Taiwan

可追溯至1600年代，源自較早的 Tayuan、Tayoan 和其他變體，源自西拉雅語 taywan，由 tayw (“人”) + an (“地”) 組成。在荷蘭語文獻中作 Tayouan（以及其他變體），閩南語泉漳話作大員／大员 (Tāi-oân)（以及其他變體）。此詞最初是指今臺南安平一帶的一個沙質半島，後來成為整個島嶼的名稱。

Chinese Taipei

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

Republic of China

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

ROC

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

Formosa

臺灣島，臺灣海峽和菲律賓海之間的一個島嶼，也稱為福爾摩沙

Formosa

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃

Taiwan 和 Taiwanese 都被廣泛用作定語，例如 Taiwan/Taiwanese culture (“臺灣文化”)、Taiwan/Taiwanese government (“臺灣政府”)、Taiwan/Taiwanese food (“臺灣美食”)等。

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

India was not alone in its predicament or in its policy. While a few developing countries like Taiwan, Mexico, and Thailand had made remarkable progress in agriculture and had experienced success in curbing their population increases, others were nearly as bad off as India, even without a drought.

印度並不是唯一陷入困境或採取政策的國家。雖然臺灣、墨西哥和泰國等一些發展中國家在農業方面取得了顯著進步，並在抑制人口增長方面取得了成功，但其他國家的情況幾乎和印度一樣糟糕，即使沒有發生乾旱。

1971，林登·约翰逊，“Feeding the Hungry: India's Food Crisis”, in The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 224:

Pei Ling Wu, 30, said: "I am worried about my family, but they do not want to leave Taiwan. They want to defend their country and fight to the end. If China continues to push us, independence is the only solution."

30歲的 Pei Ling Wu 說：「我很擔心我的家人，但他們不想離開臺灣。他們想保衛自己的國家，戰鬥到底。如果中國繼續逼迫我們，獨立是唯一的解決辦法。」

1996年March15日，Leyla Linton，“London students sing their defiance”, in 泰晤士報，期 65,528, →ISSN, →OCLC, Overseas News，頁 14，列 2:

"Meeting all the criteria of statehood under international law, Taiwan has long been an independent and sovereign country," they said. "It is a proactive major contributor to the international community — a beacon of democracy for countries around the world to emulate."
The "continued exclusion of Taiwan from the UN system is not only unwise, unjust and unfair, but also is a blatant violation of the principles of universality and self-determination as enshrined in the UN Charter, and must be rectified immediately," they said.
"The time is now for the United Nations and the rest of the world to jointly stand up against China and its lawless and out-of-control bullying of Taiwan," they said, adding: "Enough is Enough."

他們說：「臺灣符合國際法規定的所有建國標準，長期以來一直是一個獨立的主權國家。」「它是國際社會積極主動的主要貢獻者，是世界各國效仿的民主燈塔。」
他們說：「繼續將臺灣排除在聯合國體系之外，不僅是不明智、不公正和不公平的，而且公然違反了《聯合國憲章》所載的普遍性和自決原則，必須立即糾正」 。
他們表示，「現在是聯合國和世界其他國家共同站起來，反對中國及其對臺灣無法無天和失控的欺凌行為的時候了」，並補充道：「我們受夠了。」

2022年September11日 [2022年September9日]，Hsin-fang Lee, Jonathan Chin，“Letter calls for Taiwan’s UN inclusion”, in 台北時報，存檔自the original on 2022-09-11, Front Page:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

臺灣島，臺灣海峽和菲律賓海之間的一個島嶼，也稱為福爾摩沙

The Government claims suzerainty over and receives tribute more or less regularly from Corea, and also from Anam, Siam, Burmah, and part of the Loochoo Islands, and it has recently erected the beautiful and extensive Island of Formosa, or Taiwan, hitherto attached to the province of Fo-Kien, into a separate province with its own governor-general who, like those of the other provinces, is appointed directly from Peking.

政府宣稱對韓國、安南、暹羅、緬甸和琉球群島的一部分擁有宗主權，並或多或少地定期接受貢品，最近還政府將美麗而廣袤的福爾摩沙島（即臺灣）劃為一個單獨的省份，並設立了自己的巡撫，巡撫與其他省份的巡撫一樣，直接由北京任命。

1888，James Harrison Wilson，章號 III, in China: Travels and Investigations in the "Middle Kingdom": A Study of Its Civilization and Possibilites, →OCLC，頁 26:

As a result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, China lost to Japan the important islands of Taiwan (Formosa) and the Pescadores, lying about a hundred miles off the Chinese coast.}

1894-95年中日戰爭的結果是，中國將距中國海岸約100英里的重要島嶼臺灣（福爾摩沙）和澎湖列島讓給了日本。

1963，德怀特·艾森豪威尔，“Formosa Doctrine”, in Mandate for Change 1953-1956，Garden City, New York: 道布爾戴出版社, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 460:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃 清朝的行政區劃 臺灣府，隸屬於福建省

TAIWAN, or Chinese Formosa, is considered a Foo or district of the province of Fokien, and is governed by a Taoutai extraordinary, who, though responsible to the provincial viceroy, possesses the privilege of memorialising the Throne direct. “The district of Taiwan,” says the Chinese Government Chart, of which a copy was supplied to me by the Formosan authorities, “is bounded in the rear by mountains, and in front by the sea. The ancestral hills of Formosa derive their origin from the Woo-hoo-mun (Five Tiger Gate), the entrance to Foochow, whence they glided across the sea. In the ocean towards the east are two places called Tungkwan (Damp Limit) and Pih-mow (White Acre), which mark the spots where the dragons of the Formosan hills emerged. These sacred reptiles had pierced unseen the depths of ocean, and announcing their ascent to the surface by throwing up the bluff at Kelung-head, by a number of violent contortions heaved up the regular series of hills, valleys, and plains that extend north and south in varied undulations for the space of 1000 leagues (applied figuratively). The mountain-peaks are too multitudinous to enumerate, and the geography of the island too comprehensive to take into present consideration ; we will therefore confine ourselves to a few general remarks. In rear of the hills, eastward, flows the ocean ; facing them, to the westward, is the sea ; and between lies the prefecture of Taiwan.”

臺灣，或稱中國福爾摩沙，被認為是福建省的一個府或地區，由一位道臺管理，雖然他對福建省總督負責，但卻擁有直接向皇上遞交奏摺的特權。臺灣當局向我提供了一份中國政府圖表，其中寫道：「臺灣地區後靠山，前臨海。福爾摩沙的祖山源於福州的入口五虎門，從那裡滑行過海。東邊的大海裡有兩個地方，叫東關和白畝，是臺灣山龍出沒的地方。這些神聖的爬行動物神穿透了看不見的海洋深處，在基隆頭拋起峭壁，使它們湧上了海面，並藉由劇烈的變形，將一系列有規律的丘陵、山谷和平原抬起來，這些丘陵、山谷和平原以不同的起伏向南北延伸，長達1000 里格（比喻）。由於山峰眾多，無法一一列舉，該島的地理情況過於廣泛，目前無法考慮；因此，我們僅作一些概括性的評論。山峰的後方，向東是海洋；面對山峰，向西是大海；中間是臺灣府。」

1864，郇和，“Notes on the Island of Formosa.”, in The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London，卷 XXXIV, London: John Murray, 出版於 1865, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 6:

THE PESCADORES, consisting of over twenty inhabited islands, besides several inlets and rocks, lie off the south-western coast of Formosa at a minimum distance of about twenty-five miles, and the entire group is set down on the charts as extending from latitude 23° 12′ to 23° 47′ N., and from longitude 119° 19′ to 119° 41′ E. They form together the Dashing Lake District or Ting, 澎湖廳, of the Taiwan Prefecture, and are placed under the control of resident civil and military mandarins who report to their superior officers at Taiwanfoo.

澎湖列島由二十多個有人居住的島嶼組成，此外還有一些小海灣和岩石，位於福爾摩沙西南海岸外，最短距離約25英里，整個列島在海圖上的位置是從北緯23°12′到23°47′，東經119°19′到119°41′，它們共同組成了臺灣府澎湖廳，由常駐的文官和武官控制，他們向臺灣府的上級官員報告。

1887 February，甘為霖 (W. Campbell)，“A Few Notes from the Pescadores.”, in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal，卷 XVIII, 期 2, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC，頁 62:

In effect each area paid an assigned land tax quota, which was allocated among households — depending upon the amount of land they owned and registered with the land tax office. Households paid this tax in silver, and by 1736 the state collected this kind of land tax in all provinces except Shansi, Taiwan prefecture (part of Fukien province), and Kweichow.

實際上，每個地區都要繳納指定的土地稅配額，根據家庭擁有並在土地稅務局登記的土地數量，將配額分配給家庭。家庭用白銀繳納這種稅，到 1736 年，國家在除山西、臺灣府（福建省的一部分）和貴州省以外的所有省份徵收這種土地稅。

1980，Ramon H. Myers，“The Public Sector: The State”, in The Chinese Economy Past and Present, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁s 78–79:

President Ma further noted that in 1683 during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) the emperor formally included the Diaoyutais as territory of China in Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province. In 1812, the Diaoyutais were placed under the administration of the Kavalan Office of the Taiwan prefectural government, he added, pointing out that the Record of Missions to Taiwan and Adjacent Waters 《臺海使槎錄》 and the Illustrations of Taiwan 《全臺圖説》 prove that China effectively ruled over the Diaoyutai Islets during the Qing Dynasty.

馬總統進一步指出，於1683年，清朝（1644-1911）皇帝正式將福建省臺灣地區的釣魚台納入中國領土。 1812年，釣魚台劃歸臺灣府噶瑪蘭廳管轄，並以《臺海使槎錄》和《全臺圖説》證明中國在清朝時期對釣魚台群島進行了有效統治。

2016 [2014年April17日]，“President Ma Attends "Examining the Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute under New and Multiple Perspectives" International Conference”, in Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs，卷 32 (2014), Brill Nijhoff, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 281:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
清朝的行政區劃
臺灣省，清帝國的行省 （自19世紀晚期）

In 1885 Governor LIU determined to reconstruct Taipei and make it the temporary capital until, the railway having on its way to Taiwan reached the old town of Changhua, in about the middle of Formosa, he should build a city near that place and make it, under the name of Taiwan, the capital of the province of Taiwan.

1896，J. D. Clark，Formosa，Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury, →OCLC，頁 44:

Near Bang-ka is Twa-tu-tia, the great center of the tea-trade of Formosa, and the capital of the province of Taiwan (i. e. Formosa) from 1885 to 1896.

艋舺附近是大稻埕，它是福爾摩沙茶葉貿易的重要中心，也是1885年至1896年間臺灣省（即福爾摩沙）的省會。

1898，“Bang-ka, or Mang-ka”, in Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia: A New Edition，卷 I, New York: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC，頁 480，列 2:

The Chinese forces holding Formosa numbered about 50,000 men, and its defence was ably conducted by Liu Ming-chüan, then imperial High Commissioner ad hoc afterwards first governor of the newly created province of Taiwan.

控制福爾摩沙的中國軍隊約有五萬人，其防禦由時任欽差大臣、後來擔任新成立的臺灣省首任總督的劉銘全出色地指揮。

1918，馬士，“France and Tongking”, in The International Relations of the Chinese Empire，卷 II, 朗文出版社, →OCLC，頁 861:

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以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
日本殖民地 （自19世紀晚期）

Taiwan (Formosa) and Hōkotō (the Pescadores) were ceded to Japan upon the close of the Chinese War of 1895. Taiwan has a Governor-General with extreme powers, and is now an integral part of Japan.

1895年中日戰爭結束後，臺灣島（福爾摩沙）和澎湖列島被割讓給日本。臺灣有一位擁有極大權力的總督府，現在是日本不可分割的一部分。

1902，“Appendix”, in The Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Malta, St Helena, Barbados, Cyrpus, the Channel Islands, the British Army & Navy (The British Empire Series)，卷 V, →OCLC，頁 649:

Taiwan is governed by a Governor-General. Since 1895 three Governors have resigned. The present in office is General Count Samata Sakuma.

臺灣由總督管轄。 自1895年以來，已有三任總督辭職。 現任總督是佐久間左馬太將軍。

1913，Charlotte M. Salwey，“Formosa, the Beautiful (Taiwan)”, in The Island Dependencies of Japan，London: Eugène L. Morice, →OCLC，頁 39:

Amoy is one of the three Chinese ports closer to the Japanese colony of Taiwan (Formosa) than are any ports in the Japanese Empire proper.

與日本帝國本土的任何港口相比，廈門是距離日本殖民地臺灣（福爾摩沙）最近的三個中國港口之一。

1938年July29日，“Amoy is Island Key to South China's Strategic Province”, in The Winchester Star，卷 LVIII, 期 1, Winchester, Mass., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 2，列 5:

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以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃

臺灣省，中華民國名義上的一個省（不包括後來陸續脫離該省的六個直轄市） （自20世紀起）

Recent reports from Taiwan (Formosa), although fragmentary, begin to give a picture of economic conditions following the conclusion of the war. Now officially referred to as Taiwan Province, the island's former Japanese administration is being replaced by Chinese officials with little change, at least as yet, in the administrative pattern. Although there is no indication that ideographs will be changed, Chinese readings rather than Japanese will be followed for place names. Taihoku, for example, will be read in our alphabet as Taipei. This city presumably will continue to be the capital of Taiwan.

最近來自臺灣（福爾摩沙）的報告雖然零零碎碎，但已開始描述戰爭結束後的經濟狀況。（臺灣）現在被正式稱作臺灣省，該島以前的日本行政機構正由中國官員取代，但行政模式至少到目前為止變化不大。雖然沒有跡象表明表意文字將發生變化，但地名將採用漢語讀音而非日語讀音。例如，「Taihoku」在我們的字母表中將讀作「Taipei」。這個城市大概將繼續作為臺灣的首都。

1946年February16日，“China”, in Foreign Commerce Weekly，卷 XXII, 期 7, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, United States Department of Commerce, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 26，列 2:

The Chinese Government today, with its program of local self-government in Taiwan, provides a revealing contrast to the Communist totalitarian "democratic dictatorship" on the mainland. Herein lies the foundation for our eventual victory against Communism.

今天的中國政府在臺灣實施地方自治，與大陸共產極權主義的「民主獨裁」形成了鮮明對比。這正是我們最終戰勝共產主義的基礎。

1957，蔣介石，Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy，New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁s 239–240:

By all accounts, Lee lacks Chiang's charisma. The son of a rice farmer from northern Taiwan, he trained as an agronomist at Cornell University, then served as mayor of Taipei and governor of Taiwan Province, where he won widespread popularity.

從各方面來看，李登輝都缺乏蔣介石的魅力。他是臺灣北部一位稻農的兒子，在康奈爾大學接受農藝師培訓，隨後擔任臺北市市長和臺灣省省長，贏得了廣泛的支持。

1988年January25日，Fay Willey, Carroll Bogert, Dorinda Elliott, David Newell，“End of a Dynasty and an Era”, in 新聞週刊，卷 CXI, 期 4, →ISSN, →OCLC, International，頁 34，列 3:

In August 1993, I began preparing to run in the first race for mayor of Taipei elected directly by popular vote, to be held in December 1994. At the same time, the positions of mayor of Kaohsiung City and governor of Taiwan Province were also up for direct popular election.

1993年8月，我開始準備參加1994年12月舉行的首次臺北市市長直選。與此同時，高雄市市長和臺灣省省長的職位也將進行直接民選。

2000，陳水扁，“From Elected Representative to Administrative Chief”, in David J. Toman（譯者）, The Son of Taiwan: The Life of Chen Shui-Bian and His Dreams for Taiwan，Taiwan Publishing Co., Ltd., →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 84:

The participants then marched to several sites where other major incidents had occurred, and they ended at the Executive Yuan building, which was formerly the headquarters of the Taiwan Provincial Government.

隨後，參加者遊行到其他重大事件發生地，最後到達行政院大樓，這裡曾是臺灣省政府總部。

2022年February28日，Yi-ching Chiang, Teng Pei-ju，“Civil groups march in Taipei, demand truth about 228 Incident”, in 中央通訊社，存檔自the original on 2022-02-28:

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以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
臺灣省，中華人民共和國聲稱擁有主權的省份 （自20世紀中期起）

The eastern part of Taiwan Province is washed by the Pacific Ocean while the mainland coast borders on the Pohai, the Yellow, the East China and the South China Seas, each with its different depth and water temperature.

臺灣省東部受太平洋沖刷，大陸沿岸與渤海、黃海、東海和南海接壤，不同海域深度和水溫各異。

1964，任育地 [Jen Yu-ti]，“Seas”, in 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China]，Peking: 外文出版社, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 42–43:

China (excluding Taiwan Province) has 381 cities as of the end of 1987, including 3 provincial-level cities, 170 provincially administered cities and 208 township-level cities. In addition there are 1,985 counties (including autonomous counties, banners and autonomous banners) in China.

截至1987年底，中國（不含臺灣省）有381個市，其中省級市3個、地級市170個、縣級市208個。此外，中國還有1985個縣（含自治縣、旗、自治旗）。

1992，Shunwu (周舜武) Zhou，“Overview”, in 中国分省地理，Beijing: 外文出版社, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 499:

I had my final meeting with Deng Xiaoping. We signed agreements concerning consular offices, trade, science and technology, cultural exchange, and so forth. After discussing the political problems I had in normalization, Zbig asked him, "Did you have political opposition in China?" Everybody listened very carefully when Deng said, "Yes, I had serious opposition in one province in China—Taiwan."

我與鄧小平進行了最後一次會面。 我們簽署了領事、貿易、科技、文化交流等領域的協議。 在討論了我在正常化過程中遇到的政治問題後，茲比格問他：「你在中國有政治反對派嗎？」當鄧小平說：「是的，我在中國的一個省——臺灣，遭到了嚴重的反對」時，大家都聽得很仔細。

2011 [1979年January31日]，吉米·卡特，White House Diary, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 286:

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臺灣小行星，即小行星2169，位於主小行星帶，1964年發現 （自20世紀中期起）

For the Massalia family, we only have information on (20) Massalia (pv = 0.21±0.01). Finally, for the Astrid family, we have (1128) Astrid with pv = 0.077±0.010 and (2169) Taiwan with pv = 0.099±0.020. In each of these cases, the values conform to the taxonomic type of the corresponding families.

對於馬薩利亞家族，我們只有 (20) 馬薩利亞的信息 (pv = 0.21±0.01)。最後，對於阿斯特里德家族，我們有（1128）阿斯特里德，pv = 0.077±0.010 和（2169）臺灣，pv = 0.099±0.020。在每種情況下，值都符合相應家族的分類類型。

2005，D. Vokrouhlický et al.，“Yarkovsky/YORP chronology of asteroid families”, in Icarus，卷 182, 期 1, 出版於 2006, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 126，列 2:

2169 Taiwan, a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars, will be at its closest to Earth at around 11 p.m. Thursday, the Taipei Astronomical Museum said.

臺北市立天文博物館週四表示，2169臺灣是一顆來自木星和火星之間小行星帶中心區域的碳質小行星，將於晚上11點左右最接近地球。

2019年August29日，“Asteroid 'Taiwan' to come closest to Earth late Thursday: museum”, in 中央通訊社，存檔自the original on 2022-09-10, Science & Tech:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。


Taiwanese

more Taiwanese (comparative)
most Taiwanese (superlative)

As Reece Overhalt spoke to the President, the first reports came in of China’s invasion of the Taiwanese island of Peikan, just off the coast of Fujian.

當里斯·奧弗哈特與總統交談時，第一份關於中國入侵臺灣北竿島的報導傳來，該島位於福建沿海。

1997，Humphrey Hawksley，Simon Hoberton，章號 7, in Dragon Strike: The Millennium War (Fiction), Sidgwick & Jackson, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 338:

At 6.30 am on 23 August 1958, Mao delivered his response to Khrushchev's peace initiative. The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) rained thousands of artillery shells onto the Taiwanese islands of Kinmen and Matsu. The bombardment continued unabated for 44 days, during which time Kinmen sustained hits from over 474,000 artillery shells.

1958年8月23日早上6時30分，毛澤東對赫魯雪夫的和平倡議作出了回應。中國人民解放軍向臺灣金門島和馬祖島發射了數千枚砲彈。有增無減的砲擊持續了44天，期間金門遭受超過474,000枚砲彈的襲擊。

1998，Robert Storey，“Islands of the Taiwan Straits”, in Taiwan (Lonely Planet)，第4th版, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 308:


Taiwanese

Congregations consist mainly of Mandarin-speaking refugees from the mainland but Taiwanese are not excluded. Student centers were established at Taipei, Panchiao, and Tainan for Bible study, fellowship, and personal counseling.

會眾主要由來自大陸講普通話的難民組成，但也不排除臺灣人。 台北、板橋和台南設立學生中心，提供聖經學習、團契和個人輔導。

1965，“Lutheranism in Asia”, in The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church，卷 I, Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 125，列 1:

Taiwan was the touchstone for both sides. We felt that we should not and could not abandon the Taiwanese; we were committed to Taiwan's right to exist as an independent nation.

臺灣是雙方的試金石。 我們覺得不應該也不可能拋棄臺灣人；我們致力於臺灣作為一個獨立國家存在的權利。

1978，Richard Nixon，RN: the Memoirs of Richard Nixon，Grosset & Dunlap, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 570:

We know the “ethnic” distribution between Taiwanese and mainland Chinese households in each district (ch’ü) of Taipei. In 1963, the percent of Taiwanese households varied from only 28.8% in Taan district to 86% in Chiencheng district. In 1991, Taan again had the lowest percent of Taiwanese households (63%) and Tatung the highest (86%).

我們知道臺北各區臺灣人和大陸人家庭的民族分佈情況。1963年，臺灣人家庭的百分比從大安區的28.8%到建城區的86%不等。1991年，大安區的臺灣人家庭比例最低（63%），大同區最高（86%）。

1996，Robert M. Marsh，“Solidarity with Extended Kin”, in The Great Transformation: Social Change in Taipei, Taiwan Since the 1960s，M.E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁s 149-150:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwanese。


scientific name

From the point of view of biology, a bird has both a scientific name and a common name.

从生物学角度来说，鸟类既有学名，也有俗名。

2016，James Lambert，“Ornithonymy and Lexicographical Selection Criteria”, in International Journal of Lexicography，卷 30, 期 1，頁s 39–62:

There’s the Thor fly in tribute of the God of Thunder, played in Marvel by Chris Hemsworth. Its scientific name is “Daptolestes bronteflavus,” which is derived from Latin like most scientific names – and translates to “blond thunder.” […] There’s the Loki fly, in honor of the tortured God of Mischief, whose scientific name is “Daptolestes illusiolautus,” meaning elegant deception.

有一种名为“雷神蝇”（Thor Fly）的苍蝇，是为了向克里斯·海姆斯沃斯在漫威电影中饰演的雷神致敬。它的学名是“Daptolestes bronteflavus”，和大多数学名一样，源于拉丁语，意为“金色雷霆”。 […] 还有一种名为“洛基蝇”（Loki Fly）的苍蝇，是为了向饱受折磨的诡计之神致敬，它的学名是“Daptolestes illusiolautus”，意为“优雅的欺骗”。

2020年July29日，Jessie Yeung，“Australia names new species after Deadpool, Thor, and other Marvel favorites”, in CNN:


sea urchin

來自sea + urchin (“刺蝟”)，因其外型類似刺蝟。

/ˈsi ˌɝtʃɪ̈n/

Of the many species of sea urchins utilized in biological research today the most widely used in North America is probably the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

1986, Patrick S. Leahy, Chapter 1: Laboratory Culture of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Adults, Embryos, and Larvae, Thomas E. Schroeder (editor), Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 27: Echinoderm Gametes and Embryos, page 2,

The pericentriolar radial complex characteristic of the spermatozoa of other echinoderms is lacking in the spermatozoa of all sea urchins.

2001，V. L. Kasyanov，Reproductive Strategy of Marine Bivalves and Echinoderms，頁 90:

Approximately 20% of sea urchins are direct-developers, meaning that they bypass the pluteal larval stage and develop directly into an adult sea urchin.

2004，Belinda J. Sly，The Development and Evolution of the Echinoderm Nervous System，頁 9:


sedimentary rock

It's a geological wonderland, with great exposures of colorful and varied sedimentary rocks.

这里简直就是一个地质仙境，拥有大量色彩斑斓、种类繁多的沉积岩。

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


dachshund

借自德語 Dachshund (“獾犬”)；Dachs (“獾”) + Hund (“狗”)。

We had decided to take a small dog for the children and we chose a tan, short-haired, six-week-old male dachshund. We named him Fritz.

2006，Ted Freeman，Doctor in Vanuatu，Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, →ISBN，頁 35:


daft

源自中古英語 dafte、defte (“温柔的；礼貌的；谦逊的；尴尬的；无聊的；粗野的”)，源自古英語 dæfte (“乐于助人的；温柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *daftī (“合适的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“适”)。与古英語 dafnian、dafenian (“合适的”)、俄語 до́брый (dóbryj，“好的”)有关。
对比silly，其原指“很好的；无辜的；可怜的；弱小的”，但现在指“愚蠢的”。
与daff (“笨蛋；愚蠢的”)（过去式daffed）无关，但可能受到了其影响。

dafter (comparative)
daftest (superlative)

a daft idea

Thou art the daftest fuill that ever I saw. / Trows thou, man, be the law to get remeid / Of men of kirk? Na, nocht till thou be deid.

You are the daftest fool that ever I saw. / Trust you, man, by the law to get a remedy / 源自men of the church? No, not till you are dead.

1602，David Lyndesay [i.e., David Lyndsay]，Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (語言：低地蘇格蘭語), Edinburgh: Printed be Robert Charteris, →OCLC; 再版為 Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (Early English Text Society, Original Series; no. 37)，[London]: [Published for the Early English Text Society, by N[icholas] Trübner & Co.], [1869], →OCLC，頁 451，行s 2008–2010:

In case you haven't heard of them [the Taipings], I must tell you that they were another of those incredible phenomena that made China the topsy-turvey mess it was, like some fantastic land from Gulliver, where everything was upside down and out of kilter. Talk about moonbeams from cucumbers; the Taipings were even dafter than that.

1985，George MacDonald Fraser，章號 1, in Flashman and the Dragon: 源自the Flashman Papers, 1860，London: Collins Harvill, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Plume, 1987, →ISBN:

You haven't exactly been playing the master tactician through all this, but that seems the daftest course you could possibly have taken.

1990，Iain Pears，The Raphael Affair，London: Gollancz, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Harper, 2014, →ISBN，頁 22:

The boy gathered himself up, shook his shaggy head, and, said, in a piteous tone: 'Davie's daft!' 'Davie's daft!' He then kicked the poor idiot till his cries attracted the attention of the guests, some of whom immediately came to the spot: […]

1843 April，“The Vale of Glencoe: A Tale of Scotland”, in The Knickerbocker, or New-York Monthly Magazine，卷 XXI, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Published by John Allen, […], →OCLC，頁 339:

‘It’s a lee [lie],’ says the man; ‘she’s either drunk or daft.’ / ‘Me drunk, you ill-tongued vagabond!’ says my Auntie Kirsty, who couldna bear such a reproach on her good name, ‘I’m a’ but blackfasting this day from either meat or drink; you had better no meddle wi’ my character.’

1876，S[arah] R. Whitehead，“On the Wrong Coach”, in Daft Davie and Other Sketches of Scottish Life and Character，London: Hodder and Stoughton, […], →OCLC，頁 220:

There's mirth in the barn and the ha', the ha', / There's mirth in the barn and the ha': / There's quaffing and laughing, / And dancing and daffing; / And our young bride's daftest of a', of a', / And our young bride's daftest of a'.

1825，“Who’s at My Window”, in The Songs of Scotland, Ancient and Modern; […] In Four Volumes，卷 III, London: Printed for John Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁 334:


termination

Long indeed did that morning appear to Francesca—the longer as her anxiety was unexpressed; for it certainly does shorten a period of waiting not a little to spend it in talking over its various probabilities of termination, wondering what will happen, while we are consoled by the strong sympathy we excite in the listener.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIV, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 111:

1. Some adjectives of the third declension have three terminations in the nominative singular,—one for each gender; some two,—one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter; and some, only one for all genders.
1. Verbs whose terminations are alike, are said to be of the same conjugation.
 2. Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations.

1849，E. A. Andrews，A First Latin Book; Or Progressive Lessons in Reading and Writing Latin，第2nd版, Boston，頁 52 & 69:


acquiescer

On the basis of these scores, patients were designated High Acquiescers and Low Acquiescers.

1969，Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry，頁 82:


red tape

一般认为指以前用红带子将政府文件绑起来的习惯。

比喻义一般使用加长构式cutting [through] red tape、bound up in red tape。

All the red tape and paperwork that goes on there prevents any progress.

那边要办一大堆手续，工作根本没法继续。

One conspicuous cost of the compromise reached was a promise made by Senator Chuck Schumer to Manchin on what was vaguely called permitting reform: a catchall phrase referring to a whole host of efforts to cut red tape and ease the rollout of energy infrastructure.

2022年October5日，David Wallace-Wells，“Progressives Should Rally Around a Clean Energy Construction Boom”, in The New York Times:


antibody

It’s estimated only 0.1% of antibodies circulating in the bloodstream enter the brain – this also includes the therapeutic antibodies currently used in clinical trials. An approach my team is taking is to use ultrasound to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier, which increases the uptake of Alzheimer’s drugs or antibody fragments.

据估计，血液循环系统中仅有0.1%的抗体能进入脑部——这包括目前临床试验中使用的治疗性抗体。我们团队正在采用的方法是使用超声波暂时打开血脑屏障，从而提高阿尔茨海默病药物或抗体片段的中枢摄取率。

2018年January18日，Jürgen Götz，“Why it’s so hard to treat dementia”, in CNN:


crescendo

crescendos (plural)
crescendi (plural)
crescendoes (plural)

/kɹɪˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

/kɹəˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

音乐词义表示比喻应该是升高而非升高后达到的顶峰。以该词指“顶峰”非标准但不鲜见。

（逐渐增强后的）高潮，顶点

Their arguing rose to a fearsome crescendo.

他们的争论达到了可怕的顶点。

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011年October20日，Michael da Silva，“Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, in BBC Sport:


access time

電腦資料在存取所需的時間

Random access files have a fast access time, but they cannot easily produce sequential lists.

1986，Roger R Flynn，An Introduction to Information Science:


accessibility

來自accessible + -ity，按照晚期拉丁語 accessibilitas所造，來自拉丁語 accessibilis。

無障礙；為有某些障礙的用戶增加軟件可用性的功能

He says the company's FLIRT design, in particular its retractable steps, provides greater accessibility, while the technology is highly innovative and reliable.

2021年May19日，David Clough，“Swiss precision meets UK growth”, in RAIL，期 931，頁 57:


slump

可能源自，对比丹麥語 slumpe (“碰巧遇到”)、挪威語 slumpe (“碰巧发生”)、瑞典語 slumpa (“变卖”)。亦对比德語 schlumpen (“跟踪；拖湿；马虎”)。

slumps (third-person singular present)
slumping (present participle)
slumped (past participle)

Real estate prices slumped during the recession.

经济萧条期间地产价格锐减。

The Gunners captain demonstrated his importance to the team by taking his tally to an outstanding 28 goals in 27 Premier League games as Chelsea slumped again after their shock defeat at QPR last week.

2011年October29日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 3-5 Arsenal”, in BBC Sport:


sod

源自中古英語 sod、sodde 首次記錄於15世纪中叶，源自中古荷蘭語 zoden (“草皮”)或中古低地德語 sôde、soede (“草皮”)，两者与荷蘭語 zode (“草皮”)、德語 Sode (“草皮”)、古弗里斯蘭語 sātha (“草皮”)有关。上述词最终词源不详。

She there shall dress a sweeter sod / Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.

1746，William Collins，Ode written in the year 1746:

In Walachia, green sods are laid on the window-sills and on the lintels of the doors to avert the uncanny crew [i.e. witches].

1890，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 2，頁 338:


sod

The Empire, in particular, was always thick with sods: they strolled side-by-side with the gay girls of the promenade, or stood, in little knots, exchanging gossip, comparing fortunes, greeting one another with flapping hands and high, extravagant voices.

1998，Sarah Waters，Tipping the Velvet，Virago (2018)，頁 207:


sod

源自古英语复数过去式，或逆構詞自过去分词sodden。

And Mart the cook the shovel took / And swung the damper to and fro. / 'Another sod, so help me God, / That's fourteen in a flamin' row.

1954，Tom Ronan，Vision Splendid; quoted in Tom Burton, Words in Your Ear，Wakefield Press, 1999, →ISBN，頁 120:


staphylococcus

This Scottish bacteriologist accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin after bacteria-killing fungus formed on staphylococci cultures he had left unattended.

這位蘇格蘭細菌學家在無意中發現了抗生素青黴素，當時他未妥善處理的葡萄球菌培養物上長出了殺菌黴菌。

2012，The Onion Book of Known Knowledge，頁 127:


survival of the fittest

由哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞在1864造出，受查爾斯·達爾文的《物種起源》所啟發，並被達爾文用於其之後的版本。

自然選擇；字面意思為最適者生存、適者生存

Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may have been effected in the long course of time through nature's power of selection, that is by the survival of the fittest.

1872，Charles Darwin，“Chapter IV”, in The Origin of Species，第Sixth London Edition版:


time lag

Owing to the time lag which must occur between the dates of closing for press and publication, it sometimes happens that items of news are out of date, or inaccurate, by the time they reach readers.

1947 January and February，“Notes and News: Steamer Services on the Clyde”, in Railway Magazine，頁 50:

The communicating doors of adjoining vehicles are opened simultaneously by pressing a large push-button located a suitable height for a man loaded with mailbags to contact it with his shoulder; after a time-lag of seven seconds the doors close automatically.

1959 December，“New TPOs for the Western Region”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 581:


transuranium element

The main theme of TRL [Transuranium Research Laboratory] research with transuranium elements has been the exploration of a region of the periodic table that is relatively new and inaccessible to most scientists. […] Our research with the heavy elements has extended our knowledge considerably and tested our ideas concerning how the periodic table is constructed.

TRL（超铀研究实验室）对超铀元素的研究主题是探索元素周期表中相对较新且大多数科学家难以触及的区域。 […] 我们对重元素的研究大大扩展了我们的知识，并检验了我们关于元素周期表构成方式的想法。

1983 spring，Richard Hahn，“Life at the End of the Periodic Table”, in Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review，卷 16, 期 2, Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 25，列 1:


hummingbird

來自humming (名詞) + bird，來自翅膀快速拍動發出的嗡嗡聲。

humming bird (alternative)
humming-bird (alternative)
hummingbirds (plural)

/ˈhʌmɪŋˌbɝd/

/ˈhʌmɪŋˌbɜːd/

Soon I hear the low all-pervading hum of an approaching hummingbird circling above the rock, …

1857 Thoreau, Henry David, journal entry, May 29, 1857. From Thoreau on Birds: notes on New England birds from the Journals of Henry David Thoreau, Boston: Beacon Press, 1993, p238. (Originally published as the anthology Thoreau's bird-lore, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910, edited by Francis H. Allen.)

Beyond the veranda was a small cleared garden, bounded with cactus hedges and adorned with clumps of flowering shrubs, round which the great blue butterflies and the tiny humming-birds fluttered and darted in crescents of sparkling light.

1912，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Lost World:


honey

來自中古英語 hony, honi，來自古英語 huniġ，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hunag，來自原始日耳曼語 *hunagą（對照西弗里斯蘭語 hunich、德語 Honig），來自早期*hunangą（對比瑞典語 honung），來自原始印歐語 *kn̥h₂onk-o-s，來自*kn̥h₂ónks。和中古威爾士語 canecon (“金”)、拉丁語 canicae 複 (“糠”)、吐火羅語B kronkśe (“蜂”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 qengjë (“蜂巢”)、古希臘語 κνῆκος (knêkos，“紅花”)、北庫爾德語 şan (“蜂巢”)、北盧里語 گونج (gonj，“蜂”)同源。

The physical properties of the different honeys, color, granulation, aroma, flavor, etc., are indicated in the table only in a very general way.

1908，United States. Bureau of Chemistry，Bulletin，期s 110-114:

If two of the California honeys, western hyssop and fleabane, having a positive polarization at 200 C. are disregarded, then the remaining...

Eucalyptus honeys could be characterized based on seven volatile compounds, whereas lavender honeys had only five...

2011，Stephen Taylor，Advances in Food and Nutrition Research，卷 62:


veneer

源自德語 Furnier，源自furnieren (“覆盖”)，源自法語 fournir (“布置；达成”)，源自中古法語 fornir，源自古法語 fornir、furnir (“布置”)，源自早期古法蘭克語 frumjan (“提供”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *frumjaną (“使...更进一步”)。同源词有古高地德語 frumjan、frummen (“达成，执行，提供”)、古英語 fremian (“执行”)。详见furnish。

（覆盖在粗糙材质上的装饰性质的）精制薄层

Compartment and corridor partitions are of blockboard, with appropriate decorative veneers to suit the varied interior decoration.

1951 May，“British Railways Standard Coaches”, in Railway Magazine，頁s 327-328:

A very neat old woman, still in her good outdoor coat and best beehive hat, was sitting at a polished mahogany table on whose surface there were several scored scratches so deep that a triangular piece of the veneer had come cleanly away, […].

1963，Margery Allingham，“Foreword”, in The China Governess:

（掩饰内心想法或本性的）表面，伪装

“Yalda,” Dabashi says, “has managed to survive the centuries because it has been gently recodified with a Muslim veneer.”

2014年December5日，“Joy From the World”, in The New York Times Magazine, retrieved 2014-12-06:


veneer

veneers (third-person singular present)
veneering (present participle)
veneered (past participle)

to veneer a piece of furniture with mahogany

The stateroom walls are veneered with finely figured English chestnut with the skirting and mouldings in English walnut.

1947 January and February，“South African Royal Train”, in Railway Magazine，頁 36:


water level

There is one feature of interest: at Rendsburg after a not too-easily graded ascent from the plain by means of an embankment, the train crosses the Kiel Canal by a double-track steel bridge 138 ft. above water-level, with, on a clear day, magnificent views over the countryside, and then loops round right, descending to canal level and, parallel with the canal, crossing under the bridge over which it passed a few minutes previously.

1949 September and October，“The "Nord Express"”, in Railway Magazine，頁 337:

(定語) 沿著河岸和海岸線的路線

The water-level route, the whistle and the loud staccato exhaust of this great engine recalled most vividly memories of the New York Central Hudsons highballing along the Hudson River between Harmon and Albany!

1960 October，P. Ransome-Wallis，“Modern motive power of the German Federal Railway: Part Two”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 613:


triple point

A solid sublimes only when the pressure of its vapor is below that of the triple point for that substance.

2006，David B. Troy, Paul Beringer，Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, →ISBN，頁 179:

三相點：入射衝擊波、反射衝擊波、馬赫桿和一個滑流的交匯點

When the incident shock wave is at position “a” the second triple point, T, is still inside the zone where the vibrational degree of freedom has not yet reached its equilibrium and the dissociational degree of freedom is still frozen at that position, as its excitation can be assumed to start only after vibrational equilibrium is reached.

2007，Gabi Ben-Dor，Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena, →ISBN，頁 198:

A triple point may have a convex Mach stem, in which case the SS points upward.

2012，George Emanuel，Shock Wave Dynamics: Derivatives and Related Topics, →ISBN，頁 81:

One constant, however, is that the flow, just downstream of the incident shock, at a triple point, must be supersonic.

2015，George Emanuel，Analytical Fluid Dynamics, Third Edition, →ISBN，頁 130:

三相點：曲線和曲面延三條弧線相交的點

The number of the distinguished edges whose orientations point towards the triple point is exactly one, or exactly two.

1998，J. Scott Carter, Masahico Saito，Knotted Surfaces and Their Diagrams, →ISBN，頁 162:

A cubic surface with a triple point (a cubic cone) may or may not be rational.

2007，Rida T Farouki，Pythagorean-Hodograph Curves: Algebra and Geometry Inseparable, →ISBN:

三相點：囚錮鋒、冷鋒、暖鋒的交點

A further investigation is made of the reasonably-close relationship between some multiple tornado outbreaks in the British Isles and the passage of frontal-system triple points (TPs) using, principally, TORRO records and the hourly British Isles charts archived by the Meterorological Office at Bracknell.

1993，Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts:

...together at the point of occlusion, or triple point, where conditions are favorable for formation of a new cyclone, sometimes called a secondary cyclone.

2002，Joseph M. Moran，Online weather studies, →ISBN，頁 232:

The point where occluding starts is the triple point, because there are three air masses involved: that ahead of the occlusion, the warm air aloft, and the air behind the occlusion, or where the cold, warm and occluded fronts meet.

2013，Phil Croucher，Private Helicopter Pilot Studies JAA BW, →ISBN，頁 8-34:

三相點：乾線、外流邊界、冷鋒等兩條邊界的交點

Few, however, reach the African continent; some dissipate in the intertropical-front bulge east of southern Africa; others form triple points with the temperate fronts available for recurving anywhere between Australia and the Seychelles-Madagascar-Mascarenes (Reunion-Mauritius-Rodriguez) sector.

1947，Maurice Adolph Garbell，Tropical and Equatorial Meteorology，頁 205:

It is concluded that the severe storms formed in close proximity to a "triple point" (TP), at which a synoptic cold front and "insolation-enhanced" warm front intersected.

2006，The International Journal of Meteorology:

Such a 'piecrust model' has been used to explain the generation of triple points which can give rise to splitting of a continental body.

2003，Neville Price，Major Impacts and Plate Tectonics, →ISBN，頁 131:

Microstructures like static mineral growth, equilibrated grain boundaries with triple points especially in quartz and feldspar fabric and the lack of plastic crystal lattice deformations even in quartz indicate that metamorphism outlasted deformation.

2012，O. Oncken, C. Janssen，Basement Tectonics 11 Europe and Other Regions, →ISBN，頁 43:

End-member stable triple point configurations are indicated in which the triple point is fixed to the North or South American plates (dashed grey lines) or fixed to the Caribbean Plate (dotted grey lines).

2014，Duncan Keppie，The Analysis of Diffuse Triple Junction Zones in Plate Tectonics and the Pirate Model of Western Caribbean Tectonics, →ISBN，頁 24:


madam

源自中古英語 madame，源自古法語 madame，源自ma (“我的”) + dame (“贵妇；夫人”)，源自晚期古典拉丁語 mea domina。Madonna 的同源對似詞。

同類詞：sir、gentleman

Mrs Grey wondered if the outfit she was trying on made her look fat. The sales assistant just said, “It suits you, madam”.

Grey夫人想知道她试的那件衣服是不是显胖。店员就说：“很合适您，夫人。”

Later, Mrs Grey was sitting in her favourite tea shop. “Would madam like the usual cream cakes and patisserie with her tea?” the waitress asked.

之后Grey夫人坐在她最爱去的茶店。“夫人，您想要常点的奶油蛋糕和法式蛋糕来配您的茶吗？”店员问道。

“Nothing, madam, but a tumbler of wine with a little water—thank you, madam. Mesdames, great events have occurred since I left you.”

1857，Charles Reade，White Lies. A Story.，卷 I, London: Trübner & Co., […]，頁 276:

I leaned on the hoe, in classic pose, and watched the cowbird try to bust his buttons in that agonizing split whistle which is his serenade to the madam. Perhaps I should say to the mesdames, for this fellow is the Don Juan of the feathered world, with no moral standards and a distinct aversion to anything that resembles domestic ties.

1951 April，John H. Day，“The Breath of April”, in Pennsylvania Game News，卷 XXII, 期 1, Pennsylvania Game Commission，頁 27，列 1:

“[…] This size, madam!” Certainly, the mesdames would not have been interested.

After two years, Madam X was busy enough to take on a partner: Madam Z, aged twenty. Both regularly scouted new marks and told Stead that ‘nurse girls’ (nannies) were the best: ‘there are any number in [the parks] every morning and all are virgins’. Selling maidenhoods was their speciality. ‘Our gentlemen want maids,’ they said, ‘not damaged articles.’ ‘Come,’ he said to the mesdames, ‘what do you say to delivering me five [girls] on Saturday next? . . . Could you deliver me a parcel of maids, for me to distribute among my friends?’ Within a fortnight, the Mesdames had supplied Stead with seven girls between the ages of fourteen and eighteen.

2012，Bridget O’Donnell，Inspector Minahan Makes a Stand: The Missing Girls of England，Picador, →ISBN:


madam

madams (third-person singular present)
madaming (present participle)
madamed (past participle)

Don’t madam me, — I can’t bear none of your lip service. I’m a plain-spoken woman, that’s what I am, and I like other people’s tongues to be as plain as mine.

He bowed to me, he madamed me, he was throughout as gentlemanlike and respectful as I had ever found him when we met at Old Harbour House or in Old Harbour Town.

1905，William Clark Russell，The Yarn of Old Harbour Town，頁 208:

"I don't care," she said. "They'll be dead in a few minutes if you'll just do your job. Stop madaming me and get to work."

1988，Gahan Wilson，Eddy Deco's Last Caper，頁 123:


soundly

起於約1400年，源自 sound + -ly。本義為“安全地”。現有義項起於16世紀。

more soundly (comparative)
most soundly (superlative)

He was soundly thrashed by the semi-professional boxer.

他被半职业拳击手狠狠地揍了一顿。

I slept quite soundly last night.

The wedding company, fatigued with their enjoyment of the previous night, slept soundly late into the next morning.

1899，William George Aston，A History of Japanese Literature，頁 272:

My gold carried little weight with him, he was sincerely fond of me and consequently rated me soundly for all indiscretions, declaring I would regret wasting the best years of my life and deadening my vast talents […]

1911, L. D. Biagi, The Centaurians, Ch. I:


sugarcoat

源自 sugar + coat；比喻義來自給藥片裹上糖，以掩蓋其不好味道的做法（sugarcoating the pill）。

sugarcoats (third-person singular present)
sugarcoating (present participle)
sugarcoated (past participle)

/ˈʃʊɡɚˌkoʊt/

/ˈʃʊɡəˌkəʊt/

candy-coat

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

gild

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

gild the pill

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

sugarcoat the pill

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

使到事情在表面上（比較真實情況）更具吸引力

There's no way to sugarcoat the loss of the space shuttle; it was an unmitigated disaster.

航天飞机的损失是无法掩盖的；这是一场彻头彻尾的灾难。

I went to the unheard-of trouble of re-writing the letter and saying the same harsh things softly, so as to sugarcoat the anguish and make it a little more endurable […]

我付出了前所未有的努力，重写了这封信，并温和地说出了同样严厉的话，以掩盖痛苦，使其更容易忍受{ […]

1876年November1日，Mark Twain，“Letter to Mr. Burrough, of St. Louis”, in The Letters Of Mark Twain,，卷 3:

[…] And I don't think we can sugarcoat both the human toll that is unfolding in Ukraine, but also how it is reordering the international architecture in ways that we haven't seen in decades.

[…] 我认为，我们无法掩盖乌克兰事件造成的人员伤亡，以及它如何以几十年来未曾见过的方式改变国际格局。

2022年March23日，Barack Obama，片头起2:52, in Centennial Celebration Conversation with President Barack Obama and Yo-Yo Ma，Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 經由 YouTube:

"The insurgents killed them all?"
"Very likely." Scout's expression was kindly, but he was apparently not the sort to sugarcoat things. Then again, maybe he had simply read her receptivity well.

2023年October12日，HarryBlank，“Fire in the Hole”, in SCP Foundation，存檔自the original on 2024-09-02:


prim

源自 普羅旺斯方言 prim (“細膩、優秀”)，源自古法語 prim，prin，源自:Template:lena 拉丁語 primus (“首先”)。prime 的同源對似詞。

primmer (comparative)
primmest (superlative)

God damn it, what does she want of me, this sad, beautiful bridgeplayer of the Fifth Floor, with her air of lost love and her prim carnality? After seven years of her, Brotherhood still had no idea. He'd be out touring the stations, he'd be in Bongabonga land. He'd not speak or write to her for months. Yet he'd hardly unpacked his toothbrush before she was in his arms, demanding him with her sad and hungry eyes.


raisin

繼承自中古英語 raysyn，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 reysin (“葡萄，葡萄乾”)，源自晚期拉丁語 racīmus，源自拉丁語 racēmus。可能與波斯語 رز (raz，“藤蔓”)有較遠的關係。raceme 的同源對似詞。

在美國，raisin 泛指任何種類的葡萄乾。

在英國、澳洲和新西蘭，raisin 專用於指大黑葡萄，sultana 指大白葡萄，currant 指小顆的黑桑特醋栗。

Some of the fruit had turned black and shrunken — becoming, effectively, absurdly high-cost raisins.

有些果实已经变黑、萎缩——实际上变成了成本高得离谱的葡萄干。

2021年July18日，Christopher Flavelle，“Scorched, Parched and Now Uninsurable: Climate Change Hits Wine Country”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


raisin

raisins (third-person singular present)
raisining (present participle)
raisined (past participle)

Second-crop fruit tends to show smaller clusters than first-crop, to have a high skin-to-juice ratio, and to be a good blending tool, according to Iantosca, although care must be exercised to ensure that the second-crop berries have not raisined.

Iantosca 表示，二茬水果往往比第一茬果实的果簇更小，皮汁比高，是一种很好的混合工具，但必须小心谨慎，以确保二茬浆果不会变干燥。

2008，John Winthrop Haeger，Pacific Pinot Noir:


Abuja

阿布賈，阿布札（首都名，位於尼日利亞）。

We’ll have to wait here all night till the mobile police arrives from Abuja, a distance of 350 kilometres.

我们必须在这里等一整夜，直到机动警察从相距350公里的阿布贾赶来。

2023，Stephen Buoro，The Five Sorrowful Mysteries of Andy Africa，Bloomsbury Circus，頁 96:


accelerator

* 1611年初次使用。
* (機動車)： 1900年首次使用。
* accelerate + -or

If they had allowed single-character accelerators, Windows wouldn't be able to determine whether the character was input or a shortcut.

2002，Davis Howard Chapman，Sams Teach Yourself Visual C++ .NET in 21 Days，頁 187:


Aladdin

源自阿拉伯語 عَلَاءُ الدِّين (ʕalāʔu d-dīn，“信仰的尊贵”)。

Aladdin, of the former dynasty [Khilji], subdued nearly all the Deccan, about 1312; [...]

前朝的（阿拉乌德丁·）阿拉丁在约1312年征服了几乎整个德干地区； […]

1876，Edward Augustus Freeman，The History and Conquests of the Saracens: Six Lectures Delivered Before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution:

Orkhan, valuing his brother's knowledge, appointed him Grand Vizier. Aladdin was not an expert in warlike affairs, and turned his attention to the internal improvement of the dominion [...]

奥尔汗很看重弟弟的知识，任命他为大宰相。阿拉丁并不擅长战争事务，而是将注意力转向了改善国内 […]

1912，Alexander W. Hidden，The Ottoman Dynasty，頁 12:

阿拉丁（阿拉伯故事及故事的男主人公）

“Nay, never mind that,” said Aladdin, “tell thy story, friend, as best thou mayst.”

“不用了，别介意，”阿拉丁说，“朋友，尽你所能，讲出你的故事吧。”

1895，Howard Pyle，“Not a Pin to Choose”, in Twilight Land:


caballero

caballeros (plural)
caballeroes (plural)

（尤指拉丁美洲的）骑手，骑马人

Here we usually find the caballero aiming his pistol in one direction while pointing his reined-in steed in another, as if ready to wheel and dash to safety.

2007年January26日，Roberta Smith，“Outside In”, in New York Times:


cacophonous

源自古希臘語 κακός (kakós，“坏的”) + φωνή (phōnḗ，“嗓音”)。

more cacophonous (comparative)
most cacophonous (superlative)

[…] Huple had rescued them just in time by seizing the controls back from Dobbs and leveling the ship out almost as suddenly right back in the middle of the buffeting layer of cacophonous flak from which they had escaped successfully only a moment before.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Texan”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 46:

The good thing about this job is that it gives me time and space to contemplate the future at my leisure, whilst the city sleeps, free from the cacophonous curiosity of the hoi polloi.

1993，Mike Leigh，Naked，spoken by Brian (Peter Wight):

The first time I saw the NYC quartet [Sonic Youth] was in 1983 for their Confusion Is Sex album, when they filled The Venue in Victoria, London with a cacophonous maelstrom of mangled sounds that still reverberates, more than two decades on.

2006，Everett True，Nirvana: The Biography，Da Capo Press, 出版於 2007, →ISBN，頁 58:

[…] and the cacophonous clatter of pots and pans accompanied the vociferous complaints of the ship's cook.

2011，Fern Michaels，To Taste the Wine，Kensington Books, 出版於 2011, →ISBN，頁 153:

A colony of pelicans can be cacophonous.

2012, Michael D. Breed & Janice Moore, Animal Behavior, Academic Press (2012), ISBN 9780123725813, page 199 (image caption):


cacophony

源自法語 cacophonie，源自古希臘語 κακοφωνία (kakophōnía)，源自κακός (kakós，“坏的”) + φωνή (phōnḗ，“声音”)。

Not more unutterable could have been the chaos of hellish sound if the pit itself had opened to release the agony of the damned, for in one inconceivable cacophony was centered all the supernal terror and unnatural despair of animate nature.

1921-1922, H. P. Lovecraft, Herbert West: Reanimator,

A blistering start from the Scots served to steady the ship amid a cacophony that defied the quarter-full national stadium.

2021年June14日，Scott Mullen，“Scotland 0-2 Czech Republic”, in BBC Sport:


cadi

qadi (“某些伊斯蘭國家的民事法官”)的另一種寫法

[…] look at these Christians closely, and you will abhor them. They are the worshippers of gold, not the followers of Alla. The poorest Mussulman has more hospitality than their Cadi; more charity than their Imans; more honesty than their Viziers.

1819，Henry Tudor Farmer，Imagination; the Maniac's Dream: And Other Poems，頁 157:


charitable

more charitable (comparative)
most charitable (superlative)

St. Martin [of Tours] looks round, first, deliberately;—becomes aware of a tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, who has managed to get his cup filled somehow, also—by a charitable lacquey. St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with him!

1884，John Ruskin，“By the Rivers of Waters”, in “Our Fathers Have Told Us.”: Sketches of the History of Christendom for Boys and Girls who have been Held at Its Fonts，part I (The Bible of Amiens), Orpington, Kent: George Allen, →OCLC，頁s 30–31:

Pakistan can sometimes be a cruel environment, its residents caught between the dual pressures of poverty and violence. Yet it is also a place of great kindness, with a strong culture of charitable giving.

2017年April6日，Samira Shackle，“On the frontline with Karachi’s ambulance drivers”, in the Guardian:


chasm

源自拉丁語 chasma，源自古希臘語 χάσμα (khásma，“深渊，裂口”)。

chasma

（太阳系行星中的）狭长大裂谷

But always and ever there is a yawning chasm below[.]

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 1:

Chelsea may not have regarded themselves as title rivals to City over the whole season but this was a harrowing illustration of the current chasm between the two sides and made for disturbing viewing for the Italian.

2019年February10日，Phil McNulty，“Manchester City 6-0 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:


cheerio

/ˈtʃɪəɹ.i.əʊ/

/ˈt͡ʃɪəɹ.i.oʊ/

在北美很少使用。儘管其他人可能可以理解，但這個詞可能被視作幽默用法，且可能被用來模仿英式英語使用者。

"In that case," said Archie, relieved, "cheerio, good luck, pip-pip, toodle-oo, and good-bye-ee! I'll be shifting!"

「這樣的話，」阿奇鬆了口氣，「再見，祝你好運，再見，再見，再見！我要走了！」

1921，P. G. Wodehouse，Indiscretions of Archie, ch. XIII. Rallying Round Percy:

But we all knew it wasn't the final end of the HST. This wasn't "goodbye", more like a "cheerio", see you someplace soon.

但我們都知道這並不是 HST 的最終結束。 這不是「goodbye」，更像是「cheerio」很快就會在某個地方見到你。

2019年October23日，Pip Dunn，“The next king of Scotland”, in Rail，頁 50:

Cheerio, everybody! What a delightful gathering of charming femininity!

大家好！多麼令人愉悅的、迷人女性氣質的聚會！


cheerio

/ˈtʃɪəɹ.i.əʊ/

/ˈt͡ʃɪəɹ.i.oʊ/

一種小香腸，在聚會上經常搭配番茄醬一起食用

The man who has gone around the cocktail circuit pounding cheerios to the end of time did not come in here and open his mouth once on the Bill.

1978，New Zealand. Parliament. House of Representatives，Parliamentary Debates，頁 4230:


camouflage

借自法語 camouflage，源自camoufler (“掩盖，伪装”)，（因camouflet (“扑到脸上的烟”)）变换自意大利語 camuffare (“裹住头”)，源自ca-（源自意大利語 capo (“头”)）+ muffare (“蒙住，裹住”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 muffula, muffla (“暖手筒”)。该中世纪拉丁语词亦派生出英語 muffle。其源自古法蘭克語 *molfell (“皮制软衣物”)，源自*mol (“软化的，穿旧的”)（与古高地德語 molawēn (“软化”)、中古高地德語 molwic (“软的”)同源）+ *fell (“皮”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)；或者，另一词源理论追溯回古法蘭克語 *muffël (“暖手筒，包裹物”)，其为由*mauwa (“袖子，包裹物”)←原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“袖子”) + *fell (“皮”)←原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)构成的复合词。

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

保护色，保护图案，保护形状

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.

2013 May-June，William E. Conner，“An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁s 206-7:


camouflage

camouflages (third-person singular present)
camouflaging (present participle)
camouflaged (past participle)

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

THE CONCISE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF WORLD RAILWAY LOCOMOTIVES. Edited by P. Ransome-Wallis. Hutchinson. 50s.
A gaudy jacket, remarkably out of keeping with the contents, camouflages the weightiest and meatiest work on a railway topic since the war.

1960 January，“New reading on railways”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 26:

Elegant brick and stone buildings, with iron and glass canopies and decorative wooden scalloping and fencing—all evidencing care on the part of the architect to produce a pleasing, well-planned building—were submerged beneath a profusion of ill-conceived additions and camouflaged by vulgar paint schemes; and the original conception was lost.

1962 October，Brian Haresnape，“Focus on B.R. passenger stations”, in Modern Railways，頁s 250-251:


cancan

They formed up, in perfect silence, in two lines, facing each other between us and the fire, and then the dance - a sort of infernal and fiendish cancan - began.

列隊上時，嚴靜無聲，雙行相對而立，已而作髑髏舞，陰風颯然。（林紓）
他們在完全沉默的情況下排成兩排，在我們和火之間面對面，然後舞蹈——一種地獄、惡魔般的康康舞——開始了。

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:


chicanery

源自法語 chicanerie (“欺诈”)，源自chicaner，借自中古低地德語 schicken，最终源自原始西日耳曼語 *skikkijan，源自原始日耳曼語 *skikkijaną。与德語 schicken (“派遣”)、中古英語 skekken (“发行，发布”)有关。

They do not always find manors, got by rapine or chicanery, insensibly to melt away, as the poets will have it ; or that all gold glides, like thawing snow, from the thief’s hand that grasps it.

1823，Charles Lamb，“Popular Fallacies”, in Elia，第new版, London: Edward Moxon, 出版於 1835, →ISBN，頁 241:

He covered his tracks, he got that idiot at the copy shop to lie for him. You think this is something? You think this is bad? This? This chicanery? He's done worse. That billboard! Are you telling me that a man just happens to fall like that? No! He orchestrated it! Jimmy!

2017，Gordon Smith，“Chicanery”, in Better Call Saul，季数 3, 集数 5, spoken by Chuck McGill (Michael McKean):

Having survived “The Long Night,” Daenerys will now be turning her attention back to the problem that originally vexed her: Cersei Lannister. It will be interesting to see how the show tries to raise the stakes of an internecine squabble between competing monarchs when compared to an existential threat to humanity’s very existence, but this series has always excelled when it goes deep on the machinations of political chicanery.

2019年April28日，Alex McLevy，“Game Of Thrones Suffers the Fog of War in the Battle against the Dead (Newbies)”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2021-05-31:


childbearing

源自中古英語 childberyng、childbering、chyldberynge、child berynge。By surface analysis, child + bearing。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-childbearing.wav

源自the Swedish returns (1776-1855) it appears that 100 childbearings produced 101.62 children, viz., 2.82 stillborn, 98.80 quickborn; consequently 100 quickborn children imply 101.21 childbearings.

1865，Great Britain. General Register Office, Annual Report ... of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England and Wales ...，卷s 26–30，頁 243:


childbearing

Women in the latter stages of childbearing should not be permitted to attend the toll of the manufactories.

1836，Edward Bulwer Lytton Lytton，England and the English:

In these cases, fish intake rates specific to females of childbearing age are most appropriate when assessing exposures to developmental toxicants.

2000，Methodology for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health:

Hips that in the old country would be considered good childbearing hips, but in this country are too wide.

2004，Jack Canfield，Mark Victor Hansen，Stephanie Marston，Chicken Soup to Inspire a Woman's Soul: Stories Celebrating the Wisdom, Fun and Freedom of Midlife，頁 256:


Chilean

The Chilean Amphijubula Schust. (Schuster, 1970a) which has the facies of a small Frullania and agrees with Frullania in leaf insertion and branching, has a nontiered seta with 16 epidermal cell rows surrounding 4 inner rows.

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 6:


chinchilla

/t͡ʃɪnˈt͡ʃɪlə/

It's important to put a lot of thought into owning a chinchilla since they have a considerably long lifespan of 10 to 20 years.
Chinchillas are most widely known for their exceptional fur coat.

2004，Jamie Huggins，Chinchillas - from Pets to Profession，頁 3:

Chinchillas inhabit high elevations (3,000–5,000m) of the Chilean Andes Mountains. The chinchillas kept as pet or research animals in North America are all descendents^([sic]) of 13 founders wild caught in 1927.

2008，Jeff Wyatt，“Chapter 17: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Other Mammals”, in Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals，頁 469:

Chinchillas are long-lived rodents that are native to South America, primarily Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The chinchilla is a hystricomorph (hedgehoglike) rodent closely related to guinea pigs, porcupines, and agoutis (Hrapkiewicz et al., 1998).

2009，Ron E. Banks, Julie M. Sharp, Sonia D. Doss, Deborah A. Vanderford，Exotic Small Mammal Care and Husbandry，頁 125:


carapace

借自法語 carapace (“龟壳”)，源自西班牙語 carapacho，其词源不详，但可能源自某已经绝迹的伊比利亚-地中海底層語言。
对比加泰羅尼亞語 carabassa、古希臘語 κάραβος (kárabos，“甲虫”)、拉丁語 scarabaeus（→英語 scarab），亦对比西班牙語 galápago (“一种乌龟”)。calipash 的同源對似詞。

So, little by little, youth loosens the hard carapace of confining custom their elders have built over the human heart.

1928，Edward A. Ross，World Drift，New York, London: The Century Co.，頁 12:

This is all a massive failure of science to pierce the carapace of public ignorance.

2010年January8日，Simon Jenkins，“The proliferation of nuclear panic is politics at its most ghoulish”, in The Guardian, §: “Comment & Debate”, page 29, column 4:


chummy

chummier (comparative)
more chummy (comparative)
chummiest (superlative)
most chummy (superlative)

源自what Brandon tells me, Andrea is getting pretty chummy with her dorm advisor!

1993，“Moving Targets”, in Beverly Hills, 90210，季数 4, 集数 7 (television production), spoken by Brenda Walsh (Shannen Doherty):

Yeah, I was just being nice! I was being nice and chummy!

2001，Larry David，“Thor”, in Curb Your Enthusiasm，季数 2, 集数 2 (television production), Larry David (actor):


carnage

借自中古法語 carnage ，源自古法语charnage的一个诺曼语或皮卡第语（古諾曼語）变体，源自char (“血肉”)，或源自通俗拉丁語 *carnaticum (“屠戮动物”)，其本身源自拉丁语carnem，caro (“血肉”)的宾格。

The lads had recently returned from a wild summer on the party island of Ibiza, an increasingly popular hotspot for working-class British youth. But this was not a scene of drunken holiday carnage in tacky discos.

2014，Simon Spence，Happy Mondays: Excess All Areas:

Within three hours we'd drunk the place dry. Miraculously, we all made it back on the bus, but I've never seen a more bacchanalian scene of wanton debauchery than the ride back to the hotel. It was total carnage.

Mothers and children trapped in poverty in our inner cities, rusted out factories, scattered like tombstones across the across the landscape of our nation, an education system flush with cash, but which leaves our young and beautiful students deprived of all knowledge, and the crime, and the gangs, and the drugs that have stolen too many lives and robbed our country of so much unrealized potential. This American carnage stops right here and stops right now.


circumspect

more circumspect (comparative)
most circumspect (superlative)

Being aware of the danger of upsetting her audience, she was somewhat circumspect in her comments.

她注意到可能会让观众们不快，在发表评论时较为谨慎。

Comment must be circumspect until fuller particulars are available, [...].

1959 March，“Talking of Trains: Scottish reorganisation”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 119:


cartomancy

These travelling magicians [...] rarely penetrated more deeply into magic than cartomancy, palmistry and the like.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 91:


civet

來自法語 civette，來自意大利語 zibetto，來自中世紀拉丁語 zibethum，來自阿拉伯語 زَبَاد (zabād)。

LEONATO. Indeed he looks younger than he did, by the loss of a beard.

1599, William Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act 3 Scene 2

Your onely way to make a good pomander, is this. Take an ownce of the pureſt garden mould, clenſed and ſteeped ſeauen daies in change of motherleſſe roſe water, then take the beſt Labdanum, Benioine, both Storaxes, amber greece, and Ciuet, and muſke, incorporate them together, and work them into what form you pleaſe; this, if your breath bee not to valiant, will make you ſmell as ſweete as my Ladies dogge.

1607，[attributed to Thomas Tomkis]，Lingva: Or The Combat of the Tongue, and the Five Senses for Superiority. A Pleasant Comœdie.，London: Printed by G[eorge] Eld, for Simon Waterson, →OCLC, Act IV, scene iii:


catamaran

借自泰米爾語 கட்டுமரம் (kaṭṭumaram)，來自கட்டு (kaṭṭu，“繫”) + மரம் (maram，“樹，木頭”)。

音頻（加拿大口音，合成）

Swift over the seas the vessel drives; Madras appears in sight. The first object catching the eye, upon the anchor being cast, was an Indian upon his catamaran, who, making a sudden motion, sprung to the side of the ship, grappled there for a moment, and the next was on the deck.

1838，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，Duty and Inclination，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn，頁 218:

She meddles with my prescriptions for your wife; she doctors the infant in private: you'll never have a quiet house or a quiet wife as long as that old Catamaran is here.

1889，William Makepeace Thackeray，Hobson's Choice:


catapult

源自中古法語 catapulte，源自拉丁語 catapulta，源自古希臘語 καταπέλτης (katapéltēs)，源自κατά (katá，“（向下）朝，向”) + πάλλω (pállō，“在投掷物丢出前使其偏向”)。

The visitors were given notice of what was to come when Huth headed wide from a Rory Delap long throw but failed to heed the warning, allowing the German defender to rise unmarked to meet another Delap catapult and plant his header into the net after 12 minutes.

2011年March13日，Chris Bevan，“Stoke 2 - 1 West Ham”, in BBC:


catapult

catapults (third-person singular present)
catapulting (present participle)
catapulted (past participle)

The candidate selection for running mate has catapulted her to the national scene.

竞选伙伴的候选人提名使她一跃站上了国家级别的舞台。

England will not be catapulted among the favourites for Euro 2012 as a result of this win, but no victory against Spain is earned easily and it is right they take great heart from their efforts as they now prepare to play Sweden at Wembley on Tuesday.

2011年November12日，“International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, in BBC Sport:


catfight

hairpulling contest

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

scragfight

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

Nancy and Sheila got into a catfight when Nancy's boyfriend cheated on her with Sheila.

Female conflict, seen in this kind of structure, works conveniently—it takes note of aggression in women and sets it against other women. Men are spared. The audience applauds. Everyone loves a catfight.

1980，Louise Bernikow，Among Women，New York: Harmony Books，頁 207:

There was a time when I would get furious and fire off an angry note if someone cast me in a catfight with a woman colleague. I assumed that catfights would fade as women progressed. They seemed so retro.

2005，Maureen Dowd，Are Men Necessary?, →ISBN，頁 310:


catlike

more catlike (comparative)
most catlike (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-catlike.wav

緩慢的，謹慎的，安靜的，隱密的

With cat-like tread,
 Upon our prey we steal;
In silence dread,
 Our cautious way we feel.

1879，W. S. Gilbert，The Pirates of Penzance, Act II:


catoptrophobia

源自古希臘語 κάτοπτρον (kátoptron，“镜子”) + -phobia。

I wondered what was at the root of Shingo's catoptrophobia - his irrational dread of mirrors.

1999年June28日，Vctr113062 [username]，“[TK3 fanfic] "Phoenix" Ch. 17, 2/3”, in rec.games.video.sony (Usenet):

Pundit Bill O'Reilly grapples with "panophobia" (the fear of everything) while, strangely, Rush Limbaugh battles both "catoptrophobia," the fear of mirrors and "Walloonphobia," the fear of the Walloons.

2008年February6日，Gordon (quoting Ed Naha)，“We have nothing to fear...but these bozos”, in misc.news.internet.discuss (Usenet):

If someone suffers from catoptrophobia (fear of mirrors), he sees mirrors, and their reflections, as dangerous.

2013，Macalester Bell，Hard Feelings: The Moral Psychology of Contempt，Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 72:


cauldron

源自中古英語 caudroun，借自古諾曼語 caudron，最终源自晚期拉丁語 caldāria (“锅”)，源自拉丁語 caldus (“热的”)。后添加了“l”来使其偏向拉丁语词形。还见chowder、caldera。
军事义项意譯自德語 Kessel，对比英語 kettling。

Double, double, toile and trouble; / Fire burne, and Cauldron bubble.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]，頁 143，列 2:

[…] I don't expect you will really understand the beauty of the softly simmering cauldron with its shimmering fumes, the delicate power of liquids that creep through human veins, bewitching the mind, ensnaring the senses … […]

1997，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone，Raincoast Books, →ISBN，頁 102:

Large cauldrons are a little tricky to locate, but are well worth the search if you have a place to safely store and use one.

2004，Carl Neal，The Magick Toolbox: The Ultimate Compendium for Choosing and Using Ritual Implements and Magickal Tools，Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC, →ISBN:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:cauldron。

同類詞：kettle

After having defended the constantly shrinking perimeter of their position for over two weeks, the encircled German units in the Cherkassy “cauldron” were ordered to break out.

1966，George H. Stein，The Waffen SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945, →ISBN，頁 217:

The cauldron had been formed, and some 2,000 Soviets had been encircled in it; the division estimated this quite a success.

2012，Hans Wijers，Winter Storm: The Battle for Stalingrad and the Operation to Rescue 6th Army, →ISBN，頁 153:

This could have been avoided had the Ukrainian Army either evacuated the troops in the southern cauldron once it became clear that their position was untenable or reinforced them substantially in order to reopen supply lines.

2016，Paul Robinson，“Explaining the Ukrainian Army’s defeat in Donbass in 2014”, in The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, the West and Russia, →ISBN，頁 120:


certifiably

more certifiably (comparative)
most certifiably (superlative)

能够得到认证地，能够得到证明地

Was the accused at the time of the commission of the act with which he is charged, and before that time, laboring under such mental disease as to render him certifiably insane? […] He goes on to ask, How is a jury to determine whether a man is " certifiably insane?" How is any man to attach a definite meaning to "certifiably insane?" "The phrase can only mean that a couple of doctors can be found to certify that in their opinion the man is insane."

1894，The Medical and Surgical Reporter，卷 71，頁 583:

Must such a neighborhood or district maintain a certain percentage of certifiably ethnic residents to maintain its eligibility?

1997，Robert E. Stipe, Antoinette Josephine Lee，The American Mosaic: Preserving a Nation's Heritage，頁 277:

One or two were hurriedly fetching ropes and yelling contradictory orders，源自which I deduced that Mr. Brown had indeed fallen into the gorge, but was not yet certifiably dead.

2007，Diana Gabaldon，A Breath of Snow and Ashes，頁 320:

Further, the infrastructure core software, the Plugin modules and configuration information are all designed to be certifiably intact and secure.

2012，Mike Hinchey, Lorcan Coyle，Conquering Complexity，頁 384:

The main purpose for California Certified Organic Farmers is to certify that the products that growers are selling are certifiably organic

1990 June，Orange Coast Magazine，卷 16, 號 6，頁 114:

He is certifiably nuts.

Due mostly to his latest creation, the whacked-out Guggenheim branch that opened this fall in Bilbao, Spain, the 68-year-old Gehry has gone from being tagged the scary cousin in architecture's dysfunctional family to being certifiably huge.

I don't think the numbers are quite that high today; still, we're glad to be up, up and away and soon over the top— headed for the North Face, Mount Snow's hidden cache of bumped-up, certifiably scary steeps.

2002 November，“Ski”, in (請指定書籍名或刊物名)，卷 67, 號 3，頁 191:

It is brought up when we gather, often voiced by some of the most physically attractive men there, many of whom are objectively gorgeous, certifiably buff.

2003，David Nimmons，The Soul Beneath the Skin:

The Tofu Cheesecake Bake-Off, which ten daring bakers had entered, was a special event held mid-week. It was, certifiably, the world's first such tofu pie contest

1981 December，Vegetarian Times，號 52，頁 74:

You can get a long way into the Presley or Lennon mythology before you have to worry about the way these certifiably electric personalities dealt with the vocal problems of a particular phrase

1981年February23日，New York Magazine，卷 14, 號 8，頁 47:

Besides that, Mir was certifiably loaded ... she didn't need my Mom to buy her squat ... but apparently Mom had insisted.

2007，Mitch Reed，Blessings of the Father: Book One，頁 44:

Now that you're certifiably — albeit temporarily — unemployed, you can explore places you've never before had the time, or the inclination, to explore.

2008，Nicholas J. Nigro，No Job? No Prob!:


cellar

繼承自中古英語 celer, seler，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 celer, 古法語 celier（現代cellier），來自晚期拉丁語 cellārium，來自拉丁語 cella。cellarium 的同源對似詞。

cellars (third-person singular present)
cellaring (present participle)
cellared (past participle)

Mr. VandenBerghe says he’s cellared such memorable bottles as the Batch 1 Adam from Hair of the Dog, a 14-year-old ale from Portland, Ore., that’s 10 percent alcohol, and the Trappistes Rochefort 10, a Quadrupel Belgian ale that peaks around age 10.

2008年June25日，Lucy Burningham，“Beer Lovers Make Room for Brews Worth a Wait”, in New York Times:


censer

源自中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 censier，源自古法語 encensier，源自encens (“香”)

A thousand wax tapers burned in honour of the Madonna. Four beautiful children swung the silver censers before her picture, till a cloud of incense arose and floated in broken masses to the fretted roof, and the whole air was heavy with perfume.

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 3，頁 215:


cephalosporin

/kɛfələʊˈspɔəɹɪn/

Another important group of antibiotics, the cephalosporins, a class that includes more than twenty-five different drugs, are chemically distinct from the penicillins but act in the same way as cell wall inhibitors, as do vancomycin and bacitracin.

另一類重要抗生素「頭孢菌素」包含超過25種不同藥物，其化學結構與青黴素不同，但與萬古黴素和桿菌肽相同，均通過抑制細胞壁發揮作用。

2001，Leslie Iversen，Drugs: A Very Short Introduction，Oxford，頁 63:


claimant

古法語和盎格魯-諾曼語 clamant，动词clamer及其变体的现在分词，源自拉丁語 clāmō (“喊出”)。

“Two or three months more went by ; the public were eagerly awaiting the arrival of this semi-exotic claimant to an English peerage, and sensations, surpassing those of the Tichbourne case, were looked forward to with palpitating interest. […]”

1905，艾玛·奥希兹，章號 2, in 义律小姐谋杀案:


clandestine

源自拉丁語 clandestīnus (“秘密的，隐瞒的”)，对比法語 clandestin。

more clandestine (comparative)
most clandestine (superlative)

covert

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

furtive

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

hush-hush

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

secret

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

secretive

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

undercover

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

clandestine military operations

Monimia, who while she yielded to his earnest entreaties had always felt, from the natural rectitude of her understanding, the impropriety of their clandestine correspondence, would, he feared, be more than ever sensible of her indiscretion, when she found that a servant was entrusted with it...

1793，Charlotte Smith，章號 1, in The Old Manor House，卷 3:

Whether the torments of absence were softened by a clandestine correspondence, let us not inquire. Mr. and Mrs. Morland never did.

1818，Jane Austen，章號 31, in Northanger Abbey:

Wildeve's clandestine plan with her was to take a little gravel in his hand and hold it to the crevice at the top of the window shutter, which was on the outside, so that it should fall with a gentle rustle, resembling that of a mouse, between shutter and glass.

1878，Thomas Hardy，章號 11, in The Return of the Native:

Lady Bullingdon could not, of course, countenance such an arrangement for a moment, and the two unhappy persons escaped for a clandestine marriage.

1912，G. K. Chesterton，章號 9, in Manalive:

Bodies were always a nuisance -- even the small guinea-pig bodies from the slight clandestine experiments in West’s room at the boarding-house.

1922，H. P. Lovecraft，Herbert West: Reanimator:

Probably, the Master-at-arms' clandestine persecution of Billy was started to try the temper of the man...

1924，Herman Melville，章號 13, in Billy Budd:

As I stand at the edge of existence; nameless shores of infinity. Perpetual unbirth unraveling distance, clandestine truths unveiled.

2003，“Fugue”, in Trivium 作曲, Ember To Inferno:

In my imagination, all work place encounters between men and women result in clandestine sex.

And I don't want anyone to think I dislike Catholicism because I don't. It's actually my favourite form of clandestine global evil.


claret

源自中古英語 claret，源自中古法語 claret，源自中世紀拉丁語 claratum vīnum，源自clārus。
对比tent (“西班牙红酒”)，其亦派生自颜色名。

同類詞：hock、sack、tent

The vesper bell had rung its parting note; the domini were mostly caged in comfortable quarters, discussing the merits of old port; and the merry student had closed his oak, to consecrate the night to friendship, sack, and claret.

The New Sporting Magazine (volume 15, page 23)

CLARET JELLY SANDWICH: Soak one box of gelatine in one cup of cold water, then dissolve in one cup of boiling water, add one cup of sugar and strain. When cold, add the juice of half a lemon, and one cup of claret and set in a cool place. When ready for use, cover thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with the jelly, cover with another slice of buttered bread and cut in strips.

1909，Eva Greene Fuller，The Up-To-Date Sandwich Book: 400 Ways to Make a Sandwich，頁 155:

claret：

Honey smiled hugely, so that Alex was shown every one of her claret gums.

2002，Zadie Smith，The Autograph Man，Penguin Books (2003)，頁 243:

Time being called, Johnson rose from his second’s knee with the heart of a lion—the immense size and weight of his opponent seemed lost sight of—not a particle of fear belonged to him; and screwing his courage up to the sticking-place, boldly faced his man, putting all the excellence of his science into action, put in such a tremendous blow on the sensitive plant of Perrins—otherwise his sneezer, or nose—whichever term you like best—that split it all the way down as if cut open with a carving-knife; the claret flowing in torrents; and the Giant floored!

1851，Pierce Egan，Every Gentleman’s Manual: A Lecture on the Art of Self-Defence，頁 46:

I then gave him a dig on the head with my fist. He squared up, and pouted like an enraged chameleon, looking savagely at me. I gave him another dig, which sent him staggering. He squared again: I gave him another; till at last, as the claret was flowing, he sulked off, and said he would not serve me any more.

1863，John Hanning Speke，Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile，頁 271:

Blooded warrior Paul Ince, with his head bedecked in a bandage – if not quite possessing quite the amount of claret spilled by Terry Butcher in Stockholm in 1989 – enforcing order on a patch of green in Rome to help his country triumph in the face of adversity and clear a path to the World Cup finals of 1998.

2017年October1日，“Bygones: Ince gives blood for the cause as he leads from the front in Rome”, in Yorkshire Post:

You play as one of these Revenants, but there’s no feeding on human blood, as instead the most reliable source of claret comes from things called blood beads, which grow on plants.

2019年September27日，“Code Vein review – it's an anime version of Dark Souls”, in Metro:

He was rejuvenated within a week, thanks to a diet of fresh claret direct from the jugular, while the lawyer slept.

2020年January2日，Roxy Simons，“'How the hell am I supposed to sleep tonight, BBC?': Viewers are left terrified by first episode of Dracula with its decapitated nun and blood-thirsty babies (but some are distracted by vampire's quirky accent)”, in Daily Mail:

DeLuca beat the count but Brook had the stench of claret filling his nostrils and he was close to getting the finish before the bell saved the overmatched 31-year-old.

2020年February8日，Wally Downes Jr，“KELL OF A WIN: Kell Brook enjoys triumphant return in Sheffield as he knocks out Mark DeLuca in the seventh round”, in The Sun:


claret

clarets (third-person singular present)
clareting (present participle)
clareted (past participle)

We clareted and champagned till two—then supped, and finished with a kind of regency punch composed of madeira, brandy, and green tea, no real water being admitted therein. There was a night for you!

By night, again, we miss the bright cafe, the brilliantly illuminated offices, and the fringe of guests smoking and clareting […]

1869，Andrew Wynter，Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers:


clement

源自古法語，源自拉丁語 clēmēns (“慈悲的”)。 等价于clīnō + *-mh₁nos。

more clement (comparative)
most clement (superlative)

The weather is clement, though there was a downpour yesterday and I was obliged to take precautions.

1984，Edna O'Brien，“The Bachelor”, in A Fanatic Heart，New York: Plume，頁 66:

The earth was still dry and the air was perfectly clement.

1992，A. B. Yehoshua，譯者 Hillel Halkin, Mr. Mani，New York: Doubleday，頁s 314–5:


clinical

more clinical (comparative)
most clinical (superlative)

Remarkably United’s 10 men almost salvaged an improbable draw during a late, spirited challenge. They showed great competitive courage in that period and there were chances for Robin van Persie, Ángel Di María and Marouane Fellaini to punish City for defending too deeply and not being more clinical with their opportunities at the other end.

November 2 2014, Daniel Taylor, "Sergio Agüero strike wins derby for Manchester City against 10-man United," guardian.co.uk

Fly-half Jonny Wilkinson put his below-par performance against Argentina behind him with a fine first-half showing, slotting four kicks from six and controlling his back-line with aplomb, while England's three-quarters were brimming with life and clinical with their execution.

2011年September24日，Ben Dirs，“Rugby World Cup 2011: England 67-3 Romania”, in BBC Sport:


confidant

Heaven made you love me for no other end, / But to become my confidant and friend: / As such, I keep no secret from your sight, […]

1675, John Dryden, Aureng-zebe, William Miller (1808), page 223:

One in thought and purpose, linked by the necessity of combating one hostile fate, a power antagonistic ever, - a power we lived to evade, - we had no confidants save ourselves.

1895，Kenneth Graham，The Golden Age，London，頁 5:


confide

源自中古蘇格蘭語 confide、confyde (“相信”)，源自拉丁語 confīdere (“相信，信任”)，，源自con- (“一起”) + fidēre (“信任”)。17世纪初叶首次出现于英语中。faith和fidelity 的同源對似詞。

confides (third-person singular present)
confiding (present participle)
confided (past participle)

"Be calm, lovely Antonia!" he replied; "no danger in near you: confide in my protection."

1796，Matthew Lewis，The Monk，Folio Society, 出版於 1985，頁 269:

In thy protection I confide.

After several drinks, I confided my problems to the barman.

酒过三巡，我把我的秘密告诉了酒吧店员。

She confided that her marriage had been in trouble for some time.

她透露说她的婚姻已经出问题挺久了。

One student had been so afraid to come out to our meetings that he would secretly meet me in the bookshelves of the library and confide about the miseries of being gay, closeted, and a a virgin.

1977年December10日，Mark N. Silber，“Gays On Campus — One Story”, in Gay Community News，卷 5, 號 23，頁 15:


cloaca

借自拉丁語 cloāca (“下水道”)，來自cluō (“潔淨”)。

The Thames, polluted with the filthy effusions of the cloacae.

泰晤士河被阴沟里流出的污秽物所污染。

After working an hour, I began to speculate on the distance one had to go before the cloaca was reached the chances we had of missing it altogether.

1898，H.G. Wells，The War of the Worlds，London: William Heinemann，頁 266:

In birds the rectum, at the termination of its canal, forms an oval or elongated pouch […] and then expands into a cavity, which has been named cloaca.

鸟类的直肠在其管道末端形成一个椭圆形或细长的囊 […] 然后扩展成一个腔体，被称为泄殖腔。

1822，John Mason Good，The Study of Medicine，卷 I，頁 7:

To every house […] a cloaca.

每家每户 […] 都有廁所。

1840，Frederick Marryat，章號 XXIV, in Olla Podrida:

Only think of that cloaca being supplied daily with such dainty bibliographical treasures!

1880，William Blades，The Enemies of Books，頁 55:

Across this shell [sc. of bone] small holes are eaten, by which the matter escapes, and which are called cloacae (Weidmann).

1846，Joseph François Malgaigne，譯者 Frederick Brittan, Manual of Operative Surgery，頁 172:


cloak-and-dagger

仿譯自法語 de cape et d'épée (“披風與劍”)；首次用於1840年。法語短語最初描述的是一種戲劇類型，其中主要角色穿著披風並持劍。1840年，亨利·華茲華斯·朗費羅使用了「cloak and sword」這個詞，而一年後查尔斯·狄更斯選擇了「cloak and dagger」。

covert

（常指間諜、故事等）神秘離奇的，詭秘的

clandestine

（常指間諜、故事等）神秘離奇的，詭秘的

undercover

（常指間諜、故事等）神秘離奇的，詭秘的

（常指間諜、故事等）神秘離奇的，詭秘的

Israel wages cloak-and-dagger war on Iran [headline]

2009年February18日，Philip Sherwell, Dina Kraft，“Israel wages cloak-and-dagger war on Iran”, in The Age:


confound

源自中古英語 confounden (“摧毁；迷惑”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cunfundre和古法語 confondre，源自拉丁語 confundō (“混合，搅混”)。与found (“冶炼”)（与found (“创始”)和find无关）、fusion有关。

confounds (third-person singular present)
confounding (present participle)
confounded (past participle)

And the brother of Jared being a large and mighty man, and a man highly favored of the Lord, Jared, his brother, said unto him: Cry unto the Lord, that he will not confound us that we may not understand our words.

1830，Joseph Smith, Jr.，Book of Mormon: Ether, i, 34:

The fightback when it came was in the [Roger] Federer fashion: unfussy, filled with classy strokes from the back with perfectly timed interventions at the net that confounded his opponent. The third set passed in a bit of a blur, the fourth, which led to the second tie-break, was the most dramatic of the match.

2012年June29日，Kevin Mitchell，“Roger Federer back from Wimbledon 2012 brink to beat Julien Benneteau”, in The Guardian，存檔自the original on 2016-11-15:

Don't confound the situation by yelling.

While she had obeyed him, smiling sweetly all the time, she had nursed a growing resentment of what she called his "Latin American macho attitude." To confound the problem, his mother, who lived with them on and off, was described by the wife as being as domineering as her son.

1983，Carol M. Anderson, Susan Stewart，Mastering Resistance: A Practical Guide to Family Therapy:

There the freſh and ſalt water would meete and be confounded together, […]

But God hath choſen the fooliſh things of the woꝛld, to confound the wiſe: and God hath choſen the weake things of the woꝛld, to confound the things which are mighty:

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 1:27:

O Lord our God ariſe, / Scatter his enemies, / And make them fall: / Confound their politics, / Fruſtrate their knaviſh tricks, / On him our hopes we fix, / O ſave us all.

a. 1745，unknown author，“God Save the King”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 15，頁 552:

I am now, in order the better to confound your politics, going to give you a true account of the means we intend to use, and of the rules, signs, and pass-words of our new United Irish Society Lodge A. 1.—They are so simple that you will never believe them.

1848 February 12, John Mitchel, The United Irishman, Letter to Lord Clarendon,

诅咒 （语气较轻的骂人话）

Confound you!

Confound the lady!

"Number 43 is no better, Doctor," said the head-warder, in a slightly reproachful accent, looking in round the corner of my door.
"Confound 43!" I responded from behind the pages of the Australian Sketcher.

1882，Arthur Conan Doyle，“My Friend the Murderer”, in The Gully of Bluemansdyke and Other Stories:

To mortal men, he with his horrid crew / Lay vanquiſht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe / Confounded though immortal: But his doom[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 51–53:


confound

The participants certainly differ in how their practice is distributed (1, 2, or 3 days), but they also differ in how much total practice they get (3, 6, or 9 hours). This is a perfect example of a confound—it is impossible to tell if the results are due to one factor (distribution of practice) or the other (total practice hours); the two factors covary perfectly.

2009，C. James Goodwin，Research In Psychology: Methods and Design，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 175:


clout

源自中古英語 clout，源自古英語 clūt，源自原始日耳曼語 *klūtaz，源自原始印歐語 *gelewdos，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“积”)。词义“（尤指政治上的）影响力”源自芝加哥方言，后传播普及。
同源词包括古諾爾斯語 klútr (“方头巾”)、瑞典語 klut、丹麥語 klud、中古高地德語 klōz (“块”)，其派生出德語 Kloß，及俄语方言глуда (gluda)。参见cleat。

Having relinquished his clout in City Council to run for a place on the county board, and having lost stature by reason of his failure to win the presidency, Duffy was in no position to seek the party chairmanship for himself

1975，Len O'Connor，Clout--Mayor Daley and His City，頁 74:

The chopped mushrooms add depth to both the Waitrose and the Go-Go Vegan recipe, but what gives the latter some real clout on the flavour front is a teaspoon of Marmite.

2011年December15日，Felicity Cloake，“How to cook the perfect nut roast”, in Guardian:

It's funny how they judge you when they see you made a change / I poured another four just to take away the pain / My friends weren't my friends, they was ^([sic]) looking for some clout / I had what they wanted so they always came around

2017，Kimetrius Foose (Lil Skies), Myron Goedhart （作曲作詞）, “Fake”, 演出者 Lil Skies:

Rowan, like most teenagers on the internet, wasn’t after fame or money, though he made a decent amount — at one point $10,000 a month and more, he said. What Rowan wanted was clout. On the internet, clout is a social currency that can be used to obtain just about anything. Rack up enough while you’re young, and doors everywhere begin to open.

2019年November29日，Taylor Lorenz，“Here’s What’s Happening in the American Teenage Bedroom”, in New York Times:

‘Such a clout on the ear as you gave me… But I soon taught you.’

1910，Katherine Mansfield，Frau Brenchenmacher Attends A Wedding:

'... allowed Boston to score all of its runs on homers, including a pair of clouts by Jacoby Ellsbury ...'

2011年August17日，Michael Vega，“Triple double”, in The Boston Globe，頁 C1:

When a new-hatched savage running wild about his native woodlands in a grass clout, followed by the nibbling goats, as if he were a green sapling; even then, in Queequeg’s ambitious soul, lurked a strong desire to see something more of Christendom than a specimen whaler or two.

1851，Herman Melville，Moby Dick, Chapter 12:

We condol’d with each other, and observ’d how wretchedly we look’d, all naked, except a small Clout about our Middles […]

1743，Robert Drury，The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar，London，頁 74:

The Byzantines, wrote Robert of Clari, hooted and jeered from the battlements, "and let down their clouts and showed them their backsides."

1980，Colin Thubron，Seafarers: The Venetians，頁 33:

垫片 （装在轴承等物上防止磨损的铁片）

Clouts were thin and flat pieces of iron, used it appears to strengthen the box of the wheel; perhaps also for nailing on such other parts of the cart as were particularly exposed to wear.

1866，James Edwin Thorold Rogers，A History of Agriculture and Prices in England，卷 1，頁 546:


clout

clouts (third-person singular present)
clouting (present participle)
clouted (past participle)

A wizard? Him? How could he possibly be? He'd spent his life being clouted by Dudley, and bullied by Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon; if he was really a wizard, why hadn't they been turned into warty toads every time they'd tried to lock him in his cupboard?

1997，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone，New York: Arthur A. Levine Books, 出版於 1998，頁 57:

用布、皮革等盖；用该等物品修补

Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in mending an old net, and in clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers what diligence they should use in the expedition of matters.

1549，Hugh Latimer，“[The Second Sermon of Master Hugh Latimer, which He Preached before the King’s Majesty, within His Grace’s Palace at Westminster, the Fifteenth Day of March, 1549.] To the Reader.”, in Sermons by Hugh Latimer, Sometime Bishop of Worcester, Martyr, 1555 (The Works of Hugh Latimer; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] University Press, 出版於 1844, →OCLC，頁 110:

if fond Bavius vent his clouted song

1633，Phineas Fletcher，The Purple Island:


connive

源自法語 conniver (“默许而成为共犯”)或直接源自其词源拉丁語 connīvēre、cōnīvēre，connīveō、cōnīveō (“闭眼，眯眼，使眼色；忽视，不管”)（可能和两个一起私下阴谋做某事的人相互使眼色有关）的复数第三人称主动完成时直陈式，源自con- (表示使几个物体在一起的后缀) + *nīvēre（与nictō (“眨眼，使眼色”)有关，源自原始印歐語 *kneygʷʰ- (“弯，垂”)）。

connives (third-person singular present)
conniving (present participle)
connived (past participle)

私下共谋，私下阴谋（自17世纪中叶）

This very Law of Libel provides that "if any one connives with a guilty man and alleges him to be innocent, he renders himself liable to punishment."

1876年June24日，“The Law of Libel”, in The Japan Mail. A Fortnightly Summary of Intelligence from Japan, for Transmission to Europe and the United States, via Suez and San Francisco，卷 VII, 期 13, Yokohama: [H. Collins], →OCLC，頁 358:

The Christchurch City Council has connived with the Government to take over all the surrounding local bodies, and it is not without comment that none of the Labour members from Christchurch has spoken on the Bill.

1985年March22日，Philip Ralph Burdon，“Local Government Amendment Bill (No. 2)”, in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): First Session, Forty-first Parliament (House of Representatives)，卷 462, Wellington: V. R. Ward, government printer, →OCLC，頁 3947:

While some of Joe [Kennedy]'s classmates had connived to get into battle, joining the French Foreign Legion or the Canadian forces, Joe connived to get out.

2001，Laurence Leamer，“Aristocratic Instincts”, in The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963: The Laws of the Father，第1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Perennial, HarperCollins Publishers, 出版於 2002, →ISBN, book 2，頁 33:

This species [...] differs from other species of this genus in the upper pinnæ being contracted, which are sinuously lobed, each lacinæ and lobe bearing a sorus, furnished with a nearly orbicular indusium, the free exterior margin of which connives with the margin of the lobe, [...]

1875，John Smith，“118.—Nephrolepis, Schott. (1834).: Hook Sp. Fil.”, in Historia Filicum; an Exposition on the Nature, Number, and Organography of Ferns, […]，London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, part 2 (General Arrangement and Characteristics of Tribes and Genera, […])，頁 227:

For ſince the affairs of the world have in them the varieties and perplexities beſides, it happens that in ſome caſes men know not how to govern by the ſtricteſt meaſures of religion, becauſe all men will not do their duty upon that account; and therefore laws are not made [...] with exact and pureſt meaſures, but in compliance and by neceſſity, not always as well as they ſhould, but as well as they may: and therefore the Civil power is forc'd ſometimes to connive at what it does not approve.

1659，Jeremy Taylor，Ductor Dubitantium，第2nd版, London: Printed by Roger Norton, for Richard Royston, […], 出版於 1671, →OCLC, Question V. Whether is to be Obeyed, the Prince or the Bishop, if They Happen to Command Contrary Things?，頁 571:

Though all this Good be found in thee, I an offended that thou ſo conniveſt at the Hereſie of the falſe Teachers, as to permit ſome of them in your Communion, [...]

1695，Richard Baxter，“The Revelation of St. John the Divine, chapter 2, verse 14”, in A Paraphrase on the New Testament, with Notes, Doctrinal and Practical. […]，第2nd corrected版, London: Printed for T. Parkhurst, […]; S. Spring, […]; J. Taylor, […], and J. Wyat, […], →OCLC，列 1:

Nor can we reaſonably think, that Chriſt ſo waſhed us from our Sins in his own Blood, that we might wallow more ſecurely in them; or that he freeth us from the Guilt and Puniſhment, and conniveth at the Filth and Practice of them.

1711，Thomas Rawbone，“The Efficient Cause of Our Sanctification [marginal note]”, in The Path to Liberty: Or, The Method of Man’s Redemption by Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. In Two Parts. […]，London: Printed for W[illiam] Taylor, […], →OCLC, part II，頁 115:

That the evils in India have solely arisen from the court of proprietors is grossly false. In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving.

1783年December1日，Edmund Burke，“Debate in the Commons on the Motion for Going into a Committee on Mr. [Charles James] Fox’s India Bill”, in The Parliamentary History of England，源自the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. […]，卷 XXIII, London: Printed by T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, […] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown; [et al.], 出版於 1814, →OCLC，列 1375:

A nation of hardy archers and spearmen might, with small risk to its liberties, connive at some illegal acts on the part of a prince whose general administration was good, and whose throne was not defended by a single company of regular soldiers.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 I, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 36:


connoisseur

约1705年–1715年，源自法語 connoisseur，源自动词connoître（connaître (“知道，了解”)的在1835年前的已弃用拼写）。

Real connoisseurs know that to nose and taste properly you have to add still water to your tulip-shaped glass so that the alcohol doesn't overwhelm you.

2002年October20日，Bob Morris，“The Age of Dissonance”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


criminological

more criminological (comparative)
most criminological (superlative)

In my own opinion, “criminal religious movements” (CRMs) is a more accurate and useful category than “cults.” It uses, although selectively, elements from the criminological tradition. It avoids the word “cult” and tries to disentangle the category from both the folk psychology of brainwashing and the politics of “extremism” in theology.

2023年March29日，Beatriz Caiuby Labate，Clancy Cavnar，Religious Freedom and the Global Regulation of Ayahuasca，Taylor & Francis, →ISBN:


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle 的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

cringes (third-person singular present)
cringing (present participle)
cringed (past participle)

He cringed as the bird collided with the window.

那只鸟撞到窗子上，让他[吓得]缩了一下身子。

Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]

1860，[John B. Newman]，“The Combat”, in Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange，New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC，頁 28:

（卑微地）躬身或蹲伏，卑躬屈膝

[I]f they keepe their wits, yet they are accompted fooles by reaſon of their carriage, becauſe they cannot ride a horſe, which euery Clowne can doe; ſalute and court a Gentlewoman, carue at table, cringe and make congies, which euery common ſwaſher can doe, [...]

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Loue of Learning; or Ouer-much Study. With a Digression of the Misery of Schollers, and Why the Muses are Melancholy.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 2, member 3, subsection 15，頁 113:

And thou ſly hypocrite, who now wouldſt ſeem / Patron of liberty, who more then thou / Once fawn'd,and cring'd, and ſervilly ador'd / Heav'ns awful Monarch?

1667，John Milton，“Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 958–961:

Lady, receive a tributary lay / 源自one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]

1846，Thomas Cooper，“To the Countess of Blessington”, in The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme，London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC:

Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!

1891，Edgar Fawcett，“How a Queen Loved”, in Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems)，New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I，頁 155:

Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.

1782，John Brown，“The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, in The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […]，第4th版, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC，頁 119:

Their [the clergy's] chief business, during a quarter of a century, had been to teach the people to cringe and the prince to domineer.

1851，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 XI, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 105:

Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, "Tat'hattim" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, "Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi)."

1880年June23日，Richard F[rancis] Burton，“The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom，卷 XII (Second Series), London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], 出版於 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, …)，頁 286:


conqueror

繼承自中古英語 conquerour，源自古法語 conquereor，源自 conquerre。By surface analysis, conquer + -or。

/ˈkɒŋˌkə.ɹə/

Croatia, England's World Cup semi-final conquerors in Moscow in July, looked set to inflict their curse once more and relegate Gareth Southgate's side from the elite group when Andrej Kramaric's twisting finish put them ahead via a deflection off Eric Dier after 57 minutes.

2018年November18日，Phil McNulty，“England 2 - 1 Croatia”, in BBC Sport:


consequential

more consequential (comparative)
most consequential (superlative)

The more profound and consequential the issue, the more stubborn our denial.

2023年September18日，Charles Hugh Smith，The Peculiar Power of Denial: