parsimony

源自中古英語 parcimonie，源自中古法語 parsimonie，源自拉丁語 parsimōnia (“节约，节俭”)，源自pars-，parcere (“节约”)的过去分词词干， + -monia (表示动作、状态或条件的后缀)。

Parsimony, and not industry, is the immediate cause of the increase of capital. Industry, indeed, provides the subject which parsimony accumulates. But whatever industry might acquire, if parsimony did not save and store up, the capital would never be the greater.

1776，Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations:

If mere parsimony could have made a man rich, Sir Pitt Crawley might have become very wealthy […]

1848, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair, Chapter 9:

We used three search heuristics, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony, to construct phylogenies from unique COI haplotypes and used default parameters for analyses unless otherwise noted.

2019年February15日，Boyd A. Mori et al.，“A new species of Contarinia Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces flower galls on canola (Brassicaceae) in the Canadian prairies”, in Canadian Entomologist，卷 151, →DOI，頁s 131-148:


politically

more politically (comparative)
most politically (superlative)

politically insensitive

a politically-charged speech

Although politically he claims to be a Democrat, his actions are more Republican.

尽管在政治上他自称是民主党人，但他的行动更像共和党人。

Nevertheless intellectually, ideologically and politically he identified with industrialists whom he, just like Smith, saw as the usherers of progress.

然而，从思想、意识形态和政治角度来说，他认同工业家，就像史密斯一样，他视工业家为进步的引领者。

2002，Yanis Varoufakis，Foundations of Economics: A Beginner's Companion，頁 25:


puerile

源自拉丁語 puerīlis (“幼稚的”)，源自puer (“小孩，男孩”)。

more puerile (comparative)
most puerile (superlative)

The French have been notorious through generations for their puerile affectation of Roman forms, models, and historic precedents.

1850, Thomas De Quincey, French and English Manners (originally published in Hogg's Instructor

源自the table he had received the gout; from the alcove a tendency to convulsions; from the grandeeship a pride so vast and puerile that he seldom heard anything that was said to him and talked to the ceiling in a perpetual monologue; from the exile, oceans of boredom, a boredom so persuasive that it was like pain,—he woke up with it and spent the day with it, and it sat by his bed all night watching his sleep.

1927, Thornton Wilder, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, page 79:

[…] I have always found it hard that Hamlet, a character that I love and admire, is guilty of a puerile misogyny and, perhaps, more worryingly, of the unnecessary deaths of his old friends from university, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern。

2014年April12日，Simon Russell Beale，“Why Shakespeare always says something new: As the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth approaches, the great Shakespearean actor Simon Russell Beale explains his secrets [print version: The king and I]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review)，London，頁 R7:

Today we should welcome, and even study, every serious attempt to envisage the future of our race, not merely to grasp the very diverse and often tragic possibilities that confront us, but also that we may familiarize ourselves with the certainty that many of our cherished ideals would seem puerile to more developed minds.

1930 July, West Kirby, Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon, Preface (page 9 of the Dover 1968 reprint of L&FM and Star Maker):


outstanding

more outstanding (comparative)
most outstanding (superlative)

Charles S. Peirce, 1839 to 1914, was one of America's most outstanding intellects. Philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, he wrote profusely, the equivalent of almost 100,000 printed pages in all.

1978，Arthur Burks，The New Elements of Mathematics (review by Burks):

The Gunners captain demonstrated his importance to the team by taking his tally to an outstanding 28 goals in 27 Premier League games as Chelsea slumped again after their shock defeat at QPR last week.

2011年October29日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 3 - 5 Arsenal”, in BBC Sport:

At a distance of about seven or eight miles to the northeastward of the landing, there is an outstanding group of mountains crowning a spur from the main chain of the Coast Range, whose highest point rises about eight thousand feet above the level of the sea;...

You must pay any outstanding corporate card balance immediately.

您必须立即支付所有尚欠的商务卡结欠款。

The distribution of the capital shall in the case of each loan be based on the capital amount outstanding at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty.

I kept account of every farthing I spent, and my expenses were carefully calculated. Every little item such as omnibus fares or postage or a couple of coppers spent on newspapers, would be entered, and the balance struck every evening before going to bed. That habit has stayed with me ever since, and I know that as a result, though I have had to handle public funds amounting to lakhs, I have succeeded in exercising strict economy in their disbursement, and instead of outstanding debts have had invariably a surplus balance in respect of all the movements I have led. Let every youth take a leaf out of my book and make it a point to account for everything that comes into and goes out of his pocket, and like me he is sure to be a gainer in the end.

1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xvi:


pungent

借自拉丁語 pungens（词根：pungent-），pungo (“刺”)的现在分词。poignant 的同源對似詞。

more pungent (comparative)
most pungent (superlative)

I accidentally dropped the bottle of ammonia and after few seconds, a very pungent stench could be detected.

我不小心弄掉了一瓶氨水，过了几秒后就闻到了一股刺鼻的臭味。

I can almost smell the fir scent… resinous, pungent.

1991，Paul Chadwick，Concrete: American Christmas，Dark Horse Books:


oof

擬聲詞。和荷蘭語 oef、德語 uff同源。動詞用法源自 roblox 虛擬人偶死掉後發出的聲音。

一種模仿失去空氣的聲音，彷彿某人的太陽穴剛剛被擊中。

Whap, Biff, Ooooof, Sock, Pow, Zok! Batman is back. Gotham City is again leaving its law and order in the hands of a man who wears plastic underpants over his tights.

Whap，Biff，Ooooof，Sock，Pow，Zok！《蝙蝠俠》回來了。 哥譚市再次將其法律和秩序交由一個在緊身衣外穿著塑料內褲的男子掌握。

1989年June5日，The Canberra Times，Australia Captial Territory，頁 10，列 2:


oof

因疼痛（如被打了一拳後吐氣）而發出的聲音。

The soldier on the ground clutched his head and then his stomach and gave an "oof" of pain.

地上的士兵捂著頭，然後捂著肚子，發出一聲痛苦的呻吟。

1966，James Workman，The Mad Emperor，Melbourne, Sydney: Scripts，頁 33:


quaint

源自中古英語 queynte、quoynte，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cointe、queinte和古法語 cointe (“聪明的”)，源自拉丁語 cognitus，cognōscō (“知道”)的过去分词。

quainter (comparative)
quaintest (superlative)

fastidious

过度细致的，苛求的 （15-19世纪）

精妙的，巧妙的 （14-19世纪）

describe races and games, / Or tilting furniture, imblazon'd shields, / Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds, / Bases and tinsel trappings […]。

1667，John Milton，“Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Till that there entered on the other side / A straunger knight，源自whence no man could reed, / In quyent disguise, full hard to be descride […]。

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto IV”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

What none would dispute though many smiled over was the good-humored, necessary, yet quaint omission of the writer's name from the whole consideration.

过度细致的，苛求的 （15-19世纪）

She, nothing quaint / Nor 'sdeignfull of so homely fashion, / Sith brought she was now to so hard constraint, / Sate downe upon the dusty ground anon […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

奇怪而有趣的；古老的，古色古香的 （自18世纪）

If you're fond of sand dunes and salty air, / Quaint little villages here and there, / You're sure to fall in love with old Cape Cod.

1957，Claire Rothrock，Milton Yakus，Allan Jeffrey （作曲作詞）, “Old Cape Cod”, 演出者 Patti Page:

The rock is a haven for rare wildlife, a landscape where pretty hedgerows and quaint villages are bordered by a breathtaking, craggy coastline.


quaint

quim的变体，可能是为了委婉。

The rest looked on, horrified, as Clarice trussed up her habit and in open view placed her hand within her queynte crying, ‘The first house of Sunday belongs to the sun, and the second to Venus.’

2003，Peter Ackroyd，The Clerkenwell Tales，頁 9:


pugnacious

借自拉丁語，派生自pugnāx，源自pugnō (“战斗”)，源自pugnus (“拳头”)。

more pugnacious (comparative)
most pugnacious (superlative)

Not that the doctor was a bully, or even pugnacious, in the usual sense of the word; he had no disposition to provoke a fight, no propense love of quarrelling.

1858，Anthony Trollope，章號 3, in Dr Thorne:

In the face of bad news Churchill normally became even more pugnacious, always wanting to respond to defeat by going on the attack.

2003，Ken Follett，Hornet Flight, →ISBN，頁s 249-250:

[I]n the 575 days since [Oscar] Pistorius shot dead his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp, there has been an unseemly scramble to construct revisionist histories, to identify evidence beneath that placid exterior of a pugnacious, hair-trigger personality.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):


quell

源自中古英語 quellen，源自古英語 cwellan (“杀死”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kwalljan，源自原始日耳曼語 *kwaljaną (“杀死”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *gʷelH-。同源词有德語 quälen (“折磨”)、瑞典語 kvälja (“折磨”)、冰島語 kvelja (“折磨”)。亦对比古典亞美尼亞語 կեղ (keł，“疮，溃疡”)、古教會斯拉夫語 жаль (žalĭ，“痛”)。参见kill。它可能是本词的同源对似词。

quells (third-person singular present)
quelling (present participle)
quelled (past participle)

镇压，压制 （10世纪起）

The nation obeyed the call, rallied round the sovereign, and enabled him to quell the disaffected minority.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 1, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

终止，消灭 （14世纪起）

to quell grief

to quell the tumult of the soul

However, after quelling Burnley's threat, Southampton failed to build on their growing danger culminating in Tadic's missed penalty.

2014年December13日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Burnley 1-0 Southampton”, in BBC Sport:

Well prov'd in that same day, when Jove those gyants quelled.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Yet he did quake and quaver, like to quell.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


quell

The quell of the rebellion raised Justinian to the acme of power.

1903，Knowledge: A Monthly Record of Science:

Hu had been supportive of Chiang's role throughout the northern expedition and the quell of southern rebellion.

1978，Shiu Heng Chook，Chiang Kai-shek Close-up: A Personal View:

The consequences have not been significant in terms of the quell of any of the three drugs into the United States.

1994，United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary，U.S. international drug control policy: recent experience, future options : seminar proceedings，Government Printing Office, →ISBN:

Each Martial Law was marked by the quell of civil liberties or human rights.

1998，Mirza Arshad Ali Beg，Democracy Displaced in Pakistan: Case History of Disasters of Social Pollution:

But to make things even worse, this is the year of the Seventy-fifth Hunger Games, and that means it's also a Quarter Quell. They occur every twenty-five years, marking the anniversary of the districts' defeat with over-the-top celebrations and, for extra fun, some miserable twist for the tributes.

2013，Suzanne Collins，Catching Fire，UK: Scholastic:

An example can be found in the data about the campaigns of Aššur-bān-apli against Arab tribes after the quell of the revolt of Šamaš-šumukīn.

2014，Markham J. Geller，Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization，epubli, →ISBN，頁 136:


quell

源自中古英語 *quelle（因动词quellen (“喷出”)），源自古英語 cwylla、*cwielle (“泉”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kwalljā (“泉”)。对比德語 Quelle。

And when they had eaten, and sat resting in a grotto, he was still singing, and she was the goddess of his Muse, — the quell of living waters out of which he drew fresh strength for new lays.

Other excruciations replaced her namesake's loquacious quells so completely that when, during a lucid interval, she happened to open with her weak little hand a lavabo cock for a drink of water, the tepid lymph replied in its own lingo […]

1969，Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov，Ada, Or, Ardor, a Family Chronicle，Vintage, →ISBN:

The strategists had access to a wide array of private polling and information from focus groups; a quell of information stretching back over his years as a state-wide candidate and office holder.

2001，Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Römmele，Public Information Campaigns and Opinion Research: A Handbook for the Student and Practitioner，SAGE, →ISBN，頁 82:

A quell of strength over took Robin with each of his words. She was about to fall apart, but Jacob was as brave as a warrior going into battle.

2001，Zane Gates，The Cure，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 241:

For a moment their eyes locked, and she felt a quell of anger rise above her apprehension. Reality struck with appalling clarity, yet she could only lie down, partially drugged and untidy as she was from such rough traveling.

2011，Linda Lee Chaikin，Hawaiian Crosswinds，Moody Publishers, →ISBN:

I read on. It will cost two hundred and fifty quid. I felt a quell of alarm, that's quite expensive.

2012，Molly Hopkins，It Happened at Boot Camp: Exclusive Novella，Hachette UK, →ISBN:


puissant

源自中古英語 puissaunt，源自中古法語 puissant、poissant、盎格魯-諾曼語 puissant、古法語 pussant等，pooir (“可以，能够”)的现在分词，最终源自拉丁語 posse (“能够...的”)。

more puissant (comparative)
most puissant (superlative)

强大的，强力的，有权力的

Awake remembrance of these valiant dead, / And with your puissant arm renew their feats.

讓這些長眠在地下的勇士重又出現在回憶中吧，你統率著雄師，把他們的英雄偉業重新來一遍吧。

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

For who can yet believe, though after loss,
That all these puissant legions, whose exile
Hath emptied Heaven, shall fail to re-ascend,
Self-raised, and repossess their native seat?

然而，谁又能够相信，在遭受失败之后，
这些强大的军团，这些被逐而流落他乡，
使天庭空空如也的斗士，不会重新登天，
依靠自我的力量，夺回他们当然的职位？

1667，John Milton，“Book 1”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

In fact the titles could be anything-or (with some of the most puissant) no title at all...

1961 - Robert A. Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land


pandemonium

在《失乐园》一書中由约翰·弥尔顿造出 Pandæmonium 一詞，源自古希臘語 πᾶν (pân，“全”)（等价于英語 pan-） + 晚期拉丁語 daemonium (“恶魂，恶魔”)，源自古希臘語 δαιμόνιον (daimónion，“神祇”)。

pandemoniums (plural)
pandemonia (plural)

/ˌpændɪˈməʊnɪəm/

outburst

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

uproar

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

Whatever all this pandemonium means, I suppose the police station will help us.

無論這場騷動意味著甚麼，我認為警察局一定會幫助我們。

1908，吉爾伯特·基思·卻斯特頓，The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare，布里斯托爾: J[ames] W[illiams] Arrowsmith， […]；倫敦：Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company, →OCLC，頁 259:

Whenever you have violent pandemonium, there's the overwhelming possibility for panic and tragedy.

每當發生暴力騷動時，極有可能會造成恐慌和不幸。

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

Riyad Mahrez flighted the free-kick that followed to the far post and Morgan, with not much finesse but plenty of desire, bundled the ball over the line. Cue pandemonium in the stands.

利雅德·馬赫雷斯將自由球射向遠門柱，摩根故不上調整策略，碰運氣將球踢出了門線。看臺下歡聲雷動。

2017年March14日，史都華·詹姆斯，“Leicester stun Sevilla to reach last eight after Kasper Schmeichel save”, in 衛報，倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-04-05:


panegyrical

more panegyrical (comparative)
most panegyrical (superlative)

The days of description (personal and panegyrical) are passing rapidly away.

1831，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XII, in Romance and Reality. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 167:

Birmingham, indeed, has recently been styled "the best governed city in the world"--a title that is, perhaps, a trifle too full and panegyrical to find ready and general acceptance.

1900，Thomas Anderton，A Tale of One City: The New Birmingham:


querulous

源自古法語 querelos，源自晚期拉丁語 querulōsus，源自拉丁語 querulus，源自queror (“抱怨”)。

more querulous (comparative)
most querulous (superlative)

爱抱怨的，爱发牢骚的；烦躁的，抱怨的

"But how am I to obtain such treaty?" asked Monsieur, in a querulous tone.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 101:

The nights were now cold, gemmed with a multitude of bright stars, uncanny with the querulous wail of coyotes and the occasional deep voices of wolves.

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:


personable

源自中古英語 personable、personabil，等价于person + -able。对比出现于13世纪末英国文献内的中世紀拉丁語 personabilis (“个人的”)。中古法语personable (“重要的”)在1528年前无记载。

more personable (comparative)
most personable (superlative)

friendly

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

amiable

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

I admit him a personable man, for I have seen him; and I will suppose him courteous and agreeable.

1822，Sir Walter Scott，章號 19, in The Fortunes of Nigel:

Barefoot, bare-chested, radiant and personable against the shadowy woods, he called: "Hullo, Miss Honeychurch! Hullo!"

1908，E. M. Forster，章號 12, in A Room With a View:

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

Wise, warlike, personable, curteous, and kind.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto IV”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 5:

I'm bound to admit that you're a personable young rascal, with the best manners I've met in a long time.

1919，Joseph A. Altsheler，章號 5, in The Sun Of Quebec:

Aside from being incredibly funny and personable he is generous, kind and is great fun to play catch with.

2009年October5日，Randy James，“2-Min. Bio: Stephanie Birkitt: Letterman's Lover?”, in Time:

The Queen be by that name personable to plead

The demaundant was iudged personable to maintaine this action


passage

passages (third-person singular present)
passaging (present participle)
passaged (past participle)

After a spring or two, the horse passaged and reared, and lighting on a flat slab of rock which cropped up in the middle of the road, slipped sideways and fell with a loud crash […]


perspiration

借自晚期中古法語 perspiration，源自perspirer (“流汗”)，源自拉丁語 perspirare (“持续吹气或呼吸”)，源自per (“经过，通过”) + spirare (“呼吸，吹”)
就词形分析：perspire + -ation。

/ˌpɜːspəˈɹeɪʃən/

/ˌpɝspəˈɹeɪʃən/

genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration

Genius is 1 per cent. inspiration and 99 per cent. perspiration.

1910，Frank Lewis Dyer，Thomas Commerford Martin，引 Thomas Edison, Edison: His Life and Inventions，卷 II, New York: Harper & Brothers，頁 607:


protectionist

源自法語 protectionniste。By surface analysis, protection + -ist。

more protectionist (comparative)
most protectionist (superlative)

This is because most member countries still hold a very much protectionist stance when it comes to the service sector.

这是因为大多数成员国对服务业仍然持强烈的保护主义立场。

2008，International Transport Forum, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, SourceOECD (Online service)，17th International ITF/OECD Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy: benefiting from globalisation : transport sector contribution and policy challenges : introductory reports and summary of discussion : 25-27 October 2006, Berlin, →ISBN，頁 171:

The "national security" grounds were gauzy at best; the 232 tariffs were classically protectionist.

“国家安全”的理由充其量也只是模棱兩可的；232关税是典型的保护主义。

2020年June23日，John Bolton，The Room Where It Happened, →ISBN，頁 185:


purslane

來自古法語 porcelaine，可能變自拉丁語 porcilaca (“馬齒莧”)（與portulaca (“馬齒莧”)）有關，參見法語porcelaine (“瓷”)。

purslain (alternative)
purslanes (plural)

ASPARAGUS, cauliflowers, imperial Sileſia, royal and cabbage lettuces, burnet, purſlain, cucumbers, naſturtian flowers, peaſe and beans ſown in October, artichokes, ſcarlet ſtrawberries, and kidney beans.

1767，A Lady [Hannah Glasse]，The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Eaſy […] ，頁 326:

西伯利亚春美草，pink purslane (Claytonia sibirica)


oscillograph

With Dr. Ewing brainstorming and Dr. Worzel leading the designers, the team slapped together precursors of more precisely manufactured measuring devices: a camera to take photos thousands of feet below the ocean’s surface, with a coffee-can lid for a flash reflector and a thick, diner-style drinking glass as its casing; a seismograph timed by a modified railroad pocket watch; an oscillograph, to record electrical changes, run by a motor from a toy electric train.

2009年January26日，Dennis Hevesi，“J. Lamar Worzel, Expert on Ocean’s Depths, Dies at 89”, in New York Times:


preternatural

源自拉丁語 preternātūrālis/praeternātūrālis，源自praeter nātūram，源自praeter (“超越”) + nātūra (“自然”)，对比supernatural。

more preternatural (comparative)
most preternatural (superlative)

现代的一般用法中，指的是奇怪但是仍属自然范畴内的现象，比如“preternatural talent”。而在宗教或玄学用法中，和supernatural类似，指“超自然的”，但相较于supernatural较为低级 – 其能作它的同义词，下义词或同类词。比如在天主教神学中preternatural用来形容天使一类生物，而supernatural只用来形容神。

I have employed cold air, and very often spongings with cold water, in order to moderate the preternatural heat of the skin, and to check the increased velocity of the circulation.

1815，William Shearman，New Medical and Physical Journal:

Doubtless there has been some exaggeration in the picturesque and fanciful relations of the almost preternatural skill and cunning of the Indian […]

1882，George Edward Ellis，The Red Man and the White Man in North America，頁 152:

"Villette! Villette! wrote George Eliot。"It is a still more wonderful book than Jane Eyre. There is something almost preternatural in its power."

2014年January4日，Lucy Hughes-Hallett，“The other Charlotte Brontë girl [online version (3 January 2014): Why Villette is better than Jane Eyre: Everybody knows Jane Eyre, but Charlotte Brontë's greatest and most original novel was her last, Villette]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London，頁 R14:

D.B. Woodside as Amenadiel: "Something Charlotte said made me think. Maybe celestial beings and humans, Luci maybe they aren't that different."
Tom Ellis as Lucifer Morningstar: "What, are we talking in bed? 'Cause we know all know my skills are preternatural. But I suppose you on the other hand..."

2018，“Quintessential Deckerstar”, in Lucifer:

Macbeth is like a record of a preternatural and tragical event.

1817，William Hazlitt，“Macbeth”, in Characters of Shakespeare's Plays:

Not Leonore, in that preternatural midnight excursion with her phantom lover, was more terrified than poor Maggie in this entirely natural ride on a short-paced donkey, [...]

1860，George Eliot，The Mill on the Floss, Book 1, Chapter 11:

Vansittart Smith, fixing his eyes upon the fellow's skin, was conscious of a sudden impression that there was something inhuman and preternatural about its appearance.

1925，Arthur Conan Doyle，The Ring of Thoth:


rubbing

繼承自中古英語 rubbinge、rubbynge，等價於 rub + -ing。

He was delighted to come across a little-worn crest of the old Great Eastern Railway, never dreaming that such a relic would still be in use, and was taking a pencil-rubbing to add to his collection.

1951 April，R. S. McNaught，“Railway Enthusiasts”, in Railway Magazine，期 600，頁 271:


pushy

pushier (comparative)
pushiest (superlative)

Pushy parents 'ruin sports days'


pantomime

约17世纪，源自拉丁語 pantomīmus，源自古希臘語 παντόμιμος (pantómimos)，源自πᾶς (pâs，“全”) + μιμέομαι (miméomai，“模仿”)。

一种面向儿童的童话剧 （自18世纪）

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011年October20日，Michael da Silva，“Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, in BBC Sport:


pussy

女性的陰部。（17世紀－）

You have a lovely pussy!

There's a lot of disagreement about where that word came from. Pussy is actually a diminutive of pusillanimous, meaning cowardly. Although maybe the origin doesn't matter, since everyone equates it with the female anatomy anyway?

關於這個詞的來源，有很多分歧。pussy 實際上是「pusillanimous」的縮略語，意思是「懦弱」。儘管也許起源並不重要，因為無論如何每個人都把它與女性的解剖結構等同起來？

[2016，Alexandra Sirowy，The Telling (young adult fiction), Simon & Schuster，頁 6:

和女性性交 （20世紀－）

I’m gonna get me some pussy tonight.

我今晚要去找些小妞來肏。

The teachers are not there to help you. Most oft them are still freelancers and the last thing they want is more competition. They are there because they need a steady paycheck and they hope to score some pussy!

老師們不是來幫助你的。他們中的大多數人仍然是自由職業者，他們最不想看到的是更多的競爭。他們在那裡是因為他們需要一份穩定的薪水，而且能搞到一些馬子！

1991，Daniel Clowes，Art School Confidential:

懦夫，膽小鬼。（20世紀－）

You're such a pussy!

You ought to hear some of the docs that are the sweetest old pussies with their patients—the way they bawl out the nurses. But labs—they seem sort of real. I don't suppose you can bluff a bacteria—what is it?—bacterium?

你應該聽聽那些對病人最可愛的老娘們儿的說法--他們對護士吆喝的方式。但是，實驗室--它們似乎有點真實。我不認為你能唬住一個細菌─它是什麼？─細菌？

1925，Sinclair Lewis，Martin Arrowsmith (fiction), Harcourt Brace & Company:

I couldn't carry the burden of shame engendered by the bully-boy advertising of "max-strength" cold and flu remedies, the obvious subtext of which is "Get to work, you pussy."

我無法承擔「最大強度」的感冒和流感藥的霸道廣告所帶來的恥辱負擔，其明顯的潛台詞是「去工作吧，你這個娘們」。

2007年November26日，Matt Keating，“Do everyone a favour and don't bring your cold to work”, in The Guardian，存檔自the original on 2014-10-06:

Shepard: You're in a bad situation, and I'm going to get you out of here.
Jack: Shit, you sound like a pussy.

謝潑德：你的處境很糟糕，我會帶你離開這裡。
傑克：操，你聽起來像個娘們。

2010，BioWare，Mass Effect 2，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →OCLC，幕：Prison Ship Purgatory:


regale

源自法語 régaler (“取悦于，款待”)，源自古法語 regale、rigale，源自gale (“欢乐”)，可能源自日耳曼語族（参见古法語 galer）。受到了古法語 se rigoler (“开心，愉悦”)的影响，其词源不详。对比中古高地德語 begalen (“迷住”)、英語 gale (“唱歌；使...陶醉”)。亦对比英語 gala。

The noise from the servants' hall was rendered more acutely painful by her headach; for her aunt, partly with a view of annoying her niece, whom she disliked—as we always dislike those we have used ill—had left orders for a general regale.

1831，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 IX, in Romance and Reality. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 136:


regale

regales (third-person singular present)
regaling (present participle)
regaled (past participle)

使...愉快，使...开心，取悦于 （自17世纪）

You’ve Got Mail is certainly the basic model for the plot, which finds corporate candy shill Joel ([Paul] Rudd) and indie-sweetshop owner Molly ([Amy] Poehler) regaling their dinner companions with the very long, digressive story of how they met and fell in love.

2014年June26日，A. A. Dowd，“Paul Rudd and Amy Poehler Spoof Rom-com Clichés in They Came Together”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2017-12-07:


pestilence

源自中古英語，源自古法語，源自拉丁語 pestilentia (“瘟疫”)，源自pestilens (“感染的，不健康的，有害的”)。等价于pestilent + -ence。

Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day;

1611, King James Translators, Psalms 91:5-6:

"Take it, Christian dogsǃ take the palaces, the gardens, the mosques, the abode of our fathers - take plague with them; pestilence is the enemy we fly; if she be your friend, hug her to your bosoms. The curse of Allah is on Stamboul, share ye her fateǃ"

1826, Mary Shelley, The Last Man, part 2, chapter 2

It was reserved for Christians to torture bread, the staff of life, bread for which children in whole districts wail, bread, the gift of pasture to the poor, bread, for want of which thousands of our fellow beings annually perish by famine; it was reserved for Christians to torture the material of bread by fire, to create a chemical and maddening poison, burning up the brain and brutalizing the soul, and producing evils to humanity, in comparison of which, war, pestilence, and famine, cease to be evils.

1831年July15日，“Of the Blood”, in Western Journal of Health，卷 4, 期 1, L. B. Lincoln，頁 38:

The snowshoe-rabbits build up through the years until they reach a climax when they seem to be everywhere; then with dramatic suddenness their pestilence falls upon them.

1949 - Bruce Kiskaddon, George R. Stewart, Earth Abides


prevarication

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prevaricassion、中古法語 prevarication和其来源，拉丁語 praevāricātiō (“与对手串通；偏离正轨；欺瞒”)，源自praevāricor的词干。

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

Prevarication became the order of the day in his government while truth was a stranger in those halls.

Mr Rajoy frustrates many with his prevarication over a fresh euro-zone bail-out, which now comes with a conditional promise from the European Central Bank (ECB) to help bring down Spain’s stifling borrowing costs.

2012年October6日，“Charlemagne: Mysterious Mariano”, in The Economist:


photovoltaic

But the truly impressive part of this entry is the photovoltaic film that has been applied to the platform and entrance roofs (all 272 square metres of it). It is a UK first for the railway, and is expected to generate 36kW of electricity to meet the needs of the station itself and to feed the surplus back to the grid.

2021年September22日，“National Rail Awards 2021: Denmark Hill Station Enhancement Project”, in RAIL，期 940，頁 39:


reckoning

reckon的動名詞，來自reckon + -ing。對照荷蘭語 rekening、德語 Rechnung。

By that reckoning, it would take six weeks to go five miles.

按此推算，走五哩路要花上六個星期。

So saying, he called for a reckoning for the wine, and throwing down the price of the additional bottle which he had himself introduced, rose as if to take leave of us.

The research presented in this paper is the most comprehensive and up-to-date reckoning of an expanding set of portmanteau terms based on the word English.

2018，James Lambert，“A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide，頁 18:


overdose

overdoses (third-person singular present)
overdosing (present participle)
overdosed (past participle)

/ˌəʊvə(ɹ)ˈdəʊs/

They still had Sergio Agüero to bring off the bench and the Etihad was overdosing on optimism. For the game to finish with an aggregate 5-1 score distorts the fact the occasion was full of drama and suspense until Salah’s goal conclusively changed the complexion of the evening.

2018年April10日，Daniel Taylor，“Liverpool go through after Mohamed Salah stops Manchester City fightback”, in The Guardian (London):


revulsion

The recent financial revulsion has revealed the feeble basis on which credit now stands[…]

1858，“Our Window”, in Emerson's Magazine and Putnam's Monthly，卷 6，頁 329:

突然的情感波动，突然的反应

We resolve, and our resolutions melt away with a word and a look: we are the toys of an emotion. And yet I think Norbourne was right in his sudden revulsion in favour of his uncle. We are rarely wrong when we act from impulse.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Result”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 234:

A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 1, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:


osprey

源自晚期中古英語 ospray，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 ospriet，源自中世紀拉丁語 avis prede (“猛禽”)，该一般词在古法语中形似ossifrage，因此被误当做特指这种鸟的词。

I will provide thee of a princely osprey.

1594, George Peele (attributed), The Battle of Alcazar

A pair of ospreys bred at a confidential nesting site in Co. Fermanagh in what has been described as like finding long-lost treasure.

2023年August24日，Mairead Sheehy，“'Like finding long-lost treasure': Ospreys breed in Ireland for first time in 200 years”, in Irish Examiner:


register

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tə/

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tɚ/

When the microprocessor decodes the JSR opcode, it stores the operand into the TEMP register and pushes the current contents of the PC ($00 0128) onto the stack.

當微處理器解碼 JSR 操作碼時，會將操作碼儲存到 TEMP 暫存器，並將 PC 的目前內容 ($00 0128) 推入堆疊。

1992，Michael A. Miller，The 68000 Microprocessor Family: Architecture, Programming, and Applications，頁 47:

If you can trace back through the disassembly to where the variable is first loaded into a register, you can often discover its value or its address by inspecting that register.

2014，Jason Gregory，Game Engine Architecture, Second Edition，頁 90:

同類詞：lect

We rewrote certain communications templates to use a more formal register.

It seems equally clear that the ‘Complement + Prepositionʼ order illustrated in (172) (a) is likewise highly marked, and hence subject to heavy restrictions on its use. And sure enough, this does indeed seem to be the case: for one thing, forms such as thereafter, herein, whereby are stylistically highly marked (e.g. they are only used in particular registers such as legal language).

1988，Andrew Radford，章號 5, in Transformational grammar: a first course，Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press，頁 275:

While e-memos are less formal than the memos discussed [above], they still need to be professional in appearance and in register, that is, in the level of formality.

2021，Laurel Currie Oates, Anne Enquist, Jeremy Francis，章號 19, in The Legal Writing Handbook: Analysis, Research, and Writing (8th Edition)，Wolters Kluwer，頁 278:


register

registers (third-person singular present)
registering (present participle)
registered (past participle)

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tə/

/ˈɹɛd͡ʒ.ɪs.tɚ/

Tottenham, who lost William Gallas to injury before the end, struggled to find any sort of response and did not register a single shot on target.

2011年November3日，Chris Bevan，“Rubin Kazan 1 - 0 Tottenham”, in BBC Sport [BBC體育]:

In every way dinner proved up beyond my expectations, and I registered a note that the cook, whoever or whatever he might be, was a capable man at his trade.

晚餐的各個方面都超出了我的預期，我記下了廚師的名字，不論他是誰，都是一個能幹的人。

1914，Jack London，章號 VII, in The Mutiny of the Elsinore:


baleen

來自中古英語 baleyne，來自古法語 baleine (“鯨、鯨鬚”)，來自拉丁語 balaena (“鯨”)，來自古希臘語 φάλαινα (phálaina，“鯨”)。

“You have probably never seen anything like this before, Mr. Toler. It is baleen, or if you prefer it, whalebone, taken from the mouth of the bowhead whale. It is used by the whale to filter its food.”

1954，Alexander Alderson，章號 5, in The Subtle Minotaur:

Scammon estimates the number of baleens killed in the years 1835-72 at 131,000; once again, his figure needs to be adjusted.

2007，Lance E. Davis，In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits:

The Balene is a fishe great and huge, much like to the Whale, and is so called, because of his outcasting and shedding of water, for they throwe water higher then other great fishes of the sea.


Rhadamanthus

源自拉丁語，源自古希臘語 Ῥαδάμανθυς (Rhadámanthus)。

/ˌɹæ.dəˈmæn.θəs/

It was in vain to be a Rhadamanthus with the bells, and if an unfortunate bell rang without leave, to have it down inexorably and silence it.


ruffian

源自中古法語 rufian，源自意大利語 ruffiano (“皮条客”)。

ruffians (third-person singular present)
ruffianing (present participle)
ruffianed (past participle)

Methinks the wind does speak aloud at land; A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements. If it hath ruffianed so upon the sea.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:


Rufus

源自拉丁語 rūfus (“紅色的”)。

新約中提到的兩個人（馬可福音 15:21、羅馬書 16:13）

Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine.

又問在主蒙揀選的魯孚和他母親安；他的母親就是我的母親。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC:


quizzical

more quizzical (comparative)
most quizzical (superlative)

But I did see things that aren't yet quite right, and at which I raised a quizzical eyebrow.

2022年July27日，Sir Michael Holden，“In praise of Crossrail 1... and in search of Crossrail 2”, in RAIL，期 962，頁 34:


primeval

源自拉丁語 primaevus (“生命的初期阶段”) + -al，源自primus (“第一的”) + aevum (“阶段，时期”)，见prime和age。

more primeval (comparative)
most primeval (superlative)

A letter from Mr. [Brian Houghton] Hodgson to Mr. Bayley, was then read, giving an outline of the theocracy of the Buddha system of Nepal. […] According to the information now communicated, the northern Buddhas acknowledge four sets of divine beings, or of superhuman objects of veneration. The first of these is, contrary to the generally supposed atheistical tendency of the faith, one primæval and uncreated deity. This first Buddha manifested five of his attributes, as five secondary Buddhas; in one of whom, Amitabha, or the 'immeasurably splendid,' in Prakrit and Pali, Amitabo, we recognise the Amito of the Japanese.

1827 July，“Asiatic Society of Calcutta”, in The Oriental Herald, and Journal of General Literature，卷 XIV, 期 43, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by all booksellers [printed by J. R. Gordon, 147, Strand, →OCLC，頁 147:

But if life has a happiness over which the primeval curse has passed and harmed not, it is the early and long enduring affection of blood and habit.

1831，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 VI, in Romance and Reality. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 116:

If their views were entrancing their sanitation was primeval; if they possessed stables they were also next to the gas-works; if their gardens were delightful there were odours suspicious of mice in the bedrooms.


polystyrene

It was 30 times lighter and more flexible than the polystyrene that had previously been used.

它比以前使用的聚苯乙烯轻30倍，而且更灵活。

1996年April2日，Julia Campbell，“Ray McIntire, 77, Dow Engineer And the Inventor Of Styrofoam”, in The New York Times:


resentment

“I Love Lisa” opens with one of my favorite underappreciated running jokes from The Simpsons: the passive-aggressive, quietly contentious relationship of radio jocks Bill and Marty, whose mindless happy talk regularly gives way to charged exchanges that betray the simmering resentment and disappointment perpetually lingering just under the surface of their relationship.

2102年August5日，Nathan Rabin，“TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “I Love Lisa” (season 4, episode 15; originally aired 02/11/1993)”, in AV Club:

It is a greater wonder that so many of them die, with so little resentment of their danger.

The Council taking notice of the many good services performed by Mr. John Milton […] have thought fit to declare their resentment and good acceptance of the same.


rhetoric

繼承自中古英語 rethorik、rhetoric，來自古法語 rhetorique，來自拉丁語 rhētorica，來自古希臘語 ῥητορική (rhētorikḗ)，ῥητορικὴ τέχνη (rhētorikḕ tékhnē)的省略，來自ῥητορικός (rhētorikós，“關於公共演說”)，來自ῥήτωρ (rhḗtōr，“公共演說家”)。

Transport Minister Marples, meanwhile, used arrogant rhetoric and showed his personal contempt for railways when confirming in Parliament that a third of the network was to be closed even before the survey results were known.

2023年March8日，Howard Johnston，“Was Marples the real railway wrecker?”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 53:


rummy

rummier (comparative)
rummiest (superlative)

“You say rummy things and you do rummy things. What I mean to say is, you're impulsive.”

1920，P. G. Wodehouse，Jill the Reckless，頁 28:


rummy

No one has forgotten Frank Dodd, the crossing guard who went crazy here twelve years ago and killed those women, and they haven't forgotten the dog, either, the one that came down with rabies and killed Joe Camber and the old rummy down the road from him.


rehash

rehashes (third-person singular present)
rehashing (present participle)
rehashed (past participle)

重新将...切成小片，重新将...切碎 （见hash）

I never did care for Sunday joint that was served up cold on Monday, hashed on Tuesday, rissoled on Wednesday, and re-hashed on Thursday[.]

1942年July1日，The Newcastle and Maitland Catholic Sentinel，Newcastle, NSW，頁 224，列 2:


petulant

源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 petulāns，与petere有关。

more petulant (comparative)
most petulant (superlative)

Lack of sleep is causing Dave's recent petulant behavior.

睡眠不足让Dave最近特别任性。

Former associates have described Musk as petty, cruel and petulant, particularly when frustrated or challenged.

December 13 2021，Molly Ball, Jeffrey Kluger and Alejandro de la Garza，“Elon Musk: Person of the Year 2021”, in Time Magazine:

Who hath not like cause to complain, and is not so troubled, that shall fall into the mouths of such men? for many are of so petulant a spleen

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:


run-down

In the Seventies the system was run-down and demoralised. Road transport was the future, the Underground was being 'managed for decline', and the system was filthier than the streets above.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 xiii, Preface:

Among its findings, the report says: "In recent years we have seen more stations transformed from run-down Victorian hulks, or spartan bus-sheltered platforms, into places that people can take pride in, feel comfortable in using, and which are fulfilling more of their wider potential.

2020年August26日，“Network News: Stations investment boosts regeneration, says report”, in Rail，頁 17:


run-of-the-mill

1922年出现，源自磨坊（mill）每批次（run）产出来的东西都应该一致标准的说法。

more run-of-the-mill (comparative)
most run-of-the-mill (superlative)

普通的，平凡的，平平无奇的

This isn’t your run-of-the-mill refrigerator; you’ll find the extra features well worth the price.

这款不同于那种普普通通的冰箱，您会发现附加功能很值这个价。

The other had the most run-of-the-mill news which make some of my recent run-of-the-mill columns appear like the raciest escapist fare.

1971 November 30, Martin Lapidus, Class Notes: 62, Princeton Alumni Weekly, Volume 72, page 26,

For a deeper, less familiar philosophy, you have to listen to your more run-of-the-mill dossers, and they don't come more run-of-the-mill than Ratso.

In one side of the prestigious commissions, public and private, sacred and profane, which could make the name of an artist, there was a more run of the mill style of painting which already enjoyed a vast clientéle at all levels of society.

1995, Alain Mérot, French Painting in the Seventeenth Century, page 42,

Who the more run-of-the-mill victims were is unclear, since they are often not named or have no emblem glyphs attached to them.

1999，David Drew，The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings，頁 284:

Or even more run-of-the-mill murders which usually turn out to be family or business affairs and where someone's usually heard something or, in the case of the more professional killings, someone wants to do a deal.

2001, Gabrielle Lord, Death Delights, 2002, unnumbered page,


rundown

The rundown of LNER's Class 91/Mk 4 fleet continues, with two more locomotives sent for store at Doncaster and a rake of coaches moving to Worksop,

2020年May20日，“Fleet News: LNER sends more '91s' off-lease”, in Rail，頁 22:


pomegranate

石榴（意思1）
石榴樹（意思2）
名詞衍生自中古英語 pome-garnet、pome-garnete、pome garnate、pome granat、pome-granate (“石榴果；石榴樹；石榴種子(?)”) [以及其他形式]，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 pome gernate、pomme gernette、中古法語 pomme granade、pomme granate、pomme grenade、和古法語 pome grenade、pome grenate、pomme grenate [以及其他形式] (現代法語 grenade)，可能來自意大利語 pomogranato、pomo granato (雖然是後來才被證實)，和其他可能的說法：
* 來自意大利語 pomo (“果實、梨果；蘋果”) + 拉丁語 (mālum) grānātum、(mālo)grānātum (“石榴”)；或
* 直接來自中世紀拉丁語 pōmum garnātum、pōmum grānātum (“石榴”)，來自拉丁語 pōmum (“果實；果樹”) + grānātum (“石榴”)。Pōmum的源頭可能衍生自原始印歐語 *h₂po-h₁ém-os (“脫下”) (摘除植物的意思上)，來自*h₂epó (“離開；關閉”) + *h₁em- (“分發；拿”)；然而grānātum是衍生自grānātus (“有一些穀物或種子”)，來自grānum (“穀物、種子、小果仁”) (可能源頭來自原始印歐語 *ǵerh₂- (“成熟，老成”) + *-nós (動詞性形容詞後綴)) + -ātus (表示從名詞擁有某種質量或事物的形容詞後綴)。
形容詞衍生自名詞。

/ˈpɒmɪ(ˌ)ɡɹænɪt/

/ˈpɑmɪˌɡɹænɪt/

/ˈpɑməˌɡɹænət/

/ˈpɑmˌɡɹænət/

Here the blue fig with luſcious juice o'erflows, / With deeper red the full pomegranate glows, / The branch here bends beneath the weighty pear, / And verdant olives flouriſh round the year.

1725，Homer, [Alexander Pope], transl.，“Book VII”, in The Odyssey of Homer. […]，卷 II, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC，頁 106，行s 148–151:

The seeds of the pomegranate, for example, were widely used to prevent conception in the ancient world and they are still used in India, East Africa, and the Pacific.

2001, Vern L. Bullough (editor), Herbal Contraceptives and Abortifacients, Encyclopedia of Birth Control, page 125

Persephone is taken to the underworld by Hades to be his queen. She willingly eats a seed of pomegranate and is forced to spend every winter with her husband in the land of the dead, symbolizing the yearly decay and revival of vegetation. […] In Judaism, the number of seeds in a pomegranate is said to be the exact number of mitzvah, or spiritual duties required of a devout Jew.

2005, Payam Nabarz, The Mysteries of Mithras: The Pagan Belief That Shaped the Christian World, page 79,

The pomegranate is a subtropical fruit about the size of a large apple.

2006, Wayne Gisslen, Professional Cooking, College Version, page 683,

The grilled leeks are then drizzled with a gorgeous, ruby-red pomegranate vinaigrette.

2011, David Joachim, Fire It Up: 40 Recipes for Grilling Everything, page 310,


prisoner

繼承自中古英語 prisoner，來自古法語 prisonier (對照中世紀拉丁語 prisōnārius)，等同於prison + -er。

任何違反其意願而被囚禁的人

Captain Edward Carlisle, soldier as he was, martinet as he was, felt a curious sensation of helplessness seize upon him as he met her steady gaze, her alluring smile ; he could not tell what this prisoner might do.

1910，Emerson Hough，章號 I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:


ravenous

more ravenous (comparative)
most ravenous (superlative)

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite. There is something humiliating about it.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

Supply-and-demand? One begins to be weary of such work. Leave all to egoism, to ravenous greed of money, of pleasure, of applause: — it is the Gospel of Despair!

1843, 托马斯·卡莱尔，Past and Present，卷3，章节IX，Working Aristocracy

Mrs. Michael turned out to be a ravenous, fast-fading woman in a slashed skirt and a low blouse over an unappetising chest. While her husband did things in his shed, where he appeared to live, Pym inexpertly mixed the Yorkshire pudding and fought off her embraces...


rooftop

there may be snow on the rooftop but there is fire in the furnace

Why do you think the rooftop of their apartment building is called "tar beach"? (Answers may vary.)

1993，Liz Rothlein，Multicultural Books for Primary Grades:

Riding the District west of Hammersmith, you immediately know something exciting is coming up, because at Ravenscourt Park you are level with the rooftops.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁s 79–80:

The house itself was a mound of red baked bricks and a tin rooftop.

2012，Ernest Alanki，The Chocolate Shop Perverts:


phallic

A little later the phallic explanation of everything came into fashion. The deities were all polite names for the organs and powers of procreation.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 10:

The natural rhythm of the male is a phallic one of rise and fall, whether it involves towers, stock markets, or whole civilizations.

1981，William Irwin Thompson，The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture，London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，頁 128:

My mother has a very phallic salt shaker.

我妈有个看起来特别像阴茎的盐罐。

For many first-time visitors, a common initial impression of the Washington Monument is that it is incredibly phallic.

1993，Joseph Downton，Washington D.C.: An Alternative Guide，頁 T-221:

The incinerator and a big smoke stack / It's a phallic symbol and it makes me laugh

Opposing the war in El Salvador and opposing the phallic aggression everywhere.

1990年April14日，Jeremy Grainger，Read Weaver，“You Don't Gotta!”, in Gay Community News，頁 8:


ponytail

The physician should evaluate for a history of tight ponytails, buns, chignons, braids, twists, weaves, cornrows, dreadlocks, sisterlocks, and hair wefts in addition to the usage of religious hair coverings.

醫生應評估患者是否有綁緊馬尾、髮髻、髮髻、辮子、扭紋、編織、玉米辮、髒辮、姊妹鎖和髮束的歷史，以及是否使用過宗教頭飾。

2021，Becky S. Li, Howard I. Maibach，Ethnic Skin and Hair and Other Cultural Considerations，頁 154:


ponytail

ponytails (third-person singular present)
ponytailing (present participle)
ponytailed (past participle)

“Don't mention it,” she said, ponytailing her hair and then sockbunning it with amazing speed.

「別客氣，」她說道，一邊把頭髮紮成馬尾辮，一邊以驚人的速度把頭髮紮成髮髻。


paradox

源自中古法語 paradoxe，源自拉丁語 paradoxum，源自古希臘語 παράδοξος (parádoxos，“意外的，奇怪的”)。

(悖论)： 与自己本身相悖的论点叫做paradox (“悖论，自相矛盾”)，两个相悖的论点叫做antinomy (“矛盾”)

(反直觉的结果)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1995年January14日，Ian Stewart，“Paradox of the Spheres”, in New Scientist:
Banach and Tarski's theorem (commonly known as the Banach-Tarski paradox, though it is not a true paradox, being counterintuitive rather than self-contradictory) […]
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯） 1998，Encyclopedia of Applied Physics，頁 270:
It is not a true paradox, merely highly nonintuitive behavior, if one accepts the realistic and local assumptions of EPR.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

(难解的问题)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1917，George Crabb，“ENIGMA, PARADOX, RIDDLE”, in Crabb's English Synonymes，第Centennial版:
An enigma, therefore, is not a paradox, but a paradox, not being intelligible, may seem like an enigma.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

"This sentence is false" is a paradox.

“这句话是假的”是悖论。

According to one version of an ancient paradox, an Athenian is supposed to say "I am a liar." It is then argued that if the statement is true, then he is telling the truth, and is therefore not a liar […]

1962，Abraham Wolf，Textbook of Logic，頁 255:

反常结果，意外结果，似非而是的事实

It is an interesting paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.

喝很多水会意外地让你很渴。

The most fundamental paradox is that if we're never to use force, we must be prepared to use it and to use it successfully.

1983年May21日，Ronald Reagan，Presidential Radio Address:

Not having a fashion is a fashion; that's a paradox.

不随时尚就是一种时尚，真是矛盾。

How quaint the ways of Paradox! / At common sense she gaily mocks! / Though counting in the usual way years twenty-one I've been alive, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / I am a little boy of five!

1879，W. S. Gilbert，“The Pirates of Penzance”, in The Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan，出版於 1941:

He is a paradox; you would not expect him in that political party.

他这个人真是矛盾，怎么就进了那个政党。

You are a paradox of bitch and angel.

1999，Virginia Henley，A Year and a Day, →ISBN，頁 315:

And only by dismantling our preconceptions of age can we be free to understand the paradox: How young are the old?

1994，James Joseph Pirkl，Transgenerational Design, →ISBN，頁 3:

Ay, truly; for the power of beauty will sooner / transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the / force of honesty can translate beauty into his / likeness: this was sometime a paradox, but now the / time gives it proof.

1594，William Shakespeare，The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Act III:

they contended to make that Maxim, that there is no faith to be held with Infidels, a meere and absurd Paradox [...].

1615，Ralph Hamor，A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia，Richmond, 出版於 1957，頁 3:

The need for paradox is no doubt rooted deep in the very nature of the use we make of language.

1906，Richard Holt Hutton，Brief Literary Criticisms，頁 40:

Thus, like modern disputants, they aimed either to confute the respondent or to land him in paradox.

1866，Edward Poste，Aristotle on Fallacies, Or, The Sophistici Elenchi，根據Aristotle原著改編的翻譯作品，頁 43:

逆反心理指示 （心理治疗师给出的希望患者不遵从或无法遵从的指示）

Defiance-based paradox is employed so that the family will actively oppose and deliberately sabotage the prescription.

1988，Martin Lakin，Ethical Issues in the Psychotherapies, →ISBN，頁 103:


pooh-pooh

pooh-poohs (third-person singular present)
pooh-poohing (present participle)
pooh-poohed (past participle)

In England, until very late days, we have been accustomed rather to pooh-pooh national Orders, to vote ribbons and crosses tinsel gewgaws, foolish foreign ornaments, and so forth.

c.''' 1861，W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray，“On Ribbons”, in Roundabout Papers，London: Smith, Elder & Co., 出版於 1863, →OCLC:

Pooh-poohing the IPCC's science has been one line of attack by [George W.] Bush's backers.

2001年June21日，Murray Sayle，“After George W. Bush, the deluge”, in London Review of Books，卷 23, 期 12，存檔自the original on 2016-09-09，頁s 3–9:

[Bill] Clinton haters will pooh-pooh all of these acknowledgements as the index of a compulsive sociability that knows no limits and upholds no standards, a psychic necessity we should not make into a moral virtue.

2004年September23日，David Simpson，“The kid who talked too much and became President”, in London Review of Books，卷 26, 期 18，存檔自the original on 2016-03-18，頁s 3–5:


pope

源自中古英語 pope，popa，源自古英語 pāpa，源自通俗拉丁語 papa (牧師和主教的頭銜，到 8 世紀只有羅馬主教)，源自早期中古希臘語 παπᾶς (papâs，牧師和主教的頭銜，尤其是公元 3 世紀的亞歷山大主教)，源自後期 古希臘語 πάπας (pápas，牧師和主教的稱號，意為精神之父)，源自πάππας (páppas，“爸爸”)。

cleric

羅馬天主教羅馬主教的榮譽稱號，他是教會的神父和領袖，也是梵蒂岡城國的君主。

do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope

在英語用法中，這個術語最初通常是指羅馬主教，儘管這個埃及頭銜實際上更為古老。在科普特教會內，亞歷山大牧首通常被稱為教皇~;在東正教內部，其獨特的亞歷山大牧首正式被稱為“亞歷山大教皇”，但通常僅在禮拜儀式和官方文件中才這樣稱呼。

羅馬天主教羅馬主教的榮譽稱號，他是教會的神父和領袖，也是梵蒂岡城國的君主。 任何類似“絕對正確”的權威。

Þa wæs in þa tid Uitalius papa þæs apostolican seðles aldorbiscop.

ante''' 950, translating Bede's Ecclesiastical History (Tanner), iv. i. 252

The Pope is not going to issue a bull condemning the Spanish Church's support of France and destroy the Church's right to exist in Spain.

1959 August 19, Flannery O'Connor, letter in Habit of Being (1980), 347

I really did want to interview the pope. Any pope. I'm not particular.

2007 May 5, Ted Koppel (guest), Wait, Wait... Don’t tell me!, National Public Radio

We often say, that every man has a pope in his belly.

我們常說，每個人的肚子裡都住著一位教宗。

1689，G. Bulkeley，“People's Right to Election”, in Andros Tracts，出版於 1869, II. 106:

Burne-Jones... accepted him [Dante Gabriel Rossetti] as the infallible Pope of Art.

Both [discoveries] were rejected offhand by the popes of the field.

Above all, the SED reformers cite the progress inherent in the emancipation of Westem Communist parties from the "red popes in the Kremlin."

最重要的是，德國統一社會黨的改革者指出，西方共產黨從克里姆林宮的"紅色教皇"手中解放出來，取得了內在的進步。

1978，Atlas World Press Review，卷 25，頁 19:

羅馬天主教羅馬主教的榮譽稱號，他是教會的神父和領袖，也是梵蒂岡城國的君主。 任何類似的宗教領袖。

In þat yle dwelleth the Pope of hire lawe, þat þei clepen lobassy.

大約1400, John Mandeville, Travels (Titus C.xvi, 1919), 205

Mufti, the Mahometan pope or chief of the religion.

穆夫提，伊斯蘭教的教宗或宗教領袖。

1787，Vincent Mignot，譯者 A. Hawkins, The history of the Turkish, or Ottoman Empire, section IV:

Although Islam has no formal hierarchy of clergy, Tantawy [Egypt's grand imam] often is called the Muslim pope.

羅馬天主教羅馬主教的榮譽稱號，他是教會的神父和領袖，也是梵蒂岡城國的君主。 英國傳統上在蓋伊福克斯日及其他時間焚燒教皇的肖像。

This is the only piece in which the author has given a hint of his religion, by ridiculing the ceremony of burning the pope, and by mentioning with some indignation the inscription […]

這是作者唯一暗示其宗教信仰的作品，他嘲笑焚燒教皇的儀式，並憤慨地提到了銘文[…]

1830，Alexander Pope，The Poetical Works of Alexander Pope，頁 xxi:

As York's succession was challenged by burning the pope, the Duke of Monmouth was again heralded in the city as a Protestant alternative.

由於約克的繼承權因焚燒教皇而受到挑戰，蒙茅斯公爵再次在該城被譽為新教徒的替代者。

2005，Gary S. De Krey，London and the Restoration, 1659–1683, →ISBN，頁 182:

早期基督教會的任何主教。

All notable Bishops were then called popes.

All Bishops in that time had the Stile of Pope given them, as now we call every one of them, My Lord.

當時所有的主教都被授予教宗的稱號，現在我們稱呼他們每一位「大人」。

1703，U. Chevreau，Hist. World, III. v. 379:

梅花鱸，一種小型歐亞淡水魚（Gymnocephalus cernua）；同屬的其他物種。

Byfleet-river, wherein are very large pikes, jack, and tench ; perch, of eighteen inches long ; good carp, large flounders, bream, roach, dace, gudgeons, popes, large chub, and eels.

弗利特河畔，有非常大的梭子魚、傑克魚和丁鯛；鱸魚，長十八吋；優質鯉魚、大比目魚、鯿魚、擬鯉、雅羅魚、鮈魚、梅花鱸、大鰱魚和鰻魚。

1792，William Augustus Osbaldiston，The British Sportsman, Or, Nobleman, Gentleman and Farmer's Dictionary of Recreation and Amusement，頁 176:

It resembles the perch (unfortunately for itself) in having a very long and prickly fin on its back, advantage of which is taken by the boys about Windsor, who are very fond of 'plugging a pope.' This operation consists in fixing a bung in the sharp spines on the poor pope's back fin, and then throwing him into the water.

它與鱸魚很相似（對它自己是不幸的），背上有一個很長且多刺的鰭，溫莎周圍的男孩們就利用了這一點，他們非常喜歡“堵住梅花鱸”。這行動包括將塞子塞進可憐的梅花鱸背鰭上的尖刺中，然後將他扔進水中。

1862，Francis T. Buckland，Curiosities of Natural History，頁 230:

Popes are caught whilst gudgeon-fishing with the red worm, but they are sometimes a great nuisance to the perch-fisher, as they take the minnow.

在用紅蟲釣魚時可以捕獲梅花鱸，但它們有時會給鱸魚捕撈者帶來很大的麻煩，因為它們會吃掉小魚。

1865年January14日，Astley H. Baldwin，“Small Fry”, in Once a Week，頁 105:

Alca genus; 6 species, including the razorbill, the penguin, the pope, and others.

Alca 屬；6 個物種，包括刀嘴海雀、企鵝、大西洋海鸚和其他物種。

1759，“Linnæus's Systema Naturæ”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，頁 456:

The Pope: This is a very singular bird; it is about the size of our widgeon, or somewhat larger, but is not quite so large as the duck: the head is large and rounded; the eyes are small, and stand forward on the head, and lower down than in the generality of birds [...]

1773，John Hill，“Alca”, in A General Natural History，卷 3，頁 442:

"About a hundred yards further North" says Troutbeck, "is a 'subterraneous' cavern called the Pope's Hole, about fifty fathoms under the ground, into which the sea flows, so called from a sort of bird which roosts in it by night, about ninety feet high above the level of the water."!! [...] It derives its name from its being a place of shelter to some puffins, vulgo "popes".

1822，George Woodley，A view of the present state of the Scilly Islands，頁s 264–5:

The Norsemen catch great numbers of these popes, parrots, or lunder, as they are variously named, and train dogs to go into the holes where the puffin has its nest, lying in it with feet in the air.

1864，Charles Issac Elton，Norway: The Road and the Fell，頁 94:

I was informed by a fisherman that there were now hundreds of gannets in the channel off Plymouth, and that he had also met with some puffins (which he called "popes")

1874，J. Van Voorst，Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History，頁 3904:

The Pope is of a bright blue round the head; on the throat it is of a fine red, and on the back of a gold green colour, it sings very finely and is the size of a canary bird.

1771，M. Bossu，Travels Through that Part of North America Formerly Called Louisiana，卷 1，頁 371:

The birds [of Louisiana] are the partridge, cardinal and pope, and a species of mocking bird, called the nightingale.

1806，Berquin-Duvallon，Travels in Louisiana and the Floridas, in the Year, 1802: Giving a Correct Picture of Those Countries，頁 122:

[...] some others, such as the crow, the heron, and the wild goose, which are found in Europe, I also observed ; but the most beautiful are the pope bird, whose head seems bound with the most bright azure blue, and the cardinal, being entirely of dazzling scarlet [...]

1821，Édouard de Montulé，A Voyage to North America, and the West Indies in 1817，頁 54:

From the sketch of the bird which you have sent us, there is no doubt about its being the Pope Grosbeak, which is a species of the Cardinal, but not the crested one.

1864年August6日，The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman，頁 100:

The Pope is a native of Brazil, and the female (it is altogether incongrouous to think of a lady pontiff) exactly resembles her mate.

1883，William Thomas Greene，The amateur's aviary of foreign birds: or, How to keep and breed foreign birds，頁 96:

SIR,—I should be glad to learn how to treat Pope birds (Crestless Cardinals) when nesting.

1895，A. A. Thom，“Dominican cardinals”, in The Avicultural Magazine，頁 128:

Besides the Bicheno's Finches in this Class, the judge disqualified, in other Classes, a pair of Magpie Mannikins and a pair of Popes. These entries were presumably all disqualified on the ground that they were not true pairs: they are all birds in which the outward differences between the sexes (if there be any outward difference at all) are of an extremely slight and uncertain nature.

The wisest plan is always to keep the Pope Cardinal in an aviary, and to have only one pair to each aviary.

1956，Foreign birds for cage and aviary，卷 4，頁 20:


pope

Pope (alternative)
popes (third-person singular present)
poping (present participle)
poped (past participle)

Paul popith Jolyly, that woll desire the worlde to pray for the kinges apeyrement.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1537, T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman, Life & Lett. Cromwell (1902), II. 89

Vrban the eight, that now Popeth it.

1624，R. Montagu，Gagg for New Gospell?, xiii. 95:

He would pope it in his own way, God guiding him.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

I saw where the Pope poped and where the pigeons flocked. Pretty interesting if you're Catholic and like pigeons.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1989 September 24, Los Angeles Times, iii. 22/1


pope

與 bishop (“熱紅酒和香料酒”)類似。

任何被認為與主教酒相似且更勝一籌的熱紅酒（傳統上包括託卡伊酒）。

When made with Burgundy or Bordeaux, the mixture was called Bishop; when with old Rhenish, its name was Cardinal; and when with Tokay, it was dignified with the title of Pope.

1855，C. W. Johnson，Farmer's & Planter's Encycl. Rural Affairs，出版於 1157, section 1:

‘Pope’, i.e. mulled burgundy, is Antichristian, from no mere Protestant point of view.

1920，G. Saintsbury，Notes on Cellar-bk., xi. 162:

Pope, a spiced drink made from tokay..., ginger, honey and roasted orange.

1965，O. A. Mendelsohn，Dict. Drink, section 264:

Many of these hot drinks have clerical names—Bishop being a type of mulled port, Cardinal using claret, and Pope Champagne.


pope

源自俄語 поп (pop)，源自古教會斯拉夫語 попъ (popŭ)，源自 中古希臘語 παπᾶς (papâs) 如上所述。

pop的另一種寫法，一名俄羅斯東正教牧師。

The other Ecclesiastical Orders are distinguish'd into Proto-popes, Popes, (or Priests) and Deacons.

1662，A. Olearius，譯者 J. Davies, Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors, section 139:

Every priest is called pope, which implies father.

1756，Compend. Authentic & Entertaining Voy., V. 202:

In the non-Roman rites diocesan priests are often referred to as popes.

1996 September 20, Daily Telegraph, 25/5


pope

The Whipperwill has so named itself by its nocturnal songs. It is also called the pope, by reason of its darting with great swiftness, from the clouds almost to the ground, and bawling out Pope!

1781，S. Peters，Gen. Hist. Connecticut, section 257:

Common Nighthawk... Pope (Conn[ecticut]. From the sound made by its wings while dropping through the air).

1956，Massachusetts Audubon Soc. Bull., 40 81:


peaceable

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pesible、peisible、中古法語 paisible，源自pais (“和平”) + -ible，后改为peace + -able。

more peaceable (comparative)
most peaceable (superlative)

热爱和平的，拒绝暴力的 （自14世纪）

But in the Muslim world we are dealing with regimes who have banished, imprisoned, silenced or neutralised all opposition, even where this is entirely peaceable.

But if you talk to people here privately, they suggest there are three possible scenarios. The first (intended to sound incredible) is that Israel’s biggest neighbour will be transformed into a peaceable, pluralist democracy.

2011年February8日，‘Feeling understandably twitchy’，The Economist:


phantasmal

more phantasmal (comparative)
most phantasmal (superlative)

Phantasmal mirth, folded away: muskperfumed.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 1]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


banger

源自bang + -er。香肠这么称呼的原因是因为它们水很多，但表皮不透水，因此如果在烹饪前不戳破的话很容易爆炸。

节奏有活力的音乐，尤指舞曲

My frequencies are transient and resonate your eardrums / I make bangers, not anthems

2002，Mike Skinner （作曲作詞）, “Let's Push Things Forward”, in Original Pirate Material，演出者 The Streets:

Morris' melding of influences ranging from mid-'80s computer technology to Baltimore club bangers to the U.K. rave scene has cemented his reputation as one of London's most formidable DJs.

2008, Billboard (volume 120, number 32, page 44)

'lce Ice Baby' was an absolute banger, though, wasn't it? And knowing the history of that song, it had proper rap credentials.

2012, Mike Skinner, The Story of The Streets (page 31)


populace

勿与形容词populous相混淆。

The populace despised their ignorant leader.

民眾鄙視他們愚昧的領導者。

Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 2, in Internal Combustion:

Thomas Brassey (1805-70) should be equally famous, yet he is unknown to swathes of the greater populace. His plaque is at Chester.

2021年December29日，Stephen Roberts，“Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chester (1848)”, in RAIL，期 947，頁 57:


based

指代精炼可卡因（freebase cocaine），经由basehead一词。由美国歌手Lil B所创来形容自己的生活方式。

more based (comparative)
most based (superlative)

unwoke

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

cringe

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

unbased

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

不在乎世俗眼光的，我行我素的

Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. […] Based is positive.

You have to work as a human with empathy and love in your heart, staying positive and staying based and staying normal.

2012, Duncan Cooper, "Based Scripture: The Full Transcript of Lil B’s Lecture at NYU", The Fader, 12 April 2012:

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的 （因反对政治正确或左翼价值观而）值得赞赏的

OP is based as fuck

Based and red pilled.

My last account got banned for being too based.

Those who are against Trump are not based at all. On February 16th, The Donald users comment on a “based” post in r/DankMemes which uses a classic Squidward sleeping meme to criticize those who are upset by Chris Pratt going to “church” (one which was purportedly anti-LGBT) but “ok” with sex predators in Hollywood: […]

2019, Kira Stalker, "The Fracturing of the Alt Right: Conflicting Online Discourses Of White Nationalist Communities", thesis submitted to George Mason University, page 139:

His [Brenton Tarrant's] meme-themed shooting greatly represents the spirit of the aussie people, in the sense of shitposting until their last moment, based and redpilled he is.

2019, anonymous, quoted in Cathrine Thorleifsson, "From cyberfascism to terrorism: On 4chan/pol/ culture and the transnational production of memetic violence", Nations and Nationalism, Volume 28, Issue 1, page 293:

Then, in the same month, noted feminist Christina Hoff Sommers was branded “white supremacy-adjacent” by feminist Roxane Gay. Her reasoning? That our beloved “Based Mom” once appeared at an event with Milo Yiannopoulos and didn't disavow him enough.

2020，David Rubin，Don't Burn This Book: Thinking for Yourself in an Age of Unreason，頁 未標明:


paragon

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paragone、peragone、中古法語 paragon，源自意大利語 paragone (“对比”)或西班牙語 parangón，源自paragonare，源自古希臘語 παρακονάω (parakonáō，“削尖，研磨”)，源自παρά (pará) + ἀκόνη (akónē，“磨刀石”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₂eḱ- (“尖”)）。

榜样，模范 （自16世纪）

In the novel, Constanza is a paragon of virtue who would never compromise her reputation.

小说中，Constanza是一个永远不背弃自己声望的道德模范。

Yes, there were instances of grandstanding and obsessive behaviour, but many were concealed at the time to help protect an aggressively peddled narrative of [Oscar] Pistorius the paragon, the emblem, the trailblazer.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):

Liz Cheney and her father are positioning themselves as protectors of the old order, as paragons of truth and as defenders of our American norms.

2021年May6日，Charles M. Blow，“Liz Cheney, We Have a Memory. You’re No Hero.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

旗鼓相当者，势均力敌者（16至19世纪）

Philoclea, who indeed had no paragon but her sister

a. 1587，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“(please specify the page number)”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Nathlesse proud man himselfe the other deemed,
Having so peerlesse paragon ygot

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

竞赛 （16至17世纪）

good by paragone / Of euill, may more notably be rad, / As white seemes fairer, macht with blacke attone […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


paragon

paragons (third-person singular present)
paragoning (present participle)
paragoned (past participle)

for want of a bigger , to paragon the little one with Artesia's length

(我們能否查找並添加Edmund Spenser引用過本詞的語句？)

He hath achieved a maid / That paragons description and wild fame.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:


populous

在英語最早出現於15世紀中葉；源自拉丁語 populosus (“人口密集的，人口众多的”)。

more populous (comparative)
most populous (superlative)

Chinese is the most populous language.

The Sino-Tibetan family includes Mandarin, the most populous language in the world, spoken by more than one billion Chinese.

汉藏语系包括普通话，这是世界上使用人数最多的语言，有超过十亿中国人使用普通话。

1974，Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina M. Hyams，An Introduction to Language, →ISBN，頁 524:


bibelot

In her own eyes she was indeed living in a state approaching to penury, but the spectacle of her pictures, her furniture and her bibelots had impressed John with a very different idea.

1886, F. Marion Crawford, A Tale of a Lonely Parish, 2012, Project Gutenberg (Tredition Classics), unnumbered page,

Barbara's glance now falls on the bibelot, which she picks up. She catches sight of the curtain and, bibelot in hand, goes to align it. She suddenly becomes aware of the bibelot in her hand.

1960，Arthur Kober, George Oppenheimer，A Mighty Man is He，Dramatists Play Service，頁 31:

Excluded from the world of 'true,' high culture, women, it was claimed, loved books primarily as bibelots, like silks, lace, sconces, fans, or porcelain.

2008，Willa Z. Silverman，The New Bibliopolis: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914，University of Toronto Press，頁 191:


begrudge

繼承自中古英語 bigrucchen (“對...發牢騷”)，等同於be- (“在，對，向”) + grudge。對照英語 begrouch。

begrudges (third-person singular present)
begrudging (present participle)
begrudged (past participle)

Okay, then, next time you go and leave me stay here. See if I begrudge you a little fun.

1958 May，Avram Davidson，“Or All The Seas With Oysters”, in Galaxy Science Fiction，卷 16, 號 1，頁 50:

A defeat would have been harsh on the Gunners, especially after an improved rearguard action in the second half, but few could begrudge the German side a point from a match they dominated for long spells.

2011年September13日，Sam Lyon，“Borussia Dortmund 1 - 1 Arsenal”, in BBC:


parakeet

來自中古法語 perroquet，可能是人名Pierre的指小詞；一些異體形或許經由意大利語 parrocchetto、西班牙語 periquito。

paroquet (alternative)
parrakeet (alternative)
parroket (alternative)
parroquet (alternative)
perokito (alternative)
parakeets (plural)

作為寵物養的在大英國協會員中則稱為“budgie”或“budgerigar”。

we had loved them for our pastimes, as we do apes, monkies, or perokitoes, and not as man.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 8, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

According to one legend, the parakeets escaped from the set of The African Queen, John Huston's 1951 film made at Shepperton studios.

2009, Patrick Barkham, The Guardian, 12 Oct 2009:


beguile

源自中古英語 begilen、begylen，等价于be- + guile。对比中古荷蘭語 begilen (“欺骗”)。bewile 的同源對似詞。

beguiles (third-person singular present)
beguiling (present participle)
beguiled (past participle)

（因快乐等）让...过的更快 （时间）

We beguiled the hours away

我们在欢乐中很快度过了好几个小时。

They beguile the tedium of this enforced leisure by weaving baskets and playing on certain sacred flutes.

1911，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 11，頁 241:


bibliomania

To collect books indiscriminately tends to develop the dread bibliomania.

1922，P. B. M. Allan，The Book-Hunter at Home，第2nd版, London: Philip Allan & Co.，頁 58:


procrastinate

procrastination 的逆構詞，或源自拉丁語 prōcrastinātum，prōcrastinō (“推迟到明天”)的过去分词，源自prō (“为了”) + crāstinus (“明天的”)，源自crās (“明天”)。

procrastinates (third-person singular present)
procrastinating (present participle)
procrastinated (past participle)

Hence It became manifest to the publishers of Webster, that some device must be resorted to, to induce apathy in the publick mind, and thereby procrastinate the inevitable crisis which they foresaw was approaching, the expulsion of his elementary works from our primary schools.

1816，John Pickering，A vocabulary; or, Collection of words and phrases，頁 4:


restaurant

借自法語 restaurant，為restaurer的現在分詞，對應拉丁語 restaurans, restaurantis，restauro (“恢復”)的現在分詞，源自第一家餐廳提供的“使精力恢復”湯的名稱。

That Italian restaurant serves some of the best food I've ever had in my life.

那家意大利餐廳做的菜是我這輩子吃到過最好的。

By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.

1935，George Goodchild，章號 5, in Death on the Centre Court:


relish

变换自reles (“气味，味道，回味”)，源自古法語 relais、reles (“残留物”)，源自relaisser (“残留”)。

A Laplander or Negro has no notion of the relish of wine.

1748. David Hume. Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. § 12.

Much pleasure we have lost while we abstained / From this delightful fruit, nor known till now / True relish, tasting.

每当我们有意避开这令人愉快的果子的时候，我们就在失去这样的享乐，如果不品尝，直到现在也不会知道真正的滋味。

1667，John Milton，“Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

One of the first acts which he was under the necessity of performing must have been painful to a man of so generous a nature, and of so keen a relish for whatever was excellent in arts and letters.

1849, Thomas Macaulay, History of England, Chapter 11:

I have a relish for moderate praise, because it bids fair to be judicious.

1785, William Cowper, letter to the Rev. John Newton (dated December 10, 1785)

Jews and Israel are not synonymous; nor is support for Palestine synonymous with anti-Semitism; nor is questioning the orthodoxy of the Republican party, which the majority of us do with relish, an insult to Jewry.

2019年July17日，Talia Lavin，“When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, in GQ:

（用蔬菜或水果制作的）佐料

Congressmen gleefully wolfed down every imaginable version of the hot dog – smoked kielbasas, jumbo grillers, Big & Juicy's, kosher dogs and spiced dogs – topped with every imaginable condiment – hot mustard, sweet mustard, jalapenos, spaghetti sauce, regular relish, corn relish, maple syrup salsa and the secret sauce of Rep. Jack Kingston (R-Ga.). ("If I told you the recipe," an aide explained, "I'd have to shoot you.")

1994年July21日，Faye Fiore，“Congress relishes another franking privilege: Meat lobby puts on the dog with exclusive luncheon for lawmakers – experts on pork”, in Los Angeles Times:


relish

relishes (third-person singular present)
relishing (present participle)
relished (past participle)

有...的味道，尝起来 （16到19世纪）

honourable enterprises are accompanied with dangers and damages, as experience evinceth; they will make the rest of thy life relish the better.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 3:

A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature.

1695, John Woodward, An essay toward a natural history of the earth


pickled

more pickled (comparative)
most pickled (superlative)

But Richmond[…]appeared to lose himself in his own reflections. Some pickled crab, which he had not touched, had been removed with a damson pie; and his sister saw[…]that he had eaten no more than a spoonful of that either.

1959，Georgette Heyer，章號 1, in The Unknown Ajax:


pheasant

繼承自中古英語 fesaunt、fesant，來自古法語 fesan，來自拉丁語 phāsiānus，來自古希臘語 φᾱσιανός (phāsianós)，意思是 「Φᾶσις (Phâsis) 河的[鳥]」，據推測，鳥從那裡向西傳播。取代本土的古英語 wōrhana，mōrhana的變體。參見moorhen。

The ſpring diſplaying her elegant taſte, the proud walk of the gold-feathered pheaſant, the light tread of the ſmall-hoofed hind, and the dancing of the ſtar-trained peacock, infuſed joy into the ſoul of the ſpectator of the aſtoniſhing works of the Creator.

1769，Firishta，譯者 Alexander Dow, Tales translated from the Persian of Inatulla of Delhi，卷 I, Dublin: P. and W. Wilson et al.，頁 v:

Or sometimes, passing too near a sequestered copse, the shy tenants were startled, and the superb plumage of the pheasant dashed aside the branches, and the stately bird soared up on rattling wing.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XI, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 80:

Tables were laid with cold pheasant, watercressy finger foods, sweets sufficient to give the Greater Raleigh Area sugar shock.

1989，Allan Gurganus，“Black, White, and Lilac”, in Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, book two (Time Does That)，頁 231:

Célestin Lainé sat on the edge of the bed, a tray on his lap, eating pheasant and roast vegetables with a red wine reduction.

塞莱斯汀·莱内坐在床边，腿上放着一个托盘，吃着雉鸡肉和烤蔬菜，还喝了红酒。

2013，Stuart Neville，章號 30, in Ratlines，New York, N.Y.: Soho Crime, →ISBN，頁 158:

Bring a dish of berries with cream to me there. Bread, too. And a slice of pheasant.

给我拿一盘奶油浆果。还有面包。还有一片雉鸡肉。

2015，Shauna Roberts，章號 41, in Ice Magic, Fire Magic，Overland Park, Kan.: Hadley Rille Books, →ISBN，頁 266:


blasphemy

繼承自中古英語 blasfemye，來自古法語 blasfemie，來自教會拉丁語 blasphēmia，來自古希臘語 βλασφημία (blasphēmía，“褻瀆”)，來自βλασφημέω (blasphēméō，“誹謗”)。

That imam said that drawing the prophet Muhammad is a form of blasphemy.

那名伊瑪目稱，描繪穆罕穆德的樣子是一種褻瀆。

Had God cancelled His everlasting Covenant with Israel? The mere thought was blasphemy! But what did God's silence and the present dark cloud mean?

1920，John Rougier Cohu，The Bible and Modern Thought，頁 325:

Look, I don't think it ought to be blasphemy, just saying "Jehovah".

你看，他只是說了“耶和華”而已，我不覺得他是要褻瀆。

1979，Monty Python's Life of Brian，spoken by Matthias (John Young):

Shepard: What happened to those other Alliance officers? The ones who came before me?
Major Kyle: They wanted to take me away from here! They wanted me to abandon this place. Turn my back on my family. They spoke blasphemy!
Major Kyle: I did what I could to make their end quick and painless. I had no other choice. It was necessary to protect my children. Only I can keep them safe.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Presrop:

The fundamentalists in that religion hold that such views are blasphemy and that religion is above criticism.

2009，Francis，Business Ethics，Tata McGraw-Hill Education, →ISBN，頁 139:

對不可侵犯事物的不敬行為

Some historical information is given on the Panormo family of guitar makers and a whole chapter is called, "Maccaferri's 'Monstrosity'," the name given Julian's Maccaferri guitar due to the blasphemy of its having more than six strings, […]

1999，American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers:

The market has responded well to this type of packaging [wine in cardboard containers], even if some consider it near blasphemy, and it has had a role in bringing wine to the younger generation and to social classes intimidated by the high price of many bottled products.

2004，Touring Club of Italy，The Italian Wine Guide: The Definitive Guide to Touring, Sourcing and Tasting，Touring Editore, →ISBN，頁 149:

I know this is utter blasphemy and completely incomprehensible to developers and power users who love their keyboard shortcuts, but some people just love having buttons on their screens with the exact name of their function written on them.

2015，Benjamin V. Root，Interactive Applications Using Matplotlib，Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN，頁 89:


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beleoȝen，源自古英語 belēogan (“欺骗”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *bileugan (“欺骗”)。等价于be- (“关于”) + lie (“欺骗”)。对比荷蘭語 beliegen (“说关于...的谎”)、德語 belügen (“欺骗，对...说谎”)。

belies (third-person singular present)
belying (present participle)
belied (past participle)

slander

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

calumniate

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

misrepresent

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

contradict

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give the lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

Should I do ſo I ſhould bely my thoughts, / Comfort's in heauen, and we are on the earth[…]

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，[William Shakespeare]，The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto)，London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], 出版於 1597, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

He found it by experience, and made good uſe of it in his owne perſon, if Plutarch bely him not[…]。

1638，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy. […]，第5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv，頁 198:

Cambodia's apparent relative insignificance belied its geopolitical importance.

2013年April3日，Patrick Heenan，The Southeast Asia Handbook，Taylor & Francis, →ISBN，頁 132:

Opposite, the Loram site contains a real ragbag of yellow, blue or rust-streaked kit whose appearance belies their importance in keeping the railways running.

2020年November18日，Paul Bigland，“New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, in Rail，頁 49:

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

Her obvious nervousness belied what she said.

她慌张的神态与她说的话相矛盾。

Early Chinese Buddhist travellers like O'Kong (AD 759-763) mention the use of kesar in Buddhist Viharas for various rituals, and also in making paint for Buddhist scrolls and thankas. This fact belies the earlier myth that would have us believe that kesar was not known prior to Lalitaditya's reign.

2001，Arun Kaul，“Kesar: The cultural geography of Kashmir”, in The Human Landscape，頁 227:

In smooth RP tones that belie his German parentage, he explains that none of his hachet jobs were written out of personal animosity.

2016年April9日，Philip Oltermann，“Michael Hofmann: ‘English is basically a trap. It’s almost a language for spies’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

指责...说谎 （自17世纪）

They haue belyed the Lord, and ſaid; It is not he, neither ſhall euill come vpon vs, neither ſhal we ſee ſwoꝛd noꝛ famine.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 5:12，列 1:

Three belied you, three betrayed you! One you betrayed was three times true! Lord Voryn Dagoth, Dagoth Ur, steadfast liegeman, faithful friend, bids you come and climb Red Mountain!

2002年May1日，Bethesda Softworks，The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, →OCLC, Microsoft Windows，幕：Ashlander Informant:

His calm demeanor belied his inner sense of guilt.

他虽然淡定自若，心里却十分愧疚。

The rosy outlook belies a struggle to achieve statewide eradication that has persisted since the insect first crossed the border from Mexico around 1892.

2013年August31日，Elizabeth Koh，“Fighting Pest, Farmers Find Strange Ally: A Drought”, in New York Times:

At NIE the virtually monolingual linguistic landscape basically belies a quite different multilingual reality.

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 8:

展示，暴露 （某种矛盾或出乎意料的事物）

A host of evidence is adduced by the accused, evidence whose sometimes self-contradictory nature belies a certain desperation

1993，Carol A. Mossman，Politics and Narratives of Birth: Gynocolonization from Rousseau to Zola，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 28:

[…] a low, flat, boring building that belies its past as an IRS facility […]

2016年August3日，Jeanne Marie Laskas，“Inside the Federal Bureau Of Way Too Many Guns”, in GQ Online:


bason

To proceed therefore, put a looking-glass into a bason of water; I suppose you shall not see the image in a right line, or at equal angles, but aside.

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Not a moment could be lost: the very sheets were kindling. I rushed to his bason and ewer; fortunately, one was wide and the other deep, and both were filled with water.

1847, Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, 1st edition, chapter XV, page 297

[...] on July 16, 1790, a public meeting [...] unanimously approved of a scheme for making the River Soar navigable from Leicester to Loughborough, and "a cut or rail-way from Swannington and the neighbourhood to the bason at Loughborough."

1939 July，Charles E. Lee，“Swannington: One-Time Railway Centre”, in Railway Magazine，頁 3:


redneck

由 red + neck 組成。對照rooinek。原先指的是脖子發紅的農民，他們因為長時間在田裡勞作，脖子被曬傷而發紅。

尤指美國南部及中西部、東北部部分地區

Sample a look back you look and find / Nothing but rednecks for 400 years if you check

1989，“Fight the Power”, in Fear of a Black Planet，演出者 Public Enemy:


portend

借自拉丁語 portendere (“预测，预知”)，源自por- (“向前”) + tendere (“伸展”)，tendo的现在主动不定式。

portends (third-person singular present)
portending (present participle)
portended (past participle)

A kingdom they portend thee, but what kingdom, / Real or allegoric, I discern not; Nor when: eternal sure--as without end,

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 4:

Let it be known that the Rapture portends the End of Days.

When the staccato, Neptunes-ian single “Boyfriend” was released in March, musical prognosticators were quick to peg the album it portended, Believe, as Justin Bieber’s Justified, a grown-and-sexy, R&B-centric departure that evolved millennial teenybopper Justin Timberlake into one of the unifying pop-music figures of the aughts.

2012年June26日，Genevieve Koski，“Music: Reviews: Justin Bieber: Believe”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2020-08-06:


ragtag

The small group of ragtags, who had followed him to the cave a day prior had arrived and kept a short distance away.

2013，Casper Parks，Ages Past: The Isolation，頁 258:


bidding

Do their biddings, and they will lead you to "whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report."

1868，Fulwar William Fowle，Sermons preached in the cathedral church of Salisbury，頁 172:

Their biddings forced existing owners into ruinous competition; they mortgaged their ancestral acres to buy up outlying properties or round off their boundaries.

1912，Rowland Prothero, 1st Baron Ernle，English Farming, Past and Present，頁 322:


baignoire

Then enter Durien the sculptor, who had been presented with a baignoire at the Odéon to see "La Dame aux Camélias," and he invited Trilby and another lady to dine with him "au cabaret" and share his box.


bureaucracy

bureau + -cracy，來自法語 bureaucratie，由雅克·克勞德·瑪麗·文森特·德古納所創的新詞，來自bureau (“官方”) + -cratie (“規則”)。

bureaucratie (alternative)
bureau-ocracy (alternative)
burocracy (alternative)
bureaucracies (plural)

/bjʊəˈɹɒkɹəsi/

/bjʊˈɹɑːkɹəsi/

However, when Britain left the European Union, ferries started to ply a direct sea link from Ireland, to save hauliers from custom's bureaucracy of driving via Britain.

2021年December29日，Philip Haigh，“Rail's role in unifying Great Britain and Northern Ireland”, in RAIL，期 947，頁 25:

The head of the civil service promised to clamp down on bureaucracy.

公务员系统的负责人承诺要打击官僚主义。

"If we can capture anything from this awful situation, it is that ability to trust people to do certain things for themselves and to look out for each other, and to give them the tools to do their job as well as they can without having to go through endless bureaucracy to achieve it, which very often just delays and dilutes and doesn't add much value.

2020年May20日，Andrew Haines talks to Stefanie Foster，“Repurpose rail for the 2020s”, in Rail，頁 35:


barcarole

借自法語 barcarolle，源自威尼斯語 barcaroƚa (“船夫唱的歌”)，源自 barca (“樹皮、駁船、船”),最終源自埃及語 bꜣjr (“運輸船；一種魚”)。

/ˈbɑːkəɹəʊl/

/ˌbɑːkəˈɹəʊl/

/ˈbɑɹkəˌɹoʊl/

船歌（威尼斯船夫搖貢多拉所唱的歌曲）（自18世紀晚期起）

Venice! dear beautiful Venice! scene of harmony and love! where all was gayety and mirth, revelry and pleasure, with what warm feelings do I recall thee to my memory; day and night were the gondoliers singing barcarolles, or the verses of [Torquato] Tasso and [Ludovico] Ariosto to Venetian airs; […]

1826，Michael Kelly, [Theodore Edward Hook]，Reminiscences of Michael Kelly, of the King’s Theatre, and Theatre Royal Drury Lane, including a Period of Nearly Half a Century; with Original Anecdotes of Many Distinguished Persons, Political, Military, and Musical，New York, N.Y.: Printed by J. & J. Harper, 327 Pearl-Street, for E[vert Augustus] Duyckinck, Collins and Hannay, Collins & Co., W. B. Gilley, H. I. Megary, A. T. Goodrich, and G. & C. Carvill, →OCLC，頁 90:

In Venice! This night is so delicious—its air / Full of moonlight and passionate snatches of song, […] / —with a song full of dole, / A forlorn barcarole, / As my gondola glides.

1867 February，“Aureolus Paracelsus”，“In a Gondola. (Suggested by Mendelssohn’s Andante in G Minor, Book I., Lied 6, of the ‘Lieder ohne Worten.’)”, in The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art，卷 V, 期 2 (New Series), New York, N.Y.: Published at No. 5 Beekman Street, →OCLC, stanza I，頁 174:

船歌（模仿上述歌曲創作的音樂）（自18世紀晚期起）

A Barcarolle, with variations for the Pianoforte and flute, ad lib. by [Jean Théodore] Latour, opens with an introduction of great feeling and elegance. The Barcarolle is composed by [Jacques Féréol] Mazas, the great violinist, and has been played by him at the Philharmonic Concerts, and is original and graceful.

1822 May，“Report of Music”, in The London Magazine，卷 V, 期 XXIX, London: Printed for Taylor and Hessey, 93, Fleet-Street, →OCLC，頁 492:

But perhaps the best airs are those of Italy (particularly the Venetian) and Spain. […] The bolero, the barcarole, the canzonetta, and romance, have all the gaiety, softness, tenderness, and chivalry, which we associate with the troubadours, the gay squires, and sprightly dames, of the early ages of poetry and music.

1824，“A Collection of Admired Italian, French, German, Spanish, and English Songs, with a Progressive Accompaniment for the Spanish Guitar; by George Hervey Derwort. Nos. 1 to 13. London. Gow and Son.”, in The Quarterly Musical Magazine and Review，卷 VI, London: Sold by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 47, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁s 547–548:

Later in the evening Mr. [Anton] Rubinstein played his smaller pieces, such as the march from "The Ruins of Athens," his own "Barcarolle," and "Valse Caprice," and the enthusiasm and appreciation of his intelligent audience grew greater and greater.

1895 February，William Steinway，“William Steinway’s Reminiscences of Rubinstein”, in Music. A Monthly Magazine Devoted to the Art, Science, Technic and Literature of Music，卷 VII, Chicago, Ill.: Music Magazine Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 395:


brethren

源自早期现代英语brethren，brother的复数，源自中古英語 brethren，源自中古英語 brethere、brether + -en (复数后缀)。 最终源自古英語 brōþor、brōþru (“兄弟们”)，受到了古英語 brēþer的影响，其为brōþor (“兄/弟”)的与格复数。等价于brother + -en 複。对比德語 Brüder (“兄弟们”)。详见brother。这种元音变化（自o到e）称为元音变音。

more brethren (comparative)
most brethren (superlative)

The principle still sounds good, but our astronomical knowledge is limited, and we haven't yet discovered any such brethren solar systems.

2009，Seth Shostak，Confessions of an Alien Hunter:


bareback

一種被作為肉類的鳥，沒有羽毛

Buyers discount many broiler flocks by from one to five cents a pound due to barebacks, but the loss to the industry does not end there. Barebacked broilers slow down the pickers in the dressing plants which results in a loss in labor.


bubbly

bubblier (comparative)
bubbliest (superlative)

China’s economy is too bubbly and will soon slow down.

中国经济泡沫过大，很快就会放缓。

2011年July2日，Iana Dreyer，“China’s coming era of slower growth: Are western economies prepared?”, in East Asia Forum:


bubbly

We're getting married–this calls for a bottle of bubbly!

我们要结婚啦！开一瓶香槟庆祝一下！

“[…] Maybe some bubbly for the ladies, since we just bought the house of life, and break camp . . . since they are very appreciative that things got wrapped up so fast.”

2007，L. A. Banks，The Cursed，St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:


blazer

源自blaze + -er。原指剑桥大学圣约翰学院一个赛艇俱乐部Lady Margaret Boat Club会员所穿的“炫目的”（blazing）猩红色夹克。对比古英語 blæsere、blasere (“炉膛，易燃物”，字面意思是“燃烧物”)。

blazers of crime

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25:

"What'd I tell you?" said Bill. "The old wolverine was tryin' to run a blazer on us. All he needed was to be showed we meant business. And he can't make no trouble for us when he gets out, 'cause our two words are better'n his."

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate

These folks don't take kindly to no brash stranger comin' in here tryin' to run a blazer on 'em.

2004，Louis L'Amour，Utah Blaine: A Novel, →ISBN:

Bad, he doubtless was. But when he tried to run a blazer on this grim little cowman, Slaughter had run him.

2016，Eugene Cunningham，Triggernometry: A Gallery Of Gunfighters, →ISBN:


bleak

源自中古英語 bleke（亦bleche，→同源对似词bleach (“苍白的”)），和bleike（源自古诺尔斯语）及早期中古英語 blak、blac (“苍白的”)，源自古英語 blǣc、blǣċ、blāc (“苍白的，憔悴的，乌青的；明亮的，闪亮的，闪闪发光的”)和古諾爾斯語 bleikr (“苍白的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *blaikaz (“苍白的”)。同源词有荷蘭語 bleek (“苍白的”)、低地德語 blek (“苍白的”)、德語 bleich (“苍白的，蜡黄的”)、丹麥語 bleg (“苍白的”)、瑞典語 blek (“苍白的”)、書面挪威語 bleik、blek (“苍白的”)、新挪威語 bleik (“苍白的”)、法羅語 bleikur (“苍白的”)、冰島語 bleikur (“苍白的；粉色的”)。

bleaker (comparative)
bleakest (superlative)

不快的，不高兴的；悲怆的

Dany didn’t necessarily have to die, but letting her live would’ve been an assessment of humanity so bleak that even George R.R. Martin, it seems, wants to hope for something better.

2019年May19日，Alex McLevy，“The final Game Of Thrones brings a pensive but simple meditation about stories (newbies)”, in The A.V. Club:

Downtown Albany felt bleak that February after the divorce.

A bleak future is in store for you.

The news is bleak.

The survey paints a bleak picture.

调查描绘出一副悲凉的光景。


buckaroo

源自西班牙語 vaquero (“牛仔”) 的變化形式，拼寫受到 buck (“（名詞）雄羚羊、雄鹿等；具冒險精神或意氣風發的年輕男子；（動詞）指馬等：向上跳躍並弓起背部，落地時頭部低垂、前腿僵直，後腿用力向上踢”) 的影響。vaquero 的同源對似詞。
同源詞
* 早期中世紀拉丁語 vaccārius (“牧牛人”)
* 法語 vacher
* 晚期拉丁語 baccalārius (“無地農奴；牧牛人（？）”) (墨洛溫王朝)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-buckaroo.wav

牛仔；特指通常不參加牛仔競技表演的職業牛仔

No thanks, cowboy. If I was to let every rodeo hand I pulled a bull off of buy me liquor, I'd have been an alcoholic long ago. Pullin' bulls off of you buckaroos is just my job. So save your money for your next entry fee, cowboy.

不用了，牛仔。如果我讓每個被我從公牛身上拉下來的牛仔競技手請我喝酒，我早就成酒鬼了。把你們這些牛仔從公牛身上拉下來只是我的工作。所以把錢省下來付下次參賽費吧，牛仔。

2005 September 2，Larry McMurtry, Diana Ossana，片头起00:51:25, in Brokeback Mountain，Universal City, Calif.: Focus Features, →OCLC:


righteous

源自早期形式rightuous、rightwose、rightwos、rightwise，源自中古英語 rightwise、rightwis，源自古英語 rihtwīs (“正直的，正义的”)，对应于right + -wise（第二个词素的发音被同化成了-ous），又或者right + wise (“方式”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 richtwis (“正直的”)、古高地德語 rehtwīsic (“正直的，正义的”)、冰島語 réttvíss (“正直的，正义的”)。亦对比thefteous、mighteous。

more righteous (comparative)
most righteous (superlative)

The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bolde as a lyon.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 28:1:

The sportos, the motorheads, geeks, sluts, bloods, wastoids, dweebies, dickheads - they all adore him. They think he's a righteous dude.

1986，John Hughes，Ferris Bueller's Day Off (Motion Picture), spoken by Grace Wheelberg (Edie McClurg):

He sold me a bulging paper sack full of Cambodian Red for two dolla' MPC. A strange experience, copping from a kid, but it was righteous weed.

1995，Norman L. Russell，Doug Grad，Suicide Charlie: A Vietnam War Story，頁 191:

Tonight the kids will go out and party down in a more righteous mode. Alcohol and not a few tabs of X will be ingested. Club music will throb through big speakers.

He found Richard in one piece near a large circular container, thankfully, staring at a righteous mess of blood and gore.


righteous

righteouses (third-person singular present)
righteousing (present participle)
righteoused (past participle)

使...正当化； 赦免...的罪行

Thus for the purposes of being ‘righteoused’, the Law was irrelevant; yet Paul could not bear to see all the Law disappear.

2009，Diarmaid MacCulloch，A History of Christianity，Penguin, 出版於 2010，頁 101:


bouncer

doorman

（酒吧，夜店等处的）保安，保镖，门卫

chucker-out

（酒吧，夜店等处的）保安，保镖，门卫

BNC

重定向服务器，重定向账户

（酒吧，夜店等处的）保安，保镖，门卫

At 199 centimetres and a hundred kilos going up, he was scary big and he found work as a bouncer and enforcer[.]

2010，Peter Corris，Torn Apart，Allen and Unwin，頁 117:

‘You try to hit the bouncer that you should duck under. Your bat misses it completely. The ball strikes your temple, whack!’

1998，Kamila Shamsie，In the City by the Sea，Bloomsbury (2004)，頁 165:

The stone must be a bouncer.

1842，Thomas De Quincey，“Modern Greece”, in Blackwood's Magazine:

"… when he wants to accomplish his purpose, he does not hesitate to invent—I am not quite sure of the word, but I think it is “bouncers.”

1877，W. S. Gilbert，“Engaged”, in Original Plays, Second Series，London: Chatto & Windus, 出版於 1899，頁 83:

（能让小孩在上面弹跳的）弹弹椅

He shook his head and took up the child—Dilly kicked out her feet in tiny electric jolts to the full stretch of the Babygro.[…]He put the child in the bouncer again.

2019，Kevin Barry，Night Boat to Tangier，New York: Doubleday, →ISBN，頁s 82–83:


reassuring

more reassuring (comparative)
most reassuring (superlative)

/ɹiːəˈʃɔːɹɪŋ/

The face which emerged was not reassuring. It was blunt and grey, the nose springing thick and flat from high on the frontal bone of the forehead, whilst his eyes were narrow slits of dark in a tight bandage of tissue. […].

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 17, in The China Governess:

It was reassuring to be back in the regent's warm embrace.

1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Abacus 2010, p. 95:


bats

more bats (comparative)
most bats (superlative)

You must be bats to go out in the cold without a coat on.

在寒冷的天氣裡不穿外套，你一定是瘋了。

"Don't be so bats, Binns! Why should anyone want to pinch just one boot?"
"He might have been a chap with only one leg."

1952，Anthony Buckeridge，Jennings and Darbishire: