Wiktionary

Wiktionaries (plural)
wiktionary (alternative)

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛ(ə)ɹi/

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛɹi/

[Hamish Mackintosh:] So is Google officially a verb now? / [William Gibson:] When I wrote Pattern Recognition, it occurred to me that I could use it as a verb and it also occurred to me that someone might already have done so. I thought it didn't matter too much. If I'm first that's great, but if I'm not, then it's just good reportage in a way. Sites like Wiktionary track new usages and neologisms. The page on Google as a verb went back almost two years!

2003年May1日，Hamish Mackintosh，“Talk time: William Gibson”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2016-06-30，頁 21:

[page 428] Wiktionary is a multilingual dictionary (also thesaurus and phrase-book) and has distinctive content policies. Words must be attested and idiomatic (that is, words should be in use, and phrases should be commonly used idioms), and submissions should be neutral and verifiable. […] [page 430] Wiktionary was proposed on the Wikipedia-L mailing list in April 2001 by Larry Sanger, just three months after Wikipedia was launched. […] An outside project called Omegawiki, started by a handful of Wiktionarians, is working on a grand combination of data from Wiktionary into a single dictionary for all languages.

2008，Phoebe Ayers，Charles Matthews，Ben Yates，“Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It，San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁s 428 and 430:

Wikipedia has a well-known policy (to experienced editors, at least) stating what kinds of information belong in the encyclopedia. The sister projects that the Wikimedia Foundation supports, such as Wiktionary, fulfill some of the roles that Wikipedia does not. […] Wiktionary is a free, multilingual dictionary with definitions, etymologies, pronunciations, sample quotations, synonyms, antonyms and translations. It's the "lexical companion" to Wikipedia.

2008，John Broughton，“What Wikipedia is Not”, in Wikipedia Reader’s Guide (The Missing Manual)，Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media, →ISBN，頁 22:

Collaborative online resources such as Wiktionary may offer a first view of recent coinages which have not yet been included in traditional dictionaries.

2010，Elizabeth Knowles，“[Appendix:] Where to Look: A Selection of Online Resources”, in How to Read a Word，Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 159:

The source of a Wiktionary relation is usually associated with a certain word sense. The syntax [2] fish within the article bass, e.g., indicates that the second sense of bass (the fish within the order of Perciformes) is the source of a (hypernymy) relation to the target term fish. Unfortunately, the target of a relation is not sense disambiguated in general, as it is only given by a link to a certain article. For the term fish in the relation above, it is not clear whether the maritime animal, a part of a ship's mast or a card game is meant. Automatic word sense disambiguation is required to determine the correct sense of the target. To our knowledge, this issue has not been addressed in any of the works based on Wiktionary.

2010，Christian M. Meyer，Iryna Gurevych，“Worth Its Weight in Gold or Yet Another Resource – A Comparative Study of Wiktionary, OpenThesaurus and GermaNet”, in Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 11th International Conference, CICLing 2010, Iasi, Romania, March 21–27, 2010, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; 6008; LNCS Sublibrary; SL 1 (Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues))，Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, N.Y.: Springer, →ISBN，頁 41:

In a letter, Otto Maier called this drawing a "Galimathias"; according to a "wiktionary entry," this is a Greek word that passed from French students to German citizens and signifies something like "nonsense".

2015，Werner Krauß，“Heritage and Climate Change: A Fatal Affair”, in The Future of Heritage as Climates Change: Loss, Adaptation and Creativity (Key Issues in Cultural Heritage)，Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 54:

此詞典項目的特定版本，以某種語言編寫，例如英語維基詞典。

The site was brought online in English on December 12, 2002; on March 29, 2004, the first non-English Wiktionaries were initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in over 200 languages now exist, and more than 100 have more than 100 definitions.

2008，Phoebe Ayers，Charles Matthews，Ben Yates，“Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It，San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁 430:


faggot

源自中古英語 fagot，源自古法語 fagot (“一捆棒子”)，其词源不详。不太可能源自古奧克語 fagot或意大利語 fagotto，因为它们的出现晚于古法语词。亦对比意大利語 fangotto和西班牙語 fajo (“捆，摞”)。可能源自通俗拉丁語 *facus的一指小词，其源自拉丁語 fascis (“一捆柴”)。亦对比古高地德語 fazza (“捆，摞，堆”)。fagotto 的同源對似詞。参见fag。
与人有关的义项可能源自“一捆棒子”，并得到了faygele的增补，其源自意第緒語 פֿייגעלע (feygele，“同性恋”，字面意思是“小鸟”)，其与英語 fowl有关。

duck

（边角料或下水制成的）肉丸

在英国和爱尔兰以外，指肉丸的用法并不被广泛理解。由于恐同蔑称的广泛使用，它很可能被误解为仇恨发言。虽然在英国和爱尔兰不常作为恐同蔑称使用，但即使在这些地方的与同性恋有关的语境中，这一义项仍可能会冒犯别人。

一捆柴 （部分文献指出，faggot指的是两个藤条捆的，而bavin是一个藤条捆的）

In the depth of, winter, however, a faggot of real French Sticks — although of little intrinsic value — may possibly enliven for a few moments an English Fireside.

1853，Sir Francis Bond Head，A faggot of French sticks: or, Paris in 1851，頁 2:

Besides the logs and roots that simmered with turves and dung on the cottage fire, rapid heat for bread-making came from faggots - bundles of dry twigs about 4 ft long - which were fed into the oven, burned and then removed as ash before the dough went in.

1980，AA Book of British Villages，Drive Publications Ltd，頁 118:

He clambered back on his feet and grinned at them. The waning faggot cast red light over his fangs.

1961，Poul Anderson，Three Hearts and Three Lions:

To the east, the night grew a faggot of luminous gray, then seashell opalescence that dimmed the stars.

1965，Frank Herbert，Dune，New York: Berkley (1977)，頁 102:

（边角料或下水制成的）肉丸

現有時冒犯（见用法说明）

Today would be faggots in gravy and chocolate pudding with a white sauce. I didn't like faggots but picked at them and rolled the peas around my plate.

2008，Julie Hodgson，In My Father's Pockets，頁 16:

（多指女人气的）男同，死基佬 （对男同性恋的蔑称）

同類詞：dyke、scissor sister

Drag, Example: “All the fagots (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight.

1914, Louis E. Jackson and C.R. Hellyer, Vocabulary of Criminal Slang (Portland, OR: Modern Printing Co., 1914) page 30:

See the little faggot with the earring and the makeup? / Yeah buddy, that's his own hair / That little faggot got his own jet airplane / That little faggot, he's a millionaire

1985，Sting & Mark Knopfler （作曲作詞）, “Money for Nothing”, in Brothers in Arms，演出者 Dire Straits:

We're a hot looking crew that's your average faggot's wet dream, so we pull some pretty max tricks.

Fleissner's explanation presumably implies that Dickens meant Fag as an allusion to the derogatory English words fag 'homosexual', and faggot 'homosexual'

2009，David L. Gold，Studies in Etymology and Etiology，頁 781:

Of course I'm a faggot, darling. I'm a flaming faggot, darling. I am fanning the flames of my faggotry.

2012, Margaret Cho, quoted (mimicking Karl Lagerfeld) in On Making Sense: Queer Race Narratives of Intelligibility

I appoynt thée no more continencie, than to eate while thy bellie is full, nor conﬅancie, but to brawle rather than burne: a filbert is better than a faggot, except it be an Athenian ſhe handfull: you know that Coſmoſophos, euer ſince your laﬅ mariage, how doth the father of your ſonne in law?

1591，T[homas] L[odge] of Lincolns，Catharos Diogenes in his Singularitie: Wherein is comprehended his merrie baighting fit for all mens benefits: Christened by him, A Nettle for Nice Noſes，London: Iohn Busbie，頁 12; 再版 [Glasgow]: [Hunterian Club], [1875]:

she wants me to go to bed to her, and I won't, ... for she is as crooked as a ram's horn ... and as ugly as sin besides ; rot her, the dirty little faggot, she torments me.

The woman, in accordance with the custom of the country, raised the Irish cry, in a loud melancholy wail ...
Darby, who prided himself on maintaining silence, could not preserve the consistency of his character upon this occasion ... "Your sowl to the divil, you faggot!" he exclaimed, "what do you mane? The divil whip the tongue out o' you! ..."

1834，William Carleton，The Midnight Mass:

he used to be pretending to be laid up with a sick voice doing his highness to make himself interesting for that old faggot Mrs Riordan that he thought he had a great leg of and she never left us a farthing all for masses for herself and her soul greatest miser ever was actually afraid to lay out 4d for her methylated spirit […]

To me she is fractious, tiresome, and a faggot. Yet the subtle desirableness is in her, for me. As it is in the brown hen, or even a sow.

1925，D. H. Lawrence，Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine and Other Essays: .. Love Was Once a Little Boy:

MOTHER: To see who?
DA: You faggot, you; don't let on you don't know.


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

You know that cost beaucoup bucks!

Donlon says, "Well, we're rich and we got beaucoup beer and beaucoup chow. Now all we need is the Bob Hope show."

唐倫說：「嗯，我們很富有，我們有很多啤酒和很多食物。現在我們需要的只是鮑勃霍普秀。」

1979，Gustav Hasford，The Short-Timers，New York: Bantam Books, 出版於 1980, →ISBN，頁 93:


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

Alongside the road with holes in my soul and my shoes / And beaucoups of blues

1970，“Beaucoups of Blues”, in Buzz Rabin 作詞, Beaucoups of Blues，演出者 Ringo Starr:


babouche

借自法語 babouche，來自阿拉伯語 بَابُوش (bābūš)，來自波斯語 پاپوش (pâpuš，“拖鞋”)。

土耳其或摩洛哥式拖鞋；平底拖鞋

BABOUCHE, S. F. (soulier des Turcs, & autres peuples orientaux,) a Shoe worn by the Turks, and other Oriental Nations.

1729，Abel Boyer，The Royal Dictionary, French and English, and English and French Extracted from the Writings of the Best Authors in Both Languages，London: J. and J. Knapton:


indelible

源自拉丁語 indelebilis (“无法摧毁的”)。

more indelible (comparative)
most indelible (superlative)

unerasable

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

unerasable

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

unforgettable

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

delible

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

uninsertable

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

This ink spot on the contract is indelible.

合同上的这个墨迹擦不掉。

This stain on my shirt is indelible.

我衬衫上的这个污渍洗不掉。

Written with indelible pen.

The brow was smooth and fair; no deep thought, born of deep feeling, had grown there—those indelible lines which stamp even youth with age.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 235:

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

That horrible story just might make an indelible impression on the memory.

那个恐怖故事可能在我记忆里留下了难以磨灭的印象。

During our investigation it became clear that for three decades many other women had suffered at the hands of our abuser, but they had refused to testify against him because of the indelible stigma it would bring.

2014年August29日，Ruzwana Bashir，“The untold story of how a culture of shame perpetuates abuse. I know, I was a victim”, in The Guardian:

An indelible image from the Great Depression features a well-dressed family seated with their dog in a comfy car, smiling down from an oversize billboard on weary souls standing in line at a relief agency.

2020年April16日，Patricia Cohen，“Straggling in a Good Economy, and Now Struggling in a Crisis”, in New York Times:


helium

借自新拉丁語 helium，源自古希臘語 ἥλιος (hḗlios，“太陽”)（因其存在最初是在太陽大氣層中被理論化的） + -ium。

It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged from hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars.

1997，Ian McEwan，Enduring Love，Vintage (1998)，頁 3:


trendy

trendier (comparative)
trendiest (superlative)

I hate those trendy pre-wrinkled shirts.

Some people who go to trendy cafés lament getting stuck at the long central table that has to be shared, instead hoping they get a ‘private’ table. But that is foolish. On a recent trip to see family, I got stuck at the big table in a café, too; I ended up making a new friend there and learning about the surrounding town.

2024年July22日，Antone Martinho-Truswell，Take a seat: the long table is an antidote to loneliness:


wonky

源自英语方言词 wanky，变换自中古英語 wankel (“不稳的，摇摇晃晃的”)，源自古英語 wancol (“不稳定的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wankul (“摇曳的，摇晃的，不稳的”)。

wonkier (comparative)
wonkiest (superlative)

rickety

虚弱的，不稳的，摇摇欲坠的

buggy

断断续续出现错误（bug）的

broken

断断续续出现错误（bug）的

虚弱的，不稳的，摇摇欲坠的

It seemed likely that he would need First Aid when those wonky steps yielded, at length, to the well-known law of gravitation.

1932，Frank Richards，The Magnet: The Terror of the Form:


vagabond

源自古法語 vagabond，源自晚期拉丁語 vagābundus，源自拉丁語 vagari (“游荡”)。

When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yeeld vnto thee her strength: A fugitiue and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 4:12:

"Here is the beastly thing. 'Every person professing to tell fortunes or using any subtle craft, means or device to deceive and impose on any of His Majesty's subjects shall be deemed a rogue and a vagabond', and so on and so forth."

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:

Anoleis: You will excuse me if I don't stand up.
Anoleis: I have no time to entertain spaceborn vagabonds.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →ISBN, →OCLC，幕：Noveria:


vagabond

To heaven their prayers / Flew up, nor missed the way, by envious winds / Blown vagabond or frustrate.

1667，John Milton，“Book 10”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Truly, the worships of the Mystery wandered as did men, and between filchings and borrowings the gods had as vagabond a time of it as did we.


devout

源自中古英語 devout、devot，源自古法語 devot（法语dévot），源自拉丁語 dēvōtus，dēvōveō的过去分词。devote 的同源對似詞。

devouter (comparative)
more devout (comparative)
devoutest (superlative)
most devout (superlative)

a devout man, and one that feared God

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 10:2:

We must be constant and devout in the worship of our God.

a. 1729，John Rogers，The Difficulties of Obtaining Salvation:

I first became aware of changing Hui-Han social dynamics in the village from a discussion with one of the Han villagers in Team 1. She explained: “Since 1979, we have had less and less social contact with the Hui in the other teams. There are no problems between us, but the Hui are more devout [qian-cheng] now and less willing to come to our homes and visit or borrow tools. We raise pigs in our yards and eat pork, so they are afraid it will influence their religion [yingxiang tamende jiaomen]."

2002，Dru C. Gladney，“Ethnoreligious Resurgence in a Northwestern Sufi Community”, in China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom，Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 109:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:devout。


plight

源自中古英語 plit (“折痕，皱纹，不好的情况”)，中古英語 pliht, plight (“风险，危险”)（源自古英語 pliht (“危险，风险”)）和盎格魯-諾曼語 plit, plyte (“折叠，条件”)的异文合并，源自古法語 pleit (“条件，折叠的方式”)（源自通俗拉丁語 *plictum，源自拉丁語 plicitum (“折叠”)）。

困境，窘境，麻烦 （自14世纪）

Though we say we are quite clear about it and understand when someone uses the expression, unlike that other expression, maybe we're in the same plight with regard to them both.

2005, Lesley Brown, translating Plato, Sophist, 243c:

Gosling's plight worsened when he was soon shown a red card for a foul on Martin.

2011年December10日，Arindam Rej，“Norwich 4-2 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport:

Despite spending £1 billion of its own resources, that balanced budget became impossible and forced TfL to issue a 'Section 114' notice of impending financial plight and go to the government for support.

2020年June17日，Philip Haigh，“Capital for the capital to meet London's transport needs”, in Rail，頁 28:

健康 （14-19世纪）

All wayes shee sought him to restore to plight, / With herbs, with charms, with counsel, and with teares[…]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


plight

源自中古英語 pliȝt、plight、plyt、pleit，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pleit (“褶，辫”)。详见plait。

Many a folded plight.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 26:


equate

源自中古英語 equaten，源自拉丁語 aequātus，aequō的過去分詞。

æquate (alternative)
equates (third-person singular present)
equating (present participle)
equated (past participle)

Mr. Hoyle, who does not believe many multiple-unit diesel services on secondary routes will resist for ever the road transport challenge, would forgo passenger traffic altogether on a little-used route in order to improve the quality of the freight working and reduce its costs by equating the average speed of all trains on the line concerned.

1960 February，“Talking of Trains”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 67:


equate

彙編語言中的語句，定義具有特定值的符號。

The first section of the program includes the system equates.

2005，Arnold S. Berger，Hardware and Computer Organization，頁 220:

The following equates define the stats byte […]

2009，Saifullah Khalid, Neetu Agrawal，Microprocessor System，頁 256:

You can learn much about user routines, labels, displacements, equates (EQU) and so on, by modifying this program and observing the results on the screen.

2012，J. S. Anderson，Microprocessor Technology，頁 221:


abomination

源自中古英語 abominacioun，源自中古法語 abomination (“恐怖，厌恶”)，源自晚期拉丁語 abōminātiō, abōminātiōnem。abominatio 的同源對似詞。

abhorrence

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

aversion

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

detestation

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

disgust

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathing

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathsomeness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

odiousness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

perversion

令人深恶痛绝的事物，令人发指的事物 （常有宗教色彩） （自约1350-1470年）

骇人听闻的暴行，罪行；招人鄙夷的习惯 （自约1150-1350年）

Religious sodomy was practised by male prostitutes in the Hebrew temple groves, which was one of the abominations of Israel that Josiah cleared away.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 160:

Antony, most large in his abominations.

1606，Shakespeare，Antony and Cleopatra, III-vi:


euthanasia

首次使用於1606年，來自古希臘語 εὐθανασία (euthanasía)，來自εὐ- (eu-，“好的”) + θάνατος (thánatos，“死亡”)。

/juːθəˈneɪʒə/

It would in time, it is to be hoped, effect a quiet euthanasia of the heresies of bigotry and fanaticism which have so long triumphed over human reason, and so generally and deeply afflicted mankind; but this work is to be begun by winnowing the grain from the chaff of the historians of his life.

1819 October 31, Thomas Jefferson, Letter To William Short, Monticello,

This purely painless process, this descent by oblivious trance into oblivion, this natural physical death, is the true euthanasia; and it is the duty of those we call physicians to secure for man such good health as shall bear him in activity and happiness onward in his course to this goal. For euthanasia, though it be open to every one born of every race, is not to be had by any save through obedience to those laws which it is the mission of the physician to learn, to teach, and to enforce. Euthanasia is the sequel of health, the happy death engrafted on the perfect life.

1876, Natural Euthanasia, Popular Science Monthly, Volume 8,

For myself I could hold it in my account with God to find such an euthanasia for you, even at this moment if it were best.

1897，Bram Stoker，Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:


jargon

源自中古英語 jargoun、jargon，源自古法語 jargon，gargon、gargun (“談話，對話”)的變體。

They [the Normans] abandoned their native speech, and adopted the French tongue, in which Latin was the predominant element. They speedily raised their new language to a dignity and importance which it had never before possessed. They found it a barbarous jargon; they fixed it in writing; and they employed it in legislation, in poetry, and in romance.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 I, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 11:

In fact all the competing theories have developed their own specialized jargons and have a tendency to be difficult to penetrate.

2014，Ian Hodder，Archaeological Theory Today:


jargon

jargons (third-person singular present)
jargoning (present participle)
jargoned (past participle)

Prussian Trenck, the poor subterranean Baron, jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，“Fatherland in Danger”, in The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 III (The Guillotine), London: James Fraser, […], →OCLC, book III (The Girondins)，頁 184:


apple

源自中古英語 appel，來自古英語 æppel (“蘋果；水果（統稱）；眼珠；球；球狀物；彈丸；藥丸”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *aplaz (“蘋果”)（對比低地蘇格蘭語 aipple、西弗里斯蘭語 apel、荷蘭語 appel、德語 Apfel、瑞典語 äpple、丹麥語 æble），來自原始印歐語 *h₂ébōl、*h₂ébl̥ (“蘋果”)（對比威爾士語 afal、愛爾蘭語 úll、立陶宛語 óbuolỹs、俄語 я́блоко (jábloko)，可能也與古希臘語 ἄμπελος (ámpelos，“葡萄酒”)有關）。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-apple.wav

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

蘋果（水果）（自9世紀起）

I prayed pieres to pulle adown an apple.

c. 1378, William Langland, Piers Plowman:

Close by and under cover, I watched the juicing process. Apples were washed, then tipped, stalks and all, into the crusher and reduced to pulp.

2013年October28日，John Vallins，“Apples of Concord”, in The Guardian:

（伊甸園的）禁果（自11世紀起）

Him by fraud I have ſeduc'd / 源自his Creator, and the more to increaſe / Your wonder, with an Apple; […]

1667，John Milton，“Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 485–487:

Sharon you've got a husband

Woman ate the apple, and discovered sex, and lost all shame, and lift up her fig—leaf, and she must suffer the pains of hell. Monthly.

蘋果樹 （自15世紀起）

If the grafted portion of an Apple or other tree were examined after one hundred years, the old cut surfaces would still be present, for mature or ripened wood, being dead, never unites.

1913，John Weathers，Commercial Gardening，頁 38:

This allows a weak plant to benefit from the strong roots of another, or a vigorous tree (such as an apple) to be kept small by growing on 'dwarfing rootstock'.

2000 P. A. Thomas, Trees: Their Natural History, page 227:

Used to be apple orchards, used to be the river and irrigation ditches that watered the apples, used to be mining towns.

2009，Sid Gardner，The Faults of the Owens Valley, →ISBN，頁 34:

Other fruit trees, like apples, need well-drained soil.

2012，Terri Reid，The Everything Guide to Living Off the Grid，頁 77:

行爲、思考方式同白種人相似的美洲原住民。

The presenter, close to tears, told the audience that she's really an apple—white on the inside and red on the outside—Native American.

1998，Opal J. Moore，“Git That Gal a Red Dress: A Conversation Between Female Faculty at a State School in Virginia”, in Honey, Hush!: An Anthology of African American Women's Humor，W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN，頁 537:

My ancestors five generations removed were "apples" who were "White" on the inside and "Red" on the outside.

2012年November12日，Joel Spring，The Cultural Transformation of A Native American Family and Its Tribe 1763-1995: A Basket of Apples，Routledge, →ISBN, ch. 9:


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ，“需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai，“需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva，“短的，小的”)）。

(任何年龄的女性)： 成年人称呼成熟女性为“girl”可能会根据语境和听话人的观念而被认为是褒义或者贬义。某些情况下，这种词义被用作处女的委婉用词，来将处女和已经有过性交经历的女性区分开。即使“girl”在大部分时候不会刻意用来表达贬义，但还是有一种高人一等的语气，特别是称呼比自己年龄大的人时。

(爱称)： 当用作爱称时，有时可以对男性使用，比如在同性恋群体内。

There isn't any guy going to steal my girl!

1922, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Girl from Hollywood

I took my girl to the cinema to watch your American movies.

1996，Elizabeth Wong，Kimchee and Chitlins: A Serious Comedy about Getting Along，頁 74:


girl

girls (third-person singular present)
girling (present participle)
girled (past participle)

女性化，将...当作女孩或女性

Quite different is the way in which the tomboy girled the rebel narrative. In recent years, queer theorists have taken a deep interest in the tomboy as a prefigure for the butch dyke.

2005，Leerom Medovoi，Rebels: Youth and the Cold War Origins of Identity，頁 293:

One can argue that the genre “yuppified” the popular romance novel or perhaps “girled” the not especially gender-specific concept of the young urban professional.

2011，Stephanie Harzewski，Chick Lit and Postfeminism:


rain

源自中古英語 reyn、rein，源自古英語 reġn，源自原始西日耳曼語 *regn，源自原始日耳曼語 *regną（对比西弗里斯蘭語 rein、荷蘭語 regen、德語 Regen、丹麥語以及挪威語 regn），之后词源不详。可能源自先日耳曼语言 *Hréǵ-no-，源自原始印歐語 *Hreǵ- (“流”)（对比拉丁語 rigō (“湿的”)、立陶宛語 rõki (“毛毛雨”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 rrjedh (“流，滴”)），但辅音重建无法匹配。

rains (third-person singular present)
raining (present participle)
rained (past participle)

It will rain fire and brimstone at the end of days.

世界末日时会有火焰和硫磺像雨点般落下。

The rain it raineth every day.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Tears rained from her eyes.

Leaves rained from the tree.

很多树叶从树上飘落下来。

Bombs rained from the sky.

炸弹像雨点般从天上落下。


red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、古教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá，“紅色的，血腥的”)）。

redder (comparative)
more red (comparative)
reddest (superlative)
most red (superlative)

Amerind

美洲原住民的，印第安人的

red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)

The girl wore a red skirt.

女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。

Your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.

我保證，你的顏色，就和薔薇一樣紅。

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.

1954年July29日，J.R.R. Tolkien，“I: A Long-Expected Party”, in The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings; 1), →ISBN:


red

A bottle of red, a bottle of white / It all depends upon your appetite / I'll meet you any time you want / in our Italian restaurant.

1977 September，Billy Joel （作曲作詞）, “Scenes from an Italian Restaurant”, in The Stranger:

He produced a wine key from his jacket pocket and effortlessly removed the cork from the bottle of red.

2005，Jeffrey P. Landry，Temptation Mango:

59 sneak in some red Smuggle a bottle of wine, two glasses, and a corkscrew into a long matinee. Red wine is rich in life-extending antioxidants, and the caper will add zest even to a bad movie.

2008 January–February，“70 Ways to Improve Every Day of the Week”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 1, →ISSN，頁 135:

What in the world ever became of sweet Jane? / She lost her sparkle, you know she isn't the same / Livin' on reds, vitamin C, and cocaine

1970，“Truckin'”, in American Beauty，演出者 Grateful Dead:

The big market, these days, is in Downers. Reds and smack—Seconal and heroin—and a hellbroth of bad domestic grass sprayed with everything from arsenic to horse tranquillizers.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2005，頁 202:

Stopping on the red, you're going on the green / Cause tonight will be like nothing you've ever seen / And you're barreling down the boulevard / You're looking for the heart of Saturday night

1974，Tom Waits （作曲作詞）, “(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night”, in The Heart of Saturday Night:

The species Sciaenops ocellatus certainly isn’t lacking for nicknames.[…] Clear water also favors sightcasting. Against the dark background of marsh mud, a red will appear like a pumpkin — big, orange and round.

2013 November，Catch Cormier，“Sightcasting for redfish”, in Louisiana Sportsman:


mosquito

借自西班牙語 mosquito (“蚋”)，mosca (“蒼蠅”)的指小，來自拉丁語 musca (“蒼蠅”)，來自原始印歐語 *mūs- (“蒼蠅，刺蠅，蚋”)。與西佛蘭德語 meuzie (“蚊子”)、方言瑞典語 mausa (“蚊子”), 立陶宛語 musė (“蒼蠅”)、西西里語 muschitta (“蠓”)等同源。參見midge。

mosquito hawk (Tipulomorpha or Epiprocta)

We lit a driftwood fire to help keep the mosquitoes away. It was partially successful.

1941年March12日，Charles A. Lindbergh，The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh，New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 出版於 1970，頁 461:


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

Some religions prohibit their adherents from eating pig.

有些宗教禁止信徒吃豬肉。

"Miss Chastene, could you fetch me out an extra plate of pig and biscuit. My partner can't do without your marvelous cooking."

2005，Ross Eddy Osborn，Thorns of a Tainted Rose, →ISBN，頁 196:

条子，警察 （源自1785年前）

The protester shouted, “Don't give in to the pigs!” as he was arrested.

抗議者被捕時還喊著“不要向警察屈服！”

There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers on the instant replay

1971，Gil Scott-Heron （作曲作詞）, “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised”:

“...Sounds too easy,” Marvin was saying. “What about the pigs?”

1989, Dan Simmons, Carrion Comfort, page 359,

The bank robberies went on and each raid became more bloody, Meinhof encouraging her followers to “kill the pigs” offering the slightest resistance, referring to policemen.

1990, Jay Robert Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime: Volume 1: A-C, page 198,

Backing 300 of the more aggressive protesters was a supporting cast of several thousand more who stared down the small line of police. Those in front resumed their taunts of “Pig, pig, fascist pig,” and “pigs eat shit, pigs eat shit.” The rest of the crowd, however, backed off and sat down on the grass when reinforcements arrived. Police did not retaliate for the name-calling, and within minutes the line of demonstrators broke apart and the incident was over without violence.¹¹³

2008, Frank Kusch, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, page 63,

But me, I joined the party to fight the pigs. That′s why I joined. Because my experience with the police was always negative.

2011, T. J. English, The Savage City: Race, Murder and a Generation on the Edge, unnumbered page,

Got a mind for the undies
I'm tryna stay far from the pigs


algorithm

繼承自中古英語 algorisme, augrym，派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 algorisme, augrim，派生自中世紀拉丁語 algorismus，派生自阿拉伯語 الخُوَارِزْمِيّ (al-ḵuwārizmiyy)，源自波斯數學家 Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī，該詞的意思是「來自花剌子模的人」。因為受到了無關的 古希臘語 ἀριθμός (arithmós)（同英語 arithmo-）影響，發音產生了變化（-s- > -th-）。

algorism (alternative)
augrim (alternative)
algorithms (plural)

/ˈælɡəɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðm̩/

Informally, an algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output. An algorithm is thus a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output.

1990, Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms: page 1. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 1999 (23rd printing)

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives. And, as their ubiquity spreads, so too does the debate around whether we should allow ourselves to become so reliant on them – and who, if anyone, is policing their use.

2013年July26日，Leo Hickman，“How algorithms rule the world”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 7，頁 26:

It’s a computer – an algorithm – and if you’ve been in Iran lately, they take you out of the system.

2018年June25日，Sam Jones，“Ex-Nato chief refused visa waiver to US because of Iran trips”, in The Guardian:


Canada

借自法語 Canada，源自勞倫特語 kanata (“村莊、聚落”)。比較奧農達加語 ganataa (村莊)。

加拿大（國家名，位於北美洲）。

Father narrated the story of how Canada developed over a short period to surpass other countries, including Britain，from which it had emerged.

父親講述了加拿大如何在短時間內發展超越包括英國在內的其他國家的故事。

2015，Chigozie Obioma，The Fishermen，ONE，頁 219:


Canada

與某個大國接壤的國家，與該大國有許多相似之處，但因大國更加突出而黯然失色

Belgium is France's Canada.

比利時之於法國，就如加拿大之於美國。

2015，Michael DeMocker，The land of waffles, frites, chocolate, meat and, oh yes, culture，Louisiana: The Times-Picayune，頁 1:


encore

借自法語 encore (“再次”)，亦曾使用过该词义。

Encore, attachments thwarted by circumstance, or such as died the natural death of absence—these would be not a few; to say nothing of some half-dozen grand passions.

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 2，頁 181:


yesterday

源自中古英語 yesterday、yisterday、ȝesterdai、ȝisterdai，源自古英語 ġiestrandæġ、ġister dæġ、ġestor dæġ、ġeostran dæġ，等同於yester- + day。对比低地蘇格蘭語 yisterday、yesterday (“昨天”)、哥特語 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis，“明天”，副詞)。也对比關係更遠的荷蘭語 gisteren、德語 gestern。

複數 yesterdays 不常用，使用情境一般是詩歌語，用“過去”義，如“all our yesterdays have come back to haunt us”。

帶 /ˈjɪ-/ 音的讀法現在屬於方言，但過去標準語也使用。如作家、發音研究者托馬斯·謝里丹就曾在著作中表示不推薦該種讀法。

Today is the child of yesterday and the parent of tomorrow.

今天是昨天的孩子、明天的家長。

Yesterday was rainy, but by this morning it had begun to snow.

昨天下雨，但今早開始轉雪。

Yesterday, upon the stair / I met a man who wasn’t there / He wasn’t there again today / I wish, I wish he’d go away …

yesterday's technology

The worker of today is different from that of yesterday.

如今的工人和過去的相比，已經大不相同。

All our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v]:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


stumble

源自原始日耳曼語 *stam- (“摔跤；结巴，口吃”)，从而与德語 stumm (“哑的”)、荷蘭語 stom (“笨的”)有关。stammer 的同源對似詞。

From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much. Those entering it are greeted by wire fences, walls dating back to colonial times and security posts. For mariners leaving the port after lonely nights on the high seas, the delights of the B52 Night Club and Stallion Pub lie a stumble away.

2013年June8日，“The new masters and commanders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8839，頁 52:


stumble

stumbles (third-person singular present)
stumbling (present participle)
stumbled (past participle)

He stumbled up the dark avenue.

他跌跌撞撞地走在漆黑的街上。

1820，沃尔特·司各特，艾凡赫，卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

He stumbled over a rock.


sick

源自中古英語 sik、sike、seek、seke、seok，源自古英語 sēoc (“生病的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *seuk，源自原始日耳曼語 *seukaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 siik、荷蘭語 ziek、德語 siech、書面挪威語 syk、新挪威語 sjuk、丹麥語 syg），源自原始印歐語 *sewg- (“困扰，悲”)，对比中古愛爾蘭語 socht (“沉默，抑郁”)、古典亞美尼亞語 հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim，“变弱”)。

sicker (comparative)
sickest (superlative)

disturbed

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

twisted

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

warped

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420，The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056，“Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie."，London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, 根據Lanfranc of Milan原著改編的翻譯作品, 出版於 1894, →ISBN，頁 63:

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared. […]’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 7, in The China Governess:

She was sick all day with the flu.

We have to care for the sick.

I've heard that song on the radio so many times that I'm starting to get sick of it.

我在电台上听那首歌听到快吐了。

I'm so sick of that same old love, the kind that breaks your heart.

2015，“Same Old Love”, in Revival，演出者 Selena Gomez:


sick

He lay there in a pool of his own sick.

他躺在自己吐出来的东西里。

The bogan, true to form, laps it up like a dog does its own sick.

2010，McSween et al.，Things Bogans Like，Sydney: Hachette，頁 80:


sick

sicks (third-person singular present)
sicking (present participle)
sicked (past participle)

Our great-grandsire, Edward, sick'd and died.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

Old man to pickney, so wave unno hand if you with me /To see the sufferation sick me.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2005, Damian Marley, "Welcome to Jamrock", Welcome to Jamrock(album) https://genius.com/Damian-marley-welcome-to-jamrock-lyrics.


hello

Hello（最早可考于1826年），源自holla、hollo（可考于1588年）。人们常认为这一hallo的变体是由托马斯·爱迪生为电话中使用造出的，但其在电话发明的几十年前就已经有书面使用。
最终源自古英语ēalā的变体，如hēlā，其类似于现在使用的hey和hi。因此等价于hey和lo构成的复合词。用来唤起别人的注意。
可能受到了古撒克遜語 halo!的影响，其为halōn (“喊，抓”)的命令式，为渡船船夫呼喊时使用，与古高地德語 hala、hola!有关，其为halōn、holōn (“抓取”)的命令式。详见hallo。

hello是最通用最中性的问候语之一。其使用于几乎所有社交场合，所有日常生活场景，很少带冒犯意。

寻求听到的人的回应，比如问有没有人在听，电话通信是否中断等：有人吗？喂？嘿！

Hello? Is anyone there?

I made a speaking trumpet of my hands and commenced to whoop “Ahoy!” and “Hello!” at the top of my lungs. […] The Colonel woke up, and, after asking what in brimstone was the matter, opened his mouth and roared “Hi!” and “Hello!” like the bull of Bashan.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


hello

In many new buildings, though, neighbors are venturing beyond tight-lipped hellos at the mailbox.

2007年April29日，Stephanie Rosenbloom，“A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood”, in New York Times:


hello

hellos (third-person singular present)
helloing (present participle)
helloed (past participle)

I had to traipse around somewhat, helloing people and being helloed, before I spotted my mother and my father, sharing shade and a spread blanket with Pete and Marie Reese and Toussaint Rennie near the back of the park.


give up

gives up (third-person singular present)
giving up (present participle)
gave up (past)
given up (past participle)

He gave up his seat to an old man.

"Dear Miss Woodhouse, I would not give up the pleasure and honour of being intimate with you for any thing in the world."

“親愛的伍德豪斯小姐，跟你在一起又快樂又榮幸，我說什麽也不能離開你。”


Taipei

來自官話 臺北／台北 (Tʻai²-pei³)的威妥瑪拼音。

Tʻai-pei (alternative)
Taibei (alternative)
Taipeh (alternative)

臺北（臺灣首都和直轄市）

Hammer De Roburt

1975年June1日，“Nauru republic plans consulate”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XVI, 期 21, Taipei，頁 2:

Years later, when I was governor, I found myself in the same hotel with Nureyev in Taipei, Taiwan.

2005，Bill Clinton，My Life，卷 I, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 219:

We lived in the county of Taoyuan, in northern Taiwan, around twenty-five miles south of the capital of Taipei.

2014，Lu Hsiu-lien, Ashley Esarey，My Fight for a New Taiwan，University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 19-20:


Italian

借自中世紀拉丁語 Italiānus，來自拉丁語 Italia (“意大利”)。

more Italian (comparative)
most Italian (superlative)

It has been shown that there was a great disposition on the part of some German printers, especially Albert Durer, to adopt the rounded Italian type; others preferring the crisp angularity of the Gothic black-letter, even for general purposes; while for books of devotion it appears to have been deemed the more orthodox; the Italian style of type being deemed an innovation.

1868，Henry Noel Humphreys，A History of the Art of Printing，頁 175:


Italian

As Di Matteo celebrated and captain John Terry raised the trophy for the fourth time, the Italian increased his claims to become the permanent successor to Andre Villas-Boas by landing a trophy.

2012年May5日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

Simple Cannoli, Lemon Ice, or a delicious Tira Mi Su. With so many wonderful recipes, you can eat Italian anytime.

1995，Betty Crocker's New Italian Cooking，頁 5:


Spanish

來自中古英語 Spainish, Spanish，等同於Spain + -ish。

Whether Martial's heart was in the Spanish highlands or whether he was happy enough in Rome will be discussed later[…]

2005，J. P. Sullivan，Martial, the unexpected classic，頁 1:

與西班牙人民和文化有關的

Though she was Indian like the rest of us, she had a fine Spanish nose.

1996，Oscar Zeta Acosta，“From Whence I Came”, in Oscar "Zeta" Acosta: the uncollected works，頁 42:

Spanish cuisine is not as spicy hot as Mexican, but it is flavorful and bright.

2007，Lynette Rohrer Shirk，章號 1, in The Everything Tapas and Small Plates Cookbook:

Fundamentally, the Spanish vowel sounds are only five, even though as a matter of fact there may be different other sounds for such vowels as [a], [e] and [o].

1918，Julián Moreno-Lacalle，Elements of Spanish Pronunciation，頁 12:


Spanish

"If he speaks Spanish, my daughter can converse with him ; she has but shortly arrived from Spain."

1873，Frederick Marryat，Mr. Midshipman Easy，頁 163:

Therefore in Novial, as well as in Esp-Ido, we simplify the spelling in all words containing double letters in the national languages, from which the words are taken: pasa (E pass, F passer), efekte, komun (F commun, E common), etc. In this we follow the beautiful example of Spanish, which writes pasar, efecto, común, etc., and even extend it to cases in which Spanish makes a distinction in sound and spelling, as with ll and rr: bel S bello, F belle, koresponda, S corresponder, etc.

1928，Otto Jespersen，An International Language，頁 48:

In contrast with the creole languages discussed above, the article systems of Rumanian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are more complex, since neutralization fails to occur to a large extent.

1995，The Development of Morphological Systematicity，頁 146:

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Spanish。


Spanish

The Spanish are not the only ones selling their goods along the wharves and the inner streets.

1976，Robert Rézette，The Spanish Enclaves in Morocco，頁 62:

Sixty-four percent more Spanish are functionally illiterate compared to Anglos in Lubbock (only 15 percent more of nonwhites than Anglos).

1970，Henry Sioux Johnson, William J. Hernández-Martinez，Educating the Mexican American，頁 87:


Dutch

原始印歐語詞
 *tewtéh₂
來自中古英語 Duch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自中古低地德語 dütsch, düdesch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)和中古荷蘭語 dūtsch、duutsc (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *þiudisk，來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz (“部落的，民族的”)，衍生自*þeudō (“人”)，來自原始印歐語 *tewtéh₂。Deutsch和tuath 的同源對似詞。
對照中古英語 thedisch (“本地的，地方性的”)，該詞來自古英語 þēodisċ (“部落的，民族的”)、古撒克遜語 thiudisk（德國低地德語 düütsch (“德語”)）, 古高地德語 diutisc（現代德語 deutsch (“德語”)），現代荷蘭語 Duits (“德語”)和Diets (“荷蘭語”)（直到19世紀才完全區分開來）。參見Derrick、Teuton、Teutonic。
貶義義項（如Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle等）據說源自英荷戰爭和隨後的競爭。

Du. (abbreviation alternative)
Dutches (third-person singular present)
Dutching (present participle)
Dutched (past participle)

用鹼液處理可可豆和可可粉，使顏色加深，減輕苦味

Dutch processed is made from cocoa beans that have been treated with an alkalized solution. You'll get a deeper color and a great chocolaty flavor, but more importantly, the process of Dutching the chocolate renders the powder neutral.

2015，Deb Wise，Incredibly Decadent Desserts: 100 Divine Treats Under 300 Calories:


heavy

源自中古英語 hevy、heviȝ，源自古英語 hefiġ、hefeġ、hæfiġ (“重的，重要的，严重的，猛烈的，缓慢的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *habīg (“沉重的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *habīgaz (“沉重的”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，取”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hevy、havy、heavy (“沉重的”)、荷蘭語 hevig (“严重的，猛烈的”)、中古低地德語 hēvich (“严重的，猛烈的”)、德語 hebig（对比heftig (“严重的，猛烈的”)）、冰島語 höfugur (“沉重的，重要的”)、拉丁語 capāx (“大的，宽的，有能力的，能干的”)。

heavier (comparative)
heaviest (superlative)

Can you help me carry this? It's really heavy.

能帮我拿一下这个吗？它好重。

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke.[…]A silver snaffle on a heavy leather watch guard which connected the pockets of his corduroy waistcoat, together with a huge gold stirrup in his Ascot tie, sufficiently proclaimed his tastes.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 2, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

But now, ten years later, after his recent shipwreck, he cannot compete as a runner, though he can outthrow the slighter Phaeacians with the heaviest discus.

In other research, scientists have found that people who kept cereal out in the open were often about 20 pounds heavier than people who kept cereal behind closed doors.

2015年May18日，Angus Chen，How We Store Food At Home Could Be Linked To How Much We Eat:

沉重的，累赘的，负担大的

heavy yokes, expenses, undertakings, trials, news, etc.

沉重的枷锁，高昂的费用，重大的任务，沉重的审判（或艰难的考验），沉重的消息，等等

The hand of the Lord was heavy upon them of Ashdod.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Samuel 5:6:

The king himself hath a heavy reckoning to make.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

Sent hither by my Husband to impart the heavy news.

沉重的 （因困倦难睁开的）

Watch for the signs of fatigue, including yawning, blinking and heavy eyes.

2021年December18日，The Road Ahead，Brisbane，頁 11，列 3:

[Rural solar plant] schemes are of little help to industry or other heavy users of electricity. Nor is solar power yet as cheap as the grid. For all that, the rapid arrival of electric light to Indian villages is long overdue. When the national grid suffers its next huge outage, as it did in July 2012 when hundreds of millions were left in the dark, look for specks of light in the villages.

2013年July20日，“Out of the gloom”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

it was a heavy storm; a heavy slumber in bed; a heavy punch

装满沉重的东西的，负担沉重的

his eyes were heavy with sleep; she was heavy with child

他的眼睛困得睁不开； 她怀孕了。

Seating himselfe within a darkesome cave, / (Such places heavy Saturnists doe crave,) / Where yet the gladsome day was never seene […]

缓慢而沉重的，笨重的；单调乏味的

a heavy gait, looks, manners, style, etc.

笨重的步伐，样子，举止，风格等

a heavy writer or book

whilst the heavy ploughman snores

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Neither [is] his ear heavy, that it cannot hear.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 59:1:

The next day we only made some eight miles, as the road was heavy beyond all belief. It lay through a desert region of country which was ancle-deep ^([sic]) in soda and alkali dust.

1861，E. J. Guerin，Mountain Charley，頁 37:

a heavy road; a heavy soil

The very low prices of brandy, and the continuance of a heavy market for such a length of time, have begun to attract buyers; […]

The oil market is heavy, each day bringing along further supplies of shares from people who have not tired of the long-continued decline in the market.

1922，The Investor's Monthly Manual: A Newspaper for Investors，頁 626:

起飞重量大的，载荷重的 （宽体飞机，起飞重量超过30万吨的）

In a firm voice he said, “World Wide Six heavy is ready for takeoff.”

1990，Perry Francis Lafferty，The Downing of Flight Six Heavy，頁 85:


heavy

more heavy (comparative)
most heavy (superlative)

Olive: What was it - booze? Barney: Yeh. Been hitting it pretty heavy.

1957，Ray Lawler，Summer of the Seventeenth Doll，Sydney: Fontana Books, 出版於 1974，頁 35:


heavy

A collection of topical themes and love songs, featuring session work by women's music "heavies" Holly Near, Mary Watkins, Linda Tillery, Robin Flower, and others.

1985年December21日，Nan Donald，“Flat-picking up a Storm”, in Gay Community News，卷 13, 號 23，頁 6:

The comment may be offered here that the 'heavies' have been the Design Award's principal scorers, both in the overall bronze plaque days and, since, in the Daily/Sunday Class 1.

1973，Allen Hutt，The changing newspaper，頁 151:

Reviewers in the heavies aim to impress with the depth of their knowledge and appreciation.

2006，Richard Keeble，The Newspapers Handbook:

I read five heavies, maybe transports or tankers...could be bombers.

2000，Philip Woods，Shattered Allegiance，頁 363:

A 76 Squadron pilot who later completed a second tour on Mosquitoes said that his colleagues on the light bombers “simply could never understand how awful being on heavies was.”

2012，Jon E. Lewis，The Mammoth Book of Heroes:

Payton boasted his range included "leading parts or genteel heavies, character old men, dialect parts, old women and, on occasion, soubrettes and leading ladies"; however, he was most at ease in light comedy roles.

2008，William L. Slout，Theatre in a Tent，頁 28:

Cavalry […] is divided into mediums, heavies, and light cavalry. The mediums consist of 13 regiments; the heavies of 2 regiments; and the light of 13.

1891，Ebenezer Cobham Brewer，The Historic Note-book: With an Appendix of Battles，頁 153:


heavy

heavies (third-person singular present)
heavying (present participle)
heavied (past participle)

The union was well known for the methods it used to heavy many businesses.

[…]the Prime Minister sought to evade the simple fact that he heavied Mr Reid to get rid of Dr Armstrong.

1985，Australian House of Representatives，House of Representatives Weekly Hansard, Issue 11, Part 1, page 1570:

But he is on the wrong horse, heavying me. My phone′s tapped. Well, he won′t find anything.

2001, Finola Moorhead, Darkness More Visible, Spinifex Press, Australia, page 557,

But the next two days of the Conference also produced some very visible lobbying for the succession and apparent heavying of contenders like Brereton, Anderson and Mulock - much of it caught on television.

2005, David Clune, Ken Turner (editors), The Premiers of New South Wales, 1856-2005, Volume 3: 1901-2005, page 421,


die

源自中古英語 deyen，源自古英語 dīeġan和古諾爾斯語 deyja，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *dawjan (“死”)。取代了古英語 sweltan，其派生出现代英语 swelt。

dies (third-person singular present)
dying (present participle)
died (past participle)

死 后接of，一般用法，表示死因：

He died of malaria.

In 1971 or 72, Mom's sister Carolyn Weimer died of breast cancer.

2000，Stephen King，On Writing，Pocket Books, 出版於 2002，頁 85:

死 后接from，一般用法，表示死因，但更常用于医学语境或科学语境：

He died from heart failure.

She lived several weeks; but afterwards she died from epilepsy, to which malady she had been previously subject.

1865年March4日，British Medical Journal，頁 213:

"Or all of them will die from the plague. Even if most of the candidates succumb […]"

2007，Frank Herbert, Kevin J. Anderson，Sandworms of Dune，Tor, 出版於 2007，頁 191:

死 后接for，常表示因上下文中的动机而死，但有时还表示间接原因：

He died for the one he loved.

Englishmen are dying for England, Americans are dying for America, Germans are dying for Germany, Russians are dying for Russia. There are now fifty or sixty countries fighting in this war.

1961，Joseph Heller，Catch-22，Simon & Schuster, 出版於 1999，頁 232:

Less than three days later, Johnson lapsed into a coma in his jail cell and died for lack of insulin.

死 后接with，表示间接死因：

And there were some who died with fevers, which at some seasons of the year was very frequent in the land.

1830，Joseph Smith，The Book of Mormon，Richards, 出版於 1854，頁 337:

死 后接to表示间接或直接死因（类似from）：

I can't believe I just died to a turret!

Dr Thomas concluded she had died to a blow to the head, which led to a bleed on the brain, probably a fall and had hit her head hard on the wooden bedpost, as there was blood on the bedpost.

2014，S. J. Groves，The Darker Side to Dr Carter，頁 437:

以...死亡（某种方式）

He died a hero's death.

They died a thousand deaths.

[…] he chose instead to suffer even greater personal pain, with unimaginable fortitude and resolve, albeit for a shorter time. Thus he died a small death, in order to benefit the living. Similarly, a small and voluntary death was died by Socrates.

2019，Lou Marinoff，On Human Conflict: The Philosophical Foundations of War and Peace，Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 452:

Of course, Nazis are not present in this game. Instead, we have animals that will try to cover you with dirt. As soon as you get too dirty, you will die.

1995，“Slobzone”, in Coming Soon! magazine (video game review):

Whenever my brother dies, he ragequits.

我哥一死，他就气得退游戏。

I'm dying for a packet of crisps.

I'm dying for a piss.

I could see that he was dying, dying for a cigarette, dying for a fix maybe, dying for a little bit of freedom, but trapped in a hospital bed and a sick body.

2004，Paul Joseph Draus，Consumed in the city: observing tuberculosis at century's end，頁 168:

被当做死了，被无视，被绝交

The day our sister eloped, she died to our mother.

我姐姐私奔以后，就被我们的妈妈当做死了。

"My dad […] beat us until we couldn't sit down." […] "What about your mother?" […] "She's alive. […] My aunt visits her once a year, but I don't ask about my mother. She died to me the day she chose my father over protecting us." Luke's voice hitched with emotion.

"You haven't been my son since you were ten years old. That boy died to me the day he ran away. I don't know you. You are merely a shell that resembles someone I used to know, but you are dead to me. You are the bringer of pain and death. Leave me be. Leave me with my son, Jyosh." "Mother..." Barlun pleaded.

2017，Mike Hoornstra，Descent into the Maelstrom，頁 366:

He died a little inside each time she refused to speak to him.

每次她拒绝和他说话，他的心就凉半截。

Do you know that I went down / To the ground / Landed on both my broken-hearted knees... / […]I didn't even cry / 'Cause pieces of me had already died

2011，Ingrid Michaelson （作曲作詞）, “Ghost”, in Human Again:

But it came to passe in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Samuel 25:37:

When the truth is found to be lies / And all the joy within you dies / Don't you want somebody to love? / Don't you need somebody to love?

1965，Darby Slick，“Somebody to Love”, in Surrealistic Pillow，演出者 Jefferson Airplane, 出版於 1967:


die

A pair of common dice with six sides each.
Various dice with different numbers of sides and distributions of values.
Dies (詞義3) on a wafer.
源自中古英語 dee，源自古法語 de（现代法語 dé），源自拉丁語 datum，源自datus (“被给予的”)，dō (“给予”)的过去分词，源自原始印歐語 *deh₃ (“展，铺”)。datum 的同源對似詞。

The number of dies per wafer is basically the area of the wafer divided by the area of the die.

2002，John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson，Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach，Elsevier, →ISBN，頁 19:

Once the wafer has undergone the wafer-probe test, it is separated into individual dice by sawing or scribing and breaking. The dice are visually inspected, sorted, and readied for assembly into packages.

2009，Paul R. Gray，Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits，第5th版, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 159:

Some young creatures have learnt their letters and syllables, and the pronouncing and spelling of words, by having them pasted or written upon many little flat tablets or dies.

1741，I[saac] Watts，The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […]，London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC:


die

Most dice are six-sided.

I rolled the die and moved 2 spaces on the board.

我投了骰子，然后在板子上走了两步。

When you roll two dies—or three, or four—the odds of obtaining a specific number becomes complex in a logarithmic progression.

2000，Richard Shoup，Take Control Of Your Life: How to Control Fate, Luck, Chaos, Karma, and Life’s Other Unruly Forces，McGraw-Hill, →ISBN，頁 42:

We roll two dies repeatedly until we get the first double.

2012，Rinaldo B. Schinazi，“Probability Space”, in Probability with Statistical Applications，第2nd版, Birkhäuser, →ISBN, “Independent Events”, “Exercises”，頁 16:

Roll two dies 24 times. What is the probability of rolling at least one double 6?

2014，Ionut Florescu, Ciprian A. Tudor，Handbook of Probability，John Wiley & Sons, Inc., →ISBN:

When this creature enters the battlefield, roll a six-sided die. You gain life equal to the result.

2017年December8日，“Adorable Kitten”, in Unstable，Wizards of the Coast:

（可能由骰子决定的）偶然，随机事件

[…]For th'equall die of warre he well did know.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto V”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 13，頁 249:


hold

源自中古英語 holden ← 古英語 healdan ← 原始日耳曼語 *haldaną (“照料（牲口），放牧”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *kel- (“驅趕”)（對比拉丁語 celer (“快”), 吐火羅語B kälts (“刺激，驅趕”), 古希臘語 κέλλω (kéllō，“驅趕”), 梵語 कलयति (kalayati，“他促使”)）。與西弗里斯蘭語 hâlde, 低地德語 holden, holen, 荷蘭語 houden, 德語 halten, 丹麥語、書面挪威語 holde, 新挪威語 halda同源。

holds (third-person singular present)
holding (present participle)
held (past)
held (past participle)
holden (past participle)

hold with the hare and run with the hounds

Hold the pencil like this.

The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 23, in The Mirror and the Lamp:

保持某種狀態。 使自身處於某一狀態下

to hold firm;  to hold opinions

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


hold

Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


with

源自中古英語 with，源自古英語 wiþ，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wiþi，原始日耳曼語 *wiþrą (“反，反對”)的縮略形式。副詞的釋義可能是從其他日耳曼語意譯的，例如 挪威語 med、瑞典語 med 和德語 mit。

wyth (alternative)
whith (alternative)
wᵗʰ (alternative)
wᵗ (alternative)
w/ (dated alternative)
w (alternative)
wi' (alternative)
wit (alternative)
wit' (alternative)
wid (alternative)
wif (alternative)
wiv (alternative)

cut with a knife

I water my plants with this watering can. This is the watering can I water my plants with.

我用這個水壺為我的植物澆水。這是我用來為我的植物澆水的水壺。

Find what you want instantly with our search engine.

使用我們的搜尋引擎快速尋找你想要的 (資訊)。

They dismissed the meeting with a wave of their hand.

他們用手揮了一下，(以表示) 會議取消。

They had cut of his head upon the cudy of his boat had not the man reskued him with a sword...

如果不是那人用劍救了他，他們就在他的船上砍下他的頭…

And keep each other company in spite, / As rivals in your common mistress, fame, / And with faint praises one another damn;

即使如此，你們仍彼此作伴，/ 作為共享情人的競爭對手——名聲，/ 詛咒對方以微弱的讚美；

There are a number of problems with your plan.

What on Earth is wrong with my keyboard?

我的鍵盤到底出什麼毛病了？

He was pleased with the outcome.

I’m upset with my father.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:

It was small and bumpy, with a tinge of orange.

這東西很小、凹凸不平，帶點兒橙色。

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

隨著我們年齡增長，身體的主要動脈常常會因為斑塊而變得增厚，這是一種具有類似燕麥粥質地的脂肪物質，會在血管內壁上逐漸堆積。

2013年 7-8月，史蒂芬·P·洛尼, David M. Pelz，“Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in 美國科學家:

That was a lot to explain; are you still with me?

需要解釋的太多了；你跟得上我嗎？

Are you still with me? Good. I was worried, because you may not think you need a lightweight rifle.

1983年May18日，David E. Petzal，“The Lightweight Division”, in Field & Stream:


with

源自中古英語 withe，wiþþe，源自古英語 wiþþe。參見 withe。

And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man.

參孫回答說，人若用七條未乾的青繩子捆綁我，我就軟弱像別人一樣。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 16:7:


quatre

面值为4的牌、骰子或多米诺

Accordingly the firſt beſt throw upon the dice is eſteemed aces, as it ſtops the ſix point in the outer table, and ſecures the cinque in your own, whereby your adverſary's two men upon your ace point cannot get out with either quatre, cinq, or ſix.

1775，“a Connoisseur”，“Containing an Account of the Game of Back-gammon, with the most approved Method of playing at it, and the Rules of the Game. Together with the Artifices and Legerdemains that are frequently practised at it.”, in Annals of Gaming; or, The Fair Player’s Sure Guide. Containing Original Treatises on the following Games. […]，London: […] G. Allen, […]，頁s 181–182:

The firſt beſt Throw upon the Dice is eſteemed Aces, as it ſtops the Six-Point in the outer Table, and ſecures the Cinque in your own, whereby your Adverſary’s two Men upon your Ace-Point cannot get out with either Quatre, Cinque, or Six.

1775，“Introduction to the Game of Back-Gammon; With the most approved Method of playing at it”, in Hoyle’s Games Improved. Being Practical Treatises on the following Fashionable Games, […]，London: […] J. Rivington and J. Wilkie, […]，頁 170:


large

源自中古英語 large，源自古法語 large，源自拉丁語 larga，largus (“富余的，大量的，大的，多的”)的阴性形式，最终词源不详。很大程度上取代了中古英語 stoor, stour (“大的”)（源自古英語 stōr）和muchel (“大的”)（源自古英語 myċel）。

larger (comparative)
largest (superlative)

free

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

unencumbered

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

We drove back to the office with some concern on my part at the prospect of so large a case. Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 2, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Russia is a large country. The fruit-fly has large eyes for its body size. He has a large collection of stamps.

俄罗斯是一个很大的国家。 果蝇的眼睛相对于其体型来说很大。 他收藏了很多邮票。

We have yet large day.

1667，John Milton，“Book 5”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

And where hit please yow to saye that I haue holden my lady youre Quene yeres and wynters / vnto that I shal euer make a large ansuer
"And where it please you to say that I have holden my lady your queen years and winters, unto that I shall ever make a large answer"

1485，Thomas Malory，Le Morte Darthur Book XX, Chapter xj, leaf 408r-v:

I might be very large upon the importance and advantages of education.

1711，Henry Felton，Dissertation on Reading the Classics:


large

Getting a car tricked out like that will cost you 50 large.

把车装饰成那样得花你五千块钱。

"We'll call you anything we want," Dave said. "You owe us eighty-five large, Ace, and what we've got for collateral on that money so far is a shitload of Arm & Hammer baking soda worth about a buck-fifty. We'll call you Hubert J. Motherfucker if we want to."

So send my sister a hundred large, and next time you come down to Jessup it won't be my grill talking at you. My word on that.

2008年January13日，David Simon，“Unconfirmed Reports” (片头起30:16), in The Wire，季数 2, 集数 2, spoken by Avon Barksdale:


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

He wore a condom over his dick.

他在阴茎上套了个避孕套。

THINGS YOU NEVER HEAR: "Please stop sucking my dick or I'll call the police."

你一定沒有聽過的話：“別嗦我的屌了，不然我要叫警察。”

1997，George Carlin，Brain Droppings，New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 83:


dick

dicks (third-person singular present)
dicking (present participle)
dicked (past participle)

Listen, this old gal we going to see probably don't like liquor and drinking, so be cool. I'm just gon borrow a few bucks off her. I ain't never dicked her or nothing.


dick

private dick, railroad dick

“I am a detective,” said Hercule Poirot with the modest air of one who says “I am a king.”
“Good God!” The young man seemed seriously taken aback. “Do you mean that girl actually totes about a dumb dick?”

1937年November1日，Agatha Christie，Death on the Nile:


dick

"He seems to set a deal of store by her, though. There's some young 'ooman at home, where she lives, I'd take my dying dick."

1875，Mrs. George Croft Huddleston，Bluebell:


an

繼承自中古英語 an，來自古英語 ān (不定冠詞，字面意思是“一”)。參見 one。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

主附錄： 英語冠詞#不定冠詞

在標準英語中，冠詞an用在元音前，而a用於輔音前。另外an 也可以出現在h音開頭的非重音音節前，如an historic。這時h音可能變成無聲，或發音微弱。只有6%的英國人喜歡這種用法，在書面中也只是稍微常見一些。

在歷史上，an也可以出現在one跟許多首字母為 u、eu (現在讀作/juː/, /jʊ/, /jə/)的詞之前，像是eunuch、unique、utility。這是因為這些首字母被讀作元音。在書寫中，直到19世紀這些詞在獲得首輔音之後，很久一段時間 an 仍然是這些詞前的常用詞。這種情況偶爾還會出現。

相反，在非標準（通常是方言）語音及其書面表達中，元音前很少出現 a。例如：“ain't this a innerestin sitchation” (Moira Young，Blood Red Road)。

a 的所有冠詞義項均可用在 an 上。

a 的變形 (全義項)
在元音前使用

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.

I was catapulted without preparation into the most difficult job any mortal man can hold. My duties would not wait a week, or a day, or even an hour.

1971，Lyndon Johnson，“The Beginning”, in The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 12:

a 的變形 (全義項)
在one和首音為 u、eu 的詞前使用，發音為 /ju/。

God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 24:8:

My hopes, from my earliest years, have been hopes of celebrity as a writer- not of wealth, or of influence, or of accomplishing any of the thousand aims which furnish the great bulk of mankind with motives. You will laugh at me. There is something so emphatically shadowy and unreal in the object of this ambition, that even the full attainment of its provokes a smile. For who does not know
'How vain that second life in others' breath,
The estate which wits inherit after death!'
And what can be more fraught with the ludicrous than an union of this shadowy ambition with mediocre parts and attainments! But I digress.

(Can we date this quote?)，John Mackay Wilson，Wilson's Tales of the Borders; Historical, Traditionary, and Imaginative, →OCLC，頁 84:

President Nicolas Sarkozy of France is open to an European monetary fund but would want it to raise money cheaply on capital markets and lend it to needy euro-zone countries before they faced possible default.

2010年March22日，Paul Taylor，“Greece Debates Revive Old European Fears and Resentments”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2010-04-03, Inside Europe:

In an unanimous vote on Monday, the city’s school board approved removing the name of Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest from Forrest Hill Academy and calling the alternative school the Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy.

2021年April13日，Neil Vigdor，“Hank Aaron’s Name Will Replace a Confederate General’s on an Atlanta School”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2021-04-14, U.S.:

Having been given seven full days, Jack Smith took exactly one day to file a forty-page response in opposition, to the Supreme Court, making the argument that there was no reason for the Supreme Court to hear Donald Trump's appeal of an unanimous opinion by the second most important court in the country, the Washington, D.C. Federal Court of Appeals, which supported the trial judge's ruling that there is no such thing as immunity from criminal prosecution for former presidents.

2024年February14日，Lawrence O'Donnell，片头起0:29, in Lawrence: Jack Smith asks SCOTUS to move fast on Trump. Nixon case is proof they can.，MSNBC，存檔自the original on 2024-02-15:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:an。

a 的變形 (全義項)
在重音或非重音音節的 /h/前使用。

1 I waited patiently for the Lord, and he inclined vnto me, and heard my crie.
2 He brought me vp also out of an horrible pit, out of the mirie clay, and set my feete vpon a rock, and established my goings.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 40:1–2:

The Province of Nanking, by the Tartars called Kiangnan, is the ſecond in honour, in magnitude and fertility in all China : It is divided into 14 great Territories, having Cities and Towns an hundred and ten; Nanking, or Kiangning being the Metropolis; a City, that if ſhe did not exceed moſt Cities on the Earth in bigneſs and beauty, yet ſhe was inferior to few, for her Pagodes, her Temples, her Porcelane Towers, her Palaces and Triumphal Arches. Fungiang, Sucheu, Sunkiang, Leucheu, Hoaigan, Ganking, Ningue, Hoeicheu, are alſo eminent places, and of great Note and Trade.

1693，Robert Morden，“Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World，第3rd版, →OCLC，頁 441:

Following the doctrine of Lenin and Stalin, relying on the support of the great Soviet state and all the revolutionary forces of all countries, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people gained an historic victory a few years ago.

1953，Mao Tse-tung，“Mao Tse-tung's Tribute to Stalin”, in Current Soviet Policies，New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 254:

We have agreed on joint ventures in space. We have agreed on ways of working together to protect the environment, to advance health, to cooperate in science and technology. We have agreed on means of preventing incidents at sea. We have established a commission to expand trade between our two nations. Most important, we have taken an historic first step in the limitation of nuclear strategic arms.

1972年May28日，片头起3:30, in President Nixon addresses the Soviet People live from the Kremlin，spoken by Richard Nixon，存檔自the original on 2015-12-22:

Well yesterday was an historic day. Uh, there was last minute testimony scheduled in the January 6th committee from a former aide to Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows.

2022年June29日，David Pakman，片头起0:00, in Trump Assaulted Secret Service Agent, Smeared Ketchup on Wall，存檔自the original on 2022-06-30:


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

The route was used so much that it formed a rut.

這條路走的車很多，都起車轍了。

You need to find a route that you can take between these two obstacles.

你要在這兩個障礙物中找出一條路線。

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013年March18日，Harold J. Morowitz，“The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 83:

The Chinese, ever since the first century of our era, have called the countries which we to-day name Kashgar and Sungaria, "routes." They referred them to their relative position on the two sides of the Tian-Shan, and called our Sungaria, Pe-lu, " northern route," and our Kashgar, Nan-lu, " southern route." The Turks gave other names to these countries; they called the northern route besh-balik, "the five cities," Pentapolis; the southern route was alti-shehr, " the six cities," Hexapolis.

1908，Henry Smith Williams，The Historians' History of the World:

Under the director were eight education promotion officials (quanxue yuan), each installed in a “route”(lu,corresponding to the policing ward).

2005，Huaiyin Li，Village Governance In North China: Huailu County, 1875-1936, →ISBN:

In the year Zhiyuan 8, 5th month, on xinwei day (around June, 1271), owing to the fact that the chieftains of the eight polities in Dali had submitted recently and were adhered to [China], the thirty-seven tribal regions under Dali were divided into three routes.

2008，Foon Ming Liew, Volker Grabowsky, & ʻArunrat Wichīankhīeo，Lan Na in Chinese historiography, →ISBN:

Chinese administrative "cities" were often the location of more than one yamen, each with its own territorial jurisdiction. For instance, Yangszhou was not only the seat of the Pacificiation Commission (xuanweisi) of Huaidonglu, but also the capital of the Yanzhou Route (lu) subordinated to the Pacification Commision. Morevover, it was the administrative seat of Jiangdu District, which was subordinated to the Yangzhou Route.

2012，Hans Ulrich Vogel，Marco Polo Was in China, →ISBN:


route

routes (third-person singular present)
routing (present participle)
routeing (present participle)
routed (past participle)

Google Glass has come under fire from privacy advocates because it can record video without subjects being aware of it, and that any video will be routed through Google's servers.

2014年June24日，“Google Glass go on sale in the UK for £1,000”, in The Guardian:


luna

源自拉丁語 lūna (“月亮；月份；新月”)。

月牙形的容器，主要用玻璃製成，用於將盛放聖餐臺上的主食（麵包）直立 （自19世紀）

The Bread of Angels is first taken from the tabernacle, where it rests in the luna, and placed upon the altar, covered with a corporal. After genuflecting, the priest puts the luna containing the Blessed Sacrament on its throne—the monstrance—and elevates it […]

1907 May, “Dominicanus”, “The Rosary and the Blessed Sacrament”, in the Dominican Friars, The Rosary Magazine, Volume 30, Number 5, page 494:

This receptacle is called a “luna” or “lunula” (a moon, or a little moon), and has glass on either side, so that the Host may be seen when enclosed therein. […] ¶ […] ¶ The ciborium, the pyx and luna of the ostensorium are blessed with a simpler formula than that used for the chalice, and […] ¶ […] ¶ The chalice, the paten, the luna and the pyx are sacred things, true sacramentals, and are worthy of deepest reverence; for […]

1917，John F. Sullivan，The Externals of the Catholic Church，BiblioLife, LLC, 出版於 2009, →ISBN，頁s 115–116:

The luna, which is a piece of glass in the shape of a moon, contains the Blessed Sacrament, previously consecrated. The luna is then placed in the middle of the sunburst of the monstrance.

2007，John Trigilio，Kenneth Brighenti，The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions，Sourcebooks, Inc., →ISBN，頁 156:


luna

來自夏威夷語 luna (“領導；導師”)。

這個名詞在英語雖然有變格(單數luna，複數lunas)，但作為一個外來語時經常斜體化。

There are several reasons why the Hawaiian-born Japanese boys and girls do not take kindly to plantation labor, but one of the chief reasons is the objection to the kind of lunas who oversee the work of the laborers.

1922, U. G. Murphy, “The Japanese Problem in Hawaii: How the Task of Christianizing and Americanizing the Oriental is Progressing”, in The Friend, Volume 91, Number 6 (June 1922) page 130:

[…] haoles could not visualize Chinese or Japanese in positions of authority. And from sad experience, the great plantation owners had discovered that the Americans they could get to serve as lunas were positively no good. Capable Americans expected office jobs and incapable ones were unable to control the Oriental […]

1959，James Michener，Hawaii，Fawcett Crest, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 737:

After the day was over I went to the luna to count my day but he would not. Then I went to him the second time and he said he would not put it down.

2000，Sally Engle Merry，Colonizing Hawai'i: the cultural power of law，頁 321:

Capital punishment was outlawed by the government but some plantation managers and luna still delivered lashings and other forms of abuse.

2012，Julia Flynn Siler，Lost Kingdom，Grove Press，頁 35:


algum

源自希伯來語 אַלְגּוּמִּים (algumím)。

聖經中提及的一種樹或木頭，可能是刺柏或檀香木

And the seruants also of Huram, and the seruants of Solomon, which brought gold from Ophir, brought Algume trees and, precious stones.

希蘭的僕人，和所羅門的僕人，從俄斐運了金子來，也運了檀香木和寶石來。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Chronicles 9:10:


quatro

cuatro的另一種寫法

By the late 1940s Jules had invented a quatro pan after observing a family playing parang, a Venezuelan-derived Christmas music traditional to Trinidad which is generally performed by vocalists accompanied by guitars, quatros, mandolins, a one-string box bass, chac-chacs, and scrapers.

1995，Stephen Stuempfle，The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago:


granda

My granda would make everything from scratch and it was a wonderful feast of a picky tea. His potatoes deep-fried in batter were amazing.


longa

源自澳洲克里奧爾語 langa，源自英語 along，對比比斯拉馬語和托克皮辛語 long。

屬於。（從十九世紀開始）

This fella song all about the Aboriginal people, coloured people, black people longa Australia.

1991, Jimmy Chi, Bran Nue Dae, in Heiss & Minter, Macquarie PEN Anthology of Aboriginal Literature, Allen & Unwin 2008, p. 137:

He wait longa river.

2000，Queensland Department of Justice，Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook:


dun

源自中古英語 dun、dunne，源自古英語 dunn (“暗褐色，樹皮色，黑褐色”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *dusnaz (“褐色，黃色”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰewh₂- (“冒煙，捲起塵埃”)。與古撒克遜語 dun (“褐色，暗”)、古高地德語 tusin (“灰色，暗褐色，淡黃色，暗”)、古諾爾斯語 dunna (“鴨，雌鴨”)同源。
也可能派生自布立吞亞支（對比中古威爾士語 dwnn (“暗（紅色）”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *dusnos（對比古愛爾蘭語 donn），源自原始印歐語 *dʰews-（對比古撒克遜語 dosan (“栗棕色”)）。參見dusk。

Come, thick Night,
 And pall thee in the dunneſt ſmoake of Hell,
 That my keene Knife ſee not the Wound it makes,
 Nor Heauen peepe through the Blanket of the darke,
 To cry, hold, hold.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v]，頁 134，列 2，行s 48–49:


dun

未知；可能是din的變體。多個來源認為源自 Joe Dun，一名因逮捕追債者而出名的執達吏之名，不過這個說法有爭議。

Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.

1889 [1712]，John Arbuthnot，The History of John Bull，London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC，頁 71:

Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.

1933, George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London, Ch. 18:

‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.

1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York 2007, p. 102:

Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.

1842，A.B.G.，“Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate，卷 13, →OCLC，頁 251:


dun

duns (third-person singular present)
dunning (present participle)
dunned (past participle)

And hath she sent so soon to dun?

1768，Jonathan Swift，The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift，London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse，頁 309:

Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, Folio Society 1973, p. 577:


dun

不確定；可能來自其顏色。

Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.

1966，John Harris，An Angler's Entomology，New York: Barnes, →OCLC，頁 16:

一種類似蜉蝣亞成蟲的擬餌

We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.

1676，Charles Cotton，The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream，London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March，頁 59:


dun

源自愛爾蘭語 dún 或 蘇格蘭蓋爾語 dùn，源自原始凱爾特語 *dūnom (“要塞，堡壘”)。與威爾士語 dinas (“城市”)同源。town 的同源對似詞。

古代或中世紀的堡壘、要塞；尤指在蘇格蘭或愛爾蘭的山丘要塞。

Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.

1858，Henry MacLauchlan，Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854，London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC，頁 9:

奧克尼、設得蘭或蘇格蘭的一種圓形石屋

Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.

2013，T.J. Clarkson，The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings，Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:


dun

可能源自處理過後魚的顏色。

醃製好鱈魚等魚類後將其堆放在不被光線直射到的地方, 並用碱茅等覆蓋來保存

Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.

1832，James Thacher，History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832，Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC，頁 317:


dun

模仿帶有懸疑色彩的音樂。

How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)

2009，Carrie Tucker，I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook，Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, →ISBN:


macer

Indeed, Moran was a profession cheat, a sharper of more than ordinary dimensions — a macer, in criminal parlance. He had made card sharping a life's work — second only to shooting […]

1981，John E. Gardner，The Return of Moriarty，頁 7:


silva

借自拉丁語 silva。selva 的同源對似詞。

The most interesting and striking features of the silva of California relate to its composition, the geographical distribution of the species and their biological history.

1909，Willis Linn Jepson，The Trees of California，頁 13:


nebula

借自拉丁語 nebula (“小雲，薄霧”)。與古希臘語 νεφέλη (nephélē，“雲”)、德語 Nebel (“薄霧，星雲”)、古諾爾斯語 nifl、波蘭語 niebo (“天空”)、俄語 не́бо (nébo，“天空”)同族。

nebulae (plural)
nebulas (plural)
nebulæ (plural)

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


sinister

繼承自中古英語 sinistre (“不幸的”)，來自古法語 senestre、sinistre (“左的”)，來自拉丁語 sinister (“左手”)。

more sinister (comparative)
most sinister (superlative)

dexter

從配戴者看盾牌的左側的，從觀看者看盾牌的右側的

不吉利的，凶兆的，不祥的；非法的

And in the meanwhile, Society shivered a little feverishly, filled now with the scions of those who had come over with the Jewish and American Conquests. Escutcheons were becoming valueless, how sinister soever the blots and clots upon them.

1922，Michael Arlen，“1/5/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

Before the train had stopped he had decorated his sinister shirt-cuff with the inscription, ‘J. P. Huddle, The Warren, Tilfield, near Slowborough.’

1911，Saki, ‘The Unrest-Cure’，The Chronicles of Clovis:

Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Judicature”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

He scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts.

1667，Robert South，The Practice of Religion Enforced by Reason:


dull

源自中古英語 dull、dul（亦作dyll、dill、dwal），源自古英語 dol (“乏味的，愚蠢的，错误的，谬误的，自以为是的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *dol，源自原始日耳曼語 *dulaz，源自早期形式*dwulaz，*dwalaz (“震惊的，疯狂的，愚蠢的，被误导的”)的一个变体，源自原始印歐語 *dʰwel-、*dʰewel- (“使...暗淡，遮蔽，隐晦”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 dull、doll (“迟钝的，聋的”)、北弗里斯蘭語 dol (“鲁莽的，草率的，晕眩的，轻率的”)、荷蘭語 dol (“疯狂的，失智的”)、低地德語 dul、dol (“疯狂的，愚蠢的，愚昧的”)、德語 toll (“疯狂的，鲁莽的，荒诞的”)、丹麥語 dval (“荒唐的，愚蠢的”)、冰島語 dulur (“遮掩的，守口如瓶的”)，西弗拉芒方言 dul (“生气的”)。

duller (comparative)
dullest (superlative)

all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

无聊的，乏味的，无趣的，沉闷的

He sat through the dull lecture and barely stayed awake.

他撑过了那个无聊的讲座，都快睡着了。

"You are very dull this morning, Sheriff," said the youngest daughter of the house, who, being the baby and pretty, had grown pettishly privileged in speech.

1895，S. R. Crockett，A Cry Across the Black Water:

dull at classical learning

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 5, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

She paused and took a defiant breath. ‘If you don't believe me, I can't help it. But I'm not a liar.’ ¶ ‘No,’ said Luke, grinning at her. ‘You're not dull enough! […] What about the kid's clothes? I don't suppose they were anything to write home about, but didn't you keep anything? A bootee or a bit of embroidery or anything at all?’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 15, in The China Governess:

无精打采的，拖拖拉拉的，慢吞吞的，懒散的

This people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 13:xiii:

O, help my weak wit and sharpen my dull tongue.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“(please specify the book)”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


dull

dulls (third-person singular present)
dulling (present participle)
dulled (past participle)

使...变弱，缓解；使...变迟钝，使...变愚蠢

He drinks to dull the pain.

Use and custom have so dulled our eyes.

1850，Richard Chenevix Trench，Notes on the Miracles of Our Lord:


wile

源自中古英語 wile、wyle，源自古諾曼語 wile (“诡计，奸诈”)和古英語 wīl (“诡计，计谋”)和wiġle (“占卜”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wīlą (“欺骗”)（←原始印歐語 *wey- (“转，弯”)）和原始日耳曼語 *wigulą、*wihulą (“预言”)（←原始印歐語 *weyk- (“奉为神圣”)）。同源词有冰島語 vél、væl (“诡计，计谋”)、荷蘭語 wijle。

He was seduced by her wiles.

to frustrate all our plots and wiles

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens,) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government.

1796，George Washington, "Farewell Address"，American Daily Advertiser:


wile

wiles (third-person singular present)
wiling (present participle)
wiled (past participle)

He was good to look on, brawly dressed, and with a tongue in his head that would have wiled the bird from the tree.

1902，John Buchan，The Outgoing of the Tide:


tan

源自法語 tan (“鞣料”)，來自高盧語 tanno- (“槲树”) – 對照布列塔尼語 tann (“紅櫟樹”)，上古康沃爾語 tannen –，來自原始凱爾特語 *tannos (“槲树”)，起源不明，但可能來自原始印歐語 *(s)dʰonu (“樅，冷杉”)。若按這種假說，與赫梯語 [需要文字] (tanau，“樅，冷杉”)、拉丁語 femur（feminis (“大腿”)的屬格），德語 Tann (“木頭”)、Tanne (“樅，冷杉”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 thanë (“莓果叢”)、古希臘語 θάμνος (thámnos，“樹叢”)、阿維斯陀語 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə)、梵語 धनु (dhánu)相關。

用於提取鞣酸的樹皮，通常為橡樹。

In two pints of water boil one ounce of tan, and a like portion of nutgall till reduced to a pint.

1848，John Hannett，Bibliopegia, or, The Art of Bookbinding in all its branches，頁 65:


Russian

中世紀拉丁語 (11世紀) Russiānus，Russia的形容詞，為古東斯拉夫語 Русь (Rusĭ)的拉丁化。16世紀開始出現在英語中 (作為名詞和形容詞)。

So that is the official line: you’re shit, we’re shit, everything’s shit, never try for a better world because it doesn’t exist. That is not only bleak, I think it’s also the working title of every Russian novel ever written.

2017年February19日，“Putin”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 4, 集数 2, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:


Russian

Ru. (abbreviation alternative)
Russians (plural)

The “little green men”—faces covered, wearing unmarked olive uniforms, speaking Russian and using Russian weapons—have played a significant role in both the occupation of Crimea and the civil war in eastern Ukraine.¹⁹⁶

2015，Shane R. Reeves, David Wallace，“The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict”, in International Law Studies, US Naval War College，卷 91, 期 361, Stockton Center for the Study of International Law，頁 393:

一種有堅硬外殼的雜耍球，裡頭裝滿鹽、沙子或其他物質

Ok, I do think I am starting to get used to it, but you have to admit, if youve:Template:SIC been juggling bags and then start juggling Russians, they feel sooo lopsided to juggle at first!

2011，jamescoutry24，“Beanbags > Russian”, in rec.juggling (Usenet):


Hakka

借自客家語 客家 (Hak-kâ)。

The first county centre gone through, that of Tsengcheng, was full of new construction. After it, the language on the road right on into the Meihsien prefecture was Hakka.

1977 May，:en:w:Rewi Alley，“Meihsien—the Great Hakka Centre”, in Eastern Horizon，卷 XVI, 期 5, 香港: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 16:

As a mainland China national, the counter for our trial was fluent in English, Putonghua, and the Sichuan dialect, and was familiar with a number of other major Chinese languages such as Cantonese and Hakka.

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 10:


Persian

來自中古英語 percynne，來自中古法語 persien，來自意大利語 persiano，來自中世紀拉丁語 Persiānus，來自拉丁語 Persia，來自古希臘語 Περσίς (Persís)，來自古波斯語 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/，“波斯”) (對照現代伊朗波斯語 فارس (fârs)或早期的古典波斯語 پارس (pārs))。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

一種薄紗織物，以前用在襯裡

There is of those Persians several lengths.

1696，J. F. Merchant?，The merchant's ware-house laid open:


Persian

more Persian (comparative)
most Persian (superlative)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

波西藹斯的 （羅馬作家）

...as it seems from an Ovidian or Persian standpoint and also, perhaps, from the comic standpoints of Plautus or Caecilius...

1998，Stephen Hinds，Allusion and Intertext: Dynamics of Appropriation in Roman Poetry:


Uyghur

來自維吾爾語 ئۇيغۇر (uyghur)。

Uygur (alternative)
Uigur (alternative)
Ouigour (alternative)

The purpose of this Act is to direct United States resources to address human rights violations and abuses, including gross violations of human rights, by the Government of the People’s Republic of China through the mass surveillance and internment of over 1,000,000 Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and members of other Muslim minority groups in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

2020，“S. 3744: Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020”, in GovTrack:


Czech

借自波蘭語 Czech，源自捷克語 Čech，源自原始斯拉夫語 *čelověkъ (“人，人類”) 的變體及縮約形。

A big beast of the men's field was put through the mangle then dumped out of Wimbledon as Rafael Nadal fell at around 10.06pm to Lukas Rosol, a Czech debutant who will never forget this Thursday evening in south-west London.

男子赛场上的一头猛兽战败，并被扔出温网，晚上10点06分左右，拉斐尔·纳达尔输给了卢卡斯·拉索尔，这位捷克新人将永远不会忘记周四晚上在伦敦西南部举行的这场比赛。

2012年June28日，Jamie Jackson，“Wimbledon 2012: Lukas Rosol shocked by miracle win over Rafael Nadal [2012年温网：卢卡斯·拉索尔对奇迹般战胜拉斐尔·纳达尔感到震惊]”, in the Guardian:


Czech

By 1963, almost 130,000 Czechs had migrated to this country. They tended to gravitate to the farming communities.

到1963年，已有将近13万名捷克人移居到本国。他们倾向于生活在农业社区。

1964，John F. Kennedy，“Immigration Policy [移民政策]”, in A Nation of Immigrants [移民之国]，第Revised and Enlarged版, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 61:


Czech

She's from Czech, Croatia, or somewhere over there. The ill thing is that we always come together when we're drunk, but half way through our drunken talks, she always gets mad at something and leaves.

2008，George Stowers，Straight Up, No Sippin': Memoirs of Life and Work Onboard Mega Cruise Ships, →ISBN，頁 325:

A whole array of companies and consultants are found travelling to Croatia or Czech or China, to extol the latest virtues of electioneering, perhaps via the UK Westminster Foundation for Democracy, […]

2009，Jennifer Lees-Marshment，Political Marketing: Principles and Applications，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 237:


Greek

繼承自古英語 Grēcas (“希臘人”)，Crēcas的變體，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Krēkō，來自拉丁語 Graecus，源頭不明，可能衍生自地名Γραῖα (Graîa)或來自部落名Graii的其他古巴爾幹語族形式，參見英語維基百科條目Griko、Names of the Greeks。希臘語中有個同源詞Γραικός (Graikós)，是從神話時代的祖先Γραίοι (Graíoi，“格瑞西安族”)而來。日爾曼語族同源詞包括荷蘭語 Griek、德語 Grieche。英語和日爾曼語族同源詞中的⟨g⟩，是受到法語 grec和古典拉丁語 Graecus的影響下恢復的。
該形容詞可追溯到14世紀的中古英語，取代了古英語 Grēċisċ (“希臘式的”)和早期中古英語 Gregeis。指兄弟會跟姐妹會，來自早期希臘字母的截斷。

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeker (comparative)
Greekest (superlative)

目前，將大學兄弟會跟姐妹會稱作Greek life等名稱，而Greek-letter仍用於類似名稱的榮譽社團。

與兄弟會、姐妹會和/或 榮譽社團有關的

“Every single person is going to have a different experience watching this film,” she said when I asked about possibly labeling the Greek system as “toxic”.

2023年May24日，Adrian Horton，“‘Competitive femininity’: inside the wild and secretive world of sororities”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


Greek

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (plural)

She is absolutely a total GFE, no limits, except no Greek. (Well...I say “no Greek” - - if she is really hot for you, and if she is really turned on in a long session, she might beg for a finger in her anus while you suck her clit, but she is just too tiny and tight for any “real meat” in the backdoor.)

2001, "ASP: 'Julie' of Oral-Land-Oh", alt.sex.prostitution, Usenet:

“What's within reason?” “Hand-job, blow-job, full sex — straight, full service. Greek, maybe, if you're not too big. Golden shower, if you like, but not reverse. No hardsports. And absolutely nothing without.”

2012，Maxim Jakubowski，The Best British Crime Omnibus:


Greek

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (third-person singular present)
Greeking (present participle)
Greeked (past participle)

A discovery of Greeking at Brighton, has made considerable noise this month in the sporting world.


Arabic

來自拉丁語 arabicus，來自Arabia + -icus，來自古希臘語 Ἀραβία (Arabía)，源自阿拉伯語 عَرَب (ʕarab)。

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)

One day my UN students asked me, "Which is the Arabic country where the best Arabic is spoken?" I quickly replied, "Bosnia." They exclaimed, "But Bosnia is not an Arab country!"

2008，Abdallah Nacereddine，To Be Oneself: The Tragicomedy of an Unfinished Life History, →ISBN，頁 342:

White chalk on the fascia board above the Arabic-food stall reads "Lebanon" and "Lebs rule".

2012，Deborah Youdell，“Intelligibility, agency and the raced–nationed–religioned subjects of education”, in Intersectionality and "Race" in Education, →ISBN，頁 202:


Arabic

We’d gone to Arabic school as children and taken lessons in the summer holidays, and I still read the news in Arabic, but it wasn’t like I practised reciting the written language any more, with its complex rhythms and grammatical structures.

2023，Isabella Hammad，Enter Ghost，Jonathan Cape，頁 74:


Arabic

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)
Arabics (plural)

Classic Arabic didn't "turn into" the various Arabic vernaculars. There is disagreement over whether the range of spoken Arabics all have a single ancestor (seems unlikely), but Classical Arabic is a somewhat artificial creation based on at least two dialects.

2004年April22日，Peter T. Daniels，“Taiwanese and their language”, in soc.culture.china (Usenet):

That's the majority of working N'Yawkers. Blacks and Hispanics outnumber the arabics.

2000年July20日，Topprolmc，“OT - I participated in an obscene act today!”, in rec.motorcycles.harley (Usenet):


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

Coppers are generally good for a year, if the battery is carefully attended […]

1885，General Rules and Regulations Applicable to All Employes of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway Company:

Some coppers come already tinned. I didn't buy mine, so they surely were not tinned.

1890，The Manufacturer and Builder，卷 22，頁 83:

Coppers are not consumed, and their life depends largely on the manner in which they are used.

銅不會被消耗，其壽命主要取決於使用方式。

1907，“Instructions for the Care of Callaud Batteries”, in Journal of the Telegraph，卷 XL:

I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers.

1799，Benjamin Franklin，The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin，出版於 1868，頁 255:


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

more copper (comparative)
most copper (superlative)

She seemed so alive, with her shining eyes and her copper hair and her jokes and funny stories, but there was always a mystery at the center of her life, the sound of wild sobbing my mother said she heard coming through the floor.

1999，Maria M. Gillan，Things My Mother Told Me，頁 38:


copper

源自cop (“捕捉，抓住”) + -er (後綴)。

One evening as I was lying down in Leicester Square / I was picked up by the coppers and kicked in the balls

1985，Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash，演出者 The Pogues:


Africa

繼承自中古英語 Affrike，來自古法語 Affrique, Affrike，來自拉丁語 Āfrica，來自Āfrī，Āfer的單數 (迦太基國的人民)又源自於：
* 布匿語或腓尼基語中的𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/，“灰塵”)，在其他閃語族語言也有同義詞。
* 柏柏爾語族中的ifri (“洞穴”)，ifran的複數，指突尼斯的洞穴居民 (參見泰塔溫)。
民間詞源包括：
* 古希臘語 ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē)，意思為不冷
* 拉丁語 aprica (“陽光”)。

The Sahara stood as an important marker between the Maghreb and Africa, not only in modern times but in times immemorial.

撒哈拉是馬格里布和黑非洲之間的一個重要標誌地，不僅在現代，在遠古時期亦是如此。

2021年June10日，Abdelmajid Hannoum，The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 205:


Asia

繼承自中古英語 Asia、Asie，來自古法語 Asie和拉丁語 Asia，來自古希臘語 Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Ăsĭ́ā)，來自邁錫尼希臘語 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/)，也可能來自赫梯語 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/，“西北安納托力亞”)，起源未知。可能愛琴語系為基底或阿卡德語。可能是Assuwa 的同源對似詞。

轉變自地名的女性人名，用於現代

And Scott Haskell started going out with this sophomore girl called Asia, who was this rich girl from Weston Heights.

1994，Blake Nelson，Girl: A Novel，Simon&Schuster, →ISBN，頁 81:


cicada

借自拉丁語 cicada，最终为拟声来源。cicala 的同源對似詞。

[sɪˈkʰɑː.də]

[sɪ̈ˈkʰeɪ̯.ɾə]

[sɪ̈ˈkʰɑ.ɾə]

The emergence years of the principal cicada broods have now been recorded for a long time, and the oldest record of a swarm is that of the appearance of the “locusts” in New England two hundred and ninety-five years ago.

2011，Robert Evans Snodgrass，Insects: Their Ways and Means of Living，頁 217:

Last year, the Brood I cicadas were found in Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee. The cicadas that will emerge in New Jersey this year are part of Brood II or The East Coast Brood. They will also be found in Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

2013年May16日，Laura Kroon，“Magicidada coming to New Jersey on May 27”, in Hunterdon County Democrat: