adiós

adios的另一種拼寫法。

We began making our adióses.

1947，Hudson Strode，Now in Mexico，Harcourt, Brace and Company，頁 211:

The virgins of the village, Rosalina ironically among them, circled and recircled the plaza clockwise, replying adiós to the adióses of the eligible young men who were circling and re-circling the plaza counter-clockwise.

1950，Martin M. Goldsmith，The Miraculous Fish of Domingo Gonzales，New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company，頁 72:

As the adióses were said, Dan led Elizabeth around to the front of the wagon.

1989，Barbara Faith，Capricorn Moon，Silhouette Books, →ISBN，頁 59:

We said our adióses and Chulo left, leaving me sitting, waiting, and drinking whiskey.

1994，Giles Tippette，Wilson’s Gold，Penguin Group, →ISBN，頁 63:

After a bit, she and Son say their adióses and head out the door and get into the pickup truck, and the two of them damned bandits just drive right off.

2010，Susan Froderberg，Old Border Road，Back Bay Books, 出版於 2011, →ISBN:

Okay, Jefe, I’ll get us a car while you two say your adióses.

2019，Michael Curran，Connor Race: The Tontine Plot，Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., →ISBN:


adiós

adióses (third-person singular present)
adiósing (present participle)
adiósed (past participle)

adios的另一種拼寫法。

Adiós, first-rate bagels and cream cheese and marmalade, fresh-squeezed juice and fresh-ground coffee, as we’ve adiósed already our fine firm king-size bed: […]

Apparently deciding there might be more to this gringo than he was willing to deal with, the man adiósed.

1996，Frances Williams，Unbroken Vows，Silhouette Books, →ISBN:

It was hard, but adiósing the drama-loving diva needed to be done.


gracias

借自西班牙語 gracias (“謝謝”)。

/ˈɡɹɑ.θi.əs/

Muchos gracias, my friend. —The girls are in the kitchen, Bimbo told Vera.

"Gracias, my friend. I owe you a great debt.

“No, gracias, my friend. This will do fine.”

2010，Tina Rosenberg，Glenapp Castle: A Scottish Intrigue，頁 154:


high

源自中古英語 high、heigh、heih，源自古英語 hēah (“高的，高耸的，高级的，上层的，杰出的，高傲的，深邃的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hauh (“高”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hauhaz (“高”)，源自原始印歐語 *kewk- (“升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 heich (“高的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 hooch (“高的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heech (“高的”)、荷蘭語 hoog (“高的”)、低地德語 hoog (“高的”)、德語 hoch (“高的”)、瑞典語 hög (“高的”)、挪威語 høy (“高的”)、冰島語 hár (“高的”)、立陶宛語 kaukas (“肿块，疮”)、俄語 ку́ча (kúča，“摞，沓”)同源。

higher (comparative)
highest (superlative)

从基础高度向上延伸距离长的： 高的

The balloon rose high in the sky. The wall was high. a high mountain

气球升到了高高的天上。 墙很高。 高山

The Chitistone River Valley offers a more direct route for travel from McCarthy to the White River and the Shushana gold placers than Skolai Creek, but it involves a high climb over the so-called “goat trail” to avoid the canyon above Chitistone[.]

1930，Philip Sidney Smith，Mineral Industry of Alaska in 1928 and Administration Report:

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:

She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry. His wooing had been brief but incisive.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

A nightgown with a high neck and long sleeves may have the fullness set into a yoke.

1919, Martha Van Rensselaer, Flora Rose, Helen Canon, A Manual of Home-Making, page 376:

three feet high three Mount Everests high

高3英尺 高三个珠穆朗玛峰

I told him about everything I could think of; and what I couldn't think of he did. He asked about six questions during my yarn, but every question had a point to it. At the end he bowed and thanked me once more. As a thanker he was main-truck high; I never see anybody so polite.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 4, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

"Conversely, just because I am not high on positivity, it does not mean I am necessarily high on negativity."

2016，David Chan，Enabling Positive Attitudes and Experiences in Singapore，頁 140:

I'm not that high about the relationship.

2010, Lena, quoted by S. Rosenbloom, The Multiracial Urban High School: Fearing Peers and Trusting Friends (ISBN 0230114733), chapter four:

The sea is as high as ever. I shouldn't think any boat could put out today.

1939，Agatha Christie，章號 11, in And Then There Were None:

富含...的（作表语时常带“in”指明哪种物质）

My bank charges me a high interest rate.

我的银行收我很高的利率。

I was running a high temperature and had high cholesterol.

我发高烧，胆固醇也很高。

high voltage high prices high winds a high number

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August，Fenella Saunders，“Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

Ignition voltage needs to be high enough to overcome the high resistance created by the air gap.

2005，Tracy Martin，How To Diagnose and Repair Automotive Electrical Systems，頁 16:

Carrots are high in vitamin A. made from a high-copper alloy

胡萝卜富含维生素A 使用富铜合金制成

Epicures do not cook game before it is high.

美食家到猎物快要开始腐败时才烹饪。

The tailor liked his meat high.

What he did know was this: something about the situation smelled wrong. Something about it smelled as high as dead fish that have spent three days in the hot sun.

NO NEARER! (arrive! Fr.) the command given by the pilot of quarter-master, to the helmsman, to steer the ship no higher to the direction of the wind than the sails will operate to advance the ship in her course.

1784，William Falconer，An Universal Dictionary of the Marine: Or, A Copious Explanation:


high

No sooner has a [synthetic] drug been blacklisted than chemists adjust their recipe and start churning out a subtly different one. These “legal highs” are sold for the few months it takes the authorities to identify and ban them, and then the cycle begins again.

2013年August10日，“A new prescription”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8848:


welcome

源自中古英語 welcome、wolcume、wulcume、wilcume，源自古英語 wilcuma （“受欢迎的宾客”，亦对比 wilcume (“欢迎！”，叹词)），源自原始西日耳曼語 *willjakwemō，源自原始日耳曼語 *wiljakwemô (“期望的现身或宾客”)，可能源自*wiljakwemaną (“受欢迎”)，等价于will (“希望”) + come (“到达，来临，光临”)。该词下半部分的“宾客”一意不再为人所理解后，其中的wil-被替换为了wel-，可能是受到了副词well的影响。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 walcome、西弗里斯蘭語 wolkom、荷蘭語 welkom（早期形式willecome）、德語 willkommen、德國低地德語 willkamen、丹麥語 velkommen、書面挪威語 velkommen、新挪威語 velkomen、velkommen、瑞典語 välkommen、冰島語 velkominn、法羅語 vælkomin和古法語 wilecome（→中古法語 willecomme (“欢迎”)），源自日耳曼语族。
动词繼承自中古英語 welcomen、wolcumen、wilcumen，源自古英語 wellcumian、wylcumian、wilcumian (“欢迎”)。
类似构式亦出现于罗曼语族内，例如意大利語 benvenuto、西班牙語 bienvenido, 法語 bienvenu、加泰羅尼亞語 benvingut、葡萄牙語 bem-vindo和羅馬尼亞語 bun venit，意为“[希望您经历了]顺利的[旅途]到达[这里]”。它们并非派生自古典拉丁语词根（因为拉丁语中找不到类似的构式），而考虑到历史上日耳曼王国取代了西罗马帝国，其应该是从某日耳曼语族语言仿译进入了原始罗曼语（通俗拉丁语，见拉丁語 *bene venūtus；至于历史上类似的仿译，对比*perdōnō和compāniō）。

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

The townspeople crossed freely from bank to bank, and it stayed that way until breakup in March or April or, in years when winter outstayed its welcome, maybe even May.

1992，Dana Stabenow，A Cold Day for Murder, →ISBN，頁 42:


welcome

welcomes (third-person singular present)
welcoming (present participle)
welcomed (past participle)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud,[…]。By the time we reached the house we were thanking our stars she had come. Mrs. Cooke came out from under the port-cochere to welcome her.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

We welcome suggestions for improvement.

CPS MerseyCheshire welcomes the jailing of Helen Dove who conned her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed. Kimberley McDonnell lost around £50,000 because of the fraudster.

2020年January29日，“Woman jailed for conning her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed”, in CPS Mersey-Cheshire，London: Crown Prosecution Service, retrieved 2020-04-02:

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang welcomed cooperation with South Korea.
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)


milk

源自中古英語 milk、mylk、melk、mulc，源自古英語 meolc、meoluc (“奶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meluks，源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-。
同源词
与西弗里斯蘭語 molke、荷蘭語 melk、下薩克森荷蘭語 melk、德語 Milch、德國低地德語 Melk、意第緒語 מילך (milkh)、丹麥語 mælk、書面挪威語 mjølk、melk、新挪威語 mjølk、瑞典語 mjölk、冰島語 mjólk、法羅語 mjólk、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、波蘭語 mleko、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、威爾士語 blith、吐火羅語A malke、立陶宛語 malkas和拉脫維亞語 malks同源。也可能和古希臘語 μέλκιον (mélkion)同源。

m*lk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

mylk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

non-dairy milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

plant milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

cry over spilt milk, cry over spilled milk

在2017年欧盟法庭的一次裁定中，“milk”被禁止在欧盟地区用于宣发植物制品（词义2）。

Skyr is a product made of curdled milk.

[…] there's going to be that much less milk available to cover any other uses. Which means whether it's liquid milk or whether it's [milk that's been turned into] cheese or yogurt, the price gets pulled up right across the board.

2007 September 24, Chris Horseman (interviewee), Emily Harris (reporter), “Global Dairy Demand Drives Up Prices”, Morning Edition, National Public Radio

In the West it's' fairly normal to drink milk in various forms into adulthood.

2017，Adam Rutherford，A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived，The Experiment, →ISBN，頁 75:

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

Where it does fall down, however, is its nutritional value. While oats are largely a healthy grain to include in your diet, the milk is highly diluted with water, giving it little nutritional value.

2018年September16日，Alexandra Spring，“'Milk' mania: why most alternatives aren't great – but camel milk just might be”, in The Guardian:

For environmentally minded consumers, the news is hard to swallow: almond milk is not healthy for the planet and the popular milk substitute is especially hard on bees.

2020年January29日，Annette McGivney，“Almonds are out. Dairy is a disaster. So what milk should we drink?”, in The Guardian:


milk

源自中古英語 milken，源自古英語 melcan，源自原始日耳曼語 *melkaną，最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-，和上方名词相同的词干。对比荷蘭語和德語 melken、丹麥語 malke、挪威語 mjølke，以及拉丁語 mulgeō (“挤奶”)、古希臘語 ἀμέλγω (amélgō，“挤奶”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、立陶宛語 mélžti、吐火羅語A mālk-。

milks (third-person singular present)
milking (present participle)
milked (past participle)

masturbate

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

The farmer milked his cows.

I haue giuen Sucke, and know / How tender 'tis to loue the Babe that milkes me[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135，列 2:

过度使用；压榨，榨取；趁机榨取

When the audience began laughing, the comedian milked the joke for more laughs.

观众开始笑时，喜剧演员想从笑话中强行获得更多笑声。

They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock.

July 21, 1877, "The Block in the Courts" in The Spectator

If nothing else, José Mourinho can be grateful there was no mutiny. He still heard his name being sung and at the final whistle Old Trafford was not too unkind on the manager or his players. He milked it, too, marching over to the Stretford End to thank them for their generosity.

2018年August27日，Daniel Taylor，“Lucas Moura double for Spurs deepens gloom at Manchester United”, in The Guardian (London):


consonant

繼承自中古英語 consonant 或 consonaunt，源自古法語 consonant，源自拉丁語 cōnsonāns，源自前綴 con- (“和”) + 現在分詞 sonāns (“正聽起來”)，源自 sonāre (“聽起來”)。此拉丁語詞又是古希臘語 σύμφωνον (súmphōnon) 的仿譯。

more consonant (comparative)
most consonant (superlative)

Each one pretends that his opinion […] is consonant to the words there used.

1710，William Beveridge，The true nature of the Christian church, the office of its ministers, and the means of grace administred by them explain'd. In twelve sermons:

Cheerfulness, even gaiety, is consonant with every species of virtue and practice of religion, and I think it inconsistent only with impiety and vice.

1900，Sabine Baring-Gould，“The Rev. Mr. Carter, Parson-Publican”, in Yorkshire Oddities, Incidents and Strange Events:

This essential right of the courts to be free of intimidation and coercion was held to be consonant with a recognition that freedom of the press must be allowed in the broadest scope compatible with the supremacy of order.

1946, 美國 Supreme Court, Pennekamp v. Florida 328 U.S. 331,334

No Russian whose dissonant consonant name / Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame.

1813，Thomas Moore，Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag:


Tientsin

The difficulty, then, was to obtain for our country, whilst remaining at peace, the same commercial advantages which England and France might acquire by war. This task our Minister performed with tact, ability, and success, by the conclusion of the treaty of Tientsin of the 18th June, 1858, and the two supplemental conventions of Shanghae of the 8th November following.* These have placed our commercial relations with China on the same satisfactory footing with those of England and France, and have resulted in the actual payment of the full amount of all the just claims of our citizens, leaving a surplus to the credit of the Treasury. This object has been accomplished, whilst our friendly relations with the Chinese Government were never for a moment interrupted, but on the contrary have been greatly strengthened.

1866，James Buchanan，Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion，New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁 264:

This locomotive replaced the mules and was the beginning of the railway system of the country, for it amply demonstrated to those in authority at the time the economy of rail transport. This great advance made, it was a short step to eliminate the canal altogether with the result that by 1888 the mule tramway had been converted into a railway of 40 miles giving the mines direct access to the sea at the port of Tangku, on the Peiho, about 40 miles below Tientsin, which was also reached by the railway in 1888 (October).

1922，H. Stringer，The Chinese Railway System，Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, Limited，頁 2:

Mrs. Hoover had accompanied me to Peking and upon my return to the city next day I found her very ill at the hotel. There was no doctor available, so I had her carried to the station and took the first train to Tientsin where there was an able physician. That trouble proved to be a sinus stoppage and was quickly relieved.

1951，Herbert Hoover，The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure 1874-1920，New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁 48:


Pacific

源自拉丁語 pācificus (“带来和平的”)，麦哲伦在驶过合恩角得以平安地渡过太平洋，因此他如此命名这片海洋。

When our last plenary session was held in November of last year the Pacific was threatened with imminent outbreak of war. Since the subsequent beginning of the Japanese campaign of aggression in that ocean, China, in the company of her allies, has become the most important member of the forces fighting on the continent of East Asia.

1942 [1942年October22日]，Kai-shek Chiang，“Endurance, conscientiousness”, in All We Are and All We Have，New York: Chinese News Service, →OCLC，頁 45:


Cyprus

經由拉丁語 Cyprus，來自古希臘語 Κύπρος (Kúpros)。

cypres (alternative)
cypress (alternative)

薄、透明且通常為黑色的織物，一種縐紗。

Seated in an arm-chair, covered with cloth of gold, was the Queen; her robe was of black velvet, edged with the richest sable; and the diadem at the back of her head confined the folds of a long black Cyprus veil.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 131:


faubourg

By the time that I was quite clear of the city's unlovely faubourgs and purlieus I needed petrol: the Silver Ghost is a lovely car but its best friend would have to admit that its m.'s per g. are few.

1973，Kyril Bonfiglioli，Don't Point That Thing at Me.，Penguin, 出版於 2001，頁 81:


fiancé

借自法語 fiancé。

传统上fiancé用于指未婚夫，而fiancée用于指未婚妻（反映了法语原来的区分方式）。但是现在用法未见严格遵守。

West said that she was proud of their relationship and is looking forward to meeting his fiancé.

2009，B. R. Laine，Tales from Suffolk County，頁 107:

He could not bear to think about the idea that his fiancé could die in their dream home where they had shared so many unforgettable moments together.

2018，Christina J. Easley -，Disaster Free Survivor Strikes Back: Storms of Love & Loss, →ISBN，頁 163:

Matt called his fiancé and told her to come to the office.

2018，T. K. Kohl，Quest of the Staff and the Sword, →ISBN，頁 153:


firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma，“框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ，“天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā，“固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]

1609，Everie VVoman in Her Humor，London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)，[Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:

And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:

[W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]

1667，John Milton，“Book II”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 174–175:

And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!

1825 January，H. G. B.，“The Bride of Parma”, in The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […]，卷 XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC，頁 68，列 2:

Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence，源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.

1831，James Bell，“[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, in A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […]，卷 V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC，頁 34:

On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.

2001 December，J. Robert King，“Who are We?”, in Lancelot du Lethe，New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN，頁 229:

The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.

2002，Barbara Kingsolver，“Small Wonder”, in Small Wonder: Essays，New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版於 2009, →ISBN:

[...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.

2013，Alexander Miller，“The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy)，頁 658:

界，圈 （某个活动或利益的圈子）

the international fashion firmament

Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.

1997，Michael Schaller，“Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, in Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation，New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 7:

By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.

1999，Shannon Wiley，“Introduction”, in Seaford, Delaware (Images of America)，Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 出版於 2001, →ISBN，頁 8:

She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.

2008，Adrienne L. McLean，“A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, in Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema，New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁 40:

[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]

1638，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy. […]，第5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3，頁 254:

The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.

1715，H[enry] Curson，“A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, in A New Description of the World. […]，第2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:

Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1，列 1:

Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]

1690，[Mary Evelyn]，“A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, in Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […]，London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁 7:

Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.

[1690，[Mary Evelyn]，“The Fop-dictionary. […]”, in Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […]，London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁 18:

Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.

2012年January25日，Josh Brown，“Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, in Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal，存檔自the original on 2013-12-08:


fisc

源自法語 fisc，源自拉丁語 fiscus (“篮子，钱袋，国库”)，参见fiscal。

When they had resolved to appropriate to the Fisc, a certain portion of the landed property of their conquered country, it was their business to render their bank a real fund of credit […].

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，頁 340:


foison

源自中古英語 foisoun，源自古法語 foison，源自拉丁語 fūsiōnem。fusion 的同源對似詞。

The earth did never mean her foizon
For those who crown life’s cup with poison
Of fanatic rage and meaningless revenge—
But for those radiant spirits, who are still
The standard-bearers in the van of Change.

1820，Percy Bysshe Shelley，Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:


fossé

沟，坑道 （17-19世纪）

The Major then went with me and Euphemia (Victoria staying at the inn) and showed us what is called the Ditch, being the fossé and ruinous banks of the old castle […] 。

1792, James Boswell, in Danziger & Brady (eds.), Boswell: The Great Biographer (Journals 1789–1795), Yale 1989, p. 165:

I saw him tied up between two boards, by way of the coffin, which was to be provided by contract; and deposited in the fossé that surrounded our prison […]。

1792，Charlotte Smith，Desmond，Broadview, 出版於 2001，頁 146:


foulard

The Empress and the little Grand Duchess wore simple suits of foulard (or foulard silk, I don't know which is proper,) with a small blue spot in it […]

A lot of foulard tie bulged out and was rain-spotted above his crossed lapels.

1939，Raymond Chandler，The Big Sleep，Penguin, 出版於 2011，頁 176:

"Frammis on the Antispode": The doubletalk heading this paragraph takes the sting out of Mr. Ruark's comment, even if his gay colored foulard Sinatra bow tie didn't contradict his comment[.]


fragment

fragments (third-person singular present)
fragmenting (present participle)
fragmented (past participle)

Once the centralized power of Rome fragmented, economic, social and political power simplified and relocalized.

2023年July31日，Charles Hugh Smith，Lessons from the Unraveling of the Roman Empire: Simplification, Localization:


fraterniser

So, Andover featured in the Glorious Revolution, which involved the deposition of Catholic fraterniser James II and his replacement by stout Protestants William and Mary.

因此，安多弗在光榮革命中發揮了重要作用，在這場革命中，親近天主教的詹姆斯二世被廢黜，取而代之的是堅定的新教徒威廉和瑪麗。

2023年June28日，Stephen Roberts，“Bradshaw's Britain: Alton to Exeter”, in RAIL，期 986，頁 58:


fret

源自中古英語 frēten (“吃，侵蝕，摧毀，煩擾”)，源自古英語 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼語 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印歐語 *pro- (“朝著，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。
與荷蘭語 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、低地德語 freten (“吃掉”)、德語 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan，“吞食”)、瑞典語 fräta (“吃掉，侵蝕，腐蝕”)同源；亦與丹麥語 fråse (“狼吞虎嚥”)有關。
“摩擦”之義可能是因與盎格魯-諾曼語 *freiter（現代法語 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁語 *frictāre，是拉丁語 fricāre的反覆體，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；對比古法語 froter（現代法語 frotter）。來源推測的主要阻礙是缺少古法語詞彙的證明。

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past)
fret (past)
frate (past)
fretted (past participle)
fretten (past participle)

Their hearts alreadie fretted and cankered at the very roote, for the last disgrace received.

1609，Ammianus Marcellinus，Philemon Holland, transl.，章號 XIV, in The Roman Historie, containing Such Acts and Occurrents as Passed under Constantius, Iulianus, Iovianus, Valentinianus, and Valens, Emperours，book IX, London: Printed by Adam Islip, →OCLC，頁 322:

And could we let a Light into their Bosoms, we should see them generally fretted and cankered with this secret and corroding Venom.

1727–1728，Mather Byles [et al.]，Proteus Echo (1727–28): A Series of Essays and Poems … that Appeared in the New-England Weekly Journal … (History of Psychology Series; 420)，Delmar, N.Y.: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 75:

A Perſon of Honour, of a full Body abounding with ſharp Humours, was ſeized with an Herpes on his right Leg. [...] [I]t inflamed and ſwelled very much, many Wheals aroſe, and fretted one into another, with great Excoriation.

1676，Richard Wiseman，“[A Treatise of Tumors.] Of an Herpes”, in Severall Chirurgical Treatises，London: Printed by E. Flesher and J[ohn] Macock, for R[ichard] Royston bookseller to His Most Sacred Majesty, and B[enjamin] Took at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 80:

We sometimes perform an operation on the under lip [...] in consequence of / Cancer Labii [cancer of the lips], / Which disease generally arises from the use of a pipe, and the manner in which it happens is this:—the adhesive nature of the clay of which the pipe is made, causes it to adhere to the lip; at length the cuticle becomes torn off, and the continued irritation frets the sore into true cancerous disease.

1823–1824，A[stley Paston] Cooper，“Lecture LII”, in The Lancet. [...] In Two Volumes，第3rd版, 卷 II, London: Knight and Lacey, Paternoster-Row; and G. L. Hutchinson, the Lancet office, Strand, 出版於 1826, →OCLC，頁s 100–101:

Yorke hereupon conſults with his ſpeciall friends; [...] how Yorke might get the Crowne of England, and for that cauſe how to ruine or fret out the Duke of Sommerſet; who ſtanding, they were to looke for ſtrong oppoſition.

1611，John Speed，“Henrie the Sixth, King of England, and France, Lord of Ireland: The Three and Fiftieth Monarch of England, His Raigne, Actes, and Issve”, in The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. …，Imprinted at London: [By William Hall and John Beale] … and are to be solde by Iohn Sudbury & Georg Humble, in Popes-head alley at ye signe of ye white Horse, →OCLC; 再版 London: Printed by Iohn Beale, for George Hvmble, and are to be sold in Popes-head Pallace, at the signe of the White Horse, 1614, →OCLC, book 9, paragraph 55，頁 665，列 1:

We are all hurrying down the one common stream to the great ocean of eternity: but are we performing our social duties, as citizens of the world, in sculking away into holes and corners, to fret out time and life, because God has judged fit to withdraw the favourite toy he lent us—not making us destitute—but graciously leaving in our keeping, ten thousand toys beside.

1835，Louisa Sidney Stanhope，“Conclusion”, in Sydney Beresford. A Tale of the Day. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 274:

The Mines are cold where the outward Air comes in; but where not, warm. The greateſt trouble they have is by duſt, which ſpoileth their Lungs and Stomachs, and frets their Skins.

1677，Edward Browne，“A Journey from Vienna in Austria to Hamburg”, in An Account of Several Travels through a Great Part of Germany: In Four Journeys. …，London: Printed for Benj[amin] Tooke, and are to be sold at the sign of the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 136:

You may see the surges wear and fret away the basement of the cliff against which they dash themselves, and the mass of broken rock falls into the depth and disappears, and then it is carried away by the tide as it retires.

1881，Frederick W[illiam] Robertson，“The Peace of God”, in “The Human Race” and Other Sermons Preached at Cheltenham, Oxford, and Brighton，New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, →OCLC，頁 233:

In all the present cases it is the aortic valves that are the source of the mischief. Vegetations, massive, tough, and often calcareous have formed upon these valves, and as they were drive to and fro by the blood-stream have fretted the parts with which they came into contact, and aneurysm at these spots has been the frequent result.

1886年January5日，Samuel West，“Some Aneurysms of the Heart, Many of the Cases Exhibiting the Effects of Erosion”, in Transactions of the Pathological Society of London，卷s XXXVII (Comprising the Report of the Proceedings for the Session 1885–86), London: Smith, Elder & Co., 15, Waterloo Place, →OCLC，頁 159:

Fret not thy ſelfe becauſe of euill doers, neither bee thou enuious againſt the workers of iniquitie.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 37:1:

A wristband frets on the edges.

This, as Maury remarks, "suggested the idea that there was no running water nor abrading forces at play upon the bed of the deep sea, and consequently, if ever an electric cord were lodged upon the telegraphic plateau, there it would lie in cold abstraction; without anything to fret, chafe or wear, save alone the tooth of time."

1893，A[lexander] Fraser-Macdonald，“The North Atlantic Viewed as a Region Traversed by Our Ocean Railways”, in Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation，London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC，頁 239:

Had Carry preferred mere wealth, weighed by such a master, to the congenial spirit of her former lover? It fretted the young man even to think of such a possibility. And the visitors had fretted him each in some special point.

1882 June，[Margaret Oliphant]，“The Ladies Lindores.—Part III.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 CXXXI (American edition, volume XCIV), 期 DCCC, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Co., 41 Barclay Street, →OCLC, chapter VII，頁 708，列 2:

Of all the queer collections of humans outside of a crazy asylum, it seemed to me this sanitarium was the cup winner. But, after all, I shouldn't have expected nothing different. When you're well enough off so's you don't have to fret about anything but your heft or your diseases you begin to get queer, I suppose.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 5, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 115–116:

Recruits have also fretted that the shares included in their offer letters could quickly become devalued if Mr. Musk succeeded in taking Twitter private.

2022年April25日，Kate Conger，“Twitter Employees Search for Answers as Musk Deal Takes Shape”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Rancour frets in the malignant breast.

Beyond Tabor, the ſmall river Luſchnitze frets over craggy rocks, covered with thick woods, through which you continue your journey for three German miles, [...]

1789，John Gillies，章號 II, in A View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia; with a Parallel between the Prince and Philip II. of Macedon，Printed for A[ndrew] Strahan, and T[homas] Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 142:

And mid-way through the channel met / Conflicting tides that foam and fret, / And high their mingled billows jet, / As spears, that, in the battle set, / Spring upward as they break.

1815，Walter Scott，“The Lord of the Isles”, in The Poetical Works of Walter Scott: Complete in One Volume，Frankfurt: Printed by and for H. L. Brœnner, 出版於 1826, →OCLC, canto I，頁 130:

The sea frets itself around it [South Stack, Wales, UK] and gurgles in the cavern; ledges and reefs abut on it.

1891 June，William H[enry] Rideing，“Safety on the Atlantic”, in Scribner’s Magazine，卷 IX, 期 6, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: F[rederick] Warne & Co., →OCLC，頁 700，列 2:

It is important to allow beer to flatten, after it has ceased working. This is accomplished by leaving the casks open, when the small floating particles of yeast part with their fixed air, lose their buoyancy, and sink to the bottom. [...] The beer having thus deposited its remaining yeast will not be liable to fret.

1856，“The Art of Brewing”, in The Brewer: A Familiar Treatise on the Art of Brewing, with Directions for the Selection of Malt and Hops, &c., &c.: Instructions for Making Cider and British Wines: Also, a Description of the New and Improved Brewing Saccharometer and Slide Rule, with Full Instructions for Their Use，London: William R[obert] Loftus, 6, Beaufoy Terrace, Edgeware Road, →OCLC，頁 50:


fret

Now though Cider uſed in my Method ſhould not ferment at all, till it come into the Bottle, and then but a little; yet the Cauſe of Fermentation being in a great Degree taken away, the reſt can do no conſiderable Harm to thoſe who drink it, [...] It is in your Power to give the Cider juſt as much fret as you pleaſe, and no more; and that by ſeveral ways: For either you may bottle it ſooner or later, as you pleaſe: Or you may bottle it from two Taps in your Veſſel, and that from the higher Tap will have leſs Fret, and the lower more: [...]

1724，Paul Neile，“Sir Paul Neile’s Discourse of Cider”, in John Evelyn, Silva: Or, A Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty’s Dominions: … In Two Books. …，第5th版, London: Printed for J. Walthoe [et al.], →OCLC，頁 91:

The place was a little below Gravesend, quite out of the fret and bustle of the narrower river, and there was not even a steamboat pier to disturb the quiet of this cluster of harmless houses, though they watched upon their beach the passage of great navies down the greatest thoroughfare of England.

1857，[Margaret Oliphant]，“The First Day”, in The Days of My Life. An Autobiography. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Hurst and Blackett, publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough Street, →OCLC，頁 4:

When the pitching heat is high, and the yeast is of a good quality and in sufficient abundance, the fermentation proceeds so rapidly and with such energy that it becomes ungovernable; some means must therefore be employed to check the heat. For this purpose coils of pipe, through which water circulates, are fitted up in the tun. Unless this is done the whole of the glutinous constituents of the gyle is not removed in the yeast, and the liquor does not cleanse satisfactorily, in consequence of an after fermentation which sets in, which is technically known as the "fret."

1877，“BEER”, in Encyclopædia of Chemistry Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical as Applied to the Arts and Manufactures，卷s I (Acetic Acid – Gas), Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott & Co., →OCLC，頁 315，列 2:

He keeps his mind in a continual fret.

他的思想一直處於焦躁狀態。

It was our good fortune last autumn to escape from the feverish excitement and moral tension of this vast metropolis, from the hurry and fret of business, the glut of pleasure, the satiety of delight, the weariness of politics, and the exhausting duties of our critical function, into that favoured corner of our fortunate island, the West of England; [...]

1836 December，“Art. IX. Transactions of the Institute of British Architects. Vol. I. Part I. London, 1836.”, in The Quarterly Review，卷 LVIII, 期 CXVI, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC，頁 524:

And the preacher who delivered the discourse went home and fretted; his wife, children and servants being witnesses. Sanctification takes the spirit of fret out of the heart.

1897，B[everly] Carradine，The Sanctified Life，Cincinnati, Oh.: Office of the Revivalist, →OCLC，頁 192:

After their introduction to Orlando, Celia wonders why Rosalind should be so morose ([William Shakespeare's As You Like It,] I.iii.10–19): [...] In her effort to cheer Rosalind, Celia compares these frets to burs, meaning the rough and prickly flowerheads: "They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery."

1980，Renaissance Papers，Durham, N.C.: Southeastern Renaissance Conference, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 50:

Vesiculæ, or vesicles, are small, circumscribed elevations of the scarf-skin, containing serum, at first (both in their coats and contents) transparent, afterwards white and opaque, and terminating in the formation of scurf or thin scales. Under this head are ranged varicella (chicken-pox), sudamina, eczema (red fret), herpes (fret), scabies (itch).

1860，Robert J[acob] Jordan，章號 I, in Skin Diseases and Their Remedies，London: John Churchill, New Burlington Street, →OCLC, book I (Diseases of the Skin)，頁 57:

To cure Gripes in Horses. This disorder goes by different names in different districts of the country; as fret, from the uneasiness attending it; bots, from its being thought to arise from these animals or worms, etc. [...] In speaking of the medicine for gripes, or the flatulent colic sometimes termed fret, Mr. White mentions, domestic remedies may be employed when proper medicines cannot be procured in time.

1867年April25日，[Colin Mackenzie]，“Farriery”, in Mackenzie’s Ten Thousand Receipts, in All the Useful and Domestic Arts; Constituting a Complete and Practical Library, …，第new, carefully revised and re-written版, Philadelphia, Pa.: T. Ellwood Zell & Company, Nos. 17 & 19 South Sixth Street，頁s 112–113:

Then we obſerve the Frets in the Banks of Rivers that are newly made by any great Land-Flood, which uſually are then very clean, to ſee, if happily we can diſcover any metalline Stones in the Sides and Bottoms thereof, together with the Caſt of the Country (i.e. any earth of a different colour from the reſt of the Bank), which is a great help to direct us, which ſide or hill to ſearch into.

1716，“[The Tin Mines in Devonshire and Cornwal] [marginal note]”, in The Philosophical Transactions, and Collections, to the End of the Year 1700, Abridg’d and Dispos’d under General Heads，卷 II (Containing All the Physiological Papers), London: Printed for Robert Knaplock, at the Bishop's-Head; Richard Wilkin, at the King's-Head; and Henry Clements, at the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 566:


fret

來自中古英語 frēten (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 freté、freter、fretter (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 fret（來自fraindre (“打破”)，來自拉丁語 frangō (“破壞，粉碎”)，來自原始意大利語 *frangō，源頭來自原始印歐語 *bʰreg- (“破壞”)）+ 古法語 -er (動詞形後綴)（來自拉丁語 -āre，源頭來自原始印歐語 *h₃enh₂- (“重壓”)）。

Went to visit our good neighbor, Mr. Bohun, whose whole house is a cabinet of all elegancies, especially Indian; [...] [A]bove all, his lady's cabinet is adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney-piece with Mr. Gibbons's best carving.

1682年July30日，John Evelyn，The Diary of John Evelyn: Edited from the Original MSS. [...] In Two Volumes (Universal Classics Library)，卷 II, New York, N.Y., London: M. Walter Dunne, publisher, 出版於 1901, →OCLC，頁 170:

Remove spills from grill frets with a cloth and brush the frets with a stiff brush when dry and cold.

1943，Homes and Gardens，卷 25, London: [s.n.], 出版於 1944, →OCLC，頁 40:

Square unit of nondescript frets which interlace in the centre to form a cruciform shape.

2007，Nancy Edwards，A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales，卷 2 (South-west Wales), Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press, →ISBN，頁 136:

與菱形圖案交錯的X形十字

DIAPERED, or Diapre, in heraldry, the dividing of a field in planes, like fret-work, and filling the ſame with variety of figures. This chiefly obtains on bordures, which are diapered or fretted over, and the frets charged with things proper for bordures.

1764，Temple Henry Croker，Thomas Williams，Samuel Clark [et al.]，“DIAPERED”, in The Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences，卷 I, London: Printed for the authors, and sold by J. Wilson & J. Fell, Pater-noster Row; [et al.], →OCLC:


fret

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past participle)

The sun shone brilliantly through the trembling leaves, birds of many colors flitted from spray to spray, butterflies and bright insects crossed the fretted work of light and shade.

1882年July29日，J. Henry Shorthouse，“The Marquis Jeanne Hyacinth De St. Palaye [from Macmillan’s Magazine]”, in Littel’s Living Age，卷 XXXIX (Fifth Series; volume CLIV overall), 期 1988, Boston, Mass.: Littel & Co., →OCLC, section V，頁 228，列 1:


fret

來自中古英語 freten (“捆”)，來自古法語 freter，來自frete (“金屬包頭”)（現代法語 frette）。用來表示音樂意思的源頭未知；可能來自 frete 或來自 fret（摩擦）。

The long-necked Egyptian Nefer was certainly depicted in the 4th dynasty; and wall-painting of the time of Moses, preserved in the British Museum, shows that it then had frets.

1880，A. J. H[ipkins]，“LUTE”, in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450–1880) [...] In Three Volumes，卷 II, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC，頁 175，列 2:

The frets of the lute marked whole tones, while those of the guitar were a semi-tone apart.

1916，“History of the Orchestra”, in The Orchestra and Orchestral Music (The Art of Music: A Comprehensive Library of Information for Music Lovers and Musicians; 8)，New York, N.Y.: The National Society of Music, →OCLC, section III，頁 69:


fret

音樂方面的意思： 將琴弦壓在品的後面


fret

來自拉丁語 fretum (“航道，海峽”)。

The river Velino, after having found its way from among the rocks where it falls, runs into the Nera. The channel of this laſt river is white with rocks, and the ſurface of it, for a long ſpace, covered with froth and bubbles; for it runs all along upon the fret, and is ſtill breaking againſt the ſtones that oppoſe its paſſage: [...]

1721，Joseph Addison，“Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, Ancona, Loretto, &c. to Rome”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq，卷s II (Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703), London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, at Shakespear's-Head, over-against Katherine-street in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 56:


fret

最早見於1800年代中期，起源未知。可能與fret (“在……上面形成圖案”)、fret (“吞噬”，指大霧籠罩陸地) 或 fret (“使水面激起漣漪”，指將霧吹向內陸的風) 等相關；語義上對照haar (“冷風；縹緲的風；霧，迷霧”)。而方言中拼寫也作 freet，發音讀作 /fɹit/，這個現象在詞源1中也有發現。

The wind brings a fret off the ocean; not cold, but achingly damp.

2008，Trezza Azzopardi，Winterton Blue: A Novel，頁 14:


futile

源自中古法語 futile ← 拉丁語 fūtilis。

more futile (comparative)
most futile (superlative)

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or[…]. And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in a spirit of thankfulness.

1898，Winston Churchill，章號 4, in The Celebrity:

Goals from Steven Pienaar, Andros Townsend, Jermain Defoe and Harry Kane sealed the win, but Rubin Kazan's 1-1 draw against PAOK Salonika rendered Spurs' efforts futile.

2011年December15日，Marc Higginson，“Shamrock Rovers 0-4 Tottenham”, in BBC Sport:


facies

借自拉丁語 faciēs (“形式，構造，形象；面孔，面容，容貌”)。face 的同源對似詞。

The Chilean Amphijubula Schust. (Schuster, 1970a) which has the facies of a small Frullania and agrees with Frullania in leaf insertion and branching, has a nontiered seta with 16 epidermal cell rows surrounding 4 inner rows.

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 6:


factice

硫化非饱和植物或动物油（用于橡胶中）

Although factice is, strictly speaking, not a plasticizer, being added to mixes for a whole range of reasons including the improvement of dimensional stability and rigidity of unsupported articles in hot air cures, the improvement of surface finish and electrical insulation, it does nevertheless act as a softener, improving filler dispersion and decreasing the energy requirements of mixing.

1999，M.J. Loadman，Analysis of Rubber and Rubber-like Polymers，頁 56:


ginseng

源自泉漳話 人參／人参 (jîn-som)。

When the Afghan princes find it necessary to employ Chob-Chini, (the Jin-seng, or China root so celebrated as a purifier, tonic, and aphrodisiac) they choose the spring season.

1855，Sir Richard Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah，Dover, 出版於 1964，頁s 56–7:

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March18日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，存檔自the original on 2013-05-16，頁 134:


bonjour

來自法語 bonjour (“你好；早安”)。

Say bonjour to the botched R.S.V.P. The practice of replying to invitations, let alone actually showing up to parties as promised, has become as antiquated as the chimney sweep, and much messier.

2009年March13日，Alexandra Jacobs，“Blame the Messager”, in New York Times:


harp

繼承自中古英語 harpe，繼承自古英語 hearpe (“豎琴”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *harpā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *harpǭ (“豎琴”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 hairp (“豎琴”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harpe、harp (“豎琴”)、低地德語 Harp (“豎琴”)、荷蘭語 harp (“豎琴”)、德語 Harfe (“豎琴”)、丹麥語 harpe (“豎琴”)、瑞典語 harpa (“豎琴”)。

豎琴 音樂學上屬於相同類型的樂器

The Harpe. […] A harper with his wreſt maye tune the harpe wrong / Mys tunying of an Inſtrument ſhal hurt a true ſonge

1568，William Cornishe [i.e., William Cornysh]，“In the Fleete Made by Me William Cornishe otherwise Called Nyshwhete Chapelman with the Most Famose and Noble Kyng Henry the VII. His Reygne the XIX. Yere the Moneth of July. A Treatise betwene Trouth, and Information.”, in John Skelton, Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate，Imprinted at London: In Fletestreate, neare vnto Saint Dunstones Churche by Thomas Marshe, →OCLC; 再版為 Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate to King Henry the VIIIth，London: Printed for C. Davis in Pater-noster Row, 1736, →OCLC，頁 290:

豎琴形燈架；照明裝置的組件，用於安裝燈罩，通常由輕質框架製成並圍繞著燈泡，頂部有一個用於安裝的附件。

Contains charts and instructions for wiring. Shows sockets, wire, harps, glass chimneys and globes, shade holders, bases, finials, and hundreds of items necessary in the building of lamps.

Both types of harp have a swiveling shade holder at the top. The threaded stud on the swivel accepts the finial.

1991, Kalton C. Lahue, Cheryl Smith, Interior Lighting (page 104)


harp

harps (third-person singular present)
harping (present participle)
harped (past participle)

以技巧和藝術來發展或表達；像豎琴一樣發出聲音

Thou harped my fear aright.

你正確地表達了我的恐懼。

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:


piano

pianoforte的缩短形式，源自意大利語 pianoforte，源自piano (“柔的”) + forte (“强的”)。与以大键琴为代表的早期键盘乐器不同，钢琴能够按音符发出范围很宽的响度，故名。llano、plain和plane 的同源對似詞。

pianos (third-person singular present)
pianoing (present participle)
pianoed (past participle)

Anyhow I pianoed to my own ear, and had no thought at that time for an audience.

1967，Harry F. Chaplin，A McCrae Miscellany，頁 41:

Who comforted me with Madeleines and lime tea, with whipped cream in my cocoa in far off Ann Arbor while others selfishly fiddled, bassooned, pianoed only for their own ugly self-advancement!

1978，Bertha Harris，Confessions of Cherubino，頁 96:

John Ashbery, Kenneth Koch, Arnold Weinstein, and others came to the house, taping their poems as I pianoed and zithered and drummed away.

2008，John Gruen，Callas Kissed Me...Lenny Too!，頁 138:

We guitared and drummed and head banged and pianoed.

像弹钢琴一样快速上下移动手指

He just stared at her, leaned back in his chair and pianoed his fingers along the tablecloth.

2013，Ann Blair Kloman，A Diamond to Die For，頁 29:

“Jean, it ain't right how you separated those two,” he said, and pianoed the little coffin with his fingers, tapping out his grievance.

2017，Kim Michele Richardson，The Sisters of Glass Ferry:

The superintendent pianoed his fingers on the surface of a nearby desk.

Holly pianoed her fingers over her throat.

Other buildings will also be erected and pianoed by the same architect.

1889，The Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer，頁 128:

A tabernacle has been built, burnt, rebuilt, electric lighted, organed, pianoed, and frequently filled — all during the last two years.

1892，The Japan Daily Mail - Volume 18，頁 772:


piano

源自意大利語 piano。

“You know, Mrs. Wrigglechops,” pianoed Miss Drucilla , even more meekly and mildly than before, "the ace is either one or eleven."

1839，Rosina Doyle Bulwer afterwards Bulwer Lytton (Baroness Lytton.)，Cheveley; Or, The Man of Honour，頁 385:

His tone pianoed on intimacy.

2000，David R. Beasley，Aspects of Love: Three novellas，頁 83:

A day pianoed, swelled acutest, pianoed.

2009，David Lau，Virgil and the Mountain Cat，頁 61:


Barbados

源自葡萄牙語 barbados (“有鬍子的人”)，源自 barba (“鬍子”)，由於島上有茂密的懸垂苔蘚或藤蔓。

Barbadoes (alternative)
Barbadoses (third-person singular present)
Barbadosing (present participle)
Barbadosed (past participle)

The Barbadian planters […] resorted to shipping in hundreds of Scottish and Irish soldiers who’d been taken prisoner during Oliver Cromwell’s conquest. When that supply ran out, they took to kidnapping children, so many that a new term was coined: “barbadosed” meant the same thing in the late seventeenth century as “shanghaied” would in the twentieth.

巴貝多種植園主 […] 透過船運運送了數百名在奧利佛·克倫威爾征服期間被俘的蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭士兵。當這些供給耗盡後，他們便開始綁架兒童，數量之多以至於一個新詞被創造出來：「barbadosed」在十七世紀後期的含義與「shanghaied」在二十世紀的含義相同。

2011，Colin Woodard，章號 7, in American nations，New York: Penguin, →ISBN:


floccinaucinihilipilification

拉丁語 floccus (“一縷”) + naucum (“瑣事”) + nihilum (“沒有東西”) + pilus (“毛髮”) + -fication。
這顯然是伊顿公学的學生們創造的一種戲謔用語，由多個拉丁語詞幹所組成。該詞的靈感來自威廉·莉莉（William Lily，約 1468-1522 年）在17-19世紀出版的各種版本的拉丁語語法教科書（包括《伊頓拉丁語語法（Eton Latin Grammar）》）中的一句話，其中列出了一些名詞常用的屬格與一些動詞，像是pendo和facio的搭配，表示評價某物一文不值或如前所述：
「Flócci of a lock of wool, náuci of a nut-shell, níhili of nóthing, píli of a hair, ássis of a pénny, hújus of this, terúncii of a fárthing, addúntur are ádded, peculiáritèr pecúliarly or véry próperly vérbis to verbs æstimándi of esteéming.」

/ˌflɒksɪˌnɔːsɪˌnaɪhɪlɪˌpɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

經常被認為是英語中最長的非專業單字，比著名的長單字antidisestablishmentarianism多一個字母。保守黨議員雅各·里斯-莫格在2012年的一次辯論會中使用了該詞，之後該詞成為議會紀錄的最長單字，直到2017年麥可·布萊恩（Michael Bryan）在青年專責委員會上使用了pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis，才打破這一紀錄。

把某事物都看作是毫無價值的一種行動或習慣

I loved him for nothing so much as his flocci-nauci-nihili-pili-fication of money.

我最欣賞他的，就是他對金錢完全不以為然的態度。

There is a systematic flocci-nauci-nihili-pilification of all other aspects of existence that angers me.

他們有系統地貶低生活中的所有其他層面，這讓我感到憤怒。

1970，Patrick O'Brian，Master and Commander:

Floccinaucinihilipilification in accounting - does it matter?

在會計領域中把一切都視為無價值 - 這樣做有意義嗎？

2000，Raymond J. Chambers，Logic, Law, and Ethics:

They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccinaucinihilipilification of all that can gratify the outward man.

對於那些能滿足外在需求的事物，必須以蔑視的態度視之，將其全盤否定。

2006，Sol Steinmetz，The life of language:

Some people with low self-esteem are prone to floccinaucinihilipilification, the habit of deeming everything worthless.

一些缺乏自信容易養成一種習慣，把所有事物都看作毫無價值。

The quasi statistician would doubtlessly not know how to check this supposition, thus rendering the interpretation of the mean profit as floccinaucinihilipilification.

這位準統計學家顯然不知道如何驗證這個假設，因此對平均利潤的解讀變得毫無意義。

2011，Bruce Ratner，Statistical and Machine-Learning Data Mining:

Let me indulge in the floccinaucinihilipilification of EU judges and quote from the book of Amos about them.

讓我盡情地貶低這些歐盟法官吧，我要引用《阿摩司書》中關於他們的話。

2012年February21日，Jacob Rees-Mogg，parliamentary debates，列 787:


Apple

如果指多媒體機構，則代表由披頭四樂團創立的（蘋果總公司）和唱片公司（蘋果唱片）。

Listen, Apple’s not perfect. You need proof? We made the Newton. We made that one Mac that looks like a toaster. We actually thought the Apple Watch was cool.
Wait, this isn’t cool?
Oh, fuck no.
Shit!
We put a YouTube album on your phones. You know, the one you’ve been struggling to delete. That thing keeps coming back, huh? And we can’t even make out battery last more than, like, a day!

2016年March13日，“Encryption”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 3, 集数 5, 經由 HBO:


Ashes

The superlatives have been 'wrung dry to describe' that tumultous heart-warming welcome in Sydney and beyond, the kind of picture we needed to stir us from such melancholy contemplations as our cricketers' fall from Ashes glory in the West Indies.

1954年March1日，The Morning Bulletin，Rockhampton，頁 2，列 4:

My Ashes experiences have led to lifelong friendships with numerous Australians as well as England team-mates.


Danmark

最终源自丹麥語 Danmark。

丹麥（國家名，位於北歐）

For Youth for Christ in Danmark I'm looking for an inernet service provider in Danmark. Please post a reply or mail me I you have some information on this.

致丹麥基督教青年歸主協會：我正在丹麥尋找網際網路服務提供商。如果您有這方面的一些資訊，請給我回覆或發郵件給我。

1995年January12日，Peter Brouwer，“Internet service providers in Danmark?”, in soc.religion.christian.youth-work (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

Is there a list from running-competitions in Danmark.
I´ll spend my holidays in Danmark, and try to to some competitions in running-sports.

有丹麥賽跑比賽的名單嗎？
我將在丹麥度假，並嘗試參加一些跑步運動的比賽。

1998年January1日，G.Henke，“Running in Danmark”, in dk.sport (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

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English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu，“窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas，“緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、古教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ，“窄的”)）。

Englishes (third-person singular present)
Englishing (present participle)
Englished (past participle)

[…] severe prohibuit viris suis tum misceri feminas in consuetis suis menstruis, etc. I spare to English this which I have said.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
, page 214 (2001 reprint):

Mamma is an adaptation of a French farce by Mr. Sydney Grundy, made in the time when his chief claim to recognition as a playwright lay in his ingenious aptitude for Englishing the un-Englishable.

1901，The Speaker, the Liberal Review - Volume 3，頁 654:

Here, the poems are Englished by twelve different translators

2011, Colin Cheney, 'Where Should I Start with Tomas Tranströmer?':


French

繼承自中古英語 Frenche、Frensch、Frensc、Frenshe、Frenk、Franche，來自古英語 Frenċisċ (“法語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Frankisk (“法蘭克”)，等同於Frank + -ish (對照Frankish)。與西佛蘭德語 Fransch (“法語”)、荷蘭語 Frans (“法語”)、中古低地德語 vranksch、frenkisch、vrenkesch、vrenksch (“法語”)、中古高地德語 frenkisch、frensch （“法蘭克的，法蘭西的”；> 德語 fränkisch (“法蘭克尼亞”)）、丹麥語 fransk (“法語”)、瑞典語 fransk、fransysk (“法語”)、冰島語 franska (“法語”)同源。
用作粗俗語言的義項，其通常指早期19世紀上層階級實際使用的法語表達 (但通常輕微無禮)，後來被下層階級用作罵人的話，因為他們認為聽者不會熟悉這些用語。
用來指苦艾酒的義項，是French vermouth的簡稱。

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.:

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96:

I could speak but little French.

1720，Daniel Defoe，Memoirs of a Cavalier，頁 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991，Michael Clyne，Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations，Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN，頁 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997，Albert Valdman，French and Creole in Louisiana，頁 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004，Jack Flam，Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship，頁 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013，Jocelyn Wogan-Browne，Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500，Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN，頁 361:

Pardon my French.

The enraged headsman spares no 'bad French' in explaining his motives.

1845，Edward Jerningham Wakefield，Adventure in New Zealand，卷 I，頁 327:

Cameron: Pardon my French, but you're an asshole!

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off':

The book... is a welcome change from theory-infected academic discourse, pardon my French.

2005年May29日，New York Times Book Review，頁 12:


French

複數形式Frenches的使用在早期現代英語出現過，在當代英語很少出現。和其他集體區域居民稱謂詞一樣，French在指代法國人時，會在前面加上定冠詞或定語。

主要用於集合名詞和以複數形式

The Hundred Years' War was fought between the English and the French.

百年戰爭是英國人和法國人之間的戰爭。

Under the Fourth Republic, more and more French unionized.

在第四共和國時期，越來越多的法國人加入了工會。

[…]to breake the necke of the wicked purposes & plots of the French[…]

1579，Francesco Guicciardini as，譯者 Geoffrey Fenton, The Historie of Guicciardin，頁 378:

Such is the nature and complexion of the frenches, that they are worth nothing, but at the first push.

1653，François Rabelais，譯者 Thomas Urquhart, Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais，卷 I，頁 214:

On the way, scouts reported that some French were heading toward them across the ice.

2002，Jeremy Thornton，The French and Indian War，頁 14:


French

more French (comparative)
most French (superlative)

French defence, French defense, French Defence

French lilac (Syringa vulgaris & Galega officinalis)

the French border with Italy

That must have hurt, especially because you knew the French children weren’t even trying. “Uh, go on, play weez your seellee nambeurs. Zey tell you nosseeng of ze true naytcheur of ze soula. I’ll weepa for you.”

2015年May3日，“Standardized Testing”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 2, 集数 12, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:


French

Frenches (third-person singular present)
Frenching (present participle)
Frenched (past participle)
french (alternative)

french的大小寫替代形式

Even before I thought about what I was doing we Frenched and kissed with tongues.

1995，Jack Womack，Random Acts of Senseless Violence，頁 87:


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

[…] tie them tightly in a thickly floured cloth, and boil them for three hours and a half. We can recommend this as a remarkably light small rich pudding : it may be served with German, wine, or punch sauce.

1858，Eliza Acton，Modern Cookery in All Its Branches: Reduced to a System of Easy Practice, for the Use of Private Families : in a Series of Receipts, which Have Been Strictly Tested, and are Given with the Most Minute Exactness : to which are Added Directions for Carving, Garnishing, and Setting Out the Table, with a Table of Weights and Measures，頁 279:

The wine list harbours some great bottles, mature clarets and Burgundies as well as a clutch of fine Germans (gold-dust these days in restaurants) […]

1996，Jim Ainsworth，Passport's Guide to Britain's Best Restaurants:

In my German, they calling me a baller (skrr)
Got me feeling like Özil

2021年May21日，“Plugged In Freestyle”, Big Tobz in Big Tobz & Blittz 作詞, Fumez The Engineer 作曲，0:13–0:16:

There are some 32 different terms for prison officers, from the humorously affectionate kanga(rhyming slang:kangaroo = screw) and the variants Scooby-Doo and Dr. Who via the mildly confrontational German (as if still the enemy over 50 years after World War II!) to the outright abuse of shit-parcel.

1996，Angela Devlin，Prison Patter，Waterside Press, →ISBN:


German

more German (comparative)
most German (superlative)
Germanest (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

In Prussia, always the most progressive of the German states during the Weimar years and a stronghold of the two parties, Jews could be found in virtually all administrative departments […].

2001，Donald L. Niewyk，The Jews in Weimar Germany, →ISBN，頁 31:

與德國本地人或居民有關的；德國人後裔有關的

Her German husband has blond hair.

她的德裔丈夫長著一頭金髮。

If Demandt's essay served as a strident example of the German desire for normalcy, a more subtle example was provided by a brief allohistorical depiction of a Nazi victory in World War II written by German historian Michael Salewski in 1999.

2005年May23日，Gavriel D. Rosenfeld，The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 182:

Goths, a German tribe, 9; allied with other tribes against Rome, 39; …

1889, Theodore S. Fay, The three Germanys: glimpses into their history, vol. II, p. 1270 (inside the index):

分體詞：Low German、High German

Because the instructions were German, Yves couldn't read them.

因為這些指示是用德語寫成的，所以伊夫看不懂。

In this manner there existed, about the time of the Reformation, three grand divisions of the German language, viz. the Upper German (Ober Deutsch), the Low German (Nieder Deutsch, or Platt Deutsch), and lastly the High German (Hoch Deutsch).

1816，George Henry Noehden，A Grammar of the German Language，第3rd版，頁 3:

To trace its progress, it will be necessary to enter into detail, and to examine the German language in its two great divisions, the Low and High German.

1838，Joseph Bosworth，A Dictionary of the Anglo-saxon Language，頁 xiii:

This volume is intended to provide a survey of the linguistic characteristics of modern German dialects …. These are defined geographically as those within the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and Alsace in France ([..]).

1990, Charles V.J. Russ, Introduction, in: Charles V.J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, p. xviii (note: the work covers Frisian, Low and High German dialects):


Jag

"One of the ticket collectors at our local station," observed Mr. Fiennes, "has a Jag."

1960 February，“The future of B.R. passenger traffic”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 76:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum)

Japanese lantern (Alkekengi officinarum, syn. Physalis alkekengi)

A Japanese saw is one that cuts on the pull stroke rather than on the push stroke.

日本鋸是一種在拉衝程而非推衝程中實現切割的鋸子。

In the United States, Japanese animation has had a tremendous surge in popularity over the last few years.

過去幾年，日本動畫在美國人氣猛增。

Japanese retail stores have strove to, and have succeeded in, fulfilling these severe demands, and in doing so, have constantly had to innovate both technologically and institutionally in order to keep up with the competition.

日本零售商店努力并成功地满足了这些严格的要求，为此，必须不断在技术和制度上进行创新，以跟上竞争的步伐。

2013年February6日，Hideo Otake，“Revising the Interpretation of the Japanese Economy”, in State and Administration in Japan and Germany: A Comparative Perspective on Continuity and Change，頁 319:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

:Template:U:en:-ese然而在東亞它卻經常被翻譯成漢語 日本人 (rìběnrén)或日語 日本人 (Nihonjin)。

A Japanese will typically have black hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.

日本人一般長著黑髮、褐眼睛，皮膚白皙。

Motoyuki Shibata isn’t a typical Japanese.
柴田元幸不是一名典型的日本人。

2007 October 16, Madeleine Brand, “Japan Struggles to Meet Its CO2 Emissions Limits”, Day to Day, National Public Radio,

How courteous is the Japanese;
He always says, "Excuse it, please."

日本人真有禮貌；
他總是開口說道“不好意思”。


Li

禮／礼 (Lǐ)的轉寫。

禮縣（縣名，位於中國甘肅隴南）

Zhang Jiacheng has lived his entire life in Longhuai village, a small settlement comprised of earthen and aged red-brick homes in Li county, in southern Gansu province's Longnan city.

張加成一輩子都住在他的家鄉，甘肅省南部隴南市禮縣龍槐村。這個小小村莊到處可見黃土和紅磚砌成的老房子。

2020年September28日，Matthew Robert Bossons，“Reporter's log: Livestreaming, e-commerce play crucial role in Gansu's poverty alleviation drive [记者日志：直播、电商在甘肃脱贫中发挥重要作用]”, in China Daily:


Li

灕／漓 (Lí)的轉寫。

Lee (alternative)
Rhee (alternative)
Ri (alternative)
I (alternative)
Yi (alternative)
Rey (alternative)
Rhie (alternative)

灕江（河名，位於中國廣西）

After breakfast the next day, Ho Li-chih came to invite Yang Shu-tien and me to the Li River for a boat trip to another county, Yang-shuo.

1977，Yee Chiang，“Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo [桂林與陽朔]”, in China Revisited，New York: W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 153:

Cormorant fishing on the Li River near Kweilin. With increasingly serious water pollution, fishing with cormorants is becoming a rare sight in China.

桂林附近漓江上的鸬鹚捕鱼。随着水污染的日益严重，鸬鹚捕鱼在中国已成为一种罕见的景象。

1985，Steven W. Mosher，Journey To The Forbidden China [中國密境之旅]，Collier Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 54f:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside.

2005，Bill Clinton，My Life，卷 II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁s 436-437:

Days 3-5: Guilin and Yangshuo.
Marvel at the extraordinary scenery lining the banks of the serene Li River.

第3-5天：桂林與陽朔。
驚歎於灕江兩岸的壯美風景。

2011，Andrew Forbes，China，APA Publications, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 16:

In Guilin, the second-largest city in Guangxi, Xi took a boat to inspect the ecological condition of the Li River, a popular tourist destination. The river stretches more than 400km (250 miles) through karst hills and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.

在廣西第二大城市桂林，習近平乘船考察當地著名景點，灕江兩岸的生態狀況。灕江全長400多千米，兩岸都是喀斯特地貌，每年吸引成千上萬遊客到此遊覽。

2021年April27日，Echo Xie，“Xi Jinping laments stone quarrying as he mines green theme in Guangxi [中國 / 政治]”, in South China Morning Post，存檔自the original on 2021-04-27, China / Politics [中國 / 政治]:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Li。


Mountain

蒸汽機車，擁有4-8-2輪式。

Western Pacific wisely devoted its design energies to the articulateds which produced most of its gross, left the 4-6-0's that came with the road plus a few secondhand Florida East Coast Mountains for its sparse passenger service.

1959，Steam's Finest Hour，Kalmbach Publishing Co.，頁 106:


Nur

借自維吾爾語 نۇر (nur)。

奴爾（鄉名，位於中國新疆和田策勒）。

When was approaching the last mountain pass to Nur Township, due to the climb and bumps of the road, our media car at finally went on strike, lying on the road 500 meters away from the mountain pass and stopped working.

當我們就快要到奴爾鄉的最後一個山口時，由於一路爬坡和顛簸，我們的媒體車終於罷工了，在距離山口僅僅500米的地方，直接躺在地上不走了。

2019年December28日，“Kunlun Tianlu, the most attractive destination for self-driving travel in 2020 The Ninth Line to Tibet [昆侖天路——2020年最受歡迎的自駕遊目的地 第九線 西藏]”, in DayDayNews，存檔自the original on 2021-05-10:


Olive

拉丁語聖人名 Oliva 的中世紀形式；19世紀隨著以花名植物名作為名字的風潮而復興。姓氏則常與地形有關，常代表了歐洲大陸姓氏（如西班牙語 Oliva）的英語化。

And hear me swear a solemn oath, / That only by thy side / Will I to Olive plight my troth, / And gain her for my bride.

1842，Alfred Tennyson，The Talking Oak [會說話的橡樹]:

"Elspie, I have a thought! The baby shall be christened Olive!"
"It's a strange, heathen name, Mrs. Rothesay."
"Not at all. Listen how I chanced to think of it. This very morning, just before you came to waken me, I had such a queer, delicious dream. [ - - - ] Then I looked up, after awhile, and saw standing at the foot of the bed a little angel—a child-angel—with a green olive-branch in its hand. [ - - - ] "

1850，Dinah Craik，Olive，Chapman and Hall，頁 26:

There was Olive, a soft drowsy girl who didn't like me because I called her Olive Oyl. Even after I was made to apologize she didn't like me.

2006，Alice Munro，The View from Castle Rock，Chatto & Windus, →ISBN，頁s 227–228:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

Portugese (alternative)
more Portuguese (comparative)
most Portuguese (superlative)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

The British army had already moved over the border and the commander had established his HQ high in the central Portuguese mountains at Viseu.

1973，Roger Parkinson，The Peninsular War，頁 104:

與葡萄牙人民和文化有關的

In San Diego County there is but one Portuguese fisherman, as is also the case in Los Angeles, the county immediately adjoining.

1887，George Brown Goode，The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, section IV，頁 33:

The latter feature indicates that a Portuguese consonant cannot constitute the nucleus of a syllable.

1981，Milton Mariano Azevedo，A Contrastive Phonology of Portuguese and English，頁 31:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

Portugese (alternative)
Portuguese (plural)
Portugueses (plural)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

葡萄牙人，居住在葡萄牙的人

With a view to securing its more efficient working, a Portuguese was placed in charge of the entire department as Vidane.

1920，Paulus Edward Pieris，Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505-1658，頁 184:

Beresford required all materials for coatees, waistcoats and pantaloons to be sent out unmade, as the Portuguese were perfectly capable of making the suits up properly after delivery.

2000，René Chartrand, Bill Younghusband，The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars，卷 1，頁 23:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

Portuguese, however, is slightly different from Catalan, Spanish, and Romanian in that there is no strict adjacency requirement between wh-words and the verbal cluster in indirect questions.

2000，João Costa，Portuguese Syntax: new comparative studies，頁 65:


Thai

借自泰語 ไทย (tai)。Tai和Dai 的同源對似詞。

Thaï (alternative)
Thai (plural)
Thais (plural)

The Bangkok government indicated real concern over the developments in Communist China’s Yunnan province. Thai officials were afraid that Sibsongpanna would be a center where pro-Communist Thai in Southeast Asia would go and where subversive agitation could be directed against outside legitimate governments.

1958，Russell H. Fifield，The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1945-1958，New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 263:


Vi

FLO: What do you think of Vi?
RU: I see little change.


abduction

來自拉丁語 abductiō (“搶劫；綁架”)，來自abdūcō (“帶走”)，來自ab (“離開”) + dūcō (“領導”)。等同於abduct + -ion。
* (解剖學)： 借自法語，來自拉丁語 abductus。
* 對照法語 abduction。

大前提，顯而易見（自17世紀晚期）

The significance of such a step is that it is not morphologically triggered: it is a step of abduction, and what is required here is a meta-level process of reasoning.

2005，Ronnie Cann, Ruth Kempson, Lutz Marten，The Dynamics of Language, an Introduction，頁 256:

But fear of abduction never stopped a good ufologist.

2010，Monte Dwyer，Red in the Centre: Through a Crooked Lens，Monyer Pty Ltd，頁 122:


syndrome

古典借詞，源自新拉丁語 syndrome，源自古希臘語 συνδρομή (sundromḗ，“症状同时发生；人群聚集”)，源自 σύνδρομος (súndromos，“一起奔跑”)，源自 συν- (sun-，“一起，一同，帶著”) + δρόμος (drómos，“奔跑；路線”)。

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome

Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome

Down syndrome; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; restless-leg syndrome; battered-wife syndrome

唐氏綜合徵；获得性免疫缺陷綜合徵；不寧腿症候群；受虐婦女綜合徵

A “zone of rarity” emerges when symptoms cluster neatly into syndromes and interforms are uncommon, although not altogether absent. Fuzzy boundaries and interforms are a special problem for PTSD […]

2004，Gerald Rosen，Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies，頁 127:

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

蝙蝠携带多种可感染人类的知名病毒，包括严重急性呼吸道综合征和埃博拉病毒。最近的一项研究通过将蝙蝠与另一类常见宿主——啮齿动物进行比较，探索了可能导致蝙蝠携带此类人畜共患疾病的生态变量。

2013 May-June，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 193:

任何一组被视为识别特定类型、状况等的特征（一般是負面的）

not-in-my-backyard syndrome; tip-of-the-tongue syndrome

邻避綜合徵；話在嘴邊綜合徵

My roommate, Tony, and I were sitting in our living room on a Saturday afternoon trying to decide what to do that night. You know the syndrome: Saturday night when everyone is supposed to do something exciting and have a great time. If you don't, you're likely to wake up on Sunday morning feeling weird and lonely.

周六下午，我和室友托尼坐在客厅里，想着晚上该做什么。你知道人是有这种综合征的：周六晚上每个人都应该做一些令人兴奋的事情，玩得开心。如果你不这样做，你很可能会在周日早上醒来时感到奇怪和孤独。

1980年August9日，John D'Emilio，“There's No Place Like Home”, in Gay Community News，頁 8:

Fledgling superstar Jimmy Carson couldn't bear another day in Edmonton living in the void created by the departure of Wayne Gretzky, whose brokenhearted fans never accepted his replacement. It was very difficult for me to play in Edmonton in the whole Gretzky syndrome," Carson said Thurs day after a six-player trade ...

初出茅庐的超级明星吉米·卡森无法忍受在埃德蒙顿再过一天，因为韦恩·格雷茨基的离开而留下了空白，伤心欲绝的球迷从未接受他的替代者。在格雷茨基综合征的笼罩下，我很难在埃德蒙顿打球，”卡森在六人交易后的周四表示……

1989年November3日，“Jimmy Carson Comes Home; He's a Redwing”, in The Argus-Press (Owesso, Michigan)^([news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19891103&id...sjid...pg...]):

Speaking of medicine, rationalizers seem to enjoy latching on health excuses. Syndromes are a fertile field. Let's say you're accused of being unable to accept responsibility or otherwise behaving like an adult. That's not your fault, you counter—you suffer from Peter Pan Syndrome. Can't get around to cleaning up your room or office cubicle? Of course not—you suffer from tertiary Bag Lady Syndrome.

说到医学，人辩解的时候似乎喜欢用健康问题作为借口。综合征是一块肥沃的沃土。假设有人指责你无法承担责任，或者行为举止不像成年人。你反驳说这不是你的错——你患有彼得潘综合征。没时间打扫房间或办公室隔间？当然不是——你患有第三级流浪女综合征。

2012，Steven D. Price，Excuses for All Occasions: Alibis Apologies and Cop-Outs That Can Get You Out of (or Into) Trouble:


anxiety

來自拉丁語 anxietās，來自anxius (“焦慮，掛念，痛苦，動亂”)，來自angō (“悲痛，麻煩”)，與古希臘語 ἄγχω (ánkhō，“窒息”)同族。等同於anxious + -ety。參見anger；angst。

anxietie (alternative)
anxieties (plural)

The inquest on keeper Davidson was duly held, and at the commencement seemed likely to cause Tony Palliser less anxiety than he had expected.

1907，Harold Bindloss，章號 4, in The Dust of Conflict:

But the other, because he's been immersed in arguments, gives the appearance of harbouring considerable anxiety and suspicion that he's ignorant of those matters he presents himself to others as an expert on.

2005, Plato, Sophist. Translation by Lesley Brown. 268a.


paralysis

借自拉丁語 paralysis < 古希臘語 παράλυσις (parálusis，“麻痹，癱瘓”) < παραλύω (paralúō，“半邊失能”)。By surface analysis, para- + -lysis。 palsy 的同源對似詞。

/pəˈɹæləsəs/

The government has been in a paralysis since it lost its majority in the parliament.

政府自失去议会多数席位以来，一直处于瘫痪状态。

Until then, the Sunak administration remains a study in ineffectuality on multiple fronts, leading Goldsmith to cite, not unreasonably, “a kind of paralysis”.

在此之前，苏纳克政府在多个方面仍然表现出无效性，这使得戈德史密斯不无道理地引用了“某种‘瘫痪’”。

2023年June30日，Marina Hyde，“The tide is coming in fast on Rishi Sunak – and it’s full of sewage”, in The Guardian:


brachial plexus

With the knuckles of my right hand I struck him in his brachial plexus.

2022，Percival Everett，Dr. No，Influx Press (2023)，頁 142:


surgery

來自中古英語 surgerie，來自古法語 surgerie，來自拉丁語 chirurgia，來自古希臘語 χειρουργία (kheirourgía)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。chirurgy 的同源對似詞。

The physician's proper place was in the library, not in the surgery.

医生应该在图书馆里，而不是在手术室里。

2006，Philip Ball，The Devil's Doctor，Arrow, 出版於 2007，頁 51:


substance

繼承自中古英語 substance，來自古法語 substance，來自拉丁語 substantia (“實質，本質”)，來自substāns，substō (“存在”，字面意思是“站在下面”)的現在主動分詞，來自sub + stō (“站立”)。取代本土的古英語 andweorc。

物質 具有恆定化學成分和特性的物質形式

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

学习给心灵带来力量，交谈则给人以优雅：学习容易使人僵硬，交谈则使人柔韧：学习给雕像提供物质和形式，交谈则使雕像更加光彩夺目。

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

His wasted hands were stretched out, and worked with a quick and convulsive motion, as if catching some small substances which kept eluding their grasp;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 308:

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

塑料是富含能量的物质，这就是许多塑料如此容易燃烧的原因。任何能够释放和利用这种能量的生物都将在人类世中生存得很好。能够做到这一点的陆地细菌和真菌已经为该领域的专家所熟知。

2013年July20日，“Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

同類詞：compound、element、mixture、composite

This edition is the same in substance with the Latin.
此版本内容与拉丁文版本相同。

1684-1690, Thomas Burnet, Sacred Theory of the Earth

It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming.

从言语上、从态度上看，它都很粗野无礼；而从实质上看，它不仅具有侮辱性，而且令人震惊。

1796，Edmund Burke，Letters on a Regicide Peace:

a man of substance

And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

在那裡任意放蕩、浪費資財。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 15:13:

Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, / Cannot amount unto a hundred marks.

你的财产，即使按最高价格计算，价值也不到一百马克。

c. 1594，William Shakespeare，“The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:


substance

substances (third-person singular present)
substancing (present participle)
substanced (past participle)

賦予實質內容；使其變得真實或充實

If life were nothing but what gets phrased and substanced, the world might as well be rolled up and laid away again in darkness.

1873，Adeline Dutton Train Whitney，The Other Girls，頁 335:

The calm ruminating / Reverie, substancing / Intellect into emotion, / Is shelter enough for love / Unhumiliated by faith.

1982，Dhupaty V. K. Raghavacharyulu，The Song of the Red Rose and Other Poems，頁 78:


carbamazepine

carbamoyl (“氨甲醯基”) + benzazepine (“苯二氮䓬類”) 組成的混成詞。

卡馬西平（一種苯二氮䓬類合成化合物，用作抗驚厥藥和鎮痛藥）

Since α-carbamazepine is a monotrope of γ-carbamazepine, and γ-carbamazepine is an enantiotrope of β-carbamazepine, the physical stability hierarchy depends on the transition temperature of β- and γ-carbamazepine.

由於α型卡馬西平是γ型卡馬西平的單變體，而γ型卡馬西平又是β型卡馬西平的對映變體，其物理穩定性層級取決於β型和γ型卡馬西平的轉變溫度。

2004，Peter York, Uday B. Kompella, Boris Y. Shekunov，Supercritical Fluid Technology for Drug Product Development [超臨界流體技術在藥物開發中的應用]，頁 288:


drowsy

源自drowse + -y，然而，drowsy的书面记录（1520年）早于drowse（1570年）。对比古英語 drūsian (“下垂，变得无精打采”)。

drowsier (comparative)
drowsiest (superlative)

The narrative throughout holds the reader; it Is not a drowsy book.


dementia

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-dementia.wav

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June，Charles T. Ambrose，“Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 200:


euphoric

more euphoric (comparative)
most euphoric (superlative)

Heroin is the most euphoric drug in use today.

海洛因目前在投入使用的藥品中最能振作精神。

1973年，美國，Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse，Treatment and rehabilitation，頁 31:

Lin gathered herself, took a moment to rehearse the words in her mind, contacted the L.A. number, and delivered her euphoric news to her agent in person

琳集中了精神，花時間在腦海中反覆重複了語言，聯絡了洛杉磯的號碼，將振奮人心的消息親口講給了她的經紀人聽。


eminence

源自古法語 eminence，源自拉丁語 ēminēntia (“卓越，显赫”)。

From the summit of an eminence I had already had a distant view of Osbaldistone Hall, a large and antiquated edifice, peeping out from a Druidical grove of huge oaks [...].

We stopped for a moment at the golf course to chat with members of the Consular staff, and then drove on to the Consulate, which was set upon an eminence, above evidences of landscape-gardening; a sweep of lawns, with coarse, whitened grass; flower-beds in which larkspur and nasturtiums fought against desperate odds.


glaucoma

借自古希臘語 γλαύκωμα (glaúkōma，“晶状体黯淡”)，派生自γλαυκός (glaukós，“蓝绿”)。

/ɡlɔːˈkəʊmə/

/ɡlɔːˈkoʊmə/

Professor Rosas, in his last work on Diseases of the Eye (Lehre von den Augenkrankheiten, Wien, 1834, p. 326), distinguishes three kinds of glaucoma, viz. glaucoma of the hyaloid, glaucoma of the retina, and glaucoma of the choroid. He makes no mention of lenticular glaucoma, which is much more common than any of the three which he particularizes. Indeed, vitreous, retinal, and choroidal glaucomata, are, to say the least of them, rare diseases.

1838，William Mackenzie，“Remarks on Lenticular Glaucoma”, in The London Medical Gazette; Being a Weekly Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences，卷 II, London: […] Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, […]，頁 105，列 2:

Nearly all of the so-called noncongestive glaucomata are of Types 1, 2, and 3.

几乎所有所谓的非充血性青光眼都是1型、2型和3型。

1948 June，Edward J. Curran，“Advances in the Treatment of Glaucoma: The Joseph Schneider Foundation Eye Presentation”, in Postgraduate Medicine，卷 III, 期 VI，頁 409，列 2:

The term primary glaucoma designates that group of glaucomata, the cause of which is not yet known, in contrast to secondary glaucoma, which is due to some obvious cause.

原发性青光眼是指病因尚不清楚的一类青光眼，与由某些明确原因引起的继发性青光眼相对。

1952，The West Indian Medical Journal，頁 180:

The development of latent glaucomata is usually slow and chronic, following the rhythm of primary glaucomata.

隐匿性青光眼的发展通常是缓慢而慢性的，遵循原发性青光眼的节律。

1960，Premier Congrès de la Société Européenne d’Ophtalmologie，頁 28:

Unfortunately, most of the older data are of limited value because the distinction between the various forms of glaucoma was often difficult and thus unreliable and because glaucomata are diseases of advanced age.

不幸的是，大多数旧数据的价值有限，因为各种形式的青光眼之间通常很难区分，因此不可靠，而且青光眼是老年病。

1962，Werner Kalow，“[Human Hereditary Defects With Altered Drug Response] Angle-Closure Glaucoma”, in Pharmacogenetics: Heredity and the Response to Drugs，Philadelphia, Pa., London: W. B. Saunders Company, →LCCN，頁 193，列 2:

Oh, I got the glaucoma, real bad.

2013年January15日，Dave Andron，“Where's Waldo?”, in Justified [火線警探]，季数 4, 集数 2:


gangrene

來自法語 gangrène，來自拉丁語 gangraena，來自古希臘語 γάγγραινα (gángraina，“壞疽”)。

gangrenes (third-person singular present)
gangrening (present participle)
gangrened (past participle)

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

Vulneration or section sometimes procures a Gangrene, when the vital Principle is so debilitated, or enormous by the would, that instead of a good suppuration and vigorous transmutation, a depraved matter is generated, which corrupts and gangrenes the part: and thus a small cut of a finger or Toe hath gangrened, and killed the person: but in greater Wounds, the danger is greater, as more frequently to happen.

1682，Pains afflicting humane bodies, their various Difference, Causes, Parts affected, Signals of Danger or Safety，頁 204:

An intensely biting frost will gangrene the membrane ; a foggy state of the atmosphere, with low, black, stagnant exhalations, accompanied with sudden, frequent intermissions, interchanges, and oscillations of dryness and moisture, expansion and condensation, will corrupt and putrify both the membrane and the mucous discharge.

1762 December，John Chandler，“A Treatise of the Disease called a Cold”, in The critical review, or annals of literature，卷 12，頁 423:

For where it chances to be successful, it is like the copper shot of the Mexicans, which gangrenes the wound.

1851 December，“The Wit and Wickedness of Sarcasm”, in The Ladies' Repository，卷 20，頁 224:

If a man had a sore leg, and he should go to an honest, judicious chirurgeon, and he should only bid him keep it warm, and anoint it with such an oil, (an oil well known) that would do the cure; haply he would not much regard him, because he knows the medicine, beforehand an ordinary medicine; but if he should go to a surgeon that should tell him, your leg will gangrene within three days, and it must be cut off, and you will die, unless you do something that I could tell you, what listening there would be to this man?

1786，John Selden，Table Talk: Being the Discourses of John Selden:

The leg will gangrene if the superficial femoral vessels be torn.

1911，British Medical Journal - Volume 1911, Issues 1-3，頁 239:

If not, the toe will gangrene and fall off.

2005，Nikki Moustaki，Parrots For Dummies，頁 282:

That is true,” replied Almira, “nothing can be performed without labor, and where there is labor there will be discontent, and where there is no labor there will be heart-burning and jealousy about insignificant trifles, such as gangrenes the real pleasures of contemplation within these walls; walls, which would otherwise hold out an asylum, much to be prized by those who have been unfortunate, who have lost all their friends, or who are weary of the world."

The Stuart Restoration period was a necessary sequence of the Puritan period, and there is a similar cause for the sensualism that gangrenes the heart of our morbidly prudish Society of to-day.

1889 July，John Miller，“The Abuse of Marriage”, in The Centennial Magazine: An Australian Monthly，卷 2, 號 12，頁 902:

The same delusion will gangrene England within the lifetime of most men of military age unless she will realize that gold is dross ; that her poets, her artists, and her scholars are her very soul.

1930，P.R. Stephensen，The Legend of Aleister Crowley: A Study of the Facts:


hoarse

源自中古英語 hors、hos，源自古英語 hās、*hārs，源自原始日耳曼語 *haisaz、*haisraz，与 古諾爾斯語 háss（北诺尔斯）heiss（东诺尔斯）（→冰島語 hás、新挪威語 hås、書面挪威語 hes以及瑞典語 hes）同源。

hoarser (comparative)
hoarsest (superlative)

I am old and my voice is hoarse […]

1945年August17日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 1, in Animal Farm […]，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


hoarse

hoarses (third-person singular present)
hoarsing (present participle)
hoarsed (past participle)

"[...] Madame! Is—that—your—horse?!"
"Ain't no horse!" she hoarses. "Thassa thuruly bred Great Dane!" The thuruly bred Great Dane's balls shine like big , bald onions as he squeezes to deposit 4 1⁄2 pounds of vitamin - enriched apcray near the lamp-post.

1980，Leo Rosten，King Silky!，HarperCollins Children's Books:

"See anything, mum?" she hoarsed. “No—I think it's lower down. Go back to bed, Jane. I'm sure there's nothing to worry about. Someone's forgotten something, that's all.” She wanted to get rid of Jane without knowing exactly.

2022年August1日，J. Jefferson Farjeon，Back to Victoria，DigiCat:

"Helene," he croaked, reaching out his arms—his voice tensed with the infinity of his desire. "Back," she iced. And then, "Why have you come here?" she hoarsed. "What business have you here?"


insidious

源自中古法語 insidieux，源自拉丁語 īnsidiōsus (“狡猾的，欺诈的，骗人的”)，源自īnsidiae (“埋伏，伏击，诡计，奸计”) + -ōsus，源自īnsideō (“坐在..里或上”)，源自in (“里，上”) + sedeō (“坐”)。

more insidious (comparative)
most insidious (superlative)

暗中造成伤害的，潜伏的，有害且隐匿的

Strong and vigorous man as he looks, Livingstone has been for years the victim of a secret and insidious disease.

1847，George Lippard，The Quaker City: or, The monks of Monk-Hall:

At some point in time they may become the source of an insidious cancer.

1997，Matthew Wood，The book of herbal wisdom: using plants as medicine:

The nurse always must be alert to signs of slow leak or insidious infiltration.

2007，Sharon Weinstein，Ada Lawrence Plumer，Principles and practice of intravenous therapy:

The impact on rural communities of rail closures was acute, but I would argue that the worst outcome it created was the long-term diminishment of suburban capacity outside London, which has had a far more insidious effect on rail usage nationally.

2023年March8日，Gareth Dennis，“The Reshaping of things to come...”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 49:

Gashford slid his cold insidious palm into his master's grasp, and so, hand in hand, and followed still by Barnaby and by his mother too, they mingled with the concourse.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 48，頁 215:

All these facts clearly appear to me now to establish that the sanctioned scheme was a part of a bigger and […] more insidious scheme which was to hoodwink the creditors and to firmly establish and consolidate the position […]

1948, D.V. Chitaley (editor or publisher), All India Reporter, volume 3, page 341:

The atmosphere of this insidious city comes out to meet him the moment he touches the European shore; for in London he meets Maria Gostrey just over from France.

1969，Dorothy Brewster，John Angus Burrell，Dead reckonings in fiction:

They all sought the President's views on the world situation in general and the Asian situation in particular. Without mincing words he would comment on his favorite theme, namely, the insidious scheme of the international Communists to conquer the free world.

1983，James C. H. Shen，“Rejoining the Government”, in The U.S. & Free China: How the U.S. Sold Out Its Ally，Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books Ltd., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 28:

This seemed to her the worst defilement into which this insidious city had cheated her and in her agitation, she nearly ran into the latrine, […]

2005, Anita Desai, Voices in the City, page 189:

This is the insidious way sports entrap you: you follow a player, which commits you to his team. You begin to acquire scraps of utterly useless information about teammates, managers, owners, trainers, agents, lawyers.

2007，Joseph Epstein，Narcissus Leaves the Pool，頁 171:

Hansel and Gretel were lured by the witch’s insidious gingerbread house.

But with whom do you contract that alliance? With the natural enemy of France — that insidious house of Austria — which detests our country from feeling, system, and necessity.

1858，Phineas Camp Headley，The life of the Empress Josephine: first wife of Napoleon:

‘Believe me,’ he shouted, ‘these insidious folk talk dangerous nonsense. I hear they are spouting out their ridiculous platitudes not five miles from this park in which we are standing…’

1912，Ralph Straus，The prison without a wall:

The battle was lost due to the actions of insidious defectors.

因为有背叛者，所以这场战斗输了。


impotence

O impotence of mind, in body ſtrong!

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 12，行 52:


nostalgia

源自新拉丁語 nostalgia，造自古希臘語 νόστος (nóstos，“回家”) + ἄλγος (álgos，“痛苦”)。古希臘語 *νοσταλγία (*nostalgía)一词并不可考。对比意大利語 nostalgia、西班牙語 nostalgia、葡萄牙語 nostalgia、saudade和法語 nostalgie。

I can't have been the only person, last week, to feel a rush of nostalgia upon learning that Thames Water had removed a bus-sized, 15-tonne lump of food fat ("mixed with wet wipes") from the sewers under London. The fatberg was an August news story redolent of the old-fashioned silly season.

2013年August16日，Oliver Burkeman，“This is the cutest article”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 10，頁 20:


sum

來自中古英語 summe，來自古法語 summe，來自拉丁語 summa，summus (“高的”)陰性。

quarter

棄用義；舊時稱量玉米的單位

The sum of 3 and 4 is 7.

Take yee the ſumme of all the Congregation of the children of Iſrael,[…]

你要按以色列全會眾的家室、宗族，人名的數目，計算所有的男丁。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 1:2，列s 1–2:

a tidy sum

the sum of forty pounds

[…]With a great ſumme obteined I this freedome.

[…] 我用許多銀子才入了羅馬的民籍。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 22:28，列 1:

Thus I have told thee all my State, and brought / My Storie to the ſum of earthly bliſs[…]

我已把我的情况原原本本地对你讲完，讲到我的故事登上尘世幸福的绝顶上面 […]

1667，John Milton，“Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 1158–1159:


desolate

源自中古英語 desolate，源自拉丁語 dēsōlātus，dēsōlāre (“离开，使...孤独，蹂躏，使...人迹罕至”)的过去分词，源自sōlus (“独自的”)。

more desolate (comparative)
most desolate (superlative)

a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness; a desolate house

I will make Jerusalem […] a den of dragons, and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 9:11:

And the silvery marish flowers that throng / The desolate creeks and pools among.

1830，Alfred Lord Tennyson，The Dying Swan:


desolate

desolates (third-person singular present)
desolating (present participle)
desolated (past participle)

It is not to be supposed that when Cush left Armenia, he left it desolate, and that a rich and long settled country was abandoned altogether; for it would be an absurd way of founding an universal empire, to desolate one country in order to people another.

1828，Algernon Herbert，Nimrod: A Discourse on Certain Passages of History and Fable:

This completion of the Temple and attack upon Christians is the event that marks the apostasy that causes desolation, the detestable act that causes God to desolate (abandon) and destroy the Temple for the last time.

2007，James B. Jordan，The Handwriting on the Wall: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel, →ISBN:

Combining widowed, separated, and divorced elders into a single group ("desolated"), the data indicated that desolated elders were slightly more lonely than either married or never-married older people (although this trend was not statistically significant at the conventional .05 level).

2013，Tracey A. Revenson，“Debunking the Myth of Lonelines in Late Life”, in Redefining Social Problems, →ISBN，頁 126:


semiconductor

In this sense we are to understand the following table in which bodies are classed as conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors; those bodies being conveniently designated as conductors which, when applied to an electroscope charged with either kind of electricity discharge it almost instantaneously; semiconductors being those which discharge it in a short but measurable time, a few seconds, for instance; while nonconductors effect no discharge even, in the course of a minute.

1876，Adolphe Ganot，Natural Philosophy for General Readers and Young Persons，頁 422:

The following table of conductors may therefore be used in inverse order as a table of resistances, the good conductors being bodies of slight resistance, the semiconductors being bodies of great resistance, and the insulators being bodies of so great resistance that they almost effectually oppose the passage of any current.

因此，下表的導體可以按相反的順序用作電阻表，良導體是電阻小的物體，半導體是大電阻的物體，絕緣體是電阻非常大而幾乎可以有效地阻止任何電流通過的物體。

1901，George W. Jacoby，A System of Physiologic Therapeutics: Electrotherapy:


data

借自拉丁語 datum (“所給予的”) 的主格複數形式、dō (“我給予”) 的主格過去分詞 data。date 的同源對似詞。

data 一詞常作不可數名詞，與動詞的單數形式使用，而較少用作可數名詞 datum 的複數形式。作為複數名詞與動詞的複數形式使用的情況僅多見於正式場合：在計算機科學和資料科學中例外，但醫學文獻中，此習性依然經常保留。

在大地測量學和幾何公差領域中，data 一詞專門用於不可數含義，而可數名詞 datum (指參考點或地面) 的複數形式為 datums，而非 data。

計算機領域中，data 的定義出自國際標準詞彙，這個定義旨在區分 data 與 information。然而，計算機專業常忽視其分別。

This data shows clearly that X is correlated with Y, although it tells us nothing about causation.

這些資料清楚地顯示出 X 與 Y 相關，但它們並未告訴我們關於因果關係的任何信息。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

有了新的材料，分類學結論會受到這樣的認識影響：所檢查的材料反映了它所佔據的地點；而一個植物標本袋僅提供了做出可靠結論所需資料的一小部分。實際上，植物標本材料並不能讓人安全地推論：你看到的就是你得到的 […]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

風險無處不在。 […] 對於每一項風險，都有一個驚人精確的數值來衡量其從陰影中跳出來傷害你的可能性。《Norm Chronicles》 […] 旨在幫助資料恐懼症患者在這場風險的暴風雪中找到出路。

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in 經濟學人，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76: