millisecond

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

我们七十年的人生都在三维空间中度过。然而，从统计学到宇宙学，当代科学的每个分支，都涉及着超越人类经验尺度的运作过程：毫秒、纳米、永恒、光年。

2012年January18日，Robert L. Dorit，“Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 1，存檔自the original on 2012-11-14，頁 23:

The suggestion that pulsars were rotating neutron stars was put forth independently by Thomas Gold and Franco Pacini in 1968, and was soon proven beyond reasonable doubt by the discovery of a pulsar with a very short (33-millisecond) pulse period in the Crab nebula.ᵂ

1968年，托马斯·戈尔德和弗兰科·帕西尼分别独立提出了脉冲星是旋转中子星的观点，这一观点很快通过在蟹状星云中发现一颗脉冲周期非常短（33毫秒）的脉冲星而得到毫无疑问的证实。


muscularity

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-muscularity.wav

I won’t promote the silencing of dissent through verbal muscularity.

我不会提倡通过言语暴力来压制异议。

2018年October13日，Judith Taylor，“I’m a woman who imitated the swagger of an entitled white male — and it got results”, in The Star:


malevolent

源自中古英語 *malevolent（以中古英語 malevolence为证），源自古法語 malivolent和拉丁語 malevolentem，源自male (“坏地，不善地”) + volens (“希望的”)，源自velle (“希望”)。

more malevolent (comparative)
most malevolent (superlative)

Vela, Javier Hernández and Lozano switched positions with a thrillingly malevolent sense of purpose.

2018年June17日，Barney Ronay，“Mexico’s Hirving Lozano stuns world champions Germany for brilliant win”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2019-08-05:


nugatory

借自拉丁語 nūgātōrius。

more nugatory (comparative)
most nugatory (superlative)

I might refer to the general conviction and the common sense of society that such an investment cannot be treated as absolutely idle and nugatory.

1872，Benjamin Disraeli，Suez Canal Speech:

无效的，无用的，无意义的

I can not dismiss the subject of Indian affairs without again recommending to your consideration the expediency of more adequate provision for giving energy to the laws throughout our interior frontier and for restraining the commission of outrages upon the Indians, without which all pacific plans must prove nugatory.

1792，George Washington，Fourth State of the Union Address:

Even among the most experienced and discriminating of men, she rarely allowed the élite of the high-born or distinguished to escape her temporary allurements, so that she was the absolute horror, alike of the designing, whose baits she rendered nugatory, and the innocent attached ones, whose expectations she blighted, and whose young hearts were lacerated by the perfidy of those whom she misled.

1838 (date written)，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XVI, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], 出版於 1842, →OCLC，頁 204:

Bartolomé de las Casas’s critique of the cruelty of the Conquistadors led to his official appointment as ‘Protector of the Indians’ and to the passage of the New Laws which gave the Indians some nugatory protection.

2017年September7日，Ferdinand Mount，“Umbrageousness”, in London Review of Books:

The government’s response has been nugatory, its mean mitigations mostly in loans that only stoke future problems for households: high energy prices are not set to be a brief spike.

2022年April21日，Polly Toynbee，“People are struggling to pay their energy bills – here’s a simple idea that could help”, in The Guardian:

The word "necessary" is considered as controlling the whole sentence, and as limiting the right to pass laws for the execution of the granted powers to such as are indispensable, and without which the power would be nugatory.

1819, Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland (17 U.S. 316)

He protested against the Fugitive Slave Law as necessarily nugatory and utterly impossible of execution because unanimously condemned by the public sentiment of the North.

1905，William Gardner，章號 IV, in The Life of Stephen A. Douglas:


monstrous

繼承自中古英語 monstrous，來自古法語 monstrueuse、monstrüos，來自拉丁語 mōnstrōsus。對照monstruous。

more monstrous (comparative)
most monstrous (superlative)

醜惡的，醜陋的；駭人聽聞的；極端荒謬的

So bad a death argues a monstrous life.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

a monstrous height

Possibly monster pumpkins may become still more monstrous by the shoots being ringed, and so may other vegetables and fruits where quality is of less importance than mere size.

1901年December20日，“The Ringing of Plants”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record，卷 4, 期 21，頁 663:

He, therefore, that refuses to do good to them whom he is bound to love […] is unnatural and monstrous in his affections.

1650，Jeremy Taylor，The rule and exercises of holy living:

與神話中怪物有關的，似怪物的；充滿怪物的

Where thou, perhaps, under the whelming tide / Visitest the bottom of the monstrous world.

1637，John Milton，“Lycidas”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], 出版於 1646, →OCLC:


malingerer

/məˈlɪŋɡəɹə/

It is telling, in this context of rising rates of mental illness, that New Labour committed itself, early in its third term in government, to removing people from Incapacity Benefit, implying that many, if not most, claimants are malingerers.

2009，Mark Fisher，章號 5, in Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?，Zero Books, →ISBN，頁 37:


numbskull

Along with addressing the many insufferable numbskulls who populate the site, Musk will have to tackle myriad thorny issues, […]

2022年April26日，Kara Swisher，“Musk’s Twitter: Weed Memes. Editable Tweets. And the Return of Trump.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


medical

借自中古法語 medical，源自中世紀拉丁語 medicālis，源自拉丁語 medicus。代替古英語 lǣċe (“醫生”)，其與冰島語 læknir (“醫生”)同源。

more medical (comparative)
most medical (superlative)

medical doctor; medical student

Do you have any medical experience?

你有過醫學方面的經驗嗎？

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013年June21日，Karen McVeigh，“US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 2，頁 10:


medical

You'll have to get a medical before you apply for that job.

你應聘之前，得去做個體檢。

After completing a medical and the requisite paperwork on Tuesday to seal the deal, Di María said: “I am absolutely delighted to be joining Manchester United. I have thoroughly enjoyed my time in Spain and there were a lot of clubs interested in me, but United is the only club that I would have left Real Madrid for.

2014, Jamie Jackson, "Ángel di María says Manchester United were the ‘only club’ after Real", The Guardian, 26 August 2014:

All UK train drivers must undergo a medical every three years up to the age of 54, and annually from then on.

2021年November17日，“Network News: Age-related medical requirements”, in RAIL，期 944，頁 9:


moonscape

In the Australian outback, industrial activity — notably open-pit coal mining — has turned verdant areas into moonscapes seemingly overnight, and the suicide rate in the region has skyrocketed.

2007年December20日，Clive Thompson，“Clive Thompson on How the Next Victim of Climate Change Will Be Our Minds”, in Wired Magazine，期 16.01，存檔自the original on 2013-06-30:

Looking across the recently flattened, desolate moonscape of this former 52-acre Great Western depot and industrial area, south of Willesden Junction in west London, it's hard to imagine it will be home to the UK's largest, busiest and best-connected new railway station since Victorian times.

2020年July15日，Marion Gourlay，“Old Oak Common: no ordinary station”, in Rail，頁 48:


nyctophobia

"You're afraid of the dark. That's nyctophobia. And you're afraid of deep places, or depth. That's bathophobia."

2004，Michael A. Gibbs，A Fairy of Anneliese Glade, →ISBN:


moratorium

新拉丁语，源自晚期拉丁語 morātōrium，morātōrius (“延期的，延迟的”)中性形式的名词用法，源自拉丁語 moror (“推迟”)，源自mora (“推迟”)，源自原始印歐語 *mere (“推迟，阻碍”)。另见moratory。

/ˌmɒ.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

/ˌmɔː.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

Canada may put a moratorium on cloning for research.

加拿大可能会叫停研究性质的克隆。

It so happened that at that time the moratorium on the death penalty caused by the Supreme Court decision in the Furman case was still in effect.

1990，Gerhard Falk，Murder, an Analysis of its Forms, Conditions, and Causes，McFarland:


meek

源自中古英語 meek、meke、meoc，其词源不详，可能与古英語 smēag (“微妙的，等等”)和smūgan有关并可能借自古諾爾斯語 mjúkr (“软的，柔和的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meukaz、*mūkaz (“软的，柔软的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mewg-、*mewk- (“滑”)。
同源词包括瑞典語和新挪威語 mjuk (“软的”)、書面挪威語 myk (“软的”)、丹麥語 myg (“柔软的”)、荷蘭語 muik (“软的，过熟的”)，方言德語 mauch (“干枯的，腐烂的”)、Mauche。亦对比威爾士語 mwyth (“软的，弱的”)、拉丁語 ēmungō (“擤鼻子”)、吐火羅語A muk- (“放弃”)、立陶宛語 mùkti (“从...滑走”)、古教會斯拉夫語 мъчати (mŭčati，“追逐”)、古希臘語 μύσσομαι (mússomai，“擤鼻子”)、梵語 मुञ्चति (muñcati，“释放”)。

meeker (comparative)
meekest (superlative)

Blessed are the meeke: for they shall inherit the earth.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 5:5:


methinks

源自古英語 mē þynceþ（源自þyncan (“似乎”)），等价于me (“我”，宾格) + think (“似乎”)。对比同义德语短语mir/mich dünkt、古诺尔斯语mér þykkir（→冰岛语mér þykir）。

我觉得；在我看来；私以为

Forthy me thincth betre,
 gif iow swæ thincth,
 thæt we eac sumæ bec

Me thinketh accordant to reason
To telle you al the condicion

methinks the truth should live from age to age,

1591, William Shakespeare, King Richard III: III, i

The lady doth protest too much, methinks.

1599, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, act III, scene II

And then methought my dream changed, and two Great Giants with heading-axes came striding over the bed, […]

1862 February，George Augustus [Henry] Sala，“The Strange Adventures of Captain Dangerous; a Narrative in Plain English, […] Chapter the Fourth. My Grandmother Dies, and I am Left Alone, without So Much as a Name.”, in Temple Bar: A London Magazine for Town and Country Readers，卷 IV, London: Office of "Temple Bar," 122 Fleet Street; Ward and Lock, 158 Fleet Street; New York, N.Y.: Willmer and Rogers, →OCLC，頁 304:

Dr. Tobias Funke: Methinks a cupid I shall play.

2003, Arrested Development, "Bringing Up Buster":


mirth

繼承自中古英語 merth、myrthe、murhthe，來自古英語 myrġþ (“歡樂”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *murgiþu (“短暫，精簡”)；等同於merry + -th。與中古荷蘭語 merchte (“愉快，高興”)同源。

She was a fat, round little woman, richly apparelled in velvet and lace, […]; and the way she laughed, cackling like a hen, the way she talked to the waiters and the maid, […]—all these unexpected phenomena impelled one to hysterical mirth, and made one class her with such immortally ludicrous types as Ally Sloper, the Widow Twankey, or Miss Moucher.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 2, in The Mirror and the Lamp:

Their eyes met and they began to laugh. They laughed as children do when they cannot contain themselves, and can not explain the cause of their mirth to grown people, but share it perfectly together.

Phantasmal mirth, folded away: muskperfumed.

1922 February，James Joyce，Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


megagon

Find the constant of proportionality for a decagon, kilogon, and megagon.

尋找十邊形、一千邊形、一百萬邊形的比例常數

1999，Mark Dugopolski，College Algebra and Trigonometry，頁 505:

[…] 1000000 sides (a "regular megagon") […]

[…] 一百萬條邊（“正一百萬邊形”） […]

A megagon is close to the perfection of a circle — a kind of generational transmutation.

2007, Arthur Greenberg, From Alchemy to Chemistry in Picture and Story


misbegotten

more misbegotten (comparative)
most misbegotten (superlative)

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɒtn̩/

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɑtn̩/

"Do they not sneakingly bestow on me their crass inability to do anything with their own misbegotten progeny, a subterfuge which I scornfully fub off on text-books?"

1930，Norman Lindsay，Redheap，Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1965，頁 82:


miscreant

源自中古英語 myscreaunt、miscreaunt，源自古法語 mescreant (“不信者”)（1080年），mescreire (“不相信”)的现在分词（现代形式mécroire）。

坏蛋，恶棍，歹徒，道德沦丧者

Thou art a Traitor, and a Miſcreant;
Too good to be ſo, and too bad to liue,
Since the more faire and chriſtall is the skie,
The vglier ſeeme the cloudes that in it flye:

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，William Shakespeare，“The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]，頁 23，列s 1–2:

The teacher sent the miscreants to see the school principal.

老师把那帮坏学生送去校长那了。

A meagre Catchpole hurries me to fail; No Miscreant, so remorseless, ever tore
Thy Journals, Fog, or knock'd at Franklin's door

a. 1719, Joseph Addison, A Riddle of Dean Swift's verfified

Arise thou cursed Miscreaunt,
That hast with knightlesse guile and trecherous train
Faire knighthood fowly shamed

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto IV”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 41:


misdeed

源自中古英語 misdede，源自古英語 misdǣd (“恶行”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *missadēdiz (“恶行”)，等价于mis- + deed。同源词有低地蘇格蘭語 misded (“恶行”)、西弗里斯蘭語 misdied (“恶行”)、荷蘭語 misdaad (“恶行”)、德語 Missetat (“恶行”)、瑞典語 missdåd (“恶行”)、哥特語 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃 (missadēþs，“恶行”)。

The petty misdeeds of his youth came back to haunt him when he ran for political office and his character was smeared.

他年轻时所犯下的错在他参加政治职位竞选时成为了他的绊脚石，给他的名声留下了污点。

These [putting feet on seats and leaving rubbish behind] are officially among the worst habits revealed by staff working on Northern's trains and at stations. Other bugbears include playing music through loudspeakers, not giving way to passengers getting off the train and actually illegal activities such as fare evasion and vaping in enclosed spaces. The list of misdeeds was released by the operator on March 3 to coincide with Employee Appreciation Day.

2023年March22日，“Stop & Examine”, in RAIL，期 979，頁 71:


misericord

/ˈmɪzəɹɪkɔː(ɹ)d/

The word misericordia implies an act of mercy but despite its amiable name, it refers to coercing or forcing a spirit to pass through the Gates of Death. In the age of medieval chivalry, knights carried a dagger called the misericorde that was used to strike the coup de grâce upon mortally wounded foes so that they did not have to suffer. The term “misericordia” carries a similar import in necromancy.

2024，Rob Douglas，Nonie Douglas，“Pathways to Resolution” (章號 12), in Unquiet Voices: The Magical Art of Laying Ghosts，Llewellyn Worldwide, →ISBN，頁 223:


misgiving

源自misgive，源自mis- + give，源自中古英語 give (“暗示，给予”)。对比given和what gives。

He could think of her being there, without a lurking misgiving that it would have been better if she had not come.

1846-1848，Charles Dickens，Dombey and Son:

In the night, or the gloomy chambers of the day, fears and misgivings wax strong, but out in the sunlight there is, for a time, cessation even of the terror of death.

Having got its Act, the M.B.M. & M.J.R. apparently had misgivings about the route, in view of the very heavy engineering works that would be necessary, and on November 9, 1846, the company gave notice of a further bill for a deviated line, which was passed into law on July 22, 1847.

1960 March，J. P. Wilson & E. N. C. Haywood，“The route through the Peak - Derby to Manchester: Part One”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 149:


misogyny

miso- + -gyny；來自古希臘語 μισογυνία (misogunía)和μισογύνης (misogúnēs，“厭恨女人的人”)，來自μισέω (miséō，“我厭恨”) + γυνή (gunḗ，“女人”)。

Although she argues against a simplistic conflation of types of prejudice, she suggests that misogyny is typically present in both narcissistic and obsessive forms of anti-Semitic prejudice.
#*:: 儘管她反對將偏見的類型簡單化地混為一談，但她認為厭女症通常存在於自戀和強迫性的反猶太偏見中。

1999, Joanne Marie Greer, David O. Moberg, Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion ISBN 0762304839, p. 29:

His misogyny, like that of his predecessors, is more than prejudice; […]

他的厭女症，就像他的前輩一樣，不僅僅是偏見； […]

1999，Ethel Spector Person，The Sexual Century, →ISBN，頁 84:

This ontological symbiosis also explains his misogyny. By envying Sue, as the man he cannot become, he projects his self-loathing onto her, trying to diminish what he actually admires.

這種本體論的共生關係也解釋了他的厭女症。通過羨慕蘇，作為他不能成為的人，他把他的自我厭惡投射到她身上，試圖削弱他實際欽佩的東西。

2005，Jeff Johnson，William Inge And The Subversion Of Gender, →ISBN，頁 122:

ISBN 0786718234

[…] I have always found it hard that Hamlet, a character that I love and admire, is guilty of a puerile misogyny and, perhaps, more worryingly, of the unnecessary deaths of his old friends from university, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. When I played him, I could find reasons for the misogyny but half-ignored the murders.

[…] 我一直認為，哈姆雷特這個我喜愛和欽佩的人物，犯了愚蠢的厭女症，也許更令人擔憂的是，他大學時的老朋友羅森格蘭茲和吉爾登斯吞的無謂死亡。當我扮演他時，我可以為厭女症找到理由，但對謀殺案卻半點不以為然。

2014年April12日，Simon Russell Beale，“Why Shakespeare always says something new: As the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth approaches, the great Shakespearean actor Simon Russell Beale explains his secrets [print version: The king and I]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review)，London，頁 R7:


melancholic

源自古希臘語 μελαγχολικός (melankholikós，“忧郁的，冲动的，悲观的”)，源自μελαγχολία (melankholía，“忧郁”)。

Kafka, Hart Crane, Jackson Pollock, Tennessee Williams, Mark Rothko, melancholics all, so why shouldn’t we accept our own bleakness and take long walks in the winter woods and look at the gnarled limbs of trees and struggle with the inscrutable and accept the beauty of permanent turmoil?

2008年March16日，Garrison Keillor，“Woe Be Gone”, in New York Times:


melancholy

繼承自中古英語 malencolie，來自古法語 melancolie，來自古希臘語 μελαγχολία (melankholía，“atrabiliousness”)，來自μέλας (mélas)、μελαν- (melan-，“黑色，黑暗，陰暗”) + χολή (kholḗ，“膽汁”)。對照拉丁語 ātra bīlis (“黑膽汁”)。形容詞用法是中古英語的創新，可能受到後綴-y、-ly的影響。

melancholly (alternative)
melancholie (alternative)
melancholious (alternative)
melancholies (plural)

"The ancients referred melancholy to the mind, the moderns make it matter of digestion—to either case my plan applies," said Lady Mandeville.

1831，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 VI, in Romance and Reality. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 111:

As to Ernest... He is quite as nervously broken down as I am but it manifests itself in different ways. His inclination is towards megalomania and mine towards melancholy.

1936 Sept. 15, F. Scott Fitzgerald, letter to Beatrice Dance:


melancholy

melancholly (alternative)
melancholie (alternative)
melancholious (alternative)
more melancholy (comparative)
most melancholy (superlative)

Melancholy people don't talk much.

“[…] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. The kind that have mottoes[…]. And then, when you see [the senders], you probably find that they are the most melancholy old folk with malignant diseases. […]”

1922，Ben Travers，章號 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

And then the band slowed the tempo / And the music gets you down / Ah-ah-ah, ah-ah-ah-ah, ah / It was the same old song / With a melancholy sound / Ah-ah-ah, ah-ah-ah-ah, ah

1981，Greg Kihn, Steve Wright，“The Breakup Song (They Don't Write 'Em)”, in RocKihnRoll，演出者 The Greg Kihn Band:


mellifluous

源自拉丁語 mellifluus (“像蜂蜜一样流动的”)，源自mel (“蜂蜜”) + fluō (“流”)。对比superfluous和fluid，两者源自同一词根，亦对比dulcet (“甜言蜜语”)，另一个词义相近的拉丁语由来词。

more mellifluous (comparative)
most mellifluous (superlative)

birdsweet

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

dulcet

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

euphonious

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

mellifluent

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

勿与melliferous (“吸引蜜蜂的；产蜜的”)相混淆。

Though in heaven the trees / Of life ambrosial fruitage bear, and vines / Yield nectar; though from off the boughs each morn / We brush mellifluous dews, and find the ground / Cover'd with pearly grain[…]

1671，John Milton，“(please specify the page)”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC:

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

[…]Socrates[…]Wisest of men; from whose mouth issued forth / Mellifluous streams that water'd all the schools / Of Academicks old and new[…]

No verses can be more mellifluous than Petrarch's: something of this will perhaps be attributed to the softness of the Italian language; but the English tongue is also capable of it, however obstinately Johnson may have pronounced otherwise.

1853，Sir Egerton Brydges，Life of Milton:

Certainly, he returns explicitly to the sound of Urban Hymns on his fourth solo album: neat, sad strings, unhurried percussion and his mellifluous foghorn of a voice.

2016年May19日，Rachel Aroesti，“Richard Ashcroft: These People review”, in The Guardian:

His iconic look, mellifluous croon and timeless songwriting means that he retains a strong fanbase.

2017年October20日，Ben Beaumont-Thomas，“In dreams: Roy Orbison hologram to embark on UK tour in 2018”, in The Guardian:

Radio proved a perfect fit for the mellifluous tones of Mr. Pence, who called himself “Rush Limbaugh on decaf.”

2022年July12日，Simon Montlake，“In Jan. 6 spotlight, Mike Pence navigates a tricky post-Trump path”, in The Christian Science Monitor:


melodramatic

more melodramatic (comparative)
most melodramatic (superlative)

过于情绪化的，多愁善感的

She wrote him a melodramatic letter, threatening to kill herself.

Dearest Eloise,— There is one little and perhaps insignificant French cake, which I feel certain would soon become a favourite in the cottage, more particularly amongst its juvenile inhabitants. It is the famed galette, the melodramatic food of the gamins, galopins, mechanics, and semi-artists of France.

1854，Alexis [Benoît] Soyer，A Shilling Cookery for the People: Embracing an Entirely New System of Plain Cookery and Domestic Economy，London, New York, N.Y.: George Routledge & Co., →OCLC，頁 125:


spermatozoon

派生自古希臘語 σπέρμα (spérma，“精液”) + ζῷον (zôion，“生物、活物”)。

spermatozoön (alternative)
spermatozoan (alternative)
spermatozoa (plural)

/ˌspɜːmətə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɒn/

But let us suppose [...] that one hardy or lucky spermatozoon has reached the waiting egg.

但是讓我們假設 … 一個強壯或幸運的精子已經到達等待著的卵子。

2019，Bill Bryson，The Body: A Guide for Occupants，Black Swan (2020)，頁 339:


simmer

方言词simper的变换形式，源自中古英語 simperen (“炖”)，可能是拟声词。最早记录是不及物动词。名词源自动词。首次記錄於15世纪末叶

simmers (third-person singular present)
simmering (present participle)
simmered (past participle)

煨，炖 （自17世纪中叶）

The soup simmered on the stove.

The locomotive was the now inevitable American 2-8-0, No. 2623. There she stood, effectively blocking the level crossing, simmering gently, massively inert. It was almost dark, and one's final sight was of her high, firelit cab, the enginemen nonchalantly leaning out, waiting for the right-away, while impatient road convoys piled up on both sides of the crossing.

1945 January and February，“Notes and News: American Locomotives in France”, in Railway Magazine，頁 46:

That way, the heat can circulate under the meat and prevent it from simmering in its juices.

2004，Susan Westmoreland，The Good Housekeeping Cookbook，Hearst Books, →ISBN，頁 89:

同類詞：bake、sauté

Simmer the soup for five minutes, then serve.

There are other easy ways you can bake and simmer and sauté wild game without qualifying as a gourmet cook.

1981，Phyllis Hobson，Easy Game Cookery，Storey Publishing, →ISBN，頁 2:

快要发火，在发火的边缘，激动 （自18世纪60年代）

Maybe that really did happen, and Robin's anger at his wife had simmered for this long?

2006，Earl Ganz，The Taos Truth Game，UNM Press, →ISBN:

The idea for The Sims was one that had been simmering in Wright's mind for quite some time, and was initially conceived as an architecture simulation.

2003，Mark H. Walker，Games That Sell!，Wordware Publishing, Inc., →ISBN，頁 162:


etymology

源自中古英語 ethymologie，源自古法語 ethimologie，源自拉丁語 etymologia，源自古希臘語 ἐτυμολογία (etumología)，源自ἔτυμον (étumon，“真意”)和-λογία (-logía，“...的研究”)，源自λόγος (lógos，“词语，解释”)。

The etymology of the term Japlish is disputed and contentiously so.

2018，James Lambert，“A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide，頁 13:

Although written the same, the words lead (the metal) and lead (the verb) have totally different etymologies.

虽然两者拼写一致，但是lead（铅）和lead（引领）的词源迥然不同。


reproduction

/ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/

Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

2013 May-June，Katrina G. Claw，“Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3:


Peter

繼承自中古英語 Peter，繼承自古英語 Petrus，源自拉丁語 Petrus，源自古希臘語 Πέτρος (Pétros)，源自 πέτρος (pétros，“磐石”)。Pedro、Piers和Boutros 的同源對似詞。

Pet.

新約聖經中彼得的書信、被認為是聖彼得的著作，包含《彼得前書》和《彼得後書》兩部分

Petersboro

普查規定居民點名，位於美國猶他州卡什縣，以彼得·摩翰命名

源自古希臘語的男性人名。

她不認識彼得，但他時不時出現在約翰和麥可的腦海裡，而溫蒂的腦海裡也開始到處亂寫他的名字。這個名字比其他任何單字都更醒目，達林夫人凝視著它，覺得它有一種奇怪的自大。

1911，J. M. Barrie，章號 I, in Peter Pan，Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 出版於 1993:

男孩的名字真棒！ / 卡羅爾就像一輛滾動的汽車，/ 馬丁就像一隻飛翔的小鳥，/ 亞當就像上帝的第一個詞，/ 雷蒙德就像豐收的月亮，/ 彼得就像風笛手的曲調，

1933，Eleanor Farjeon，“Boys' Names”, in Over the Garden Wall，Faber and Faber，頁 90:


been there, done that

為“I have been there and have done that”的省略。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-been there, done that.ogg

been there, done that, bought the T-shirt

斷言說話者對某事/某地有親身經驗、了解，而不想再重複去做

No, I don't wanna go paragliding. Been there, done that. I found it awful.

我才不要去玩滑翔傘。早就玩過了，我不喜歡。

Paragliding? Been there, done that, bought the T-shirt and the video.

滑翔啊？早就玩過了，還買了紀念衫跟錄影。

Huntsman feints at being the Snow White retelling no one has ever seen before, but ultimately becomes the “been there, done that” of fairy-tale filmmaking.

2012年May31日，Tasha Robinson，“Film: Review: Snow White And The Huntsman”, in The A.V. Club:

He looked down at my résumé. “Wow, you interned at The New Yorker. Did you apply there?” ¶ “Nope.” ¶ He looked up. ¶ I gave the line a tug. ¶ “I just felt like, ‘been there, done that,’ you know? Also, I dated a few guys in the office so it would've been awkward.”

2013，Iris Smyles，Iris Has Free Time，Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, →ISBN，頁 7:


google

googles (third-person singular present)
googling (present participle)
googled (past participle)

Tom googles all of his prospective girlfriends.

"Have fun and keep googling!"

1998年July8日，Larry Page，“Google Search Engine: New Features”, in eGroups，Google Friends Mailing List，存檔自the original on 1999-10-09:

Googling in search of an apology from the former Enron C.E.O. […]

2002年December28日，Bill Keller，“Who's Sorry Now?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, retrieved 2007-06-24，頁 A-19:


objector

"It would be amusing, sir, to shut these various objectors up in a room and let them settle it among themselves."

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:


paramecium

來自古希臘語 παραμήκης (paramḗkēs，“橢圓形的”)，來自μῆκος (mêkos，“長的”)。

The sun beats on his eyelids; inside them a paramecium revolves. A blink and it changes pattern like a kaleidoscope.

1983，Robert Drewe，The Bodysurfers，Penguin 2009，頁 144:

Edgar noticed that Clyde was wearing a necktie with a driblet design. The little figures made him think of paramecia, sinister organisms with gullets and feeding grooves.

1997，Don DeLillo，Underworld，2003 edition, →ISBN，頁 560:


obnoxious

來自拉丁語 obnoxiōsus (“有害的，危險的”)，來自obnoxius (“受懲罰的；有危險的”)，來自ob (“面對”) + noxia (“傷害”)。

more obnoxious (comparative)
most obnoxious (superlative)

The disturbance had commenced, like those of England, in the refusal of the parliament to sanction an obnoxious tax; but here all resemblance ended.

这场骚乱和英格蘭的骚乱一样，都是从议会拒绝批准一项令人厌恶的税收开始的；但所有的相似之处都在这里结束了。

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 74:

Someone jolted my arm and the contents of my glass spilled onto an immaculate white dress. I felt obnoxious.

有人搖晃著我的手臂，我的杯子裡的東西濺到了一件無瑕的白色連衣裙上。我覺得很討厭。

1989，Antônio Torres，Blues for a Lost Childhood: A Novel of Brazil，頁 41:

I WOULD HAVE been nine or ten when my mother chased me up a thorn tree with a ceremonial hippo-hide whip. What my crime was, I forget. My mother was, and remains, a woman of exceptional forbearance. I must have done something so obnoxious as to beggar belief.

我九歲或十歲的時候，我媽媽用儀式用的河馬皮鞭子追著我爬上一棵荊棘樹。我的罪行是什麼，我忘記了。我的母親過去和現在都是一個非常寬容的女人。我一定做了一些令人討厭的事情，以至於让人难以置信。

2010年August3日，David Bennun，Tick Bite Fever，Random House，頁 109:

I always feel out of place when I am around people. I feel obnoxious if I laugh or talk too much.

當我和人在一起時，我總是感到格格不入。如果我笑太多或說話太多，我會感到討厭。

2013，Catherine Hilterbrant，Drive-by Psychosis, →ISBN，頁 51:

He felt obnoxious and knew perfectly well that he would have no explanation whatsoever had anyone discovered him, but she looked so alluring, so untroubled, so fortunate, that his only concern was the terrible crack the shutter made...quiet as it was.

他感到很討厭，而且很清楚如果有人發現他，他將無法解釋，但她看起來如此迷人，如此無憂無慮，如此幸運，以至於他唯一關心的是百葉窗發出的可怕的破裂聲……尽管它是如此安静。

2013，Molly Cutpurse，Dark Man, →ISBN，頁 44:

He was an especially obnoxious and detestable specimen of a man.

他是一個特別令人討厭和可憎的男人的樣本。

Throwing stones at the bus is another example of your obnoxious behaviour.

向公共汽車扔石頭是你令人討厭的行為的另一個例子。


percolator

She heard the percolator bell ring.

1986，David Leavitt，The Lost Language of Cranes，第paperback版, Penguin，頁 176:


paramount

原始印歐語詞
 *h₂éd
源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paramont、paramount (“至高无上的，卓越的；在上面的”)，源自古法語 par、per (“以...的手段”) + amont、amunt (“向上”)。Par派生自拉丁語 per (“以...的手段，通过”)，源自原始印歐語 *per- (“穿过；通过”);amont和amunt则源自拉丁語 ad montem (“朝向山；向上”)，源自ad (“向上往”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂éd (“在；到”)） + montem（mōns (“山”)的宾格单数，最终源自原始印歐語 *men- (“耸立，矗立”)）。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-paramount.wav

utmost

至高无上的；领先的，领导的

paravail

至高无上的；领先的，领导的

至高无上的；领先的，领导的

Hitherto she had chiefly dwelt on her unkindness and neglect; but absence, like charity, covers a multitude of sins; and the thought now paramount was, that she should see her no more.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 2，頁 168:

The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen. […] The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.

1963，Margery Allingham，“Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC，頁 249:


paramour

源自中古英語 paramour、paramoure、peramour、paramur，源自古法語 par amor (“为了爱”)。

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mʊə/

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mɔː/

to run away with a paramour

The seducer appeared with dauntless front, accompanied by his paramour.

1848，Thomas Maucalay，The History of England from the Accession of James the Second:

They should be chaste, not lustful, nor taking paramours:

1934，Yusuf Ali (translator)，The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, surah 4, verse 25:

The action scenes are deafening and punchily staged by director Louis Letterier (The Transporter), though I wish he’d set more time aside to spend with Nobby, his paramour Dawn (Rebel Wilson), their shaven-headed brood, and friends

2016年February23日，Robbie Collin，“Grimsby review: ' Sacha Baron Cohen's vital, venomous action movie'”, in The Daily Telegraph (London):


obsequies

obsequy 的複數；繼承自中古英語 obsequias、obsequies、obsequyes，源自拉丁語 obsequiae。

牛津辭典偏好唯複用法，可以視作英式英語的用法；而韋伯斯特字典則指出了複數用法的普遍性，並給出了該詞的單數和複數形式。

在現代用法中，不應和 obsequious (“諂媚”) 混淆。

A murmur of astonishment ran through the chapel. It was hushed instantly, for, at a sign from Lord Avonleigh, the coffin was carried into the vault; and again the voice of the priest was the only sound, breathing the last and solemn benediction of the mournful obsequies.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 163:


obsequious

源自中古英語 obsequyous，源自拉丁語 obsequiōsus (“顺从的，点头哈腰的”) ，源自obsequium (“顺从”)，源自obsequor (“服从，遵守”)，源自ob (“朝向”) + sequor (“跟随”)（对比sequel）。

more obsequious (comparative)
most obsequious (superlative)

Translation falls especially short of this conceit which carries the whole flamboyance of the Spanish language. It was intended as an obsequious flattery of the Condesa, and was untrue.

1927，Thornton Wilder，The Bridge of San Luis Rey，頁 20:

Our ladies were situated as well as it was possible; they had good servants, splendid rooms, obsequious attendants, and had become habituated to the country, so that the loss of the Count was not any thing of moment beyond the pleasure of his society;[…]

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXXIV, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 140:


ostracize

源自古希臘語 ὀστρακίζω (ostrakízō，“通过陶片放逐法放逐”)，源自ὄστρᾰκον (óstrăkon，“陶片”) + -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō，构成动词的后缀)。英语词与法語 ostraciser同源。

ostracizes (third-person singular present)
ostracizing (present participle)
ostracized (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ostracize.wav

blackball

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

cut someone dead

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

give someone the cold shoulder

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

send to Coventry

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

leper

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

以陶片放逐法放逐（五或十年） （自19世纪中叶）

Republics have been accused of being ungrateful. Aristides was ostracised for being called the Just, and Themistocles banished, after saving his country from desolation.

1836年December15日，Eleazer Wheelock Ripley，“The President’s Message”, in Register of Debates in Congress, Comprising the Leading Debates and Incidents of the Second Session of the Twenty-fourth Congress: […] (United States House of Representatives)，卷 XIII, Washington, D.C.: Printed and published by Gales and Seaton, 出版於 1837, →OCLC，列 1097:

[T]he person who was ostracised was obliged to leave Athens within ten days after the sentence, and unless a vote of the people recalled him before the expiration of that time, to stay in exile for ten years.

1840，“OSTRACISM”, in The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge，卷s XVII (Organ–Pertinax), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], →OCLC，頁 55，列 2:

The Athenian Hyperbolus, who had been ostracized some years before by the coalition of Nikias and Alkibiades, together with their respective partisans—ostracized (as Thucydides tells us) not from any fear of his power and over-transcendent influence, but from his bad character and from his being a disgrace to the city—and thus ostracized by an abuse of the institution—was now resident at Samos.

[1849]，George Grote，“Twenty-first Year of the War.—Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens.”, in A History of Greece from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great。[...] In Four Volumes，第2nd版, 卷 III, New York, N.Y.: W. L. Allison Co., publishers, →OCLC, part II (Continuation of Historical Greece)，頁 203:

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

You then moſt Noble Equivocations and Alluſions, whom Rhetorick would Oſtraciſe, ſeek Revenge for your Baniſhment; [...]

1704，[Antoine Furetière]，“Bombast’s Speech to His Army”, in The Rebellion: Or, An Account of the Late Civil-wars, in the Kingdom of Eloquence，London: Printed [for John Nutt ...], →OCLC，頁 48:

The inflexible advocate[s] of the people's rights, were either expelled the Senate Chamber, ostracised, or immolated on the reeking altars of patriotism, by the encrimsoned sword of slaughtering persecution.

1811年July4日，Henry A[lexander] S[cammell] Dearborn，An Oration, Pronounced at Boston, on the Fourth Day of July, 1811, before the Supreme Executive and in the Presence of the Bunker-Hill Association，Boston, Mass.: Printed by Munroe & French, printer to the state, →OCLC，頁s 4–5:

[O]thers may wonder at the mawkish taste of a community which, instead of ostracising such a palpable charlatan at once, attended and praised all that he had to say!

1841，Anthony Grumbler [pseudonym; David Hoffman]，章號 VII, in Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things，Baltimore, Md.: Published by Plaskitt & Cugle, →OCLC，頁 179:

No party worthy of the name will submit, permanently, to any regime which ostracises its best men and selects the worst, which has become an epidemic condition of party politics, and may take off most of what is worth recognizing in the pride of our boasted institutions.

1852 August，“Death of Henry Clay: The Convention System”, in Democratic Review，卷 II, 期 II (New Series; volume XXXI, number CLXX, overall), New York, N.Y.: Published at the office of the Democratic Review, […], →OCLC，頁 151，列 1:

Fashion not only sustains bad writers, but ostracizes and banishes good ones. [William] Shakespeare's writings were popular while he lived, but almost forgotten for two centuries after his death.

1860 January，“Art IX.—Ancient and Modern Art and Literature.”, in De Bow’s Review and Industrial Resources, Statistics, etc.: […]，卷 III (New Series; volume XXVIII overall), 期 I, New Orleans, La., Washington, D.C.: [J. D. B. De Bow], →OCLC，頁 83:

Q. Have you any knowledge aside from your own case of their socially ostracizing a man?—A. There are almost a dozen in this room, I guess, that I know of; perhaps a dozen.

1877年January13日，[Francis] Kernan (questioner), Edward Howard (witness)，Mississippi. Testimony as to Denial of Elective Franchise in Mississippi, at the Elections of 1875 and 1876, […] (The Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session of the Forty-forth Congress; volume III, number 45)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 22:

Our honest and conservative financiers should frown upon and ostracize these black sheep, whether they are cornering the wheat market or manipulating prices on the Stock Exchange by wash sales and otherwise, or promoting a Shipyard Trust, or playing profitably with the surplus funds of a life insurance company.

1905年May4日，“Financials: The Fall of [F. G.] Bigelow”, in The Independent，卷 LVIII, 期 2944, New York, N.Y.: The Independent, […], →OCLC，頁 1030，列 2:

I long to be one with the birds and trees and with the green earth. The call comes to me from the air to sing, but, wretched creature that I am, I lecture—and by doing it, I ostracise myself from this great world of songs to which I was born.

1921年March18日，Rabindranath Tagore，“New York, March 18, 1921”, in Letters from Abroad，Madras, Tamil Nadu: S. Ganesan publisher, […], 出版於 1924, →OCLC，頁 86:

[T]raditions such as the bouquet toss and the "singles" table at the wedding reception often marginalize and ostracize lesbians and gays in attendance.

2003，Cele C. Otnes, Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck，“Romance, Magic, Memory, and Perfection”, in Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding (Life Passages)，Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 22:

Ostracism can be observed from an early age, and continues throughout the life-cycle. Children ostracize other children in the playground, choosing carefully who they wish to play with. Adults ostracize other adults, such as marriage partners using the silent treatment.

2007，Kipling D. Williams, Jonathan Gerber，“Ostracism: The Making of the Ignored and Excluded Mind”, in Making Minds: The Shaping of Human Minds through Social Context (Benjamins Current Topics; 4)，Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 132:

[A] traditional chief attended our Human Rights Defenders Forum in Atlanta and then returned home to discover that a local soldier had raped a fourteen-year-old girl. The chief personally found the soldier, tied him to a chair, and waited for the police to arrive and arrest him. He then used his influence to prevent anyone from condemning or ostracizing the girl. The benefits from this kind of bold action have been proven in Malawi, Senegal, Liberia, Ghana, and other African countries.

2015 March，Jimmy Carter，“The Road to Progress”, in A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power，New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, →ISBN，頁 195:

A common practice by established parties in liberal democracies that often accompanies delegitimisation efforts is ostracising a challenger party. In this book's first chapter we have defined ostracising a party as systematically ruling out all political cooperation with that party [...].

2018，Joost van Spanje，“Pariah Parties: Established Parties’ Systematic Boycotting of Other Parties”, in Controlling the Electoral Marketplace: How Established Parties Ward off Competition (Political Campaigning and Communication)，Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan、Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN，頁s 37–38:


prodigal

源自中古法語 prodigal，源自晚期拉丁語 prōdigālis (“浪费的”)，源自拉丁語 prōdigus (“浪费的，挥霍的”)，源自prōdigō (“消耗，浪费”)，源自prōd-（←prō (“前，向前”)） + agō (“驱动”)。还见prodigy。

more prodigal (comparative)
most prodigal (superlative)

[ˈpʰɹɑɾɪɡɫ̩]

He found himself guilty of prodigal spending during the holidays.

他想起放假时没节制地乱花钱，就很有罪恶感。

The prodigal son spent his share of his inheritance until he was destitute.

浪子把自己分到的遗产花到身无分文。

The prodigal heir can only waste his own substance, and the punishment falls, as it should, upon himself; but the prince has an awful responsibility,—the welfare of others is required at his hands;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXIII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 257:

乱用...的，大量使用...的

She was a merry person, glad and prodigal of smiles.

她是一个很快乐的人，一直都面带微笑。

How can he be so prodigal with money on such a tight budget?

预算那么紧，他是怎么敢这样乱花钱的。

He generally falls backwards and sometimes succumbs to the fever which ensues; hence as soon as the ordeal is over the women are prodigal of their attentions to him, and rub the swollen arm with a particular kind of herb.

1911，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 10，頁 63:

Granville poised himself over a vast sirloin, stropped his knife briskly, then began to hack away ruthlessly. He was a prodigal server and piled about two pounds of meat on my plate, then he started on the Yorkshire puddings.

1974，James Herriot，Vet in Harness，頁 201:

浪子的 （起源自《新约圣经》内通常叫做“Parable of the Prodigal Son”（浪子回头的比喻）的故事）

Simon Hart of the Daily Telegraph has tweeted that the prodigal triple-jumper has come home, in preparation for tomorrow's qualification round.

2012年August12日，Paul Owen，“London 2012 Olympics: day 10”, in The Guardian:


oftentimes

繼承自中古英語 oftentymes；等價於 oftentime + -s。對照 oftentime。

But because this is oftentimes dangerous, and much hurt hath been received thereby through casualty of fire, I advise the sticking four stakes into the earth, at least five feet above the ground […]

但由於這樣做常常很危險，而且火災造成的傷亡也很大，我建議在離地面至少五英尺的地方插上四根木樁 […]

1804，Robert Wissett，On the Cultivation and Preparation of Hemp:

Pique and linen also accented several coats and oftentimes were both detachable and formed an overcollar covering a collar made from the coat fabric.

凸紋布和亞麻布也是多款外套的特色，而且通常都是可拆卸的，並形成一個外領，覆蓋由外套面料製成的衣領。

1967，Ann Helen Stroup，An Investigation of the Dress of American Children from 1930 Through 1941 with Emphasis on Factors Influencing Change，頁 195:

Over the past decade, the very nature of organized crime has changed, with many groups diversifying their income beyond drug trafficking, and large cartels splintering into smaller, oftentimes more nimble groups.

在過去十年中，有組織犯罪的本質發生了變化，許多犯罪集團的收入來源除了販毒外還變得多元化，大型犯罪集團分裂成規模較小、往往更靈活的團體。

2023年January10日，Whitney Eulich, America Armenta，“Mexico arrests son of ‘El Chapo’: Why don’t citizens feel safer?”, in The Christian Science Monitor:


prodigy

源自中古英語 prodige (“征兆”)，源自拉丁語 prōdigium (“预兆，预示”)。

预兆，先兆 （自15世纪）

John Foxe believed that special prodigies had heralded the Reformation.

1971年，Keith Thomas，Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society 2012, p. 87:

These on the farther bank now stood and gazed,
By Heaven alarm’d, by prodigies amazed:
A signal omen stopp’d the passing host,
Their martial fury in their wonder lost.

1715，Homer，Iliad，translated by Alexander Pope, Book XII:


ogle

可能源自
* 荷蘭語，源自中古荷蘭語 *ooghelen、oeghelen (“盯着”)，oogen (“看”)的反复态，源自oge (“眼睛”)，
* 或源自低地德語 oegeln，oegen (“看”)的反复态，源自Oog (“眼睛”)。
对比德語 äugeln (“盯着”)。详见eye、-le。

Will you take a varder at the cartz on the feely-omi in the naf strides: the one with the bona blue ogles polarying the omi-palone with a vogue on and a cod sheitel.

1997，James Gardiner，Who's a Pretty Boy Then?，頁 137:

Slick, she bamboozles the ogles / of old Lilly Law.

2015年October12日，Adam Lowe，“Poem of the week: Vada That”, in The Guardian:


opisthotonos

源自拉丁語 opisthotonus 及其來源古希臘語 ὀπισθότονος (opisthótonos)，等同於 opistho- + tonus (“肌肉緊張”)。

角弓反張 （自16世纪）

[T]he Actors struggled & bounced, and sprunted as if in Convulsions; like Patients under the Influence of a Disease called in Jamaica the Opisthotonos or dry Gripes […].

演员们挣扎着、弹跳着，像抽搐一样跳跃着；就像患上了一种在牙买加被称为角弓反张或干性肠病的疾病的患者一样 […] 。


perennial

1644年，源自拉丁語 perennis (“持续一整年的”)（源自per- (“贯穿”) + annus (“年”)） + -al，可作per- + -ennial分析。

The perennial existence of bodies corporate and their fortunes are things particularly suited to a man who has long views…

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:


otherworld

We do not want, of course, to return to all the crudities and barbarities of the past; but also we do not want to become attenuated and spiritualized out of all mundane sense and recognition, and to live in an otherworld Paradise void of application to earthly affairs.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 192:


otherworldly

more otherworldly (comparative)
most otherworldly (superlative)

ethereal

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

mystical

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

transcendental

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

alien

怪异的，不自然的；超凡的；不属于这个世界的

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

Every religion that becomes ascendant, in so far as it is not otherworldly, must necessarily set its stamp upon the methods and administration of the law.
每一種宗教，只要不是超凡脫俗的，就必然會在法律的方法和管理上打上自己的烙印。

1917, H. G. Wells, God, the Invisible King, ch. 5,

Dana has the otherworldly temperament of a mystic.

2007年August26日，Clive Davis，“Simphiwe Dana: The One Love Movement on Bantu Biko Street”, in Times of London:

怪异的，不自然的；超凡的；不属于这个世界的

An almost otherworldly resilience has characterized the 40-year arc of the Clintons’ political lives, a well-documented pattern of dazzling success, shattering setback and inevitable recovery.

2015年April15日，Jonathan Martin，“For a Clinton, It’s Not Hard to Be Humble in an Effort to Regain Power”, in The New York Times:

The sudden inundation from the remnants of Ida transformed familiar scenes of life in New York into otherworldly and waterlogged chaos on Wednesday night.

2021年September1日，Michael Levenson，Anne Barnard，“Scenes from New York City as Ida paralyzes region”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


packman

Wildeve was standing with his back to the fireplace smoking a cigar; and the promoter of the raffle, a packman from a distant town, was expatiating upon the value of the fabric as material for a summer dress.

1912，Thomas Hardy，The Return of the Native:

L Beneath love's heavy weight my falt'ring soul Plods, like the packman, o'er life's dusty road.

Magneezhy was in an awful case; if he had been already shot, he could not have looked more clay and corpse-like; so I took up a douce earnest confabulation, while the stramash was drawing to a bloody conclusion, with Mr Harry Molasses, the fourth in the spree, who was standing behind Bloatsheet with a large mahogany box under his arm, something in shape like that of a licensed packman, ganging about from house to house, through the country-side, selling toys and trinkets; or niffering plaited ear-rings, and suchlike, with young lasses, for old silver coins or cracked teaspoons.

1828，David Macbeth Moir，The Life of Mansie Wauch:


prefect

源自中古英語 prefect及prefecte，源自古法語 prefect（现代法语préfet），源自拉丁語 praefectus (“监督者，监察者，长官”)，源自praeficere (“使...负责”)。

（古罗马的）长官，队长等

the prefect of the aqueducts; the prefect of a camp, of a fleet, of the city guard, or of provisions; the pretorian prefect, who was commander of the troops guarding the emperor's person

It seems that in the autumn of 803 he went on leave. His uncle Po Chi-chên, had recently been moved from his post at Hsü-chou and promoted to be Prefect of Hsü-chʻang in Central Honan.

1951，Arthur Waley，The Life and Times of Po Chü-i，London: George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC，頁 33:


perfidious

more perfidious (comparative)
most perfidious (superlative)

背信弃义的，不忠的，背叛的 （自16世纪末）

The perfidious Ricimer soon became dissatisfied with Anthe'mius, and raised the standard of revolt.

1851，Oliver Goldsmith，“ch. 26”, in Dr. Goldsmith's History of Rome:

[S]he knew Huntly for the ambitious traitor he was, a man peculiarly perfidious and self-seeking.

1905，Andrew Lang，“ch. 14”, in John Knox and the Reformation:

When the Nazis branded Feininger a "degenerate artist" in 1937, he left 54 paintings for safekeeping with a Bauhaus friend named Hermann Klumpp. After the war, and for the rest of Feininger's life, the perfidious Klumpp refused to give them back.

2005 June 21，Robert Hughes，“Art: The Velocipede of Modernism”, in Time:


overstay

overstays (third-person singular present)
overstaying (present participle)
overstayed (past participle)

Thailand’s Constitutional Court ruled Wednesday that Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha must suspend his active duties while the court decides whether he has overstayed his legal term in office.

2022年August24日，Tassanee Vejpongsa & Grant Peck，“Thai court suspends PM Prayuth pending ruling on term limit”, in The Washington Post, retrieved 2022-08-24:

overstay one's visa


perforce

源自中古英語 par force，源自盎格魯-諾曼語，源自古法語 par force (“強迫”)。

"Keep fast thy hold, for by such stairs as these,"
The Master said, panting as one fatigued,
"Must we perforce depart from so much evil."

1882，Henry Wadsworth Longfellow，Inferno, canto 34:

So, bevelling around by Mullett's and the Signal House which they shortly reached, they proceeded perforce in the direction of Amiens street railway terminus

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

Accordingly work perforce had to be begun. The first sod was cut at Anley, near Settle, in November, 1869, [...].

1939 July，John D. Hewitt，“Some Notable British Main Lines: 1. Settle and Carlisle, L.M.S.R.”, in Railway Magazine，頁 35:

Adult immigrants must perforce learn some English, and their children are likely to become English monolinguals.

2006，Alejandro Portes, Rubén G. Rumbaut，Immigrant America: A Portrait，第3rd版，頁 239:

The central issue in this case is whether the procedures followed respected the applicants’ family life or constituted an interference with the exercise of the right to respect for family life which could not be justified as necessary in a democratic society. […] It is true that Article 8 contains no explicit procedural requirements, but this is not conclusive of the matter. The relevant considerations to be weighed by a local authority in reaching decisions on children in its care must perforce include the views and interests of the natural parents.

2013年August1日，European Court of Human Rights，A.K. and L. v. Croatia，期 37956/11, marginal 62–63:


okapi

借自姆武巴語 okapi。

Congolese giraffe

㺢㹢狓 （自20世紀早期）

forest giraffe

㺢㹢狓 （自20世紀早期）

zebra giraffe

㺢㹢狓 （自20世紀早期）

㺢㹢狓 （自20世紀早期）

[page 498, column 1] [I]n leading them [African Pygmies] back to the forests where they dwelt, I obtained much information from them on the subject of the horse-like animal which they called the "Okapi." […] [page 499, column 1] The coloration of the Okapi is quite extraordinary. […] The hind quarters, hind and fore legs are either snowy white or pale cream color, touched here and there with orange. They are boldly marked, however, with purple-black stripes and splodges, which give that zebra-like appearance to the limbs of the Okapi that caused the first imperfect account of it to indicate the discovery of a new striped horse.

1901 September，Harry [i.e., Henry] H[amilton] Johnston，“The Okapi: The Newly-discovered Beast Living in Central Africa”, in McClure’s Magazine，卷 XVII, 期 5, New York, N.Y., London: S[amuel] S[idney] McClure Co., →OCLC，頁s 498 and 499:

Personally I esteem it a more fascinating and a more important task to investigate the relations of the Okapi with the Giraffe on the one hand, and its fossil relatives on the other.

1902年November18日，C[harles] I[mmanuel] Forsyth Major，“On a Specimen of the Okapi Lately Received at Brussels”, in Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London，卷 I, London: […] [Zoological] Society [of London]; Messrs. Longmans, Green, and Co., […], →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 344:

Dr. [Cuthbert] Christy adds his testimony to that of his predecessors in the same quest as to the "invisibility" of the okapi, whose markings and coloration—pace Colonel Theodore Roosevelt—so break up the surface of its large body and long legs as to cause it to fuse with the dark-brown, russet, while and yellow-white of the twigs and stems and leaf-stalks amongst which it moves. He also points out that the hoofs of the okapi are so closely pressed together that the footprint is almost like that of the single-toed donkey.

1915年August26日，H[enry] H[amilton] Johnston，“Life Habits of the Okapi”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science，卷 95, 期 2391, London: Macmillan and Co.; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC，頁 714，列 1:

I also took out a licence to shoot small game, costing fifty francs, which can be obtained on the spot, and under which I was able to shoot all kinds of game, excepting elephants, chimpanzis, gorillas and okapis.

1922 May，T[homas] Alexander Barns，“To the Game-haunted Solitudes of Ruchuru and Ruindi Plains”, in The Wonderland of the Eastern Congo: The Region of the Snow-crowned Volcanoes, the Pygmies, the Giant Gorilla and the Okapi，London, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →OCLC，頁 99:


ottoman

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ottoman.wav

This ottoman is set on casters, and is a great convenience for holding articles, while serving also as a seat.

1869，Catherine E. Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe，The American Woman’s Home:


plummet

源自中古英語 plommet (“铅球，摆锤”)，自1382年有书面记录，源自古法語 plommet或者plomet，plom、plum (“测深锤”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 plumbum (“铅”)。动词最早记录见于1626年，表示“测量，测深”，其源自名词。

Iudgement also will I lay to the line, and righteousnesse to the plummet: and the haile shall sweepe away the refuge of lyes, and the waters shall ouerflow the hiding place.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 28:17:

His parachute was shot half away, and if he'd jumped he would have fallen like a plummet.

1945，Ernie Pyle，Here Is Your War: Story of G.I. Joe，The World Publishing Company，頁 93:

Yet another seriously under-par performance is unlikely to provide any real answers to their remarkable plummet in form - but it proves they can at least churn out a much-needed result.

2010年December29日，Chris Whyatt，“Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC:


plummet

plummets (third-person singular present)
plummeting (present participle)
plummetting (present participle)
plummeted (past participle)
plummetted (past participle)

重重地，快速地跌落；暴跌，骤降

After its ascent, the arrow plummeted to earth.

箭上升以后，快速地射向地面。

Some speculated Twitter’s stock would plummet, while another said the company would not have to be owned by “a moron,” using an expletive to refer to Mr. Musk.

2022年October4日，Kate Conger，Lauren Hirsch，“Elon Musk Suggests Buying Twitter at His Original Price”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Passenger numbers had been rising sharply. But the replacement of the services by buses, which take far longer because of the number of stations in out-of-the-way villages on the route, will ensure they plummet again.

2022年December14日，Christian Wolmar，“No Marston Vale line trains... and no one in charge seems to 'give a damn'”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 46:


pageant

14世纪末叶作中古英語 pagent，源自中世紀拉丁語 pagina (“奥迹剧”)，多半源自拉丁語 pāgina (“页”)。

spectacle

（尤指穿传统服饰的）盛大游行

（尤指穿传统服饰的）盛大游行

The artists who painted these murals brought the pageant of America vividly to life. Everyone knew that the construction of this pageant, and the celebration of America that it implied, was the work of the New Deal.

2022，Gary Gerstle，章號 1, in The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order […] ，New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, Part I. The New Deal Order, 1930–1980:


progeny

O Progeny of Heaven! Empyreal Thrones!

(Can we date this quote?)，John Milton，Paradise Lost:

Books are not absolutely dead things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul was whose progeny they are.

(Can we date this quote?)，John Milton，Areopagitica:

Dante’s progeny among the writers are his true canonizers.

(Can we date this quote?)，Harold Bloom，(請指定書籍名或刊物名):

Issued from the progeny of kings.

(Can we date this quote?)，William Shakespeare，(請指定書籍名或刊物名):


prowess

源自中古英語 prowesse、prouwesse、proues、prouesce、prouesse (“战斗中的英勇；英勇行为；杰出优越；（人格的）高尚；聪慧”)，源自古法語 proeche、proesce、proeësche (“好，佳；优秀；勇敢”)，源自古法語 preu、prou、prouz、proz、pruz (“好的；优秀的；英勇的”)。对比英語 proud。

高超的技艺，技能，本领，造诣

When in liquor he would make foolish wagers. On one of these too frequent occasions he was boasting of his prowess as a pedestrian and athlete, and the outcome was a match against nature. For a stake of one sovereign he undertook to run all the way to Coventry and back, a distance of something more than forty miles.

1888年October14日，Ambrose Bierce，“An Unfinished Race”, in The San Francisco Examiner, →OCLC; republished in Can Such Things Be?，Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 1903, →OCLC，頁 313:

There is such a sense of inferiority sometimes when it comes to facing Germany, with all their World Cups, their penalty prowess and easy sophistication, it might come as a surprise to learn that, in head-to-head encounters, England actually match their opponents.

2017年November10日，Daniel Taylor，“Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2018-03-28:

英勇，勇敢，无畏，英雄气概 （尤指在战斗中）

[…] But, wroth because this man in full assembly, / Came and reviled thee, thou wouldst shew thy prowess, / The prowess that attends thee, that henceforth / Not e'er a man might think to scorn thy prowess, […]

1863，Homer，T[homas] S[tarling] Norgate, transl.，The Odyssey; or, The Ten Years’ Wandering of Odusseus, after the Ten Years’ Siege of Troy. Reproduced in Dramatic Blank Verse，London: Williams and Norgate, […], →OCLC，頁 158:

A beautiful great lady, past her prime, / Behold her dreaming in her easy chair; / Grey robed, and veiled, in laces old and rare, / Her smiling eyes see but the vanished time / Of splendid prowess, and of deeds sublime.

1910，Ella Wheeler Wilcox，“England, Awake!”, in Poems of Experience，London: Gay & Hancock, Ltd., 12 and 13 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 出版於 1917, →OCLC，頁 38; 再版為 More Poems，Toronto, Ont.: McClelland & Stewart Publishers, 1919, →OCLC, stanza 1，頁 246:

显示出上述特质的行为 熟练，高超的手法

I recollect hearing […] of his [Sir William Hamilton's] simple, independent, meditative habits, ruggedly athletic modes of exercise, fondness for his big dog, etc. etc.: […] I did not witness, much less share in, any of the swimming or other athletic prowesses.

1869 July，“Art. VI.—Memoir of Sir William Hamilton, Bart., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. By John Veitch, M.A., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1869.”, in The North British Review，卷 L, 期 C, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, →OCLC，頁 493:

As the Middle Ages drew to a close and the Renaissance rose like a new sun, knowledge of philosophy and the sciences became objects of interest to a nobility that had once held only skill in battle as a prowess worth attaining.

2007，Christopher Hodapp，“From Darkness to Light”, in Solomon’s Builders: Freemasons, Founding Fathers and the Secrets of Washington, D.C.，Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, →ISBN，頁s 35–36:

显示出上述特质的行为 英勇行为

Thenne the batails approuched and ſhoue and ſhowted on bothe ſydes / many men ouerthrowen / hurte / & ſlayn and grete valyaunces / proweſſes and appertyces of werre were that day ſhewed […]

a. 1472，Thomas Malory，“Capitulum viij”, in [Le Morte Darthur]，book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], 出版於 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 87, recto; 再版為 Le Morte Darthur […]，London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC，頁 173，行s 11–15:

If it is deemed of so much importance, why has no attention been paid to the effects of general friendship, such as certain military prowesses, in which you see a portion of a regiment sacrifice itself in support of another portion?

1851，Charles Fourier，Hugh Doherty, transl.，“Ulterlogue”, in The Passions of the Human Soul, and Their Influence on Society and Civilization. […] In Two Volumes，卷 II, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […], →OCLC，頁 88:


prowl

源自中古英語 prollen，其词源不详。

prowls (third-person singular present)
prowling (present participle)
prowled (past participle)

鬼鬼祟祟地四处徘徊； 觅食或寻找猎物

He prowls each place, still in new colours decked.

a. 1587，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“(please specify the page number)”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Watch the lioness prowling in the shrubbery for zebras.

看那只母狮子在灌木丛里狩猎斑马。

It's easy to sneak vandalism into Wiktionary as there are few other users prowling the Recent Changes page.

维基词典很容易就会被人偷偷破坏，因为没有多少用户盯着“最近更改”页面。

While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou。

2011年January5日，Mark Ashenden，“Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC:


oligarchy

借自法語 oligarchie，源自晚期拉丁語 oligarchia，源自古希臘語 ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía)，源自ὀλίγος (olígos，“少數”) + ἀρχή (arkhḗ，“統治”)。
By surface analysis, oligo- (“少數”) + -archy (“統治，命令”)。

/ˈɒlɪˌɡɑːki/

/ˈɑːlɪˌɡɑɹki/

/ˈoʊlɪˌɡɑɹki/

meritocracy

由「最優秀的人」統治，特別是世襲貴族

Despite the involvement of all classes of society, America's political duopoly and the importance of money to mass-market campaigning has established an oligarchy that is seldom responsive to the citizenry as a whole, when opposed to the wealthy or major interest groups.

儘管社會各階層都參與其中，但美國的雙頭政治壟斷以及金錢對大眾競選活動的重要性，已經確立了一個寡頭政治，當與富人或主要利益集團對抗時，該寡頭政治很少對全體公民負責。

It's an oligarchy because these families own and run almost everything that makes money in El Salvador. Coffee gave birth to the oligarchy in the late 19th century, and economic growth has revolved around them ever since.

這是一個寡頭政治，因為這些家族擁有並經營著薩爾瓦多幾乎所有賺錢的東西。咖啡在19世紀末催生了寡頭政治，從此經濟成長就圍繞著寡頭政治。

1981年September6日，“The Eclipse of the Oligarchs [寡头的衰落]”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The Itasca Project is just one example of existing oligarchy, and a surprisingly open one at that.

伊塔斯卡計畫只是現存寡頭政治的一個例子，並且是一個令人驚訝的公開的寡頭政治。

2016年January17日，“Wealthy cabals run America [富有的阴谋集团统治美国]”, in Al Jazeera America, retrieved 2016-01-18:


pneumoconiosis

借自新拉丁語 pneumoconiōsis，來自古希臘語 πνεῦμα (pneûma，“風，氣息，精神”) + κόνις (kónis，“灰塵”) + -osis。

Zhang Haichao was twenty-eight when he got pneumoconiosis. He was fit and well before he started working at an abrasive-materials factory in Xinmi, not far from Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan, where he comes from. On the job, he inhaled a huge amount of dust every day. In the second half of 2007, he began to cough and felt short of breath.

張志超28歲就得了塵肺病。在新密一家磨料工廠上班之前，他的身體很好很健康，那裡距離他的老家、河南省省會鄭州不遠。工作中他每天都會吸入大量的粉塵。在2007年下半年，他開始咳嗽、感覺呼吸困難，

2012，Hsiao-Hung Pai，Scattered Sand: The Story of China's Rural Migrants [散沙：中國農民工的故事]，Verso Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 86:


prolactin

源自 pro- (源自古希臘語 πρό (pró，“之前”)) + lact- (lacto- 的異體，源自拉丁語 lac (“奶，如”)) + -in (-ine 的異體)。

Men get a dose of the hormone prolactin after orgasm and this acts as a sedative.

男性在性高潮后会分泌一定剂量的催乳素，这种激素具有镇静作用。


premedication

The retrospective study revealed that, in the acetaminophen group, the mean value of postmedication body temperature (BT) was significantly higher than that of the premedication BT.

回顾性研究显示，对乙酰氨基酚组用药后体温（BT）平均值明显高于用药前体温。

2015年October3日，“Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Are Better than Acetaminophen on Fever Control at Acute Stage of Fracture”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


oligopoly

原始印歐語詞
 *h₃ligos
源自oligo- (前綴意思是“很少；一些”) + -poly (後綴，意思是“與市場上賣家的數量有關”)，類比monopoly。

/ɒlɪˈɡɒpəli/

/ˌɑləˈɡɑpəli/

Because of the ease of collusion, particularly price fixing, duopolies and oligopolies easily produce outcomes as bad for the general public as outright monopolies.

由於容易發生合謀，尤其是價格操縱，雙頭壟斷和寡占很容易產生與徹底壟斷一樣對公眾有害的後果。

For the sheep are falling into few and powerful hands; and these, if they have not a monopoly, have at least an oligopoly, and can keep up the price.

因為羊群落入了少數有權有勢的人的手中；這些企業即使沒有形成壟斷，至少也是形成寡占，並且能維持價格。

1866年October1日，Frederic Seebohm，“The Oxford Reformers of 1498. Chapter VII.”, in The Fortnightly Review，卷 VI, 期 XXXIV, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, section 3 ([Thomas] More Drawn into Court. His Introduction to the “Utopia” (1516))，頁 489:

[Thomas] More makes an antithesis between monopolium and oligopolium. We have ‘monopoly,’ but not ‘oligopoly’ (the sale by a few), and so cannot preserve the point of the sentence.

[托馬斯] 莫爾將壟斷與寡占進行了對比。我們有‘壟斷’，但沒有‘寡占’（少數人銷售），因此無法保留該句子的要點。

[1895，J[oseph] H[irst] Lupton，“The Fyrste Boke of the Communycacion of Raphaell Hythlodaye Concernynge the Best State of a Commenwealthe”, in Thomas More, 譯者 Ralph Robynson, The Utopia of Sir Thomas More: In Latin from the Edition of March 1518, and in English from the First Edition of Ralph Robynson’s Translation in 1551 […]，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, footnote 2，頁 55，列 2:

An embarrassing infelicity is the use of Russianised consonants, where for six of the consonants, an additional set is made by supersigns, representing the letter h. […] The specialist offices have it all to themselves; not a 'monopoly’, but an ‘oligopoly’, if we may coin the term.

一個令人尷尬的不恰當之處是俄語化輔音的使用，其中六個輔音由一組額外的上標符號組成，代表字母 h。 […] 專業辦公室擁有自己的一切；不是‘壟斷’，而是‘寡占’，如果我們可以創造這個術語的話。

1907 April，G. Macloskie，“[General Literature.] The Gospel of Matthew in Esperanto.—La Evangelio Sankta Mateo lau Dro. Martin Luther Tradukita en la Lingvon Internacian Esperanto de W. B. Mielck kaj Fr. Stephan, kun Antauparolo de Lic. Dr. Alfred Jeremias Pastro de la Lutheran-preghejo kaj Docento de la Universitato en Leipzig. Leipzig, 1906. J. C. Hinrichs. pp. vii, 66. [book review]”, in The Princeton Theological Review，卷 V, 期 2, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 352:

The major difference between pure and differentiated oligopoly cases is that in pure oligopolies less "shock" is needed to alter the organization of the market.

純粹寡占和差異化寡占之間的主要區別在於，純粹寡占需要較少的「衝擊」來改變市場組織。

1967，John C. Narver，“The Competitive Effects of Conglomerate Mergers”, in Conglomerate Mergers and Market Competition (Publications of the Institute of Business and Economic Research, University of California)，Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, 出版於 1969, →OCLC，頁 126:

Although the power source had shifted from the king's near monopoly into an elite oligopoly, the masses were still afflicted when they sought wood fuel. But through the oligopoly, charcoal fuel proliferated throughout London's trades and industries. By the 1200s, brewers and bakers, tile makers, glassblowers, pottery producers, and a range of other craftsmen all became hour-to-hour consumers of charcoal. This only magnified the indispensable nature of the oligopolists.

雖然權力來源已經從國王的近乎壟斷轉變為精英寡占，但民眾在尋求木質燃料時仍然受到困擾。但由於寡占，木炭燃料在倫敦的整個貿易和工業中迅速普及。到了 13 世紀，釀酒師、麵包師、瓷磚製造商、玻璃吹製工、陶器生產商以及其他一系列工匠都成為了木炭的即時消費者。這只會放大寡頭的不可或缺性。

2006 September，Edwin Black，“Power Struggle”, in Internal Combustion: How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives，New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN，頁 16:

By the late 1930s, however, the major film companies had consolidated their status as vertically-integrated oligopolies that dominated movie production, distribution and exhibition.

然而，到了 20 世紀 30 年代末，主要電影公司已經鞏固了其垂直整合寡占的地位，主宰了電影製作、發行和放映。

2016，Iwan Morgan，“Introduction: Hollywood and the Great Depression”, in Hollywood and the Great Depression: American Film, Politics and Society in the 1930s，Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN:

Not only does the tech oligopoly seamlessly record our preferences, habits, and choices, it also uses that data to guide our future choices, rendering us increasingly useful to the tech companies and useless to ourselves.

科技寡占不僅無縫記錄我們的偏好、習慣和選擇，還利用這些數據來引導我們未來的選擇，使我們對科技公司越來越有用，而對我們自己卻毫無用處。

2022年October28日，Malcolm Harris，“Are We Living Under ‘Technofeudalism’?”, in New York Magazine:


perineum

借自晚期拉丁語 perinaeum，源自古希臘語 περίναιον (perínaion，“肛門和陰囊之間的空間”)，源自古希臘語 περίνεος, περίνεοι (períneos, períneoi，“男性生殖器”)，源自早期古希臘語 περίς (perís，“陰莖”)，源自古希臘語 πηρίς (pērís，“陰囊”)。

He was attacked with complete retention of urine, after a debauch, and six weeks afterwards an abscess formed in the perineum, which eventually burst, leaving a fistulous opening, through which the urine continued to be discharged to the period of his admission into the Hospital.

在一次放蕩之後，他出現完全尿瀦留，六週後會陰部形成膿腫，膿腫最終破裂，留下一個瘻管口，尿液經由該口繼續排出，直到他入院期間。

1827，Guy's Hospital: Case of Fistula in Perineo, Successfully Treated: The Lancet，卷 12，頁 61:

The prostate is surrounded by venous plexi and the perineum has a rich blood supply.

前列腺周圍有靜脈叢，會陰部有豐富的血液供應。

2005，Brian J. Moran，“27: Using the perineal pressure applicator device”, in Basic and Advanced Techniques in Prostate Brachytherapy，頁 251:

The perineum is diamond shaped and stretches from the pubic symphysis to the coccyx.

會陰呈菱形，從恥骨部聯合延伸至尾骨。

2011，Ian Lyons，Biomedical Science: Lecture Notes，頁 371:


ordain

源自中古英語 ordeynen，源自古法語 ordiner，源自拉丁語 ordinare (“命令”)，源自ordo (“命令”)。ordinate 的同源對似詞。

ordains (third-person singular present)
ordaining (present participle)
ordained (past participle)

On once more we swung, bumping uneasily along in the antique narrow-gauge coach, with gloomy woods and gathering night outside, shouts and songs (and quacks) inside—this was not at all the sort of train ordained by the logical strategists in Paris—then grinding to a stop at a mysterious halt which was no more than a nameboard in the pinewoods, without even a footpath leading to it, but nevertheless with a solitary passenger stolidly waiting.

1961 November，H. G. Ellison and P. G. Barlow，“Journey through France: Part One”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 668:


ode

來自中古法語 ode，來自晚期拉丁語 ōda，來自古希臘語 ᾠδή (ōidḗ，“歌”)。Aoede 的同源對似詞。

[標題]

write an ode to someone


oxymoron

首次記錄於17世纪，名词用法见于5世纪拉丁語 oxymōrum (形容词)，oxymōrus (形容词)的中性主格形式，源自古希臘語 ὀξύμωρος (oxúmōros)，由下列成分构成的复合词：ὀξύς (oxús，“尖锐的，尖端的”)（英语oxy-，亦出现于oxygen (“氧气”)） + μωρός (mōrós，“愚蠢的”)（英语moron (“蠢货”)）。字面义为“尖锐愚蠢”。 – 这个词本身就是自相矛盾，因此是一种自描述词。对比sophomore (字面意思是“聪明笨蛋”)，其得到了相似的解释。复合词形式ὀξύμωρον (oxúmōron)在现在流传下来的古希腊语文献中不可考。

/ɒksɪˈmɔːɹɒn/

/ɑksɪˈmɔɹɑn/

历史上，oxymoron曾指“有道理的悖论”，或者“聪慧但愚蠢的说法”，“大智若愚的说法”。它本意用于指出这种说法中深藏的道理，论点。白话中，oxymoron常用来指“自相矛盾”，但是部分使用者认为是错误的，因此在某些情况下最好避免使用。

For Theodor Adorno and his colleagues at the Frankfurt School who coined the term, "culture industry" was an oxymoron, intended to set up a critical contrast between the exploitative, repetitive mode of industrial mass production under capitalism and the associations of transformative power and aesthetico-moral transcendence that the concept of culture carried in the 1940s, when it still meant "high" culture.

1996，John Sinclair，“Culture and Trade: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations”, in Mass Media and Free Trade: NAFTA and the Cultural Industries，University of Texas Press:


odious

源自中古英語 odious，源自古法語 odieus，源自拉丁語 odiōsus，源自odium (“恨”)。

more odious (comparative)
most odious (superlative)

Scrubbing the toilets in the bar at the end of a Saturday night is an odious task.

You told a lie, an odious damned lie: / Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie!

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]，行s 179-80:

I own no crime, unless it be a crime to've hindered you from perpetrating that which would have made you odious to mankind, at least the fairest half.

1750，“Theodora”, Thomas Morell 作詞, George Frideric Handel 作曲:

He looks upon study as an odious fetter; his time is spent in the open air, climbing the hills or rowing on the lake.

1818，Mary Shelley，章號 6, in Frankenstein，存檔自the original on 2013-05-08:


oxytocin

源自 oxytocic，源自古希臘語 ὀξύς (oxús，“快速”) + τόκος (tókos，“分娩”，源自 τίκτω (tíktō，“分娩”，動詞))。

Some women describe episodes of intense pleasure akin to orgasm during nursing. It would be interesting to know whether the release of oxytocin during suckling plays a role in this subjective feeling, as it may do in actual orgasm.

有些女性描述自己在哺乳过程中体验过类似性高潮的强烈快感。探究哺乳过程中催产素的释放是否像在实际性高潮中一样，在这种主观感受中发挥作用，将会非常有趣。

1994，Simon LeVay，The Sexual Brain，MIT Press, →ISBN，頁 67:

MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, greatly increases feelings of empathy (and perhaps the actual capacity to perceive the emotions of others); one of the mechanisms (oxytocin release) is now becoming understood, […]

MDMA，俗称摇头丸，能极大地增强同情心（或许还能增强感知他人情绪的实际能力）；其中一种机制（催产素释放）现在正逐渐被人们所理解， […]

2011，Mark A.R. Kleiman et al.，Drugs and Drug Policy，Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

When human beings bond—by hugging, kissing, touching, having sex, eating together, giving massages, or even when singing together or speaking reassuring words—oxytocin brings us “in from the cold,” warming us—quite literally—as it redirects blood flow into hands, feet, chests and cheeks.

当人类通过拥抱、亲吻、抚摸、做爱、一起吃饭、按摩，甚至一起唱歌或说安慰的话来建立联系时，催产素会让我们“从寒冷中走出来”，让我们感到温暖——直接按字面意思理解就好——因为它会将血液流向手、脚、胸部和脸颊。

2012，Giles Slade，“World without oxytocin”, in Big Disconnect，Prometheus Books, →ISBN:


prong

來自中古英語 pronge，可能來自中古低地德語 prange (“棍子，約束裝置”)，來自prangen (“按，捏”)，來自古撒克遜語 *prangan，來自原始西日耳曼語 *prangan，來自原始日耳曼語 *pranganą (“壓”)，來自原始印歐語 *(s)preng- (“包裹，限制”)。
與立陶宛語 spriñgti (“窒息或阻塞”)、拉脫維亞語 sprañgât (“繩索，限制”)、古希臘語 σπαργανόω (sparganóō，“用襁褓包裹”)、σπάργανον (spárganon，“襁褓”)同族。參見prank、prance、prink。

One look at that lifeguard's prong gave me a throbber like a baseball bat — not quite that big, of course, but at least that hard!

我看了一眼那救生員的硬屌，看起來就像打棒球的棒子——不算很大，但至少很硬！

Hang on... That looks like... No, it can't be. Is that my wang!? Micky Paintbrush, have you painted my papal prong on that nudy man!?

2008, Andy Zaltzman on The Bugle podcast, episode 34, You Will Know Us By Our Knobbly Fruit.


pareidolia

借自德語 Pareidolie，由古希臘語 παρα- (para-，“在...一边”) + εἴδωλον (eídōlon，“图像”) + -ία (-ía)构成。

This last is called by Dr. Kahlbaum, changing hallucination, partial hallucination, perception of secondary images, or pareidolia.

1868 July，John Sibbald，The British Journal of Psychiatry，卷 13，頁 238:

Pareidolia underlies several forms of divination.

1993，Raymond Moody, Paul Perry，Reunions: Visionary Encounters with Departed Loved Ones，New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN，頁 13:

Pareidolias aren't solely limited to images. When I was a youngster, I remember listening to The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields" over and over to hear what seemed to be "I buried Paul."

2006，Steve W. Martin，“Choosing Your Battles”, in Heavy Hitter Selling: How Successful Salespeople Use Language and Intuition to Persuade Customers to Buy，Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 150:

Pareidolia is a state of mind where a vague or unclear image is perceived to be something recognizable, regardless of whether it's something you expect to see. The most famous example of pareidolia is the familiar face of the Man in the Moon.

2010，Rick Emmer，“Nessies of the New World”, in Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? (Creature Scene Investigation)，New York, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN，頁 81:


poignant

源自中古英語 poynaunt、poynant，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 puignant、poynaunt等，poindre (“刺”)的现在分词，源自拉丁語 pungō (“刺”)。pungent 的同源對似詞。

more poignant (comparative)
most poignant (superlative)

distressing

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

moving

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

His siluer shield, now idle maisterlesse; / His poynant speare, that many made to bleed [...].

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

Flipping through his high school yearbook evoked many a poignant memory of yesteryear.

翻了翻他的高中年鉴，很多人想起了去年那些动人的回忆。

A particularly poignant example of this is a child called Genie (see Curtiss 1977; Rymer 1993), who was deprived of speech input and kept locked up on her own in a room until age thirteen. When eventually taken into care and exposed to intensive language input, her vocabulary grew enormously, but her syntax never developed.

2004，Andrew Radford，Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, §1.4，頁 13:

Hanks shepherds the young girl to safety – first brusquely, and then with a sudden outburst of affection made all the more poignant for the way it is reserved previously. He once again reminds us, quite literally, that he is in many ways the ultimate dad.

2021年February9日，Christina Newland，“Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC:


preposterous

源自拉丁語 praeposterus (“前后倒置的，颠倒的，扭曲的”)，源自prae (“前”) + posterus (“跟着的”)。

more preposterous (comparative)
most preposterous (superlative)

/pɹɪˈpɒstəɹəs/

/pɹəˈpɑstəɹəs/

荒谬的，违反常理的；离奇的，古怪的

[...] I did incounter that obſeene and moſt prepoſterous euent that draweth frõ my ſnowhite pen the ebon coloured Incke, which here thou vieweſt, beholdeſt, ſuruayeſt, or ſeeſt. [...] There did I ſee that low ſpirited Swaine, [...] hight Coſtard, (Clow[ne]. O mee) ſorted and conſorted contrary to thy eſtabliſhed proclaymed Edict and continent Cannon; Which with, o with, but with this I paſſion to ſay wherewith: / Clo[wne]. With a Wench.

c. 1595–1596，W. Shakespere [i.e., 威廉·莎士比亞]，A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto)，London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, 出版於 1598, →OCLC; 再版為 Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5)，London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

So I am to send Mrs. Churchill down to the very spot where a treasonable correspondence is most easily managed; and by the ease with which she gets out of a first scrape, give her all possible encouragement to get into another. Well, I was quite right in asking what preposterous request had you come here about!

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“An Audience”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 257:

Leading the attack on the president's very citizenship is the professional vulgarian Donald Trump, who gets away with the kind of preposterous, race-based comments granted few black public figures.

2014年December4日，Timothy Egan，“A deficit of dignity”, in The New York Times:

Democrats, too, must be criticised. While they have not made preposterous statements or been threatening or demagogic, they, all too often, have come up short, failing to propose new ideas that can help unwind conflicts raging across the Middle East.

2016年January30日，“America deserves more from presidential hopefuls”, in The National, retrieved 2016-01-31:


outbuilding

Once they reach the remote farm, Jake insists on giving Lucy a tour of the outbuildings before they go into the house, a tour that includes some lambs that have frozen to death in a barn, and the spot where a pig was eaten alive by maggots.

2020年September1日，Nicholas Barber，“Five stars for I'm Thinking of Ending Things”, in BBC:


poinsettia

名取自弃用属名Poinsettia，取自乔尔·罗伯茨·波因塞特（一位19世纪美国驻墨西哥外交使节），等价于Poinsett + -ia。

/ˌpɔɪnˈsɛ.tɪə/

Masses of scarlet Poinsettias glowed bravely against the dark green background formed by broad-leafed plantains, whose great tattered leaves rustled with every gust of wind that reached them.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 22:


parhelion

源自拉丁語 parelion，源自古希臘語 παρήλιον (parḗlion)，源自παρά (pará) + ἥλιος (hḗlios，“太阳”)。

The short (166 lines) Canto One, with all those amusing birds and parhelia, occupies thirteen cards.


pariah

源自泰米爾語 பறையர் (paṟaiyar)，源自பறையன் (paṟaiyaṉ，“鼓手”)，源自பறை (paṟai，“鼓”)或馬拉雅拉姆語 പറയർ (paṟayar)，源自പറയൻ (paṟayan，“鼓手”)，源自പറ (paṟa，“鼓”)。泰米尔语中的parai或马来语中的para指的是一种王要宣布消息时敲的大型鼓。专职敲parai的人称为paraiyar，在基于种姓的社会阶层中属较低等级，因此派生出了这个词。
或者，派生自梵語 पर (para，“遥远的；局外人”)。

As ecological conditions became unfavorable for pig raising, there was no alternative function which could redeem its existence. The creature became not only useless, but worse than useless—harmful, a curse to touch or merely to see—a pariah animal.

2013，Marvin Harris，“The Abominable Pig”, in Food and Culture: A Reader，第3rd版, New York City, →ISBN，頁s 64–65:

This scenario could lead to war crimes the scale of which has not been seen in Europe since the Nazis — crimes that would make Vladimir Putin, his cronies and Russia as a country all global pariahs.

2022年March2日，Thomas L. Friedman，“I See Three Scenarios for How This War Ends”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


peritoneal

醫生講話語速快時，患者需要注意，勿聽錯 peritoneal (“腹膜的”)、peroneal (“腓骨的”) 以及 perineal (“會陰的”) 等發音類似的詞彙。

After opening the bladder (incision extending 1 inch pubically from peritoneal fold) the prostate was was injected deeply with 1 per cent. cocain while the pericapsular region was injected with the 1 : 400 novocain solution.

打开膀胱后（切口从腹膜皱襞向耻骨方向延伸1英寸），向前列腺深处注射1%可卡因，同时向囊周围区域注射1：400奴佛卡因溶液。

1914，Transactions of the Section on Genito-Urinary Diseases of the American Medical Association，頁 80:


peritonitis

peritonitides (plural)
peritonites (plural)

Intraperitoneal injections of a strong solution produce fibrohemorrhagic peritonitis of varying intensity, according to the strength of the solution; while intraperitoneal injections of small quantities of a diluted solution of formalin induce a chronic peritonitis with great connective tissue proliferation, and a striking eosinophilia.

腹膜内注射浓溶液，根据溶液的浓度，可引起不同程度的纤维出血性腹膜炎；而腹膜内注射少量稀释的福尔马林溶液，可引起慢性腹膜炎，并伴有大量结缔组织增生，以及明显的嗜酸性粒细胞增多。

1901 December，E. Q. THORNTON M.D.，“PRACTICAL THERAPEUTIC REFERENDUM”, in PROGRESSIVE MEDICINE. A QUARTERLY DIGEST OF ADVANCES DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SCIENCES.，卷 IV，頁 363:


odyssey

源自 Odyssey，源自古希臘語 Ὀδυσσεία (Odusseía，“奧德修斯的故事”)。

Many have been sharing cartoons praying for a successful conclusion to the Wild Boar team's odyssey, hoping that it will end in their safe rescue.

2018年July8日，Euan McKirdy, Hilary Whiteman，“Thai cave rescue: Divers enter cave to free boys”, in edition.cnn.com，CNN, retrieved 2018-07-08:


parking lot

Should we park in that parking lot, or in the garage up the street?

我们要停在停车场里，还是那条街下去的那个车库里？

They paved paradise and put up a parking lot.

1970，Joni Mitchell （作曲作詞）, “Big Yellow Taxi”:


prerogative

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prerogative (名词)，源自拉丁語 praerogātīva (“之前的裁决；特权”)，praerogātīvus (“有特权的，有最先发言权力的”)阴性单数的名词用法。

/pɹɪˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pɹəˈɹɑɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pəˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

（君主等的）裁决权，决定权；君权

Despite being a constitutional monarchy, the British sovereign still retain many royal prerogatives.

尽管英国属于君主立宪制政体，但英国君主仍保留了很多君主特权。

The military fame of a subject was considered as an insolent invasion of the Imperial prerogative; and it became the duty, as well as interest, of every Roman general, to guard the frontiers intrusted to his care, without aspiring to conquests which might have proved no less fatal to himself than to the vanquished barbarians.

1776，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol I, ch 1-pt i:

Lord Avonleigh had decided on taking refuge in wounded dignity, when he was again addressed by the King. "The castle holds another prisoner, to whom I intend extending the best prerogative of my crown—mercy. Will you order Robert Evelyn to be brought before me?"

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XLII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 352:

I hear my chair in the hall; and to keep Lord Marchmont waiting, when he has announced his intention of supping at home, far exceeds my prerogative; so good night, dearest, you will either see or hear from me to-morrow.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“Reminiscences”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 206:

"Ah, that's your prerogative as an Intelligence officer, Jimmy. But it's been your prerogative for weeks, months, and nothing has happened, as I told you […]"

2002，Patrick Robinson，The Shark Mutiny，頁 48:

If you want to wear your hair a certain way, that's your prerogative. You don't have to check with all your friends to make sure it's okay.

2004，Joel Osteen，Your best life now: 7 steps to living at your full potential，頁 92:

If you choose another approach — that's your prerogative. But the problem is that parents often don't realize they're making the choice […]

2005，Tracy Hogg, Melinda Blau，Secrets of the Baby Whisperer: How to Calm, Connect, and Communicate，頁 56:

"I know what is important to Sadiq [Khan, London Mayor], and I know how to explain things to him in a way that maximises our chances of getting the right thing. If he chooses not to take my advice, that is absolutely his prerogative. But he gave me the job, and I intend to pay him back by delivering what he needs."

2020年December2日，Andy Byford talks to Paul Clifton，“I enjoy really big challenges...”, in Rail，頁 55:


prerogative

more prerogative (comparative)
most prerogative (superlative)

/pɹɪˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pɹəˈɹɑɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pəˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

Law-eroding prerogative developments cannot only be witnessed in hybrid regimes, but also in democratic states, which resort to reflections and practices of an ‘enemy criminal law’, and in the European Union’s recent crisis politics.

2020，Jan Christoph Suntrup，“Between prerogative power and legality – reading Ernst Fraenkel’s The Dual State as an analytical tool for present authoritarian rule”, in Jurisprudence，卷 11, 期 3, →DOI，頁s 335–359:


parlance

來自中古英語 *parlaunce，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 parlance、parlaunce，來自parler (“說話”) + -ance。

措辞，特别是谈到工作或兴趣时。

To my childish fancy, it had seemed an imaginary flag-staff, or, in rustic parlance, the "liberty pole" of some former generation […]

We approach the contest, still known in the common parlance of the country, as "the first Pennimite War."

1845，Charles Miner，History of Wyoming, Letter IX:

And without further parlance they fought, […]

1849，Lady Charlotte Guest，The Mabinogion, "Peredur the Son of Evrawc":

The tourist's impression of the country to-day is that of a transported Holland, in which the official language is Dutch and the parlance of the people is "taki-taki."

1909，William Elliot Griffis，The Story of New Netherland, Chapter 22:


palpable

more palpable (comparative)
most palpable (superlative)

The imagination shuns to reveal its workings, unless it can clothe them in some lovely and palpable shape, and create into existence the high romance, the mournful song, the animated canvass, or the carved marble;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 227:

I had felt that some palpable although invisible object had passed lightly by my person.

The next morning the fog had given way to a palpable, horizontally driving rain.

1894, Bret Harte, "The Heir of the McHulishes" in A Protegee of Jack Hamlin's and Other Stories:

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness,[…]。It was with a palpable relief that he heard the first warning notes of the figure.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Her voice, her palpable agitation, prepared us for something extraordinary.

1913, Sax Rohmer, The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu chapter 24:

No use in raging, in reasoning, in arguing. No use in setting forth the facts, the palpable right and wrong.

1916, Kathleen Norris, The Heart of Rachael, chapter 7:

By Thursday, there was a palpable sense of frustration with the opposition’s strategy on the streets of Caracas, people in the capital said.

2019年May2日，Ana Vanessa Herrero，Rick Gladstone，“Maduro Speaks to Troops, Trying to Discredit Guaidó’s Call for Mutiny”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Elena Remigi, of the In Limbo Project, which is documenting the experiences of EU citizens in the UK, said: “The anxiety among EU citizens is palpable. My inbox is full of messages of people asking for reassurance or guidance.[…]”

2021年June28日，Lisa O'Carroll，Amelia Gentleman，引 Elena Remigi, “‘The anxiety is palpable’: EU citizens face looming settled status deadline”, in The Guardian:


outhouse

繼承自中古英語 outhous，等價於 out- + house。對照古諾爾斯語 úthús。

木头隔间的户外厕所（通常粪池上只有一个蹲位），一般为长期建筑

There was a considerable outhouse, which he unlocked and we entered.

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Disintegration Machine:

[…] plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses

1945年August17日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 6, in Animal Farm […]，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


outhouse

outhouses (third-person singular present)
outhousing (present participle)
outhoused (past participle)

In our discussion of outhousing we have tried to take into account the inconvenience to users as well as the potential savings in costs.

1969, Great Britain. National Libraries Committee, Frederick Sydney Dainton, Report of the National Libraries Committee (page 85)

The Information Department is outhoused but there are operational reasons for this and it would, in any case, be physically impossible to house the staff of the Department in the main building.

1975，Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons，Sessional Papers，卷 28，頁 38:


photocopier

Now the chintzy nameplate is all that distinguishes his work space from those of the photocopier repairperson, diet food company, and kitchen designer down the hall.

现在，这块印花布铭牌就是他的工作空间与走廊另一头的复印机维修工、减肥食品公司和厨房设计师的工作空间的唯一区别。

1998年December18日，Peter Margasak，“Punk Planet's New Atmosphere”, in Chicago Reader:


ornery

ordinary的缩约形或方言读法。

ornerier (comparative)
orneriest (superlative)

Seemingly here was an intruder who was violating custom. Moreover, the partners had come to look upon this exceedingly rich district as their exclusive property. And so their indignation was extreme. / "The low-down, ornery cuss!" said Dobbs. "The nerve of him, crowdin' in on us, just as if there wasn't lots of other places for him to go!"

I ain't sayin' I don't share your sentiments, Buck, but you're a born fool. First place Luke would kill the Kid in a gun-fight. Second place if Luke did get shot he's got two brothers just as ornery as he is, and if Ike Plummer didn't kill the Kid then Hank Plummer would.

1939，Dudley Nichols，Stagecoach (motion picture), spoken by Marshal Curley Wilcox (George Bancroft):

after a lifetime of being sweet as pie, once Grandpa died, she got kinda ornery.

2013，Richard Linklater、Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke，Before Midnight (motion picture), spoken by Jesse (Ethan Hawke):

But in many instances, the complainers are not just being ornery; they could have a condition called misophonia, in which one experiences strong negative feelings to specific sounds — like the proverbial nails on a chalkboard.

2020年May25日，Abby Ellin，“Couples Who Eat Together May Not Stay Together”, in New York Times:


prescient

源自praesciēns (“预知的，预测的”)，拉丁語 praesciō (“预知”)的现在分词，源自prae- (“...之前”之意的前缀)（最终源自原始印歐語 *preh₂- (“在...之前”)）+ sciō (“知道”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *skey- (“解剖，分割”)）。与中古法語 prescient（现代形式法語 prescient (“有先见之明的”)）、意大利語 presciente (“有先见之明的”)同源。

more prescient (comparative)
most prescient (superlative)

clairvoyant

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

foreknowing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

foreseeing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prescious

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prescientific

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prevoyant

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

unforeseeing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

And if the præſcient Muſes guide my Lay, / Or, future Secrets, Phœbus can diſplay, / The Day ſhall ſhine diſtinguiſh'd from the reſt, / That Anna dignify'd, and Hymen bleſt; […]

1733–1734，Stephen Duck，A Poem on the Marriage of His Serene Highness the Prince of Orange with Ann Princess-royal of Great Britain. […]，London: Printed for Weaver Bickerton […], →OCLC，頁 7:

Mean time the king, aſtoniſh'd at the ſign, / Haſtes to conſult his præſcient ſire divine.

1753，Virgil，Christopher Pitt, transl.，“Virgil’s Æneid. The Seventh Book.”, in The Works of Virgil, in Latin and English. […]，卷 III, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁 283，行s 103–104:

Benignant Heaven, præscient and kind, / Made man for toil, and left sweet Sleep behind, / To nerve the arm which labour had unstrung— […]

[1812]，William Grisenthwaite，Sleep, a Poem in Two Books, with Other Miscellaneous Poems, […]，Lynn: Printed for the author, by W. G. Whittingham, and sold by R. Baldwin, […], →OCLC, book I，頁 5，行s 77–79:

Members opposite seem to be prescient; they seem to know what I am going to say before I have said it.

1960年August24日，Roy Emile Jack，“Business of the House—Urgency”, in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): Fourth Session, Thirty-second Parliament: House of Representatives，卷 323, Wellington: R. E. Owen, government printer, →OCLC，頁 1740:

[Neil] Warnock described City as the best team in Europe in the build-up to this match and joked that his players had been preparing for the game – and City's inevitable dominance – by training without a ball. It proved to be a prescient quip, as the home side had to toil for long periods, struggling to lay a glove on their stylish opponents.

2018年January28日，Dafydd Pritchard，“Cardiff City 1 – 1 Manchester City”, in BBC Sport，存檔自the original on 2018-03-17:


propitious

源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 propicius，源自拉丁語 propitius (“有利的，支持的，善良的”)。对比法語 propice、葡萄牙語 propício和西班牙語 propicio。

more propitious (comparative)
most propitious (superlative)

/pɹoʊˈpɪʃəs/

But counterrevolutions are reversible. Klein devotes much of her book to propitious signs that this can happen — indeed is happening.

2014年November6日，Rob Nixon，“Naomi Klein’s ‘This Changes Everything’”, in New York Times:


paltry

源自中古低地德語 paltrig (“破旧的，劣质的，无价值的”)，源自palter、palte (“破布”)，源自古撒克遜語 *paltro、*palto (“布，破布”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paltrô、*paltô (“碎屑，破布，补丁”)。 与低地德語 palterig (“破败的，破碎的”)、方言用词德語 palterig (“微不足道的”)同源。亦对比低地德語 palte (“破布”)、西弗里斯蘭語 palt (“破布”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Palte (“布条，袋子”)，德語方言Palter (“破布”)、丹麥語 pjalt (“破布，碎布”)、瑞典語 palta (“破布”)。另见palterly。

paltrier (comparative)
paltriest (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-paltry.wav

insignificant

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

unimportant

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

petty

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

trivial

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

This is indeed a paltry flyer about a silly product.

这就是一个愚蠢产品的垃圾传单。

She made some paltry excuse and left.

她找了点蹩脚的借口离开了。

There are a great many languages, like Eskimo and Nootka and, aside from paltry exceptions, the Semitic languages, that cannot compound radical elements.

1921，Edward Sapir，Language: An introduction to the study of speech:

Could someone hope to survive on such a paltry income?

能有人指望这丁点收入过活吗？

Student grants these days are paltry, and many students have to take out loans.

现在的助学金都没有几个钱，很多学生得去借贷款。

"An aged man is but a paltry thing, / A tattered coat upon a stick"

1928，William Butler Yeats，Sailing to Byzantium:


ptomaine

源自法語 ptomaïne，再源自意大利語 ptomaina，最終來自古希臘語 πτῶμα (ptôma，“屍體”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ptomaine.wav

On 6 February 2001 the Yaremche Environmental Health Inspectorate (санітарно-епідеміологічна станція) concluded that the cemetery should not have been constructed on the VL [Vorokhtya Lisokombinat] plot in view of its proximity to residential buildings and the risk of contamination of the surrounding environment by ptomaine.

2014年April9日，European Court of Human Rights，Dzemyuk v. Ukraine，期 42488/02, marginal 10:

"There have been cases of ptomaine poisoning from them, haven't there? Mr. Abbott put on a horrified expression.

1940，Agatha Christie，Sad Cypress: A Poirot Mystery，頁 92:

You remember Leonard Skinner. He got ptomaine poisoning last night after dinner.

1963 , Allan Sherman, ‘’Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh (A Letter from Camp)

That is the place to find the kinds of shikses Who Will Do Anything! If only a person is willing to risk polio from the pool, gangrene from the footbath, ptomaine from the hot dogs, and elephantiasis from the soap and the towels, he might possibly get laid.

1969，Philip Roth，Portnoy’s Complaint，New York: Vintage, 出版於 1994，頁 165:

Sandwiches arrived from outside, strange granular bread, the butter on it liquid, some sort of beige meat paste that hinted at ptomaine.


quadrilingual

Part of the rationale for this quadrilingual language policy is the desire to preserve 'Asian values', viewed as inherent in Asian languages, in the face of 'Western values' associated with globalisation and the use of English.

這種四語語言政策的部分理由是，面對與全球化和英語使用相關的「西方價值觀」，希望保留被視為亞洲語言固有的「亞洲價值觀」。

2019，Li Huang，James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 3:


parsimonious

more parsimonious (comparative)
most parsimonious (superlative)

penurious

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

niggardly

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

stingy

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

pennywise

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

tight-fisted

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

Our fathers would have an economical government, even if grand people called it a parsimonious one, and taxes should be no greater than were absolutely necessary to pay for such a government.

1898，William Graham Sumner，“The Conquest of the United States by Spain”, in War and Other Essays，New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 出版於 1911, →OCLC，頁 333:

The first three college-savings plans stand out for their parsimonious expenses […]

2002 January，“55 great personal-finance ideas”, in Kiplinger's Personal Finance，卷 56, 期 1, Washington, D.C.: Kiplinger Washington Editors, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 53, col. 3:

Statistical methods offer the ability to enforce parsimonious selection of the most influential potential predictors of each gene's state.

2006，Richard Bonneau [et al.]，“The Inferelator: An Algorithm for Learning Parsimonious Regulatory Networks from Systems-biology Data Sets de Novo”, in Genome Biology，卷 7, 期 5, London: BioMed Central, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMCID，頁 R36:

They played like a team that was in a hurry to get back to the Premier League. Norwich City had dismantled the most parsimonious defence in the Championship inside the opening quarter of an hour and at the final whistle it was the yellow end, rather than Middlesbrough’s banks of red, where the euphoria could be found.

2015年May25日，Daniel Taylor，“Norwich reach Premier League after early blitz sees off Middlesbrough”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2015-11-01: