled with sun-baked dust from which gnarled and rusty stalks thrust themselves up like withered elfin limbs.

1914，Louis Joseph Vance，“Anarchy”, in Nobody，New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, 出版於 1915, →OCLC，頁 33:


fatuous

源自拉丁語 fatuus (“愚蠢的”)。

more fatuous (comparative)
most fatuous (superlative)

A fatuous love affair can easily result in a fatuous marriage. A couple who hardly know each other and, indeed, may not even really like each other, make a commitment that has little chance of being honoured.

2004，Frank Tallis，Love Sick: Love as a Mental Illness，頁 46:

While much publicity is given to fatuous 'reversing Beeching' ideas, the reality is that the real investment is focused on expanding the road network - [...].

2020年December2日，Christian Wolmar，“Wales offers us glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, in Rail，頁 56:


forlorn

源自中古英語 forlorn、forloren，源自古英語 forloren（forlēosan (“丢失”)的过去分词），源自原始日耳曼語 *fraluzanaz (“遗失的”)，原始日耳曼語 *fraleusaną (“丢失”)的过去分词，等价于for- + lorn。同源词有西弗里斯蘭語 ferlern (“丢失的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 ferlädden (“丢失的”)、荷蘭語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德國低地德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、瑞典語 förlorad (“丢失的”)。还见lese/leese、lorn。

forlorner (comparative)
more forlorn (comparative)
forlornest (superlative)
most forlorn (superlative)

forsaken

可悲的，（尤指因被遗弃而）可怜的

For miſerie doth braueſt mindes abate, / And make them ſeeke for that they wont to ſcorne, / Of fortune and of hope at once forlorne.

1578–1579，Ed[mund] Sp[enser]，“Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale. [...] Dedicated to the Right Honorable the Ladie Compton and Mountegle”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. Whereof the Next Page Maketh Mention，London: Imprinted for VVilliam Ponsonbie, dwelling in Paules Churchyard at the signe of the Bishops head, 出版於 1591, →OCLC:

More join us at Colwall and at the lovely station at Great Malvern, although the place is in need of some TLC nowadays. The ornate canopy supports are overdue a repaint, and the closed cafe gives the place a forlorn air.

2020年December2日，Paul Bigland，“My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail，頁 67:

可悲的，（尤指因被遗弃而）可怜的

This is the Maiden all forlorn, That milked the Cow with the crumpled Horn[.]

The condition of the besieged, in the mean time, was forlorn in the extreme; not so much from want of food, though their supplies were scanty, as from excessive toil and exposure.

1857，William H[ickling] Prescott，“War with France. 1557.”, in History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain，第new版, 卷 I, London: G[eorge] Routledge & Co., Farringdon Street，頁 125:

Sweet are familiar songs, tho' Music dips / Her hollow shell in Thought's forlornest wells: / And sweet, tho' sad, the sound of midnight bells, / When the oped casement with the night-rain drips.

1859，Owen Meredith [pseudonym; en:Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]，“The Wanderer”, in Poems by Owen Meredith. The Wanderer and Clytemnestra，Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, prologue, part I, stanza 1，頁 17:

Sophia broke down here. Even at this moment she was subconsciously comparing her rendering of the part of the forlorn bride with Miss Marie Lohr's.

1921，Ben Travers，A Cuckoo in the Nest，London: The Bodley Head, →OCLC; 再版 Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1925, →OCLC，頁 67:

绝望的，无望的，希望渺茫的

To begin therefore with Traditions, which is your forlorn hope that in the first place we are to set upon: this must I needs tell you before we begin, that you much mistake the matter, if you think that traditions of all sorts promiscuously are struck at by our religion.

1625，James Ussher，“Of Traditions”, in An Ansvver to a Challenge Made by a Iesuite in Ireland. Wherein the Iudgment of Antiquity in the Points Questioned, is Truly Delivered, and the Noveltie of the Now Romish Doctrine Plainely Discovered by Iames Vssher bishop of Meath. Whereunto is Added a Sermon Preached before His Majesty at Wansted, by the Same Author，London: Printed [by Humphrey Lownes] for the Society of Stationers, →OCLC; republished in The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland，卷 III, Dublin: Hodges & Smith; London: Whittaker & Co., [1831], →OCLC，頁 41:

Mrs. Blair had lost her husband, who was a cavalry officer, in Cabool, at the memorable Khyber Pass; but as no precise tidings of his death had every been received, she cherished the forlorn hope that he was still living in captivity among the Affghans, and that some day it would be her happiness yet to be reunited with him, even on earth.

1859，Mowbray Thomson，章號 VII, in The Story of Cawnpore，London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington Street, publisher in ordinary to Her Majesty, →OCLC，頁s 119–120:

Now he rushed to the platform edge carrying a full fire bucket, in a forlorn attempt to douse the flames as the now brightly burning wagon rolled past.

2022年January12日，Benedict le Vay，“The heroes of Soham...”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 42:


forlorn

The Regiment being drawn up into the former Figure, they may proceed to Firings upon it, firſt let the Forlorns fire five or six times over, being commanded by the eldeſt Captains Lieutenant, who is to be aſſiſted by a couple of able Serjeants; after let him wheel off to the right and left, and bring them down in the Reer of the Pikes. Then let the ſecond Captains Lieutenant being aſſiſted by two Serjeants lead up the reſerves by the out-ſide of the Pikes, at ſuch time when the Forlorns begin to come off, […]

1659，Richard Elton，“Severall Firings to be Performed upon the Former Figure, and how to be Mannaged by the Severall Officers”, in The Compleat Body of the Art Military: Exactly Compiled, and Gradually Composed for the Foot, in the Best Refined Manner, According to the Practice of the Modern Times. …，第2nd版, London: Printed by R[obert] and W[illiam] Leybourn, in Monkswel-Street, in Lambes Chappel neer Criplegate, →OCLC, book III，頁 152:

[…] I ordered the forlorns to advance and to march, at their open order, towards the upland, and by this time the tide was upon the ground wee ſtood on: The forlorn were no ſooner advanced a few rods, before there was firing on both ſides; […]

1765，[Thomas] Hutchinson，“[Appendix.] Number XXI. Major Walley’s Journal in the Expedition against Canada in 1692. A Narrative of the Proceedings to Canada, soe far as Concerned the Land Army.”, in The History of the Colony of Massachuset’s Bay，源自the First Settlement thereof in 1628, until Its Incorporation with the Colony of Plimouth, Province of Main, &c. by the Charter of King William and Queen Mary, in 1691，第2nd版, London: Printed for M. Richardson, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC，頁 556:

I was this day in the van, and our forlorn having entered Huntingdon without any great reſiſtance till they came to the bridge, finding it barricaded, they ſent me word; I cauſed the troops to halt, and rode up to the forlorn, to view the countenance of the enemy, and found by the poſture they had put themſelves in, that they reſolved to ſell us the paſſage as dear as they could.

1782，“a Shropshire gentleman” [i.e., Daniel Defoe]，“Memoirs of a Cavalier, &c. Part Second.”, in The History of the Civil Wars in Germany, from the Year 1630 to 1635: Also Genuine Memoirs of the Wars of England, in the Unhappy Reign of Charles the First; Containing the Whole History of Those Miserable Times; until the King Lost His Head on the Scaffold, in the Memorable Year 1648，Newark, Nottinghamshire: Printed by James Tomlinson, for the publisher, →OCLC，頁 339:

The garrison, taken by surprise, had the first intelligence of the assault in the "forlorns plunging into the canal."

1861，Evert A[ugustus] Duyckinck，“Henry Lee”, in National Portrait Gallery of Eminent Americans: Including Orators, Statesmen, Naval and Military Heroes, Jurists, Authors, etc., etc., from the Original Full Length Paintings by Alonzo Chappel。With Biographical and Historical Narratives, [...] In Two Volumes，卷 I, New York, N.Y.: Johnson, Fry & Company, 27 Beekman Street, →OCLC，頁 236:


formalin

If you failed to bathe it in the formalin solution every time, its flesh might cross the precipitous border into decay.

2023，V. V. Ganeshananthan，Brotherless Night，Viking，頁 20:


fauvism

Paris had been the birthplace of the Modernist sensibility during the latter half of the previous century, when its cafés, studios and tolerant atmosphere helped nurture the symbolist school in poetry and impressionism in painting. By the start of the First World War, it had sheltered fauvism, cubism, expressionism, vorticism, and a host of other splinter movements through which the emerging culture gradually took shape.

上世纪下半叶，巴黎曾是现代主义思潮的发源地，其咖啡馆、工作室和包容的氛围孕育了诗歌中的象征主义流派和绘画中的印象派。到第一次世界大战爆发时，巴黎庇护了野兽派、立体主义、表现主义、漩涡主义以及许多其他分支艺术运动，新兴文化正是借此逐渐成型。

1999，Daniel J. Singal，William Faulkner: The Making of a Modernist，Univ of North Carolina Press, →ISBN，頁 71:


formicivorous

Formicivorous mammals (those which feed mainly on ants) come in all shapes and sizes […]

食蟻（即以螞蟻為主食）哺乳動物們的形態大小各異 […]

2010，Paula Hammond，Atlas of the World's Strangest Animals，頁 152:


fawn

源自中古英語 fawnen，源自古英語 fagnian，fæġnian (“庆祝”)的变换形式，其派生出中古英語 fainen、英語 fain。与古諾爾斯語 fagna同源。还见fain。

fawns (third-person singular present)
fawning (present participle)
fawned (past participle)

grovel

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

wheedle

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

soft-soap

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

toady

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

Thou with trembling fear, / Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest.

1671，John Milton，Paradise Regained，book 1:

courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 23, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

That the young Mr. Churchills liked—but they did not like him coming round of an evening and drinking weak whisky-and-water while he held forth on railway debentures and corporation loans. Mr. Barrett, however, by fawning and flattery, seemed to be able to make not only Mrs. Churchill but everyone else do what he desired.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 2, in The Mirror and the Lamp:


fickle

源自中古英語 fikil、fikel，源自古英語 ficol (“浮躁的，不忠的，狡诈的”)，等价于fike + -le。详见fike。

fickler (comparative)
more fickle (comparative)
ficklest (superlative)
most fickle (superlative)

不坚持的，浮躁的，无常的；不忠的，不可靠的

As night has such a local ring / And love and rock are fickle things

2010，James Murphy （作曲作詞）, “Home”, in This Is Happening，演出者 LCD Soundsystem:


fluoride

/ˈflʊəˌɹaɪd/

/ˈflɔːˌɹaɪd/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fluoride.wav

However, too much fluoride produces a mottling effect on teeth. Large doses of fluoride are actually toxic.

然而，氟化物过多会导致牙齿变色。大剂量的氟化物实际上是有毒的。

2000，Lawrie Ryan，Advanced Chemistry for You，Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, →ISBN，頁 54:


forthwith

源自中古英語 forth-with、fourth-with、furþ-with (“马上，立刻”)，部分源自短语forth with (something)，部分源自forth-with-al、furth-with-al (“马上；和...一起”)（派生出forthwithal）。

forthwithal

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

Let ther be Light, ſaid God, and forthwith Light, / Ethereal, firſt of things, quinteſſence pure, / Sprung from the Deep, [...]

要有光，上帝说，顷刻之间，天光跃出深渊，万物的开端，纯粹的第五种基本物质，…

1667，John Milton，“Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 243–245:

And no doubt the dry'd Dirt, and Slime of which we were ſpeaking, would have imbib'd ſome Portion of the Humidity, the Day before the Nile overflow'd, had it not been kept ſo cloſe: but being once releas'd from that Cuſtody, it forthwith ruſhes into the Embraces of the deſir'd Moiſture, following the natural Propenſity of dry Bodies to wet.

1714，T[itus] Lucretius Carus，“Of the Annual Inundation of the River Nile”, in Thomas Creech（譯者）, Of the Nature of Things. Translated into English Verse […]，卷s II (Containing the Fifth and Sixth Books), London: Printed by John Matthews, for George Sawbridge, […], →OCLC，頁 703:

The task was the harder in that the restored service had not only to start forthwith but also to last for several months pending modifications to the multiple-unit electric stock, and this called for organisation on a semi-permanent basis.

1961 July，“Glasgow emergency – the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 431:

[Hans] Jonas emphasized years ago that the prospect of genetic control, though cloning and other means, "raises ethical questions of a wholly new kind," for which we are profoundly unprepared. [...] Is it defensible in any sense, for instance, to set out forthwith to create "grade A individuals", "kids made to order," whether designed as privileged deciders of policy or merely dumb drones for the duller humdrum chores of life?

1998，Richard M. Zaner，“Surprise! You’re Just Like Me!: Reflections on Cloning, Eugenics, and Other Utopias”, in Human Cloning (Biomedical Ethics Reviews)，New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 114:

[W]hen the Board announced in March 1940, that after a certain date in May no Customs staff aged 23 or over would be allowed to join the Armed Forces it made our minds up for us. We were both 23! We forthwith applied for permission to enlist in the RAF.

2010，Martin W. Bowman，“Dam Buster – Dudley Heal”, in Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-hand Accounts of British and Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII，Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation, Pen & Sword Books, →ISBN，頁 133:


fortune-teller

fortune teller (alternative)
fortuneteller (alternative)
fortune-tellers (plural)

The usual exchange between English children is as follows: A: Who do you love? (referring to one of the names on the fortune-teller) B: Simon. A: S-I-M-O-N (alternately opens and shuts the device as he or she says each letter).

2006，Andrew Wright, David Betteridge, Michael Buckby，Games for Language Learning，頁 137:


fluster

源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼語支）语言，与冰島語 flaustra (“慌乱”)有关。

flusters (third-person singular present)
flustering (present participle)
flustered (past participle)

使...脸红，使...面部潮红

His practice of flustering himself daily with claret.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 20, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:


fustian

Fustian, of which I found only one entry before 1401, occurs frequently in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It appears to have been a ribbed cloth. […] On one occasion (1443) it is described as 'white ribbed fustian.'

1882，James E[dwin] Thorold Rogers，“On the Price of Textile Fabrics and Clothing”, in A History of Agriculture and Prices in England […]，卷s IV (1401–1582), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →OCLC，頁 568:

His fustian shirt, sanguineflowered, trembles its Spanish tassels at his secrets

(Can we date this quote?)，James Joyce，Ulysses:

Nothing that belongs to Homer seems to have been more commonly mistaken than the just pitch of his style, some of his translators having swelled into fustian in a proud confidence of the sublime, others sunk into flatness in a cold and timorous notion of simplicity.

(Can we date this quote?)，Alexander Pope，“Translator's Preface”, in Iliad:


foudroyant

more foudroyant (comparative)
most foudroyant (superlative)

[…] As makers go, / compared with Pindar or any / of the great foudroyant masters who don't ever / amend, we are, for all our polish, of little / stature […]

1968，W. H. Auden，“The Horatians”, in Collected Poems，Modern Library, 出版於 2007，頁 773:


foundation

源自拉丁語 fundātiō。

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013年July20日，“The attack of the MOOCs”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

“Marge Gets A Job” opens with the foundation of the Simpson house tilting perilously to one side, making the family homestead look like the suburban equivalent of the Leaning Tower Of Pisa.

2012年May20日，Nathan Rabin，“TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4, episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992)”, in The Onion AV Club:

The foundations of this construction have been laid out.

这次施工的地基已经打好了。


flywheel

As on Nos. 20001-3, the motor and generator armature shafts of the new locomotive each carry a heavy flywheel to provide kinetic energy and help maintain the speed of the motor-generator set during interruptions of supply, as at breaks in the continuity of the conductor rail.

1959 March，“The 2,500 h.p. electric locomotives for the Kent Coast electrification”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 123:


fractious

more fractious (comparative)
most fractious (superlative)

That brief moment after the election four years ago, when many Americans thought Mr. Obama’s election would presage a new, less fractious political era, now seems very much a thing of the past.

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

Flair and invention were very much at a premium, suffocated by the relentless pace and often fractious nature of proceedings. The absence of James Morrison from the centre of Scotland’s midfield, the West Brom man ruled out on the morning of the game by illness, had already diminished the creative capacity of the home side in that department.

2014年November14日，Stephen Halliday，“Scotland 1-0 Republic of Ireland: Maloney the hero”, in The Scotsman:

COP stands for conference of the parties under the UNFCCC, and the annual meetings have swung between fractious and soporific, interspersed with moments of high drama and the occasional triumph (the Paris agreement in 2015) and disaster (Copenhagen in 2009).

2019年December2日，Fiona Harvey，“Climate crisis: what is COP and can it save the world?”, in The Guardian:

With his twin notes, Mr. Musk waded directly into a fractious debate over the right way for corporations to bring workers back to the office during the coronavirus pandemic.

2022年June1日，Ryan Mac，“Elon Musk to Workers: Spend 40 Hours in the Office, or Else”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

After a fractious party conference and dire opinion polls for the Tories, the prime minister attempted to speak directly to the public, saying: “I want what you want.”

2022年October5日，Rowena Mason，“Liz Truss promises ‘growth, growth and growth’ in protest-hit speech”, in The Guardian:


gravestone

繼承自中古英語 graveston、gravestone、gravestan，等價於 grave + stone。

The value of gravestone inscriptions for ancestral research has long been recognised. The discovery of a single gravestone may provide more information on the history of a family than could be gleaned from […]

墓碑铭文在祖先研究中的价值早已得到认可。一块墓碑的发现，或许能提供比从 […] 中收集到的更多家族历史信息。

2005，William J. Roulston，Researching Scots-Irish Ancestors: The Essential Genealogical Guide to Early Modern Ulster, 1600-1800，Ulster Historical Foundation, →ISBN，頁 41:


garish

不详，可能源自弃用词中古英語 gawren (“盯着”)，其词源也不详，但可能源自古諾爾斯語 gá (“看”)或gaurr (“粗人”)（原始印歐語 *gʰow-rós，源自*gʰew- (“怒”)）。对比英語 gaw。

more garish (comparative)
most garish (superlative)

花里胡哨的，浮夸的 （自16世纪40年代）

The dress fits her well, but the pattern is rather garish.

她穿这件连衣裙很搭，但是裙子的图案太花哨了。

Leela: He gave me mechanical ears / Effective though just a bit garish.

2003年August10日，Ken Keeler，“The Devil's Hands are Idle Playthings”, in Futurama，季数 5, 集数 16 (television production), Fox Broadcasting Company:

She also said that Thameslink trains were deliberately garish, so as to lure drivers stuck on the M1, which runs alongside the line around Radlett.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 57:


goings-on

She sent a long letter detailing all the recent goings-on in her life.

她寄了一封详细描述她生活里发生的各种事的长信。

Enkidu is appalled at such goings-on and rises immediately to go to Uruk.

1981，William Irwin Thompson，The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture，London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，頁 191:

Phoenix's finest watch the goings-on with jaws agape. Machines on thick metal legs with big jangling teeth.

1996 July，Bruce Sterling，“Is Phoenix Burning”, in Wired, →ISSN:

The_Donald wasn’t a place to debate the presidential election, or discuss the latest goings-on with their preferred candidate. “What I’m interested in is letting Donald Trump supporters speak among themselves,” a moderator of the subreddit told me in early 2016.

2021年January29日，John Herrman，“Everything’s a Joke Until It’s Not”, in The New York Times:


garrulous

借自拉丁語 garrulus (“多嘴的”)，源自动词garriō (“唠叨”)。

more garrulous (comparative)
most garrulous (superlative)

/ˈɡæɹ.ʊ.ləs/

/ˈɡɛɹ.ə.ləs/

/ˈɡæɹ.ə.ləs/

She lingered for a few moments, and was garrulous over some detail of the household.

1891，Oscar Wilde，The Picture of Dorian Gray:

Crammed with gossip, anecdotes, and confessions . . ., his garrulous, untidy narratives read like a good novel.

1984, "A Modern Whitman," by James Atlas. The Atlantic, Dec 1984.


garth

繼承自中古英語 garth，源自古諾爾斯語 garðr，源自原始日耳曼語 *gardaz，與古英語 ġeard 同源。yard 的同源對似詞。

信奉日耳曼多神教運動的一群人或一个家庭

The Candidate for membership of Hof, Garth or Hearth shall hold an Armill, or he may touch an unsheathed Sword throughout the ceremony.

2014年November18日，Stubba，The Book of Blots，頁 102:


gingerly

副词可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 gençur和古法語 gençor、gensor (“更美丽的，更礼貌的”) [以及其他形式] + 英語 -ly (副词构成后缀)。gençor是gent (“美丽的，英俊的；贵族的，高贵的；礼貌的，彬彬有礼的；流利的；礼貌地；高雅地”)的比较级，源自晚期拉丁語 *gentus，拉丁語 genitus (“出身（好）的”)的变体，gignō (“结，成为...之父；导致，产生”)的被动完成时分词， 最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵenh₁- (“使...诞生；产生”)。
《牛津英语词典》指出，盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语的12世纪的文献，以及13世纪以后才可考的现代法语词之间存在一个几个世纪的缺口。因而若现代英语词源自盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语词，则必须是经由口头或已失传的文献传入的（可能是作为舞蹈界的术语）。
形容词派生自副词，可能是因为-ly亦是一个形容词构成后缀。

more gingerly (comparative)
most gingerly (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

He placed the glass jar gingerly on the concrete step.

他小心翼翼地将玻璃瓶放在水泥台阶上。

Purchasing a snowplow transforms Homer [Simpson] into a new man. Mr. Burns' laziest employee suddenly becomes an ambitious self-starter who buys ad time on local television at 3:17 A.M (prime viewing hours, Homer gingerly volunteers, for everyone from alcoholics to the unemployable to garden-variety angry loners) and makes a homemade commercial costarring his family.

2012年June3日，Nathan Rabin，“The Simpsons (Classic): ‘Mr. Plow’”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2020-10-27:

[Martin Luther] King [Jr.] was later said to have been within a sneeze or a jolt of extinction. Were it not for the pair of cops who gingerly carried him from Blumstein’s department store and the pair of surgeons who performed lifesaving surgery at Harlem Hospital there would have been no "I Have a Dream" speech and likely no national holiday honoring him.

2014年January20日，Michael Daly，“The Black and White Men who Saved Martin Luther King’s Life”, in The Daily Beast，出版於 14 April 2017 (update)，存檔自the original on 2021-01-18:


gingerly

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

But, ther's somethin' in the very look and voice of Jeems Strebling, even in his gingerly walk, that riles all the black drop in me.

1867，R[ebecca] H[arding] Davis，“The Valley of the Shadow”, in Waiting for the Verdict，New York, N.Y.: Sheldon & Company, 出版於 1868, →OCLC，頁 174:

The down "Atlantic Coast Express", headed by Pacific No. 35020 Bibby Line, passes the scene of operations at a gingerly 10 m.p.h.

1961 March，Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, image caption，頁 185:

Several gingerly taps on her console fired clusters of modified probes into the maelstrom of the gas giant’s atmosphere.

2012，David [Alan] Mack，章號 28, in Persistence of Memory (Star Trek: The Next Generation; Cold Equations; book 1)，New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, →ISBN, part 3 (Elegy):


gaslight

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav

Open the windows once in awhile and give the air a chance to circulate in and out. In the evening, do not forget that the lamps and gaslights are using up a goodly supply of oxygen also—so freshen things up a little, once in awhile.

1904，Yogi Ramacharaka [pseudonym; William Walker Atkinson]，“Fresh Air”, in Hatha Yoga: Or The Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-being […]，Chicago, Ill.: Yogi Publication Society […], →OCLC，頁 222:

A year since I strained my eyes very severely, and have never dared to use them much since by gaslight.

1887，Horatio Alger, Jr.，“An Unexpected Engagement”, in Frank Fowler, the Cash Boy (The Alger Series for Boys)，New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt, →OCLC，頁 86:


gaslight

源自英国戏剧家和小说家Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962)所著舞台剧《煤气灯下》及其在1940年和1944年的电影改编。剧中的丈夫通过改变生活环境的一些小细节，如煤气灯的亮度，来使其妻子和其他人认为其妻子丧失了心智。详见英语维基百科。

gaslights (third-person singular present)
gaslighting (present participle)
gaslighted (past participle)
gaslit (past participle)

head-game

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

该词较为模糊的用法包括形容无意的煤气灯效应，甚至广义的撒谎、误导、失之偏颇、奚落等，导致其原严格的词义失去了恶意色彩。详见英语维基百科文章中关于该词过度泛用的介绍。

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

Sylvia is a beautiful woman whose business-partner husband is "gaslighting" her. (That means he's trying to drive her crazy.)

1962, "The Journal Pre-Views Tonight's TV." Jersey Journal [Jersey City, NJ]. February 12, 1962: 12 col 6, describing the plot of the episode "Who Is Sylvia" of the television show Surfside 6:

[The men of McHale's Navy] decide to "gaslight" the already befuddled captain, to convince him he is going insane.

1963, "TV Scout." Daily Press [Utica, NY]. November 18, 1963: 24 col 2, describing the plot of the episode "The August Teahouse of Quint McHale" of McHale's Navy:

"You're gaslighting me, for chrissakes."

1964, in an argument between the characters Jenny and Charley in William Goldman's novel Boys and Girls Together, page 564:

I came home before he could gaslight me like Boyer did Bergman in the movie.

1967, Stan Freberg (comedian), on his "most excruciating experience with a producer" as interviewed in Humphrey, Hal. "'Dramatic' Role Played By Freberg." The Oregonian [Portland, OR]. February 11, 1967: II 3 col 3.

Just in the nick of time Rachel finds out the truth about her life from Martha. … This is how I wanted to show the gaslighting that had been going on Rachel's entire life.

2016, Tate Taylor (movie director), in the commentary version of The Girl on the Train (2016 film), discussing a train scene seventy-six minutes into the movie:

In fact, political scholars have written a great deal about Trump's gaslighting of the American people on various fronts. For example, Duca (2016) describes Trump's gaslighting as only beginning when he has initially lied or misled about issues—such as falsely claiming that the United States is the highest-taxed country in the world or that crime is on the rise. As Duca puts it: 'The gaslighting part comes in when the fictions are disputed by the media and Trump doubles down on his lies before painting himself as a victim […]'

2021年September28日，Alexander Brown，An Ethics of Political Communication，Routledge, →ISBN:


greengrocery

greengrocer + -y，或greengrocer + grocery 組成的混成詞。

Where greengrocery is concerned there is a distinction between the sale in the shops or in special greengrocery shops...

1925，Theodor Cassau, J F Mills，The Consumers' Co-operative Movement in Germany:

When William was twenty-four and Emma was twenty-three, they were married and took over a greengrocery in Stratford.

2004，Patrick McGilligan，Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light:


gremlin

不详，有这几种理论：
* goblin的变体。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 gruaimín (“阴郁而矮小的人”)或荷蘭語 gremmelen (“弄脏；使...腐败”)，或griemelen、grimmelen (“（弃用）充满，满是”)，然而根据《牛津英语词典》，这一理论缺乏证据。
本词因1943年出版的《小顽皮》（英国作家罗尔德·达尔著）而普及开来（尤其在美国），其中这种小精灵为了报复英国皇家空军摧毁了他们的森林家园而破坏了他们的飞机，之后他们又与英国合力与纳粹战斗。

bug

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

glitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

hitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

grem

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmie

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmy

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

grommet

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

（自20世纪20年代） 一种会破坏机械运转的小精灵

Like Abominable Snowmen, gremlins have never actually been seen; but nobody who works with electronic gear doubts the existence of these mischievous and elusive entities. There are too many malfunctions and failures that can have no other explanation.

1963，Arthur C Clarke，章號 8, in Glidepath，New York: Simon and Schuster，頁s 72-73:

Crucial time was saved by the fact Nexus didn't require a Transport & Works Act. Nevertheless, other gremlins kept raising their heads.

2023年November29日，Richard Foster，“Tyne & Wear Metro goes with the flow”, in RAIL，期 997，頁 34:


good-looking

源自 good + looking。對照荷蘭語 goeduitziend (“好看的”)、德語 gutaussehend (“好看的”)。

better-looking (comparative)
more good-looking (comparative)
best-looking (superlative)
most good-looking (superlative)

/ˈɡʊdˈlʊk.ɪŋ/

When one of us sees a good-looking guy, we nudge the other one and smile. One guy had the most gorgeous face I had ever seen. Every time we go to the mall we look around for 'that guy' just in case.

当我们中有人看到帅哥时，我们会用手肘碰碰另一个人，然后微笑。其中一个男人的脸是我见过的最帅气的。每次我们去商场时，我们都会四处寻找“那个男人”，万一他还在呢。


grenade

借自法語 grenade，來自古法語 grenate，出自短語pomme grenate (“石榴”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 pomum (“蘋果”) + granatum (“有種子”)。尾音的 -d 是受到西班牙語 granada的影響，法語進而衍生出該詞。garnet 的同源對似詞。

grenades (third-person singular present)
grenading (present participle)
grenaded (past participle)

Some of the infantry got pinned down by it, and from cover kept up the battle by grenading rubble piles or any other likely spots ahead of them.

2001，Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall，Island Victory: The Battle of Kwajalein Atoll，頁 43:

They advanced after grenading the next traverse, much like the British did.

2015，Gordon L. Rottman，The Hand Grenade，頁 46:


glancing

more glancing (comparative)
most glancing (superlative)

His fist caught a glancing blow to my jaw.

She looked with a grudging eye on this waste of life and beauty—there was none for him; and the sight of the coffin, with its deep black pall borne slowly along the glancing path, was a contrast of unutterable misery. It was a relief to change the cheerful meadow for the dark umbrage of the forest which they now entered.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁s 324–325:


glancing

No doubt, sometimes there are comprehensive glancings at, and interminglings of different future eras of prophecy.

1856，David Brown，Christ's second coming: will it be pre-millennial?:


grisly

源自中古英語 grisely、grysly、grissliȝ、griselich、grislich，源自古英語 grisliċ (“恐怖的，骇人的”)，源自grīsan (“使...因惧怕而战栗；颤抖，恐惧；使...颤抖，使...害怕”) （不直接可考，但āgrīsan暗示其存在） + -lic (构成形容词的后缀，表示“像...的，与...有关的”)。
其还可能是古英語 ongrislic、agrisenliċ的词首非重音形式，其为agrīsan (“使...因惧怕而战栗”，派生出agrise)的过去分词。
对比丹麥語 grusom、瑞典語 gräslig、中古荷蘭語 grezelijc（现代荷蘭語 griezelig）、中古高地德語 grisenlich（现代德語 grässlich、grausen）。

grislier (comparative)
grisliest (superlative)

The photographs of the killings depict a grisly scene.

杀人现场的相片惨不忍睹。

Then clad in cloake of mistie fogges the darke night vp did come, / And with grim grislie looke did seeme to bid me get me home; […]

1610，Richard Niccols，“The Indvction”, in A Winter Nights Vision; being an Addition of such Princes Especially Famous, who were Exempted in the Former Historie，part IV, London: Felix Kyngston, →OCLC; 再版為 Mirror for Magistrates，卷 II, part II, London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, and Co. Finsbury Square; and Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orms, and Brown, Paternoster Row, 1815, →OCLC，頁 548:

It was sore travelling for horse and man under the blazing sun, with no food nor water save what he pressed from the pith of the palms, and even these were growing scarce. The only life on the plains was the hard and dusty scrub. Every hour brought a more hopeless and grislier desolation.

1878，John Boyle O'Reilly，“On the Trail”, in Moondyne: A Story from the Under-world，London: George Routledge and Sons, 出版於 1879, →OCLC; 再版為 Moondyne: A Story of Convict Life in Australia，London: George Routledge & Sons, Limited, Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, [1880s], →OCLC, book first，頁s 23–24:

We know too well the bestial assault you are making upon the Russian people, to whom our hearts go out in their valiant struggle. We will have no truce or parley with you, or the grisly gang who work your wicked will. You do your worst and we will do our best.

1941，Winston Churchill，The Unrelenting Struggle:

In his [Galway Kinnell's] new book, Body Rags, he has brought this style to a kind of perfection, especially in two poems about the killing of animals, "The Porcupine" and "The Bear." These are the grisliest poems I have ever read.

1968 summer，Hayden Carruth，“Making It New”, in The Hudson Review，卷 XXI, 期 2, New York, N.Y.: Hudson Review, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC; reprinted as “From ‘Making It New’ [Body Rags]”, in On the Poetry of Galway Kinnell: The Wages of Dying (Under Discussion)，Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1987, →ISBN，頁 75:

Perhaps you have to have seen the first film to like this one; to feel, like the young fans of Harry Potter, that without knowing or wanting it, you have grown up with its grisly protagonists.

2017年January19日，Peter Bradshaw，“T2 Trainspotting review – choose a sequel that doesn’t disappoint”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-01-20:


grisly

源自grisle (“恐怖”) + -ly，对比中古荷蘭語 griselike、中古低地德語 grislike。

more grisly (comparative)
most grisly (superlative)

[A] very fair young gentlewoman [Sir Roger Wentworth's daughter], of twelve years of age, in marvellous manner vexed and tormented by our ghostly enemy, the devil, her mind alienated and raving, with despising and blaspheming of God, and hatred of all hallowed things, […] finally being brought and laid before the image of our blessed lady, was there, in the sight of many worshipful people, so grievously tormented, and in face, eyes, look, and countenance, so grisly changed, with her mouth drawn aside, and her eyes laid out upon her cheeks, that it was a terrible sight to behold. And after many marvellous things, […] restored to their good state, perfectly cured and suddenly.

1850，William Tyndale，引 Thomas More, “[The Solutions and Answers unto M. More’s First Book.] The Sixteenth Chapter”, in An Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue, The Supper of the Lord after the True Meaning of John VI. and 1 Cor. XI. and Wm. Tracy’s Testament Expounded. By William Tyndale, Martyr, 1536. Edited for the Parker Society, by the Rev. Henry Walter, B.D. F.R.S. [...]，Cambridge: Printed at the University Press, →OCLC，頁 90, footnote:

A valiant Captain of great prowess, as fierce as a fox assaulting a goose, was so hardy to give the first stroke: then got they so grisly together, that great was the activity that day to be seen there on both sides: the one very eager for purchase of prey, the other utterly stout for redemption of liberty: thus, quarrel enflamed the fury on both sides: twice the Danes had the better, but at the last conflict, beaten down, overcome, and many led captive for triumph by our English women.

1870，George Adlard，“A Letter: Whearin Part of the Entertainment unto the Queen’s Majesty at Killingworth Castl in Warwiksheer in this Somers Progress—1575 is Signified: 源自a Freend Officer Attendant in the Court unto His Freend a Citizen and Merchaunt of London. [...] With Explanatory Notes.”, in Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester; a Critical Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Various Statements in Relation to the Death of Amye Robsart, and of the Libels on the Earl of Leycester, with a Vindication of the Earl by His Nephew Sir Philip Sydney. And a History of Kenilworth Castle, including an Account of the Splendid Entertainment Given to Queen Elizabeth by the Earl of Leycester, in 1575，源自the Works of Robert Laneham and George Gascoigne; together with Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert Dudley, Son of the Earl of Leycester，London: John Russell Smith, 36 Soho Square, →OCLC，頁 142:


gatekeeper

The sources the citations are drawn from are significant, being printed books or newspapers subject to editorial processes and gatekeepers of language standards, as opposed to unedited texts such as blogs, chatroom logs or student writing.

2012，James Lambert，“Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes，頁 302:

At each station is a level crossing, in addition to others away from stations, and, as both the road and rail traffic are heavy, the gatekeepers (mostly signalmen) are quite busy and have acquired well-merited mention for reducing delays to road traffic to a minimum.

1946 January and February，G. A. Sekon，“The L.B.S.C.R. West Coast Section”, in Railway Magazine，頁 15:


glean

源自中古英語 glenen，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 glener，源自晚期拉丁語 glen(n)ō (“收集”)，源自高盧語，可能源自原始凱爾特語 *glanos。

gleans (third-person singular present)
gleaning (present participle)
gleaned (past participle)

learn

（一点点地）收集，挑拣（有用信息）

He [August Strindberg] gleaned a living from newspaper work for a few months, but in the summer went to a fishing village […] where […] he wrote his great historical drama Master Olof.

1912，Edith and Warner Oland，“Biographical Note”, in Three Plays By August Strindberg，頁 xi:


graceful

more graceful (comparative)
most graceful (superlative)

She is a graceful dancer.

The half-dozen pieces […] were painted white and carved with festoons of flowers, birds and cupids. […] The bed was the most extravagant piece. Its graceful cane halftester rose high towards the cornice and was so festooned in carved white wood that the effect was positively insecure, as if the great couch were trimmed with icing sugar.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 1, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Bringing a system down cleanly will preserve the operating system and some log files, but again will destroy the contents of the RAM (the volatile data). Windows and Linux are two operating systems that require a graceful shutdown.

彻底关闭系统将保留操作系统和一些日志文件，但同样会破坏RAM的内容（易失性数据）。Windows和Linux是两种需要平滑关闭的操作系统。

2009，Dale Liu，Cisco Router and Switch Forensics:


glee

源自中古英語 gle，源自古英語 glēo、glīġ、glēow、glīw (“开心，欢乐，愉悦，玩乐；音乐；嘲弄”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwą (“欢乐”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰlew- (“开玩笑，享”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 gle、glie、glew (“游戏，玩耍，运动，欢乐，开心，娱乐，音乐，旋律”)、冰島語 glý (“开心，欢乐”)、古希臘語 χλεύη (khleúē，“玩笑，笑话，蔑视”)。中古英语中为诗歌用词，16世纪时被弃用，18世纪被重新起用。

merriment

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

mirth

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gaiety

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gloat

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made.

1968，“Sympathy for the Devil”, in The Rolling Stones 作曲, Beggars Banquet:

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日，“Travels and travails”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁 55:


gleeful

more gleeful (comparative)
most gleeful (superlative)

During [Tucker] Carlson’s keynote, he wedged sneers at his critics for crying “racist!” in between racist remarks about [Ilhan] Omar, jeremiads against the media (“I know there’s a bunch of reporters here, so . . . screw you”), and an attack on Elizabeth Warren and her donors (“She’s a tragedy, because she’s now obsessed with racism, which is why the finance world supports her”)—all to gleeful applause.

2019年July24日，David Austin Walsh，“Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:


gaunt

源自中古英語 gawnt、gawnte (“瘦的”)，源自古法語 [具體何詞?]，可能源自斯堪的纳维亚或北日耳曼語支源头，与古諾爾斯語 gandr (“魔杖，棍”)有关，源自原始日耳曼語 *gandaz (“棍”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʷʰen- (“打，驱使”)。
与冰島語 gandur (“魔杖”)、挪威語 gand (“高而尖的棒子；又高又瘦的人”)、丹麥語 gand、gan、挪威語 gana (“修剪的树枝”)、巴伐利亞語 Gunten (“一种楔或钉”)。亦与古英語 gūþ (“战斗”)、拉丁語 dēfendō (“抵挡，避开，防御”)有关。亦对比瑞典語方言用词gank (“瘦马”)。

gaunter (comparative)
gauntest (superlative)

Hanging from the beam,
 Slowly swaying (such the law),
Gaunt the shadow on your green,
 Shenandoah!

1866，Herman Melville，Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, The Portent:

A gaunt Wolf was almost dead with hunger when he happened to meet a House-dog who was passing by.

1894，Joseph Jacobs，章號 1, in The Fables of Aesop:

Far away I saw a gaunt cat slink crouchingly along a wall, but traces of men there were none.

1898，H.G. Wells，The War of the Worlds，London: William Heinemann，頁 239:

In the dim light of a foggy November day the sick room was a gloomy spot, but it was that gaunt, wasted face staring at me from the bed which sent a chill to my heart.

1917，Arthur Conan Doyle，章號 5, in His Last Bow:

The present stage of progress in Christian Science presents two opposite aspects, — a full-orbed promise, and a gaunt want.

1896，Mary Baker Eddy，“The Way”, in Miscellaneous Writings 1883-1896，頁 355:

Behind me, rose up, to an extraordinary height, gaunt, black cliffs.

1908，William Hope Hodgson，章號 14, in The House on the Borderland:


groovy

源自短语in the groove，原指代早期留声机唱片的沟槽。

groovier (comparative)
grooviest (superlative)

时髦的，炫酷的 （20世纪40年代、60-70年代流行）

When you move me, everything is groovy.

2012，Pat Monahan (Train)，Drive By (song lyrics):

Men In Black 3 lacks the novelty of the first film, and its take on the late ’60s feels an awful lot like a psychedelic dress-up party, all broad caricatures and groovy vibes.

2012年May24日，Nathan Rabin，“Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:

Well, I love it! Move really fast, reverse time, save everyone? That sounds groovy! I’m gonna have to try that some day!

2015年February12日，Tina Alexander and Daniel Baxter，“How X-Men: Days of Future Past Should Have Ended”, in How It Should Have Ended，季数 7, 集数 3, spoken by Superman (Daniel Baxter), How It Should Have Ended, 經由 YouTube:


grossly

grossly inflated expectations

grossly enlarged hepatic lobes, evident on palpation

明显肥大的肝叶，通过触诊非常明显

Third-class carriages are grossly overcrowded, with passengers lying on the luggage racks, standing between the benches, and occasionally even riding on the footboards and clinging to the outsides of the coaches for short distances.

1950 February，W. Dendy，“Impressions of the Indian Railways—3”, in Railway Magazine，頁 120:

Barker believed that evidence was emerging that a "solid proportion" of operations were "grossly uneconomic", and that no amount of improvement in equipment would make them viable. He suggested that "while the superstructure of the report is correct, the foundations require radical re-examination".

2023年March8日，David Clough，“The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 42:

grossly misjudged

grossly inflamed

A draft deal to cut global fossil fuel production is “grossly insufficient” and “incoherent” and will not stop the world from facing dangerous climate breakdown, according to delegates at the UN’s Cop28 summit.

2023年December11日，Fiona Harvey，Patrick Greenfield，Nina Lakhani，Adam Morton，Damian Carrington，“Cop28 draft climate deal criticised as ‘grossly insufficient’ and ‘incoherent’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


gerontocracy

/ˌdʒɛɹənˈtɒkɹəsi/

It would come as no surprise to find that optimum science policy is apt to be developed neither by gerontocracy nor by juvenocracy but, like the community of scientists itself, by age-diversified meritocracy.

1972，Harriet Zuckerman, Robert K. Merton，“Age, Aging, and Age Structure in Science”, in Matilda White Riley, Marilyn Johnson, Anne Foner, Aging and Society，卷 3 (A Sociology of Age Stratification), New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, →ISBN，頁 337:

But in his 1996 novel, Holy Fire, [Bruce] Sterling imagines a rather different future: a world ruled by an all-powerful gerontocracy, which appropriates most of the world's wealth to pay for ever more costly life-extension techniques.

1997年March9日，Paul Krugman，“Does Getting Old Cost Society Too Much?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

He [Koizumi] was what would pass for a political maverick among Japan's faceless gray gerontocracy.

2018，Mikiso Hane，Modern Japan: A Historical Survey，第5th版, Routledge, →ISBN:


gecko

现代形式可能是由荷蘭語 gekko（1718年）借入英语和其他欧洲语言 (1718）。当时在英语中的形式为chacco（1711年）和jackoa（1724年）。之后的来源不详。一些文献提出了馬來語 gekok、gekoq或gekop，它们可能是仿自壁虎的叫声。其他理论认为源自亞齊語 gèh-gòh (“忙的”)。

Order II. Sauria. […] The heart has two auricles. The body is covered with scales, and there are three or four feet. The lungs are large, and extend along the back. The mouth is armed with teeth, and the toes with claws. The tail is long, and often thick at the base. […] Geckotida—geco

1839，William Rhind，“Reptiles”, in Elements of Zoology; Embracing a View of Life as Manifested in the Various Gradations of Organized Beings，Edinburgh: Fraser & Crawford; John Anderson, Junior; and Maclachlan & Stewart; Smith, Elder, & Co. and H. Washbourne, London; W. Curry, Junior, & Co. Dublin, →OCLC，頁s 85–86:

Leishmania infantum in Experimental Animals.—Experiments were carried out with geckoes, white mice, field mice (Microtus güntheri) and hamsters (Cricetus auratus and Cricetulus griseus).

1931，Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences，卷 108, London: Royal Society of London, →OCLC，頁 456:

GECKOES constitute a family of lizards remarkable for the large number of species it contains. They are also remarkable for a number of other features: for the readiness with which they have taken to living in houses, for their voices, the structure of their feet, the variation in the shape of the tail and for their eyes. […] As with the more familiar lizards, geckoes have the ability to cast the tail, and counts show that in some species two out of every five individuals have cast the tail and regenerated a new one.

1962，Maurice Burton，“Geckoes”, in The Illustrated London News，卷 CCXL, 期 II, London: Illustrated London News & Sketch Ltd., →OCLC，頁 548:

Family Gekkonidae (gekkos). In gekkos the skull is short and flat; the upper temporal bone arch is missing; the post-orbital and lacrimal bones are absent; and the jugal bone is very reduced.

1971，Victorian Year Book，Melbourne, Vic.: Government Printer, →OCLC，頁 23:

Many lizards, including the British common and sand lizards of the family Lacertidae, clamber over rocks with great agility; none matches the geckoes, some of which can run up, down, or across vertical glass as easily as most beasts run on the flat, and indeed can happily traverse ceilings.

1975年September27日，Colin Tudge，“How Gekko gecko defies gravity: A careful anatomical study of geckoes, those extremely agile climbing lizards, reveals an extraordinary degree of adaptation of the foot bones and muscles”, in New Scientist，卷 67, 期 968, London: New Science Publications, →OCLC，頁 696:

Other reptiles found in the district are the chamaeleon, geco and monitor lizard, the last getting extinct due to netting and shooting. It is now protected by law.

1988，Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Aligarh，卷 20, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: Government of Uttar Pradesh, →OCLC，頁 15:

The marvelous ability of geckos to run down trees, surefooted and head first, was first noted by Aristotle over two thousand years ago. However, Aristotle was not able to see the tiny hairs, called setae, that cover the toes of geckos and empower this feat. The setae are part of an adhesive system that allows geckos to maneuver on a wide variety of substrates, to run upside-down, and to arrest their falls. Geckos can run vertically at over 1 m/s and can carry over twice their body weight up smooth, vertical surfaces.

2009 January，Ginel Corina Hill，“Introduction”, in Dual-axis MEMS Force Sensors for Gecko Adhesion Studies (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation)，Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC，頁 1:

The potential uses for gecko-inspired adhesive products are nearly endless. People have found possible uses for them from sports and robotics, to medicine and home improvement.

2014，Wil Mara，From Gecko Feet to Adhesive Tape (Innovations from Nature)，Ann Arbor, Mich.: Cherry Lake Publishing, →ISBN，頁s 21–22:

By day, Golden-tailed Geckoes rest under curls of bark, the underside of branches, or in tree hollows but they seem to be fond of heat so these geckoes may even be in a situation where the sun shines on their daytime retreat all day. The Golden-tailed Gecko is an invertebrate-eater and by night its adhesive toe pads allow it to prowl the branches of Brigalow trees with ease, looking for small insects and spiders to capture.

2016，Martyn Robinson，Australian Wildlife after Dark，Clayton, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN:


gecko

geckos (third-person singular present)
geckoing (present participle)
geckoed (past participle)

像壁虎一样移动（贴在垂直或朝下的平面上）

An emergency handpad, geckoed to the expanding bulkhead, slid past to one side. Sarasti grabbed it and tapped commands.

2006 October，Peter Watts，Blindsight，New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN，頁 344:

And as Dave geckoed his way along the walls, he began seeing more and more skid marks left behind by Damien's Sewer Cruiser.

2009，Wendelin Van Draanen，The Gecko & Sticky: The Greatest Power，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，頁 33:

"H-h-here, boss!" Angelo called, and with that Dave kicked into gear, geckoing across the rest of the ceiling to the safety of the adjacent service room.

2010，Wendelin Van Draanen，The Gecko & Sticky: Sinister Substitute，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，頁 121:


grove

源自中古英語 grove、grave，源自古英語 grāf、grāfa (“树林，矮林”)，对比英語 groove。与古英語 grǣf、grǣfe (“矮林，树丛”)和古英語 grǣfa (“树丛”)有关。更多参见greave。

Religious sodomy was practised by male prostitutes in the Hebrew temple groves, which was one of the abominations of Israel that Josiah cleared away.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 160:


grovel

源自中古英語 *grovelen，源自古諾爾斯語 grufla、grœfla (“拜倒”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubilōną (“挖，潜入”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰrebʰ‑ (“挖，挠”)，等价于古諾爾斯語 á grufu (“趴着”)（→古諾爾斯語 grúfa (“趴着”)）同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 grovel、gruvil (“拜倒”)、德語 grübeln (“思考”)、新挪威語 gruvla (“趴着”)。亦对比西弗里斯蘭語 groebeltsje (“弄乱，搞糟；逃学”)、荷蘭語 grobbelen (“挖出”)。

grovels (third-person singular present)
grovelling
groveling
grovelled
groveled

In the tube station, the old ones who were on the way out / Would dribble and vomit and grovel and shout

1985，Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash，演出者 The Pogues:


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

pub grub

"The rice ration's down to nearly damn-all in the kampongs, but we keep finding dumps of grub in the forest."

1958，Anthony Burgess，The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy)，出版於 1972，頁 298:


grub

grubs (third-person singular present)
grubbing (present participle)
grubbed (past participle)

挖；将...连根挖起 （常后接up）

to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge

连根挖起树，灌木丛或莎草

They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

1846，Julius Hare，The Mission of the Comforter:


grammatically

more grammatically (comparative)
most grammatically (superlative)

For example, once the child is able to parse (i.e. grammatically analyse) an adult utterance such as Help Daddy and knows that it contains a verb phrase comprising the head verb help and its complement Daddy, then (on the assumption that the language faculty specifies that all heads of a given type behave uniformly with regard to whether they are positioned before or after their complements), the child will automatically know that all verbs in English are canonically (i.e. normally) positioned before their complements.

例如，一旦孩子能够解析（即从语法上分析）成人的话语（如 Help Daddy），并知道它包含一个由中心动词 help 及其补语 Daddy 组成的动词短语，那么（假设语言机制指定所有给定类型的中心动词在位于补语之前或之后的表现都是一致的），孩子就会自动知道英语中的所有动词都规范地（即正常地）位于补语之前。

2004，Andrew Radford，Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the structure of English，Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, §1.7，頁 23:


ghastly

源自古英語 gǣstan (“惊吓，折磨”)的衍生词 + -lic与ghostly（中古英语中亦作“gastlich”）的异文合并。等价于ghast/gast + -ly。16世纪时因异文合并，带“gh”的拼写发展起来。

ghastlier (comparative)
ghastliest (superlative)

苍白的，阴沉的，死气沉沉的

His face was so ghastly that it could scarcely be recognized.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 11, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

恐怖的，骇人的，惨不忍睹的

Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail.

遭到乱刀砍穿铠甲头盔，身负重伤。

1667，John Milton，“Book 6”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


general-purpose

多種用途的，一般用途的；通用的，泛用的

It is a general-purpose type, with weight and clearances sufficiently restricted to enable it to have a considerably wider radius of action than the "V2" 2-6-2s and "K3" 2-6-0s, but at the same time, with the help of a working pressure of 225 lb. per sq. in., of considerable power.

1943 March and April，“L.N.E.R. New Mixed-Traffic 4-6-0 Locomotive”, in Railway Magazine，頁 104:

The omni-tool itself is a combination computer and general-purpose engineering device that fabricates tools and equipment as needed. It acts as a translator, computer, holographic recorder and player, full translation software, and can create lockpicks and any other equipment needed to use a character's skills. An omni-tool can be upgraded with a number of options.

2012 June，Stew Wilson，“Mass Effecting the Thousand Suns”, in RPG Review，期 16, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 50:


generalissimo

generalissimos (plural)
generalissimi (plural)

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈliːsɪməʊ/

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈlɪsɪməʊ/

Where stands Marshal Chiang Kai-shek in this conflict of opinion concerning the tactics which China should adopt towards the aggressor? Chiang Kai-shek, according to officials who know his mind with whom I have talked, is all for resistance—as soon as he thinks he can win! “It is a fatal mistake for the Japanese to imagine that I will not fight under any circumstances,” he has said. But the Chinese Generalissimo is too well versed in the philosophy of his country not to recollect that it is foolish to fight with the certainty of defeat.

1936，H. Hessell Tiltman，The Far East Comes Nearer，Jarrolds，頁 249:


guff

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh.[…]If she had her way, she’d ruin the company inside a year with her hare-brained schemes ; love of the people, and that sort of guff.”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


guff

guffs (third-person singular present)
guffing (present participle)
guffed (past participle)

"Let me see if I get you. You can't bear to help convict Ashe of murder because you doubt if he's guilty, so you're scooting. Right?"
[…]"That's close enough," Wolfe said.
"Not close enough for me. If you expect me to[…] invite a stiff fine for running out on a subpoena[…], don't try to guff me. Say we doubt if Ashe is guilty, but we think he may get tagged because we know Mandelbaum wouldn't go to trial without a good case. Say also our bank account needs a shot in the arm, which is true. So we decide to see if we can[…]"

1955 October，Rex Stout，“The Next Witness”, in Three Witnesses，Bantam, 出版於 1994, →ISBN，頁 14:


guffaw

He walked to the edge and they heard his hoarse guffaw of laughter as the arrows clanged and clattered against his impenetrable mail.

1906，Arthur Conan Doyle，章號 XX, in Sir Nigel:

He heaved up with a sulfurous curse, braced his legs and glared about him, with a burst of coarse guffaws in his ears and the reek of unwashed bodies in his nostrils.

1936，Robert E. Howard，章號 15, in The Hour of the Dragon:


guffaw

guffaws (third-person singular present)
guffawing (present participle)
guffawed (past participle)

He guffawed at his adversaries.

1891，Oscar Wilde，章號 15, in The Picture of Dorian Gray:

Peter, on the contrary, threw back his head and guffawed thunderously.


glowworm

繼承自中古英語 glouworm；等同於glow + worm。
對照德語 Glühwurm。

Some things afarre doe like the Glow-worme shine,

1604, William Alexander, The Alexandraean Tragedie, Act V, Scene 2, in The Monarchicke Tragedies, London: Ed. Blount, 1607,

Ye Glo-worms, whose officious Flame
To wandring Mowers shows the way,
That in the Night have lost their aim,
And after foolish Fires do stray;

1681，Andrew Marvell，“The Mower to the Glo-Worms”, in Miscellaneous Poems，London: Robert Boulter，頁 44:

Confiding Glow-worms, ’tis a night

1819, William Wordsworth, “The Waggoner” Canto 1, in The Miscellaneous Poems of William Wordsworth, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1820, p. 7,

Young girls lie bedded soft or glide in their dreams, with rings and trousseaux, bridesmaided by glowworms down the aisles of the organplaying wood.

1954，Dylan Thomas，Under Milk Wood，New York: New Directions，頁 1:


guillotine

借自法語 guillotine，以法国医师Joseph-Ignace Guillotin（1738–1814）命名，其提出了使用该器械来执行死刑。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

断头台；使用断头台执行的死刑

For two-and-twenty years he [Joseph-Ignace Guillotin], unguillotined, shall hear nothing but guillotine, see nothing but guillotine; then dying, shall through long centuries wander, as it were, a disconsolate ghost, on the wrong side of Styx and Lethe; his name like to outlive [Julius] Cæsar’s.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，“The Procession”, in The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 I (The Bastille), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, book IV (States-General)，頁s 143–144:

The right hon. Gentleman is making a great stooshie about time in relation to this Bill, but was it not the case that, when the SNP [Scottish National Party] Scottish Government introduced their continuity Bill in the Scottish Parliament, they operated a ruthless guillotine to prevent proper scrutiny of it? That is the case; they ran a guillotine on that Bill, and there was a very limited amount of time allowed for debate and scrutiny, yet he complains about that happening here.

2019年October22日，Stephen Kerr, Member of Parliament for Stirling，“Second Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill”, in House of Commons Debates (House of Commons)^(https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-10-22/debates/277C5A20-456D-469B-A415-D04AFFD83248/EuropeanUnion(WithdrawalAgreement)Bill)，卷 666，存檔自the original on 2019-10-24，列 860:


guitar

源自西班牙語 guitarra，源自阿拉伯語 قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra)，源自拉丁語 cithara，源自古希臘語 κιθάρα (kithára)。cithara、cither和zither 的同源對似詞。

guitars (third-person singular present)
guitaring (present participle)
guitared (past participle)

We guitared and drummed and head banged and pianoed.

我們彈著吉他，拍著鼓，敲著鋼琴，搖頭晃腦。


gullible

gull + -ible 或中古英語 gull (“新孵出的小鳥”，方言)，可能來自古諾爾斯語 gulr，來自其羽絨的色彩。

容易上當的、易受欺騙的人，好騙的人。

They pictured to these gullibles the unearthly delights that were to be enjoyed as servants of the Spaniards. But such tricks could not last, for Cuba was too close to Saint Domingue, and news of the real conditions leaked across the windward passage and were bruited about.
#*:: 他們向這些好騙的人描繪了作為西班牙人的僕人會享受到的恐怖樂趣。但是這種伎倆不能持續，因為古巴離聖多明戈太近了，真實情況的消息穿過向風海峽洩露並四處散布。

1991 年，蓋安道，《Babouk: Voices of Resistance》(《巴布克：抵抗之聲》，第 70 頁)

Spurious accounts that snare the gullible are readily available. Skeptical treatments are much harder to find.

誘騙輕信者的虛假帳戶隨處可見。「懷疑病」的治療方法卻更難找到。

1995 年，卡爾 薩根，“最寶貴的東西”, in 魔鬼出沒的世界——科學，照亮黑暗的蠟燭，第第一版, 紐約: 兰登书屋, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 5:


gluttonous

源自中古英語 glotenose、glotenouse、glotonos、glotonous、glotounius、glotynous，源自中古法語 glotonos，等价于glutton + -ous。

more gluttonous (comparative)
most gluttonous (superlative)

Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners.

人又說他是貪食好酒的人，是稅吏和罪人的朋友。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 11:19:

Look your last on your dearest ones,
Brothers and husbands, fathers, sons:
Swift they go to the ravenous guns, / The gluttonous guns of War.

One day the mail-man found no village there, / Nor were its folk or houses seen again; / People came out from Aylesbury to stare – / Yet they all told the mail-man it was plain / That he was mad for saying he had spied / The great hill's gluttonous eyes, and jaws stretched wide.


gluttony

古法語 glutonie，源自gloton + -ie ← 拉丁語 glutio。

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


gunman

"I've known a heap of gun fighters in my day. An' Jean Isbel don't ran true to class. Shore there never was a gunman who'd risk cripplin' his right hand by sluggin' anybody."

1921，Zane Grey，章號 5, in To The Last Man:


gutter

源自中古英語 gutter、guttur、goter，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 guttere，源自古法語 goutiere（法語 gouttière），最终源自拉丁語 gutta (“滴”)。

They a not so clean as they might be, since the water [is] carried off by only one gutter, in the centre of t[he] street

1836，Charles F. Partington，“Paris”, in The British Cyclopaedia of Literature, History, Geography, Law and Politics，頁 202:

In nearly all of the towns the gutters are filled with vegetation, or have been neglected for so long a time that the roadway becomes its own drainage bed.

1902，Massachusetts Highway Commission，Annual Report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission，卷 9:

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared.[…]’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 7, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

As Mike parked the vehicle, its right wheels sank into an unpaved gutter gradually worn irregular and deep by the rush of rainwater flowing down the street.

Gutters separated the sidewalk from the road on both sides and flowed with muddy water.

2008，Khaled Hosseini，A Thousand Splendid Suns:

Meltwater gathered in the icy ruts of the unpaved road, the pressure wearing thin channels in the packed snow. Along the gutter the rivulets of spring runoff cut a course to the storm sewer


gutter

gutters (third-person singular present)
guttering (present participle)
guttered (past participle)

The light in his eyes guttered like a candle in a mighty wind and finally went out. She had no time to grieve[…]

2020年November16日，Emma Castle，Devastate Me: A Next-door Neighbor Romance，Lauren Smith, →ISBN:

Alex's eyes gutter, and his face goes cold. He stands there mutely through my apology, stiff and frozen. I want to touch him, but I'm scared he'll flinch away.

2023年October10日，Clare Gilmore，Love Interest: A Novel，St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:

The gutter'd-Rockes, and Congregated Sands,

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 2, scene 1]:


gnarly

gnarl (“木结”) + -y。俚语义在20世纪70年代在美国冲浪文化的影响下普及开来。

gnarlier (comparative)
gnarliest (superlative)

该词有两个互相矛盾的义项。它的词义因使用人群和上下文而不同，且可能由用词外的因素决定，比如语调。“很棒的”一意尤其与冲浪文化有联系，甚至到有点老套的程度，比如“gnarly wave, dude!”。

Out of one window I can see the garden, those mysterious deep-shaded arbors, the riotous old-fashioned flowers, and bushes and gnarly trees.

1892 January，Charlotte Perkins Gilman，The Yellow Wall Paper，Boston, Mass.: Small, Maynard & Company, 出版於 1901, →OCLC，頁 13:

极佳的，很棒的，吸引人的

There ain't nothing gnarlier (apparently) than slapping on some brightly coloured sunblock to ward off the blinding spectre of dangerous, snow-reflected sunlight.

a gnarly problem

When the swell struck, the North Shore got gnarly, and the wise ones hit the outer islands where the energy was just as juicy but a bit more organized.

Work that makes you unhappy is what I mean by "a gnarly problem." The trouble is, the market pays for solutions to gnarly problems, not solutions to easy problems. As the Yorkshire lads say, "Where there's muck, there's brass."

2008，[Avram] Joel Spolsky，More Joel on Software: Further Thoughts on Diverse and Occasionally Related Matters that will Prove of Interest to Software Developers, Designers, and Managers, and to Those who, whether by Good Fortune or Ill Luck, Work with Them in Some Capacity，Berkeley, Calif.: Apress, →ISBN，頁 152:

差劲的，讨厌的，难看的 刺耳的，难听的

We're not talking about a lame chick and a gnarly guy. We're talking about a couple of far-out dudes.

1981, Dan Jenkins, Baja Oklahoma, New York, N.Y.: Atheneum Books, ISBN 978-0-689-11173-0; reprinted New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, 1982, ISBN 978-0-671-45163-9, page 269:

Funky Kong: 'Those Snowmads are a gnarly bunch! I hear they're enjoyin' your island. Go get 'em, DK!'

2014 February，Retro Studios，Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze，Nintendo，關卡/區域：Funky's Fly 'n' Buy:

[She] displays the same love of gnarly fuzztones and shout-it-out-loud choruses that began back in her daze^([sic]) with local all-girl rockers the Runaways.


go-getter

He's a promising young go-getter, but he needs to learn some things about office politics.

他是个前途光明，积极向上的年轻人，但是他在办公室政治方面还要多学习学习。

Tom Pitella is a go-getter and does not rely on others to prove things in the field of mathematics to him.

Tom Pitella是一个积极主动的人，不依靠别的数学领域的人向他证明东西。

I must get it from my dad. Can't be from Mom, the world-class go-getter, hand shaker, and baby kisser.”

2008，Ellen Hopkins，Identical, →ISBN，頁 31:


gyp

可能和词源1一样。早期理论认为其派生自古希臘語 γύψ (gúps，“秃鹫”)（/ɡýps/，对比希臘語 γύπας (gýpas) /ˈʝi.pas/），“指仆人偷东西的习惯”（由此派生出词源1），但这一理论无法解释发音。

All was neglect. The outer door of this room, which was open, was nearly on a level with the Quadrangle — some coats and trousers and boots were upon the ebony table and a "gyp" was brushing away at them just within the door — in wet weather he performed these functions entirely within the library, as innocent of the incongruity of his position as my guide himself.

1880，William Blades，The Enemies of Books，頁 40:

'Why, what is the matter with you, John?' I asked of the gyp who waited on Vincey and myself.

1887, H. Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, 1919, Longmans, page 15,

Had he acted discourteously to his bedmaker or his gyp, he would have minded just as much … .

1907, E.M. Forster, The Longest Journey, Part I, I [Uniform ed., p. 14]:

同類詞：porter、bedder


goblin

源自中古英語 gobelyn，源自古諾曼語 gobelin（对比諾曼語 goubelin、瓦隆語 gobelin），可能是由古荷蘭語 *kobeholdo (“哥布林”)（对比荷蘭語 kabouter、德語 Kobold）及晚期拉丁語 cobalus (“山妖”)构成的混成词，源自古希臘語 κόβαλος (kóbalos，“无赖”)。取代了本土词古英語 pūca。

From yͤ hagg & hungry Goblin,
yͭ into raggs would rend yee,
& yͤ spirit yͭ stand’s by yͤ naked man,
in yͤ booke of moones defend yee

1620世紀, anonymous, “Tom o’ Bedlam’s Song” in Giles Earle his Booke (British Museum, Additional MSS. 24, 665):

"[…]If he had struck a stroke more to the side just here," said the goblin, tapping the very stone, as it seemed to Curdie, against which his head lay, "he would have been through; but he's a couple of yards past it now, and if he follow the lode it will be a week before it leads him in.[…]"

1872，George MacDonald，The Princess and the Goblin，頁 50:

At last the goblins had a chance to rid themselves of one of the troublesome defenders, and two goblin warriors snatched the opportunity.

2006，Charlotte Bishop，Norty: The Chosen Ones，頁 187:

The goblin shifted the two younger ones closer to him. It looked like he was hiding behind them, using them as a shield.
The goblin looked pure evil. His eyes were brown.

2010，Thom L. Nichols，War: Return of the Elves, Part 1, page 37:

I shall send another entourage of goblins back here to Desput with the goblins’ new ally the Pixy! These creatures deserve the same respect as any other goblin.

2010，D. S. Macleod，The Middle Times: Rise of the Goblin King，頁 229:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


goddam

借自法語 goddam (“英國人”)，來自英語 goddamn。

英國人，從法國人或法國歷史角度來看，起源自百年戰爭時期。

That is why the goddams will take Orleans. And you cannot stop them, nor ten thousand like you.

這就是為什麼英國佬能佔領奧爾良。而你沒法阻擋他們，哪怕有一萬個像你這樣的人也不行。

1991，Philip George Hill，Our Dramatic Heritage: Reactions to realism，頁 90:


goddam

goddamn的另一種拼寫法

“[…] This sand,” he said vaguely; then he said it again, viciously, “this sand. This goddam sand. Its like a goddam fuckin desert.”

“ […] 這粒沙子，”他含糊地說道；接著他又惡狠狠地說了一遍，“這粒沙子，這粒該死的沙子。就跟一片狗屁沙漠一樣。”

1951，James Jones，From Here to Eternity，New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons，頁 742:

‘No, Paul, not now and not in this goddam car!’

“不，保羅，不是現在，也不是在這該死的車裡頭！”

2021，Kazuo Ishiguro，Klara and the Sun，Faber & Faber Limited，頁 273:


harebrained

harebrain (alternative)
hare-brained (alternative)
more harebrained (comparative)
most harebrained (superlative)

荒謬的，愚蠢的，不切實際的

“Now why do I get the feeling we're not talking about the harebrained plan you came up with?” “It wasn't harebrained.” “Did it have you going within twenty feet of a whorehouse at night, unchaperoned?” He knew darn well it did.

2008，Sarah McCarty，Promises Reveal，Penguin, →ISBN:

Her getting a parcel from a hare-brained wench at the coaches in St. John Street; her booty made at the fire, and again at Harwich, all give us excelle

1722，Daniel Defoe，Moll Flanders [摩爾·弗蘭德斯], The Author's Preface:


hubris

源自古希臘語 ὕβρις (húbris，“傲慢；荒淫无度”)。

[ˈçju̟ːbɹ̠ʷɪs]

One would have thought that even Trump, despite all his hubris and egotism, would know better than to jump feet first into America’s most sensitive issue: racial division.

2017年August20日，“The Observer view on Donald Trump’s presidency”, in The Observer:


hark

源自中古英語 herken、herkien，源自古英語 *hercian、*heorcian、*hiercian，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *hauzijaną (“听”) + 程度加强-k（另见相关词hīeran，其派生出英語 hear）。等价于hear + -k。与低地蘇格蘭語 herk (“倾听”)、北弗里斯蘭語 harke (“倾听”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harkje (“听”)、现已弃用的荷蘭語 horken (“听”)、中古低地德語 horken (“倾听”)、德語 horchen (“倾听”)同源。

harks (third-person singular present)
harking (present participle)
harked (past participle)

Hark! the herald angels sing / Glory to the new born King

1739，Charles Wesley，George Whitefield，“Hymn for Christmas-Day”, in Hymns and Sacred Poems:

"Hark! The thunder becomes less muttering. It is nearing us, and nearing the earth, too. Hark! One crammed crash! All the vibrations made one by nearness. Another flash. Hold."

1856，Herman Melville，The Lightning Rod Man:

Loud voices and a renewed uproar were raised in front of the boarding-house[…] "'Tis Missis Murphy's voice," said Mrs. McCaskey, harking.

1906，O. Henry，“Between Rounds”, in The Four Million:

Hark! The Herald Tribune sings, / Advertising wondrous things!

1959，Tom Lehrer （作曲作詞）, “A Christmas Carol”:


huddle

源自中古英語 *hudelen，变化自（因 hudels、hidels (“藏匿处”)，见hiddle）*huderen、hoderen (“盖住；压在一起；簇拥”)，中古英語 huden、hiden (“藏起”)的重复态，等价于hide + -le和/或hide + -er。对比低地德語 huderken (“育雏；养育；照料；哄孩子睡觉”)。

huddles (third-person singular present)
huddling (present participle)
huddled (past participle)

Huddle up a peace.

1845, John Henry Newman, Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine

This resolution she accordingly executed; and the next morning before the sun, she huddled on her cloaths, and at a very unfashionable, unseasonable, unvisitable hour, went to Lady Bellaston […]

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:


hulking

A hulking shape burst through the doorway and hurtled down the corridor, leaving a maelstrom of air currents in his wake.


hairbrush

hair-brush (alternative)
hairbrushes (third-person singular present)
hairbrushing (present participle)
hairbrushed (past participle)

Bad feeding, adolescence—always a dangerous period for the male—and the brutality and bestiality in the dormitories made life a hell on earth. An apathy settled on me. I withered. I learned nothing; I did nothing. I was kicked, hounded, caned, flogged, hairbrushed, morning, noon, and night.

1938，C. R. W. Nevinson，Paint and Prejudice，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company，頁s 11–12:

Do you know what it’s like, Brannan, to be flogged and hairbrushed, kicked and cursed every day of your school life? I’m treated worse than a dog and nobody gives a damn—least of all the masters.

2014，Dominic Luke，Nothing Undone Remained，London: Buried River Press，頁 147:


harridan

可能变换自法語 haridelle (“老太婆”)。

Why is that tattling old harridan, Peggy O'Dowd, to make free with my name at her d—d supper-table, and advertise my engagement over the three kingdoms?

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 13, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:


humbug

And looking back through my work, I see that it is invariably where I lacked a political purpose that I wrote lifeless books and was betrayed into purple passages, sentences without meaning, decorative adjectives and humbug generally.

(Can we date this quote?)，George Orwell，Why I Write:


humectant

拉丁語 ūmectāns，ūmectō (“弄濕”) 的現在分詞，源自 ūmectus (“濕潤的”)，源自 ūmeō (“濕潤”)。

[…] that you have induced a horrid phlegmatic condition with will soon require a liberal and generous humectant to keep the very membranes of your very entrails from desquamating, chipping off and blocking up all the pipes of your body.

1911，Hampton's Magazine，卷 27, 期 1，頁 462:

The humectant is preferably added at this stage, subsequent to centrifuging, because it increases the viscosity of the slurry. The centrifuged material with the combined humectant is then dried to remove all or most of the water.

1973，Ronald W. James，Desiccants and humectants，頁 285:

Sorbitol is an excellent humectant and is used to extend the shelf life of many baked goods and fillings.

2010，Peter Hull，Glucose Syrups: Technology and Applications，頁 114:


halation

She was, as you know, to the west-ward of us, and the sunset was making a great flame of red light to the back of her, so that she showed a little blurred and indistinct by reason of the halation of the light, which almost defeated the eye in any attempt to see her rotting spars and standing rigging, submerged, as they were, in the fiery glory of the sunset.

照片底片或电视屏幕上的轮状光晕

As the result of a series of experiments on halation carried out with backed and unbacked plates, ordinary film and stripping film, Ernest Marriage concludes that there are two varieties of halation, one due to reflection from the support and the other due to spreading of the light in the film.

1901，E. & H.T. Anthony & Co.，Anthony's photographic bulletin for ...，卷 32，頁 358:

Halation, properly speaking, is the reflection and diffusion, within the film，源自the lighter areas to the adjacent darker ones.

1917，Photographers' Association of California，Camera craft，卷 24，頁 81:

Among other interesting and weighty opinions, which were in general agreement with our contentions, was one by Mr. H. A. Staddon of Goodmayes, a gentleman who had made a particular hobby of fakes in photography. His report is too long and too technical for inclusion, but, under the various headings of composition, dress, development, density, lighting, poise, texture, plate, atmosphere, focus, halation, he goes very completely into the evidence, coming to the final conclusion that when tried by all these tests the chances are not less than 80 per cent. in favour of authenticity.

1922，Arthur Conan Doyle，The Coming of the Fairies:

Halation can be prevented or diminished by using an absorbing layer between the sensitive emulsion and the support (anti-halo undercoat) or on the back of the support (anti-halo backing).

1954, Photography, Theory and Practice, Pitman, page 173,


halcyon

繼承自中古英語 Alceoun，源自拉丁語 halcyōn、alcyōn (“翠鸟”)，源自古希臘語 ἀλκυών (alkuṓn)。

翠鸟，太平鸟 （指传统神话中，筑巢在海边，使神明把风和海浪变小的翠鸟）
（都铎王朝时代用来作风标的）翠鸟尸体

And, by the way, during those halcyon days (the halcyon was there, too, chattering above every creek, as he is all over the world) we fought another battle.


halcyon

more halcyon (comparative)
most halcyon (superlative)

Reflections of this kind may have trifling weight with men who hope to see realized in America the halcyon scenes of the poetic or fabulous age.

1787，Alexander Hamilton，Federalist Papers No. 30:

Deep, halcyon repose.

I had wander’d in rapture beneath them, and bask’d in the Halcyon clime.

The huge square box, parquet-floored and high-ceilinged, had been arranged to display a suite of bedroom furniture designed and made in the halcyon days of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when modish taste was just due to go clean out of fashion for the best part of the next hundred years.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 1, in The China Governess:


hasn't

有實際語意的動詞 has 的否定形

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935，George Goodchild，章號 1, in Death on the Centre Court:


hunch

hunk的齒擦音變體，起源不確定。
或是派生自hump，經由早期中古英語*hunche、*humpchin，來自*hump + -chin, -chen (指小詞後綴)，等同於hump + -kin。“預感，猜測”義據說源自過去賭博時摸駝背能帶來好運的迷信。

a hunch of bread

"The greedy little bastards! They had a 'unch of bread each when I 'ad my dinner."

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:


hunch

hunches (third-person singular present)
hunching (present participle)
hunched (past participle)

slouch

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

stoop

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

lean

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

elbow

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

nudge

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

People who are instinctive hunchers go through some such process at every decision-making point of their lives. It is likely that children often make decisions and discern truths by hunching.


haughty

源自早期形式hauty、haultic，仿照英語 naughty与英語 high调整了拼写，源自中古英語 hautein、hautain（-ein、-ain经由代表*hauteinnesse的词形hautenesse变为了-y，参见haughtiness），源自中古英語 haute (“高傲的”)，源自古法語 haut、hault (“高耸的”)，源自古法蘭克語 *hauh、*hōh (“高耸的；自傲的”)和拉丁語 altus (“高的，深的”)。详见high、old。

haughtier (comparative)
haughtiest (superlative)

高傲的，不屑的，高高在上的，目中无人的

How meek and shrunken did that haughty Tarmac become as it slunk by the wide circle of asphalt of the yellow sort, that was loosely strewn before the great iron gates of Lady Hall as a forerunner of the consideration that awaited the guests of Rupert, Earl of Kare, […]。

1922，Michael Arlen，“3/1/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

hurls (third-person singular present)
hurling (present participle)
hurled (past participle)

I was standing on the edge of the conning-tower, when a heavy palm suddenly struck me between the shoulders and hurled me forward into space. The drop to the triangular deck forward of the conning-tower might easily have broken a leg for me, or I might have slipped off onto the deck and rolled overboard; but fate was upon my side, as I was only slightly bruised.

1918，Edgar Rice Burroughs，The Land That Time Forgot, Chapter IV:

The Tottenham wing was causing havoc down the right and when he broke past the bemused Sasa Balic once again, Bellamy was millimetres from connecting with his cross as the Liverpool striker hurled himself at the ball.

2011年September2日，“Wales 2-1 Montenegro”, in BBC:

说出 （尖锐或贬低的话）

The gangs hurled abuse at each other.

Tarzan on his part never lost an opportunity to show that he fully reciprocated his foster father's sentiments, and whenever he could safely annoy him or make faces at him or hurl insults upon him from the safety of his mother's arms, or the slender branches of the higher trees, he did so.

1912，Edgar Rice Burroughs，Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 5:

Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, “So! You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days, come down from the cross and save yourself!"

1984，New International Version of the Bible, Mark 15:29-30:

It is Boxing Day in a football ground, and all we can do is sprawl over the plastic, hurling instructions and vague encouragement.

2016，Daniel Gray，Saturday, 3pm: 50 Eternal Delights of Modern Football:

Their cause was helped after the senior footballers were unexpectedly dumped out of the running for the Sam Maguire, meaning Aidan Walsh is available to hurl full-time with the young Rebels -- Walsh scored 1-1 in the semi-final victory over reigning All-Ireland champions Tipperary.

2011年August3日，Donnchadh Boyle，“Egan targets Rebel success to rescue poor season”, in Irish Independent:

On Nicias a philosopher having his shoes stolen from him, may they, said he, fit his feet that took them away. A wish at the first view very harmless, but there was that in it which poisoned his charity into a malicious revenge. For he himself had hurled or crooked feet, so that in effect he wished the thief to be lame.

1645，Thomas Fuller，Good Thoughts in Bad Times:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

He managed a hurl of 50.3 metres.

The Gods, with horror and amaze, look’d down,
Beholding rocks from their firm basis rent;
Mountain on mountain thrown,
With threatening hurl, that shook th’ aethereal [var.: aerial] firmament!

1695，William Congreve，“To the King, on the Taking of Namure. Irregular Ode.”, in Poems Upon Several Occasions，Glasgow, 出版於 1752，頁 16:

I laid down this law with all the girls and expected to receive a hurl of abuse back.

Benjamin W. Evans, Tales 源自The Kerb (page 25)

Maybe you can give me a hurl in the Bentley one day, when you're in the vicinity.


hallelujah

來自希伯來語 הַלְלוּיָהּ (hal'luyáh，“讚美耶和華”)。

halleluia (alternative)
halleluiah (alternative)
halleluja (alternative)
alleluia (alternative)

哈利路亞，在讚美或感謝上帝的歌曲中使用的感嘆詞。

And after these things I heard a great voyce of much people in heauen, saying, Alleluia: saluation, and glorie, and honour, and power vnto the Lord our God:

此後，我聽見好像群眾在天上大聲說：「哈利路亞！救恩、榮耀、權能都屬乎我們的神！

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation 19:1:


hallelujah

來自希伯來語 הַלְלוּיָהּ (hal'luyáh，“讚美耶和華”)。

halleluia (alternative)
halleluiah (alternative)
halleluja (alternative)
alleluia (alternative)
hallelujahs (plural)

一聲「哈利路亞」的喊聲。

So ſung they, and the Empyrean rung, / With Halleluiahs: Thus was Sabbath kept.

他们就像这样歌唱，哈利路亚的赞歌响彻苍天：正是因为如此，安息日流传下来。

1667，John Milton，“Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 633–634:

Who so stolid and selfish, that would not give his voice to swell the hallelujahs of a nation’s jubilee, when the chains of servitude had been torn from his limbs?

1855，Frederick Douglass，My Bondage and My Freedom，New York: Miller, Orton and Mulligan，頁 441:


hallelujah

來自希伯來語 הַלְלוּיָהּ (hal'luyáh，“讚美耶和華”)。

halleluia (alternative)
halleluiah (alternative)
halleluja (alternative)
alleluia (alternative)
hallelujahs (third-person singular present)
hallelujahing (present participle)
hallelujahed (past participle)

My aunt Gastonia […] she'd seen the Lord more times than they could ever count, and hallelujahed and hallelujahed, said, “While's all this the Gospel word and true, […]

我的姨妈加斯塔尼娅 […] 她也无数次看到过上帝大人，次数多得数也数不清了，她边说还边“啊，啊”地赞美上帝，她说：“这些福音都千真万确的， […]


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。

hurtles (third-person singular present)
hurtling (present participle)
hurtled (past participle)

fling

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

hurl

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

He hurtled the wad of paper angrily at the trash can and missed by a mile.

他生气地朝垃圾桶丢了一捆纸，但是丢偏了很远。

Soone as thoſe glitterand armes he did eſpye, / That vvith their brightneſſe made that darknes light, / His harmefull club he gan to hurtle hye, / And threaten batteill to the Faery knight; […]

[1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 42，頁 283:

Away, thou east wind, snarling like a scold! / […] / Now, like sheep-shearer, from some mountain fold, / Thou hurtlest air with twisting, fleecy flakes / Of martial snow, that like a tyrant bold, / His pleasure in his neighbour's vineyard takes, / Nor careth for the wreck that everywhere he makes.

1882，Charles Miller，“The Delaying Spring”, in The Three Scholars and Other Poems，Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot, […], →OCLC，頁 58:

（尤指吵闹地） 冲刺；横冲直撞

The car hurtled down the hill at 90 miles per hour.

那辆汽车以145公里的时速呼啸驶下山丘。

Pieces of broken glass hurtled through the air.

His gorgeous ryder from her loftie ſted / VVould haue caſt dovvne, and trodd in durty myre, / Had not the Gyaunt ſoone her ſuccoured; / VVho all enrag'd vvith ſmart and frantick yre, / Came hurtling in full fiers, and forſt the knight retyre.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto VIII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 17，頁 119:

发出撞击声，发出哐当声；哐哐当当地移动

The greater number abandon their untenable position of hardihood, and seek a shelter when the terrible storm hurtleth in the heavens, and they see its dismal preparation.

1823，Edward Irving，“Of Judgment to Come. Part IX. The Review of the Whole Argument, with an Endeavour to Bring It home to the Sons of Men.”, in For the Oracles of God, Four Orations. For Judgment to Come, an Argument, in Nine Parts，第2nd版, London: […] T. Hamilton, […], →OCLC，頁 535:


hurtle

[T]he war woke me up, I began to move left, and recent events have accelerated that move until it is now a hurtle.

1975，William Howard Gass（被引）, “GASS, WILLIAM H(OWARD)”, in World Authors 1950–1970 […] (Authors Series)，New York, N.Y.: The H[alsey] W[illiam] Wilson Company, →ISBN，頁 538，列 1:

Jamba has removed from [Christopher] Marlowe's Doctor Faustus all but the barest of essentials – even half its title, leaving us with an 80-minute hurtle through Faustus's four and twenty borrowed years on earth.

2005年June20日，“(請註明文章標題)”, in 衛報，倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC:

There came a hurtle of wings, a flash of bright feathers, and a great pigeon with slate-grey plumage and a neck bright as an opal, lit on a swaying finial.

1913，Eden Phillpotts，章號 IV, in Widecombe Fair，London: John Murray, […], →OCLC，頁 26:


hi

美國英語。首次出現在堪薩斯州印第安人的對話中（1862年）；最初是為了引起注意，可能是中古英語 hey、hy（大約1475年）的變體。也是引起注意的感嘆詞。參見hey。

I made a speaking trumpet of my hands and commenced to whoop “Ahoy!” and “Hello!” at the top of my lungs. […] The Colonel woke up, and, after asking what in brimstone was the matter, opened his mouth and roared “Hi!” and “Hello!” like the bull of Bashan.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC，頁 1:

'Come back now!' shouted Sam. 'Hi! Come back!' But Gollum had vanished.

‘馬上給我回來！’薩姆喊道。‘喂！回來！’但咕嚕的身影已經看不見了。


hidden

more hidden (comparative)
most hidden (superlative)

hidden treasure; hidden talents

隐藏的宝藏；不为人知的天才

It was the Lost Oasis, the Oasis of the vision in the sand. […] Deep-hidden in the hollow, beneath the cliffs, it lay; and round it the happy verdure spread for many a rood.

1892，James Yoxall，The Lonely Pyramid, chapter 7:

One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.

2014年June14日，“It's a gas”, in The Economist，卷 411, 期 8891:


hide

源自中古英語 hiden、huden，源自古英語 hȳdan (“隐藏，保留”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdijan (“隐藏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdijaną (“藏匿”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewdʰ- (“盖，包”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewH- (“盖”)。
动词原为弱变化。钦定版圣经中，过去分词使用了hid和hidden。
同源词包括荷蘭語 huiden、低地德語 (ver)hüden、(ver)hüen (“隐藏，掩盖”)、威爾士語 cuddio (“隐藏”)、拉丁語 custōs、古希臘語 κεύθω (keúthō，“隐藏，掩盖”)、梵語 कुहरम् (kuharam，“洞穴”)。与hut和sky有关。

hides (third-person singular present)
hiding (present participle)
hid (past)
hidden (past participle)
hid (past participle)

The blind man, whom he had not been able to cure with the pomade, had gone back to the hill of Bois-Guillaume, where he told the travellers of the vain attempt of the druggist, to such an extent, that Homais when he went to town hid himself behind the curtains of the "Hirondelle" to avoid meeting him.

1856, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part III Chapter XI, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日，Timothy Garton Ash，“Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 18:

He hides his magazines under the bed.

他把他的杂志藏在床底下。

The politicians were accused of keeping information hidden from the public.

政治家被指责对公众隐瞒信息。

Nonetheless, some insect prey take advantage of clutter by hiding in it. Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

2013 May-June，William E. Conner，“An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁s 206–7:


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos，“浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos，“掩盖”)。

（用来藏身或藏贵重物品的）隐蔽房间，秘密房间

In the early days of American settlement, hides were built into houses to provide protection from the Indians and to conceal merchandise from the threat of taxation or thievery.

1980，Walls and Ceilings，Time-Life Books, →ISBN，頁 125:


hide

hides (third-person singular present)
hiding (present participle)
hided (past participle)

He ran last week, and he was hided, and he was out on the day before yesterday, and here he is once more, and he knows he's got to run and to be hided again.

1891，Robert Weir, J. Moray Brown，Riding:


hide

源自中古英語 hide，源自古英語 hīd、hȳd、hīġed、hīġid (“一种土地丈量单位”)，早期形式*hīwid (“一户人家的土地”)，派生自原始日耳曼語 *hīwaz、*hīwō (“亲戚，亲人”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱey- (“储藏，熟悉”)。与古英語 hīwisc (“一海得土地，人家”)、古英語 hīwan (“家人，家庭”)有关。还见hewe、hind。

carucate

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

海得本用于代表一户人家耕种的土地，但主要在英国与对萨克逊和诺曼王的义务有关，因此各地区间差异很大。在《末日审判书》成书的诺曼人统治期间，海得通常（但不总是）指被认为一年能够产出£1（约850克标准纯银）价值的土地。

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

The exact size of hides varied with soil quality, but each one generally encompassed 24 to 26 hectares.

2016，Peter H. Wilson，The Holy Roman Empire，Penguin, 出版於 2017，頁 488:


haywire

hay + wire。原指像用软而有弹性的铁丝捆起来一般“容易混乱地缠起来的”或者“容易散开的”。约1905年在新英格兰的伐木场，“haywire outfit”开始用来指粗制的伐木工具。 后to go haywire词义发展成指代“散开”或者“行为失控”，就像拉紧的工厂线轴在抽走一个零件以后因弹性松散开乱成一团。

more haywire (comparative)
most haywire (superlative)

失控的，失常的 （一般带动词go）

It was working fine until it went haywire and wouldn't stop printing blank sheets.

它本来没问题的，然后突然间就坏了，开始不停地打印出来空白的纸。

Those kids go haywire when they don't get what they want.

那些小孩得不到想要的东西就开始耍脾气了。

The engineer who makes of his calling a burden, who sees nothing but the wrong, or imposition as he may term it, who fancies perhaps that the whole world has conspired against him, who commences to damn things as soon as he appears upon the scene of his labors, and continues to damn everything, including his train crew, the engine, the officers, and almost everything, animate and inanimate, while making the round trip, is working out his own destiny, and it is but charitable to say of such a man that he is not well, his digestion has gone " hay wire " as it were.

1905年May18日，J. W. Reading，“Engine Failures”, in Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Monthly Journal，卷 XXXIX, 期 5，頁 423:

Temperatures soared—the seas warmed by as much as eighteen degrees—and the chemistry of the oceans went haywire, as if in an out-of-control aquarium.

2014，Elizabeth Kolbert，The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History，Picador, →ISBN，頁 103:


ham-handed

more ham-handed (comparative)
most ham-handed (superlative)

ham-fisted

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

heavy-handed

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

Some of the dishes arrived damaged after their ham-handed moving efforts.

他们搬碟子的时候不懂轻拿轻放，导致运过来的一些碟子都碎了。

The result, disappointingly, is a scattershot work that is, by turns, entertaining and wearisome, energetic and hokey, delightfully evocative and cheaply sensational; dead-on in its conjuring of zeitgeist-y atmospherics, but often slow-footed and ham-handed in its orchestration of social details.

2013年September10日，Michiko Kakutani，“A Calamity Tailor-Made for Internet Conspiracy Theories”, in New York Times:


headless

繼承自中古英語 heedles、hevedles，來自古英語 hēafodlēas (“無頭”)，等同head + -less。與荷蘭語 hoofdloos (“無頭”)、丹麥語 hovedløs (“無頭”)、瑞典語 huvudlös (“無頭”)、冰島語 höfuðlaus (“無頭”)等同源。

unheaded

站點的前端與其後面的平台完全分離的

在沒有圖形使用者介面的情況下執行；在沒有任何附加輸出裝置（例如：顯示器）或輸入裝置（例如：鍵盤、滑鼠）的情況下執行

/redirect. Used for console redirection in headless servers.

2003，William Boswell，Inside Windows Server 2003，Addison-Wesley, →ISBN，頁 62:

Routers typically run headless, without a keyboard or monitor.

2007，Carla Schroder，Linux Networking Cookbook，O’Reilly Media, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 47:

This is not unexpected for a Windows system running as a virtual machine or a headless server[…]

2010，Charles Bell et al.，MySQL High Availability: Tools for Building Robust Data Centers，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN，頁 278:


hand-me-down

And what costume shall the poor girl wear / To all tomorrow's parties? / A hand-me-down dress from who knows where

1967，Lou Reed （作曲作詞）, “All Tomorrow's Parties”, in The Velvet Underground & Nico，演出者 The Velvet Underground:

I don't want America's recovery and security to be sacrificed on an altar of discredited hand-me-down theories. And if you'll help us, they won't be.

1983, 19th of March, Presidential Radio Address by Ronald Reagan

The old Pacers have vanished, replaced by a mix of hand-me-down fleets.

2022年November2日，Paul Bigland，“New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL，期 969，頁 58: