cordial

繼承自中古英語 cordial，源自古法語 cordial，源自中世紀拉丁語 cordiālis (“心的”)，源自cor (“心”)。

more cordial (comparative)
most cordial (superlative)

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

He, on his side / Leaning half raised, with looks of cordial love / Hung over her enamoured.

1667，John Milton，“(please specify the book number)”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The relations between the Earl of Bellomont and Colonel Schuyler were formal, but not cordial from the first.

1885，George Washington Schuyler，Colonial New York: Philip Schuyler and His Family，C. Scribner's Sons:

Who stooping op'n'd my left side, and took / From thence a Rib with cordial spirits warm, / And Life-blood streaming fresh;


cordial

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

squash

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

high juice

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

Lucy. But, miss Polly—in the way of friendship, will you give me leave to propose a glass of cordial to you ?

1728, John Gay, The Beggar's Opera, Act III, Scene 1, in 1828, British Theatre, Comprising Tragedies, Comedies, Operas, and Farces, 827,

[Marilla] had put the bottle of raspberry cordial down in the cellar instead of in the closet [...].

1908，Lucy Maud Montgomery，Anne of Green Gables，L. C. Page & Co.:


cottage

晚期中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cotage和中世紀拉丁語 cotagium，源自古諾曼語 cot、cote (“小屋，村舍”) + -age (“地产周边”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kutan、*kuta- (“棚屋”)，可能源自印欧语系以外，但也可能借自烏拉爾語系，对比芬蘭語 kota (“小屋，房子”)和匈牙利語 ház (“房子”)，两者均源自原始芬蘭-烏戈爾語/原始烏拉爾語 *kota。但亦对比荷兰语和英語 hut。
古北方法语cote可能是源自古諾爾斯語 kot (“小屋”)，与亦来自原始日耳曼語的古英語 cot同源。
俚语义“公厕”自19世纪，由于两者外观相似。

Thinks I to myself, “Sol, you're run off your course again. This is a rich man's summer ‘cottage’ and if you don't look out there's likely to be some nice, lively dog taking an interest in your underpinning.”

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

Most cottages in the area were larger and more elaborate than my home.

这一带的多数乡间别墅比我家更大更精致。


covert

源自中古英語 covert，源自古法語 covert，covrir (“盖”)（对应于拉丁語 coopertus）的过去分词，与cover同源。

more covert (comparative)
most covert (superlative)

whether of open war or covert guile

是巧施锦囊妙计，还是公开宣战

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives.[…]who, if anyone, is policing their use[?] Such concerns were sharpened further by the continuing revelations about how the US National Security Agency (NSA) has been using algorithms to help it interpret the colossal amounts of data it has collected from its covert dragnet of international telecommunications.

2013年July26日，Leo Hickman，“How algorithms rule the world”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 7，頁 26:


coward

源自中古英語 coward，源自古法語 coart、cuard（→法語 couard），源自coue、coe (“尾巴”) + -ard (贬义施动者名词后缀)。其中，coue、coe，源自拉丁語 cauda。可能指的是动物“转尾巴的方向或夹着尾巴（逃跑）”，尤其是狗。与英語 cower无关。取代了本土词古英語 earg。

Cowards dye many times before their deaths, / The valiant neuer taſte of death but once: […]

c. 1599，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Ivlivs Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii，頁 117, column 1:

He tortured himself to find out how he could make his declaration to her, and always halting between the fear of displeasing her and the shame of being such a coward, he wept with discouragement and desire. Then he took energetic resolutions, wrote letters that he tore up, put it off to times that he again deferred.

1856: Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part II Chapter IV, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling


coward

cowards (third-person singular present)
cowarding (present participle)
cowarded (past participle)

The first he coped with was their captain, whom / His sword sent headless to seek out a tomb. / This cowarded the valour of the rest, […]

1820，John Chalkhill，Thealma and Clearchus:


decay

civic and moral decay

systemic decay

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895，H. G. Wells，章號 X, in The Time Machine:


demography

/dɪˈmɒɡɹəfi/

the schoolʼs demography began to change with the immigrants and their offspring pouring in

2019，Bernardine Evaristo，Girl, Woman, Other，Penguin Books (2020)，頁 297:


deserve

繼承自中古英語 deserven，來自古法語 deservir，來自拉丁語 dēserviō，來自dē- + serviō。

deserves (third-person singular present)
deserving (present participle)
deserved (past participle)

After playing so well, the team really deserved their win.

打得如此出色，这支球队确实配得上胜利。

After what he did, he deserved to go to prison.

他做了那样的事，就该坐牢。

This argument deserves a closer examination.

这一论点值得进一步研究。

God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.

神追討你，比你罪孽該得的還少。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 11:6:

John Gay deserved to be a favourite.

1853，William Makepeace Thackeray，The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century:

the grantees named in the questioned deed executed by their father richly deserved receiving the family home.

Perhaps they do, but they don't deserve that the rest of us contribute money or appropriate public funds for the purchase of pictures and the construction of buildings.

2008，Michael Walzer，Spheres Of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism And Equality，頁 24:

That gentle Lady, whom I loue and serue, / After long suit and weary seruicis, / Did aske me, how I could her loue deserue, / And how she might be sure, that I would neuer swerue.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Pray you, lead on. At every house I'll call; / I may command at most. Get weapons, ho! / And raise some special officers of night. / On, good Roderigo: I'll deserve your pains.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):


desirable

more desirable (comparative)
most desirable (superlative)

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

合意的，令人滿意的，可取的

This applicant has almost all desirable properties.

這個申請者幾乎有所有（我們）需要的素質。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:


desperate

借自拉丁語 dēspērātus，dēspērō (“沒有希望”)的過去分詞。

more desperate (comparative)
most desperate (superlative)

I was so desperate at one point, I even went to see a loan shark.

我一度非常绝望，甚至去借高利贷。

But signalman Bridges was never to answer driver Gimbert's desperate question. A deafening, massive blast blew the wagon to shreds, the 44 high-explosive bombs exploding like simultaneous hits from the aircraft they should have been dropped from. The station was instantly reduced to bits of debris, and the line to a huge crater.

2022年January12日，Benedict le Vay，“The heroes of Soham...”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 43:

“I knew very well that when the Peruvian Indian does anything wrong it is because he is forced to it by oppression and made desperate by abuse,” replied Lucia.

1904，Clorinda Matto de Turner，Birds Without a Nest: A Story of Indian Life and Priestly Oppression in Peru，頁 218:

Humankind's global integration makes biological combat a weapon of choice for desperate killers, who are either suicidal or intend to infect others […]

2016，Hans-Martin Sass，Cultures in Bioethics，LIT Verlag Münster, →ISBN，頁 239:

He dove into the rushing waters in a desperate effort to save her life.

他拼命跳入湍急的水流中以挽救她的生命。

The letters which were of most importance were in half a dozen languages and in the desperate handwriting of the period. Eminent men in that age thought it - like Hamlet - a baseness to write fair. Often at the end of a page I have[…]

She pictured having a boyfriend over and losing him when he saw her desperate taste in shampoo; however, the chances of that happening were slim.

(Can we date this quote?)，Stopping Inertia，Dorrance Publishing, →ISBN，頁 131:

Whoever's writing the stuff on this has desperate handwriting, like they must be a doctor...

2022 September 2, Irish People Try American-Style Pancakes, circa 8:12:

激烈的，激動的，瘋狂的，狂暴的

For Liverpool, it capped six days of desperate disappointment after missing out on the Premier League to Manchester City by a single point then losing to this experienced, street-smart Real team.

2022年May28日，Phil McCulty，“Liverpool 0-1 Real Madrid”, in BBC Sport:


dilute

源自拉丁語 dīlūtus，源自dīluere (“冲掉，溶解，使...融化，冲淡”)，源自dī-、dis- (“离，走”) + luere (“洗”)。参见lave，对比deluge。

dilutes (third-person singular present)
diluting (present participle)
diluted (past participle)

Mix their watery store / With the chyle's current, and dilute it more.

1712，Richard Blackmore，Creation: A Philosophical Poem:


dilute

On average, blues and other dilutes have weaker coats and skin problems seem more prevalent in the dilutes.

2000，Joe Stahlkuppe，American Pit Bull Terrier Handbook，頁 131:


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

There is a dip in the road ahead.

They were all doomed to be disappointed, however, for the errant engine decided at Stanley junction to spend the remainder of its crowded hour of freedom on the Aberdeen line, and finally came to rest, short of breath, in the dip between Ballathie and Cargill, near the bridge over the Tay.

1941 October，“Notes and News: A Highland Runaway”, in Railway Magazine，頁 469:

After a signal check at Darley Dale, on the third run, the Pacific mounted the long 1 in 100 at a steady 53-54 m.p.h. and attained a brief 60 m.p.h. in the short dip before Monsal Dale.

1960 March，Cecil J. Allen，“Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated，頁s 177–178:

The Moocher was a "dip" in a dilettante sort of way, and his particular graft was boarding street-cars with his papers and grabbing women's pocket-books.

1906, Fred L. Boalt, "The Snitcher", McClure's Magazine v.26, p.633

To steal a housewife's purse might mean that her children would have to go hungry; but what of that, if the flash young “dip” could gain admiration from his mates by boasting that he had “frisked a judy's cly and lifted a skinful of bunce”?

1959，Frank Clune，Murders on Maunga-tapu，頁 10:

Packed a lip full of beluga caviar after mistaking a tin for a can of dip and then spat the juice into an urn that I thought was a sombre spittoon.

2018年October13日，Alex Watt，“Everything I've Done That Made a Rich Old Lady with Opera Glasses Faint or a Monocle Fall Out of a Rich Guy's Eye”, in The New Yorker，New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-12-18:

I'd missed them by a couple of hours. This dip did not bode well for the Hudwit.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 124:

My Dad, God bless him, rarely cooked anything, but if he ever did he would make himself an egg banjo! Fried bread? Or ‘dip’?

2020年May29日，Bocca della Verita (@BocaVerite)，Twitter:


dip

dips (third-person singular present)
dipping (present participle)
dipped (past participle)

dip me in honey and throw me to the lesbians

Dip your biscuit into your tea.

He dipped the end of a towel in cold water and with it began to flick him on the face, his wife all the while holding her face between her hands and sobbing in a way that was heart breaking to hear.

1897，Bram Stoker，章號 21, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

new dipt Sectaries

(Can we date this quote?)，Thomas Fuller，The Appeal of Iniured Innocence:

[…] during the reigns of King James and King Charles I, there were but very few children dipped in the font.

c. 1722，Charles Wheatly，A rational illustration of the Book of Common Prayer:

A cold shuddering dew / Dips me all o'er.

1646 (indicated as 1645)，John Milton，“Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:

Strata of rock dip.

The tunnel dips approximately 15 metres below Regents Canal and has a rising gradient at its northern end of 1-in-107.

2021年June16日，Dr David Turner，“The latest face of Gasworks Tunnel”, in RAIL，期 933，頁 34, photo caption:

He dipped out of the room so fast.

Remember on my first lick, got lost in a house / Had to dip, bro, quick, before the dogs came out

2020年April7日，“Did Alotta”, Kai Bandz 作詞，1:07:

I assured him that I'd been birding long enough to know that there were no guarantees with birds and I wouldn't have held it against him if I'd dipped.


dip

A commander tells the soldiers, "We're going on a 5 mile run". And some dip asks, "Do we have to bring our kitbags?" At which point, the answer is yes. It wouldn't have been if the soldier hadn't asked the question.

2001年January1日，Lisa Beth，“Question of Conversion”, in soc.culture.jewish.moderated (Usenet):


dismal

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 dismal，源自古法語（li）dis mals（“不好的日子”），源自中世紀拉丁語 diēs (“日子”) mālī (“不好的”)。

more dismal (comparative)
most dismal (superlative)

She was lost in dismal thoughts of despair

So, after a spell, he decided to make the best of it and shoved us into the front parlor. 'Twas a dismal sort of place, with hair wreaths, and wax fruit, and tin lambrekins, and land knows what all. It looked like a tomb and smelt pretty nigh as musty and dead-and-gone.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 12, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


ecstasy

源自古法語 estaise (“狂喜”)，源自拉丁語 ecstasis，源自古希臘語 ἔκστασις (ékstasis)，源自ἐξίστημι (exístēmi，“取代”)，源自ἐκ (ek，“出，外”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi，“站”)。

They were thrown into ecstasies of suspicion by finding that we possessed a French translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf.

1938 四月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 XIV, in Homage to Catalonia，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:

The instant I drew out my case of instruments, the lady roused herself from her ecstasy, and has never had a similar attack.

1822 April，John Ware，“Dr. Reid's Essays on Hypochondriasis”, in The New-England Journal of Medicine and Surgery，卷 11, 號 2，頁 185:

Ecstasy bears a strong resemblance to catalepsy: in both cases the patients, during the paroxysm, lose all connexion with the physical world, being deprived of sense and voluntary motion; but in ecstasy, associations of the most pleasing and enchanting nature are established with an ideal existence in an unknown region, which might perhaps be poetically designated the fairy land of an undescried Elysium.

1835年May2日，Andrew Ellis，“Clinical Lecture on a case of Catalepsy, Occurring in the Jervis-Street Hospital, Dublin”, in The Lancet，卷 2，頁 130:

In ecstasy the mind is absorbed with some fixed idea, generally of a religious character, and the patient becomes oblivious of surrounding events and objects.

1885，James Ross，Handbook of the Diseases of the Nervous System，頁 344:


ecstasy

ecstasies (third-person singular present)
ecstasying (present participle)
ecstasied (past participle)

Ali Agha jumped up, seized the visitor by the shoulder, compelled him to sit down, and, ecstasied by the old man's horror at the scene, filled a tumbler, and with the usual grotesque grimaces insisted upon his drinking it.

2011，Richard Francis Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, →ISBN:


ejaculate

借自拉丁語 ēiaculātus，ēiaculor (“投掷，射出”)的完成时被动过去分词，源自ē (“出”) + iaculor (“扔，抛”)，源自iaculum (“投射物”)，源自iaciō (“丢出，掷出”)。

ejaculates (third-person singular present)
ejaculating (present participle)
ejaculated (past participle)

Vigors almost bounded on the pavement at the mention of the name; and he ejaculated, "It is he of whom I am in search ! But why do you ask? Is it possible that—"

1857，George W[illiam] M[acArthur] Reynolds，The Empress Eugenie's Boudoir，London: Published, for the proprietor, by John Dicks, No. 7, Wellington Street North, Strand，頁 52:

Lady Feng was at the moment having a little goodhumoured raillery with Yüan Yang, and was taken so much off her guard, that she was quite startled out of her senses. "Aiyah!" she ejaculated.

1892–1893，Cao Xueqin with H. Bencraft Joly, transl., Hung Lou Mêng; or, The Dream of the Red Chamber; a Chinese Novel，Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC:

—Half a crown, Stephen responded. I daresay he needs it to sleep somewhere.
—Needs! Mr Bloom ejaculated, professing not the least surprise at the intelligence, I can quite credit the assertion and I guarantee he invariably does.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

"We're not going to use magic?" Ron ejaculated loudly.

2003，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix:

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910年June20日，Gilman A. Drew，“Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, in Journal of Morphology，卷 22, 期 2, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 出版於 1911，頁 334:

（男性或雄性哺乳动物）射（精）；（女性或雌性哺乳动物）潮射，潮吹

Men can ejaculate between 0.1 and 10 milliliters of semen on average.

男性平均可射出0.1到10毫升精液。

With a groan, he ejaculated on his abdomen.

一声呻吟后，他射到了他的腹部上。

[I]n controlled studies some men have been observed to ejaculate but not have orgasm or have orgasm but are unable to ejaculate.

1994，Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685]，New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁 180:

The knowledge that some women ejaculate at the moment of orgasm was, like many other important aspects of sexuality, buried by Puritanism and patriarchy.

2003，Deborah Sundahl，“Foreword”, in Female Ejaculation and the G-spot，Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 ix:

However, it would be highly useful if the ejaculated spermatozoa could be successfully cryopreserved and the frozen-thawed spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization, since this would allow the genetically valuable rats to be maintained alive rather than sacrificed.

2012，Germ Cells – Advances in Research and Application，Atlanta, Ga.: ScholarlyEditions, →ISBN，頁 38:

Bulls, rams and boars have the biggest testes among the larger domestic animals, so they would be expected to produce and ejaculate more sperms than others with smaller testes.

2012，Tim Glover，Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 78:

Rather, these men prefer an erotic exhibition – an uninhibited display of ejaculating semen onto themselves or someone else.

2012，Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Work，Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN，頁s 90–91:


ejaculate

射出的液体；（尤指）精液，阴道分泌物

If semen from two ejaculates obtained from one bull is mixed, and the conception rate for the mixed sample is compared with that obtained by the use of the two ejaculates independently, any tendency for the mixed sample's conception rate to be closer to that of either of the two individual ejaculates could be used as a sensitive measure of the relationship between the semen characteristics of the two ejaculates and conception rate.

1971 August，K. L. Macmillan with J. D. Watson, “The Effect on Conception Rate of Mixing Semen from First and Second Ejaculates”, in New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research，卷 14, 期 3, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research，頁 703:

The ejaculate usually spurts out as the prostate gland and surrounding muscles, as well as those at the base of the penis, contract at orgasm. In young males, the force of the spurt can be strong enough for the ejaculate to hit the upper chest; in older males, it may roll out or go an inch or two up the abdomen.

1994，Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685]，New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁 181:

Female ejaculate is a clear liquid. Its consistency is akin to that of very light lubricant, but it is watery rather than slick. […] [B]oth women's and men's ejaculate is prostatic fluid (that is, both are created by the prostate).

2003，Deborah Sundahl，Female Ejaculation and the G-spot，Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 34:

A smaller mammal such as a dog has a sperm concentration of 300 000 000 per millilitre in an ejaculate of 8 ml in volume. Thus, each ejaculate will contain only 2 400 000 000 (24 × 10⁸).

2012，Tim Glover，Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 79:

Ejaculates are costly to produce for human males. Frequent ejaculation, especially more frequent than every other day, results in decreased sperm counts […], suggesting limits to sperm production. Men hardly seem limited by sperm production, however, given the apparent wastage of sperm. Sperm are continuously lost in the urine, and entire ejaculates are lost during nocturnal emissions and masturbation, although masturbatory ejaculates contain fewer sperm than do copulatory ejaculates […]。

2016，Todd K. Shackelford [et al.]，“Human Sperm Competition”, in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Volume 2. Application，第2nd版, 卷 II, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 431:


elegant

源自中古法語 elegant，最终源自拉丁語 elegans。

more elegant (comparative)
most elegant (superlative)

You could just use ordinary shop-bought kecap manis to marinade the meat, but making your own is easy, has a far more elegant fragrance and is, above all, such a great brag! Flavouring kecap manis is an intensely personal thing, so try this version now and next time cook the sauce down with crushed, split lemongrass and a shredded lime leaf.

2015年October27日，Matt Preston，The Simple Secrets to Cooking Everything Better，Plum, →ISBN，頁 192:

'An' how are ye, Jemmie—how's every inch iv you?' enquired Moggy of the boy, when his agitation was a little blown over.
'I'm elegant, thank ye,' he answered; 'an' what's the matther wid ye all? I cum through the kitchen, and seen no one.'

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:


elicit

elicits (third-person singular present)
eliciting (present participle)
elicited (past participle)

激起，引起，诱导出 （情绪，感觉，回答等）；得到 （某种回答，回应）

Shouts of laughter were elicited, smart biddings drawn out, from the whispers of a timid miss, to the stentorian voice of a fox-hunting squire, and not a few fracas from parties either contending for a supposed prize, or disclaiming their chance for it,...

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，“(please specify the page)”, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁s 223–224:

Fred wished to elicit the time of the meeting from Jane.

Fred本来想从Jane那里打听到会议的时间。

Did you elicit a response?

He visited three department stores in New York and asked the attendant a question that would elicit the answer fourth floor; for example, he might have asked Excuse me, where are women's shoes?

2009，William B. McGregor，Linguistics: An Introduction Answer Key:


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”) + 英語 -ate (表示以某种方式行动的后缀)。ēlūcidātus是ēlūcidō (“照亮；（比喻义）启发”)的完成时被动分词，源自拉丁語 ē-（ex- (表示“出，离”的前缀)的变体）+ lūcidus (“明亮的；闪耀的；清澈的；（比喻义）明晰的，清楚的”)（源自lūceō (“照；（比喻义）明显，显然”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“明；看；闪”)） + -ō (构成第一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

elucidates (third-person singular present)
elucidating (present participle)
elucidated (past participle)

Another appendix elucidates the S.E.C.R. headcode system.

1961 July，“New Reading on Railways: The Locomotives of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway, by D. L. Bradley”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 vii:

O Lord! somewhere Thou elucidatest the traits of song and sound and somewhere Thou art the treasure of dancing and painting.

2005，Guru Gobind Singh，“Akal Ustat: Eulogy of the Non-temporal Lord”, in Surindar Singh Kohli（譯者）, The Dasam Granth = ਸ੍ਰੀ ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ [Shrī Dasama Grantha Sāhiba]: The Second Scripture of the Sikhs，New Delhi: Ashok Jain for Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 出版於 2020, →ISBN，頁 39，列 2:


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”)（详见词源1）+ 英語 -ate (构成表示以某种事物为特征的形容词的后缀)。

more elucidate (comparative)
most elucidate (superlative)

清楚的，明确的，易于理解的

There vvas not a greater Maſter of Perſpicuity, and elucidate Diſtinctions; vvhich look'd the better in his [John Williams'] Engliſh, that ran ſvveet upon his Tongue, eſpecially being ſet out vvith a graceful Facetiouſneſs, that hit the joint of the Matter: For his VVit, and his Judgment, never parted.

a. 1671 (date written)，John Hacket，Scrinia Reserata: A Memorial Offer’d to the Great Deservings of John Williams, D.D. […]，part I, In the Savoy [London]: […] Edw[ard] Jones, for Samuel Lowndes, […], 出版於 1693, →OCLC, paragraph 46，頁 39:


emigrate

源自拉丁語 emigratus, emigro (“搬走、移走、離開某個地方”) 的完成時被動分詞，源自 ex- (“出於，從”) + migro (“移動、移除、離開”)。

emigrates (third-person singular present)
emigrating (present participle)
emigrated (past participle)

They [the Huns] were emigrating from Tartary into Europe in the time of the Goths.

1872，John Henry Newman，Historical Sketches:


eminent

源自中古法語 éminent，源自拉丁語现在分词ēminēns、ēminentis，源自动词ēmineō (“伸出，突出”)，源自ex- (“自，从”) + mineō，与mons有关（→英語 mount），对比imminent。与emanate无关，其源自mānō (“流动”)。

more eminent (comparative)
most eminent (superlative)

distinguished

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

noteworthy

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

eminent和imminent发音非常相似，且弱押韵，在某些方言中可能会被混淆。输入两词时打错字母可能会导致拼写检查软件纠正为错误的单词。eminent还有可能与immanent、immanant或emanate相混淆。

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

In later years, the professor became known as an eminent historian.

在晚年，那位教授以杰出的历史学家的身份而出名。

“So. Miss Alice. Are you game?” The question is posed by an eminent novelist of about 70, who has sat on a Manhattan park bench and struck up conversation with a young woman reading a book.

2018年February28日，Justine Jordan，“Asymmetry by Lisa Halliday review – a dizzying debut”, in The Guardian:


endemic

源自古希臘語 ἐν (en，“...里”) + δῆμος (dêmos，“人民”)。可能经由ἔνδημος (éndēmos，“自己民族间的，家里的，本土的”)和/或法語 endémique。

endemic疾病是仅出现于某地区的疾病，且可能出现频率较低，而epidemic疾病则是流行性疾病，范围广，出现频率高。而sporadic疾病则是偶尔以低频率出现的疾病。

地方性的，（某地）特有的

Malaria is endemic to the tropics.

疟疾是热带地区的地方性疾病。

These problems are endemic to the theory of thematic roles as currently conceived, because the classification it implies simply does not correspond to legitimate linguistic semantic definitions.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1998, Gillian Catriona Ramchand, Deconstructing the Lexicon, in Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, eds. “The Projection of Arguments”

In a country where corruption is endemic, no evidence has been presented that Ms Yingluck took any money from the rice scheme, which in 2012 and 2013 cost Thailand billions of dollars. But a state-appointed committee last year ordered her to pay the fine, finding she was to blame, even though it was government policy.

2017 July 26，Lindsay Murdoch，“Yingluck Shinawatra, Thailand's first female PM, faces financial ruin and jail”, in The Sydney Morning Herald;:


endow

源自晚期中古英語 endowen、endouen、enduen、indouen、indw (“给...钱财，生计或特权；授予；（比喻义）有利于；赋予”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 endouer，源自古法語 en- (“进入”之意的后缀) + douer (“授予”)（源自拉丁語 dōtāre（dōtō (“授予”)的现在主动不定式），现代法語 douer）。 dōtō又源自dōs (“彩礼；捐赠，赠礼”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *deh₃- (“给”)） + -ō (构成规则第一类变位动词的后缀)。

endows (third-person singular present)
endowing (present participle)
endowed (past participle)

Men began to build Churches on their own Grounds, at their own Charges, and to endow theſe; and they were naturally the Maſters, and in the true Signification of the Roman word, the Patrons of them.

1713，Gilbert Lord Bishop of Sarum [i.e., Gilbert Burnet]，“The Additional Chapter. Chap. X. Of Presentations to Benefices, and Simony”, in The New Preface and Additional Chapter to the Third Edition of the Pastoral Care. […]，London: Printed for D. Midwinter […], and B. Cowse […]; [a]nd sold by A. Baldwin […], →OCLC，頁s 27–28:

Finding her quite incorrigible in this respect, Emma suffered her to depart; but not before she had confided to her that important and never-sufficiently-to-be-taken-care-of answer, and endowed her moreover with a pretty little bracelet as a keepsake.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 20，頁 46:

The blessing of private initiative for public affairs is destined to be appreciated more deeply. Empty government coffers and a regular exchange of views with experts from all over the world add impetus, even if concepts developed indigenously sometimes still lack a realistic approach to the vital issue of endowing and funding new foundations.

1999，Rupert Graf Strachwitz，“Foundations in Germany and Their Revival in East Germany after 1989”, in Private Funds, Public Purpose: Philanthropic Foundations in International Perspective (Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies)，New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, →ISBN，頁 232:

Wherby we bith lerned þat it shalnot only be goode to owre prince, but also to vs selff, that he be well indowed; ffor ellis the patriarke wolde not haue made such a trety.

Whereby we have learned that it shall not only be good to our prince, but also to ourselves, that he be well endowed; for else the patriarch would not have made such a treaty.

[c. 1471，John Fortescue，“Here is Shewid, What off the Kynges Livelod Geven awey, mey Beste be Taken a Geyn”, in The Governance of England: Otherwise Called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy […] (語言：中古英語), London: Oxford University Press; Humphrey Milford, 出版於 1885 (1926 printing), →OCLC，頁 135:

Vpon her eyelids many Graces ſate, / Vnder the ſhadow of her euen browes, / VVorking belgardes [beautiful looks], and amorous retrate [portrait], / And euerie one her with a grace endowes: […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25，頁 225:

Father Omnipotent, our Lord and only Redeemer, / […] with thy grace my ſpirit endow: […]

1599，The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. when He was but Earle of Richmond, Grandfather to the Queenes Maiesty: […]，imprinted at London: By R. B. […], →OCLC; 再版為 The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. […] (Illustrations of Old English Literature; no. 11)，[London?: s.n.], 1866, →OCLC，頁 31:

Firſt, it is needfull that we be indowed with humility of ſpirit, that denying our owne ſelves and carnall reaſon, wee may ſubmit to take ſuch ſence and meaning of the Scripture, as it of it ſelfe affords, with the aſſiſtance of the helps of the Church; and not to impoſe upon it any ſenſe of our owne making; […]

1637，John Sym，“The Self-murderers Motives to Kill Themselves”, in Lifes Preservative against Self-killing. Or, A Vsefvl Treatise Concerning Life and Self-murder; […]，London: Printed by M[iles] Flesher, for R[obert] Dawlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], →OCLC, §4 (Of Misunderstood Scripture Perverting the Iudgement; and the Remedy thereof)，頁 199:

[A]midst so many vicissitudes of fortune to which I have been exposed, amongst all the goods and evils, the joyful and gloomy, the pleasing and disagreeable circumstances of life, thou [God] endowest me with an equal, constant, manly, and superior spirit on every occasion.

1811，Benjamin Stillingfleet，章號 VIII, in Literary Life and Select Works of Benjamin Stillingfleet, […]，卷 I (Literary Life), London: Printed by J[ames] Nichols and Son, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], →OCLC，頁 119:

Thus was he [John Boyle O'Reilly] fitted to fulfill worthily the vocation of a poet. For it is not aimlessly that Divine Providence endows a human being with qualities so exceptional and exalted.

1890年October13日，James Gibbons，“Introduction”, in James Jeffrey Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, […] Together with His Complete Poems and Speeches，New York, N.Y.: Cassell Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1891, →OCLC，頁 vi:

[P]roper use of sensory feedback is required to grant the industrial robot the required sensing capabilities and to endow it with the intelligence needed for detecting and adjusting to environmental disturbances.

1993，H. Zghal，D. R. Strong，“A Perspective on the Use of Sensors in Robot Materials Handling”, in Information Control Problems in Manufacturing Technology 1992: Selected Papers from the 7th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IMACS/ISPE Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 25–28 May 1992 (IFAC Symposia Series)，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon Press, →ISBN，頁 129，列 2:

General relativity endows spacetime with a causal structure described by observer-invariant light cones. […] Points inside a light cone are causally connected with its vertex, while points outside the same light cone are out-of-causal contact with its vertex.

2005，Maurice H. P. M. van Putten，“Superluminal Motion in the Quasar 3C273”, in Gravitational Radiation, Luminous Black Holes, and Gamma-ray Burst Supernovae，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 1:

Just as we may endow people with physical properties, so we sometimes endow physical objects with human-like personalities or subjective states. Perhaps because of their capacity for interior accommodation, cars, ships, airplanes and even houses are often given female characteristics or referred to as 'she'.

2015，Michael C[harles] Corballis，“Wandering into Other Minds”, in The Wandering Mind: What the Brain Does when You’re Not Looking，Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 77:

It's bulging with giant confidence and packed with outbursts of that mysterious epiphanic grandeur, like moments of sunlight breaking through cloud-cover, with which [Jacques] Audiard endows apparently normal sequences and everyday details.

2016年April7日，Peter Bradshaw，“Dheepan review – a crime drama packed with epiphanic grandeur”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2018-12-30:

Historic England explained the listing: "The station's unique design employs a high level of sophistication and innovation through its use of conoid shells supported on a cruck-like frame, which not only create a dramatic aesthetic form, but endow the building with a light and spacious interior."

2023年March22日，Philip Haigh，“Five configuration stages to boost Manchester rail capacity”, in RAIL，期 979，頁 31:

She was endowed with a beautiful voice.

And thus shal the aged Courtier, although he exercise not the qualities that he is indowed withal, comebye his ende at length, to instructe well hys Prince.

1561，Baldassare Castiglione，“The Fourth Booke of the Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio unto Maister Alphonsus Aristo”, in Thomas Hoby（譯者）, The Book of the Courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione: Done into English (The Tudor Translations; XXIII)，London: Published by David Nutt […], 出版於 1900, →OCLC，頁s 337–338:

[T]he late Monſ. Du Faye [i.e., Charles François de Cisternay du Fay] obſerv'd, that there were two Sorts of Electricity, and that Bodies which are endow'd with one Sort of Electricity attract thoſe which are endow'd with the other Sort of Electricity, whilſt they repel thoſe which have the ſame Electricity.

1744，J[ohn] T[heophilus] Desaguliers，“Lecture X. Hydrostaticks.”, in A Course of Experimental Philosophy，卷 II, London: Printed for W. Innys, […]; M. Senex, […]; and T[homas] Longman, […], →OCLC，頁 349:

He [Richard Watson] produced many chemical, phyſical, and metaphyſical reaſons, which ſeem to render the ſuppoſition not altogether indefenſible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception.

1787 December，“Art. XI. Chemical Essays. By R. Watson, […] Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. sewed. Evans. 1787. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged，卷 LXXVII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC，頁 469:

A young violinist, thirteen years old—Mischa Elman—made his first appearance in Paris on April 2nd, in his own concert at the Salle de Agriculteurs. […] Mischa Elman, indeed, is endowed with most precious gifts, for his art combines the legendary virtuosity of [Niccolò] Paganini with the fulness of sound, the purity of style, and the nobility of expression of [Joseph] Joachim.

1905年June1日，“Letter from Paris”, in The Monthly Musical Record，卷 XXXV, 期 414, London: Augener Limited, […], →OCLC，頁 113，列 1:

给...逝世丈夫的遗产 （寡妇）；给...嫁妆 （新娘） （参见dower和dowry）

And if a man entice a maide that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he ſhall ſurely endow her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuſe to giue her vnto him, he ſhall pay money according to the dowrie of virgins.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:16–17，列 1:

A widow may be endowed of all her husband's lands, tenements, and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, under the restrictions before-mentioned, unless there be some special reason to the contrary. Thus, a woman shall not be endowed of a castle built for defence of the realm, because it ought not to be divided. But of a castle that is only for the private use and habitation of the owner, a woman shall be endowed.

1823，Peter Lovelass，Niel Gow，“Of the Descent of Real Estates, or Estates of Inheritance. […]”, in The Law’s Disposal of a Person’s Estate who Dies without Will or Testament. […]，第11th版, London: Printed for R. Pheney, Charles Hunter, J. and W. T. Clarke, and H[enry] Butterworth, →OCLC, section II (How the Law Disposes of a Wife’s Real Estate; […])，頁 125:


epoch

源自中世紀拉丁語 epocha，源自古希臘語 ἐποχή (epokhḗ，“停止，中止，暂停；行星达到最高点时的停顿；历史的时期”)，源自ἐπέχω (epékhō，“压抑，停止”)，源自ἐπι- (epi-，“之上”) + ἔχω (ékhō，“有，拿着”)。

Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such [dust] storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, radical disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.

2012 January，Donald Worster，“A Drier and Hotter Future”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 1，頁 70:


epoch

epochs (third-person singular present)
epoching (present participle)
epoched (past participle)

根据时间将...划分为小段

The continuous data were epoched into segments of 1500 ms (starting 500 ms before visual stimulus onset), time-locked to stimulus onset (0 ms) and sorted according to experimental conditions.

2015年July6日，“Stronger Neural Modulation by Visual Motion Intensity in Autism Spectrum Disorders”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


errand

源自中古英語 erande、erende，源自古英語 ǣrende，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ārundī (“消息，口信”)。

Carried somehow, somewhither, for some reason, on these surging floods, were these travelers, of errand not wholly obvious to their fellows, yet of such sort as to call into query alike the nature of their errand and their own relations. It is easily earned repetition to state that Josephine St. Auban's was a presence not to be concealed.

1910，Emerson Hough，章號 II, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:


escalate

escalates (third-person singular present)
escalating (present participle)
escalated (past participle)

Violence escalated during the election.

The shooting escalated the existing hostility.

槍擊事件使現有的敵意升級。

"Operating the WCML at this intensity makes it challenging to maintain acceptable performance levels, resulting in a frustratingly unreliable service for passengers. Minor disruption can escalate into significant delays because a train running only a few minutes late can miss its slot across a junction, resulting in a snowballing effect across the network."

2020年May6日，Philip Haigh，“Just one more stop on the long journey to HS2 fulfillment [sic]”, in Rail，頁 65:


esophagus

Bad, the Warhol-produced film directed by Jed Johnson, playing at the Saxon in the esophagus of the Combat Zone, […]

1977年April30日，Steve Blevins，“A Sack-full of Films”, in Gay Community News，頁 11:

They call me the Hiphopopotamus / Flows that glow like phosphorous / Popping off the top of this esophagus / Rocking this metropolis

他们叫我河马 / 像磷光一样发光的流体 / 从食道顶部喷涌而出/ 震撼这座大都市

2008，“Hiphopopotamus vs. Rhymenoceros”, 演出者 Flight of the Conchords:


estate

繼承自中古英語 estat，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 estat和古法語 estat（法語：état），來自拉丁語 status。state和status 的同源對似詞。

狀態；條件 （自13世紀）

But when I came to mans eſtate,
With hey ho, [the winde and the raine],
Gainſt Knaues and Theeues men ſhut their gate.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]，頁 275:

Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 12:16:

To remove therfore if it be possible, this great and sad oppression which through the strictnes of a literall interpreting hath invaded and disturb’d the dearest and most peaceable estate of houshold society, to the over-burdening, if not the over-whelming of many Christians better worth then to be so deserted of the Churches considerate care, this position shall be laid down; first proving, then answering what may be objected either from Scripture or light of reason.

1643，John Milton，Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce:

貴族，貴婦 （14世紀–17世紀）

Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Mark 6:21:

階層，地位 (王國境內的諸階層) （自14世紀）

I am afraid that some of the nobles who are campaigning for it simply want to use the Estates to cut down the King's power and increase their own.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 115:

The three estates of feudal lords, clergy and royal officers met in separate chambers, and exercised an advisory role.

2011，Norman Davies，Vanished Kingdoms，Penguin, 出版於 2012，頁 202:

(尤指廣闊) 領地，領土；莊園 （自18世紀）

It has been a long time since new follies were springing up across the great estates of Britain. But the owners of Doddington Hall, in Lincolnshire, have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid in the grounds of the Elizabethan manor.

2014年September7日，“Doddington's garden pyramid is a folly good show: The owners of a Lincolnshire stately home have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid [print edition: Great pyramid of Lincolnshire, 6 September 2014, p. G2]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London:

Professor Loretta Lees from King's College London's geography department says, "The word 'estate' has become synonymous with the term 'ghetto'. It's become a dirty word. Back in the '20s and '30s it didn't carry the same stigma."

2012年October19日，Josephine McDermott，“London's new housing loses the 'dirty word'”, in BBC News:

I call matter of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever[…]concerneth manifestly any great portion of people.

一個配置的集體資訊科技資源

This time, however, it only includes the static parameters that you expect to be consistent across your estate.

2015，Peter Carter，Pro SQL Server Administration，頁 82:


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr，“大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō，“燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

æther (alternative)
aether (alternative)
aethyr (alternative)
ethyr (alternative)
ethers (plural)

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 人類所呼吸的物質；空氣

On Wings the Birds through Æther glide, / And Fiſhes cut with Fins the Tide.

1746年February28日，Criticus [pseudonym]，“Dialogue on Women”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 II, 期 XXV, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁 389:

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 天空；真空；虛無

Take a snapshot of the conflicts around the world: Sunnis vs. Shiites, Israelis vs. Palestinians, Serbs vs. Kosovars, Indians vs. Pakistanis. They seem to be driven by religious hatred. It’s enough to make you wonder if the animosity would melt away if all religions were suddenly, somehow, to vanish into the ether. But James Carse doesn’t see them as religious conflicts at all. To him, they are battles over rival belief systems, which may or may not have religious overtones.

2008年July21日，Steve Paulson，“Religion is Poetry”, in Salon，存檔自the original on 2017-08-30:

In barely the blink of an eye, the perfectly healthy Judy entered a permanent vegetative state. […] What haunted me was the idea that one moment you’re gazing at your 2-year-old in her playroom and the next, you, the mother, have been whisked off into the ether forever.

2009 December，Sandra Tsing Loh，“On Being a Bad Mother: True Confessions”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN，存檔自the original on 2018-07-25:

There’s a very real chance that, rather than crumbling into the dust and floating off into the ether, Thanos’s victims [in the film Avengers: Infinity War] were actually sucked up into the Soul Stone.

2018年May7日，Meg Downey，“Marvel’s Comic Soul Stone could Explain the Jump from Infinity War’s Ending to Avengers 4: A Brief History of Crazy Multidimensional Power”, in Polygon，存檔自the original on 2018-06-24:

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679年February28日，Thomas Birch，引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, in Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author，卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747，Bryan Robinson，A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton，London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770年November1日，“Investigator” [pseudonym]，“Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle，卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁 497，列 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，When the World Screamed:

廣播電視信號傳播的媒介；（想象中）互聯網、數字交流方式存在之處；網絡空間

He held some friendly chat with Pabodie over the ether, and repeated his praise of the really marvelous drills that had helped him make his discovery.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

H. P. Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013年June14日，Jonathan Freedland，“Obama’s Once Hip Brand is Now Tainted [online version: Obama is Like Apple, Google and Facebook: A Once Hip Brand Tainted by Prism]”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 1, London，存檔自the original on 2018-09-26，頁 18:

物體、人、地方周圍產生的一種氣質

The luminous æther of his life was not obſcured by any ſhade dark enough to be denominated a defect.

1793，“[Characters.] An Account of the Late Earl of Mansfield.”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XXXV, London: Printed, by assignment from the executors of the late Mr. James Dodsley, for W. Otridge and Son; [et al.], →OCLC，頁 274，列 2:

But the moſt valuable Qualities of the ÆTHER are it's medicinal ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an excellent Remedy in moſt nervous Diſeaſes; particularly in Fits of all ſorts, whether Epileptic, Convulſive, Hyſteric, Hypochondriac, or Paralytic: […]

1759，M[atthew] Turner，An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, Called Æther，[Liverpool]: Printed by John Sadler, →OCLC，頁 5:

The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，New York: Popular Library, →ISBN，頁 4:

M. Malaguti finds that dry chlorine, while acting in the dark upon oxacid æthers, always attacks, and in a uniform manner, the sulphuric æther which is the base of them. […] The action of potash on the compound chloridized æthers is also constant and uniform: the results are always chloride of potassium, acetate of potash, and an organic salt with a base of potash, the acid of which is that which existed in the compound chloridized æther.

1838 March，“Action of Chlorine on Æthers”, in The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science，卷 XII (3rd Series), 期 74, London: Printed by R[ichard] and J[ohn] E[dward] Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁 297:

When chlorine gas is passed in excess through salicylic ether (salicylae of ethyl) heated over a water-bath, a solid substance is formed which is soluble in hot alcohol, and crystallizes, on cooling, in beautiful colourless tables. This compound is bichloruretted salicylic ether, formed from salicylic ether (C₁₈H₁₀O₆) by the substitution of 2 eq. chlorine for 2 eq. hydrogen: its composition is therefore C₁₈H₈Cl₂O₆.

1851，A[uguste André Thomas] Cahours，“[Notices of Papers Contained in the Foreign Journals.] On Anisol and Phenetol”, in The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London，卷 III, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […]; Paris: J. B. Baillière, […]; Madrid: Bailly Baillière, […], →OCLC，頁 78:

[…] I allude to the æthers formed by the union of fatty acids with different alcohols. […] With regard to the fatty æthers themselves, I prepared them generally by M. Berthelot's method, by heating the alcohol and the acid for a day at 392°F. in a tube hermetically sealed; the product was mixed with a little æther, and it was digested some time with slaked lime in the water-bath, to separate the free acid from the neutral compound.

1858年October15日，M. Hanhart，“On Some New Æthers of Stearic and Margaric Acids”, in The Chemical Gazette, or, Journal of Practical Chemistry, in All Its Applications to Pharmacy, Arts and Manufactures，卷 XVI, 期 CCCLXXXIV, London: Published by Taylor and Francis, […]，頁 384:


ether

源自2001年美國歌手纳斯的歌曲“Ether”。

ethers (third-person singular present)
ethering (present participle)
ethered (past participle)

The battle rapper ethered his opponent and caused him to slink away in shame.

那個說唱歌手惡毒地羞辱了他的對手一番，整得他溜走了。

HS Coach Gets Ethered By Girlfriend On FB, Resigns Amid Investigation [article title] […] On Monday, a woman living in Bowling Green, Ky., used her Facebook page to unleash one of the coldest, boyfriend-crushingest Dear John letters you'll ever read.

2014年February26日，Tom Ley，“HS Coach Gets Ethered by Girlfriend on FB, Resigns Amid Investigation”, in Deadspin，存檔自the original on 2018-10-22:

Cory Barker: Game of Thrones is the easiest answer for me, but MaryAnn [Sleasman] did a fine job of ethering that overrated hunk of junk, so I'm free to take a few shots at Sherlock.

2015年August15日，“Pass the Remote: What is a Popular Show Everyone Loves but You Hate?”, in TV.com，存檔自the original on 2018-12-20:

Best of all, [Steven] Soderbergh, a shade queen of our time!!!, slyly ethers James Cameron: […]

2015年September15日，Kirsten Yoonsoo Kim，“Steven Soderbergh Ethers James Cameron to Promote His Brandy”, in Complex，存檔自the original on 2015-09-19:

On Wednesday, I found myself nodding along vigorously to the latest Kanye West Twitter screed, as this particular iteration included a call for more inclusion at the Grammys and one extremely polite ethering of Macklemore.

2016年February25日，Rohan Nadkarni，“How does Kanye West Tweet So Fast?: Some Working Theories—because these Rants are Coming at a Record Speed”, in GQ，存檔自the original on 2016-02-28:


ether

Ether的大小寫替代形式

Gas is not ether–it's a separate virtual currency with its own exchange rate against ether.

2018，Andreas M. Antonopoulos，Gavin Wood，Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:


exacerbate

源自拉丁語 exacerbo (“激怒；加劇”)；ex (“出”) + acerbo (“使更加痛苦或恶化”)。

exacerbates (third-person singular present)
exacerbating (present participle)
exacerbated (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

The proposed shutdown would exacerbate unemployment problems.

建议中的关闭将加剧失业问题。

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

五月九日的边界事件使中苏关系恶化。北京指控三十名苏联士兵在直升机和海军舰艇的支援下越过乌苏里江进入黑龙江省虎林地区。

1986，Peter P. Cheng，“1978: The Four Modernizations on the March [1978：四个现代化正在进行中]”, in Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979 [中华人民共和国大事记，1970-1979]，Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 395:

Liz: It's just with Ed here, it's no wonder I always bring my flat-mates out and then that only exacerbates things.
Shaun: What do you mean?
Liz: Well you guys hardly get on, do you?
Shaun: No, what does "exacerbate" mean?

2004，Simon Pegg, Edgar Wright，Shaun of the Dead [活人甡吃]:

The reasons for this growing disconnect are myriad and complex but the situation is exacerbated by the reality that those English players who do smash through our game's "glass ceiling" command radically inflated transfer fees.

造成这种差距扩大的原因是多种多样且复杂的，但现实情况是，那些突破了英格兰足球“玻璃天花板”的球员需要支付高昂的转会费，这让情况更加恶化。

2013年August20日，Louise Taylor，“English talent gets left behind as Premier League keeps importing [英超联赛不断引进球员，英格兰球员人才被抛在后面]”, in The Guardian:


expound

源自中古英語 expounden，源自古法語 espondre，源自拉丁語 exponere。expose 的同源對似詞。

expounds (third-person singular present)
expounding (present participle)
expounded (past participle)

spell out

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

发表声明，说明 （一般指很长的声明）

He expounded often on the dangers of the imperial presidency.

他经常讲述帝王总统的危险性。

Fowler was also interested in metallurgy and the use of new materials that could withstand greater stresses, something he expounded on when giving his presidential address to the new Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1927.

2021年December29日，Stephen Roberts，“Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Evesham (1870)”, in RAIL，期 947，頁 59:


extremely

extreamely (alternative)
extreamly (alternative)
more extremely (comparative)
most extremely (superlative)


Fahrenheit

源自德語 Fahrenheit，以普鲁士科学家Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit命名。

For example, in the Fahrenheit scale 212°F is the boiling point of water.

2021，Claire Cock-Starkey，Hyphens & Hashtags，Bodleian Library，頁 142:

同類詞：Celsius、kelvin


feeble

源自中古英語 feble，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 feble (“弱的”)（对比法語 faible），源自拉丁語 flēbilis (“哭泣的，哀伤的”)。foible 的同源對似詞。

feebler (comparative)
feeblest (superlative)

Though she appeared old and feeble, she could still throw a ball.

虽然她看起来已老态龙钟，但还是有力气可以扔个球。

France were transformed from the feeble, divided unit that had squeaked past Wales in the semi-final, their half-backs finding the corners with beautifully judged kicks from hand, the forwards making yards with every drive and a reorganised Kiwi line-out beginning to malfunction.

2011年October23日，Tom Fordyce，“2011 Rugby World Cup final: New Zealand 8-7 France”, in BBC Sport:


fortnight

繼承自中古英語 fourtenight、fourten night，繼承自古英語 fēowertīene niht (“十四夜、十四天”)，等價於 fourteen + night。對照 sennight。

[ˈfɔ˞ʔ.nɐɪ̯t̚]

[ˈfɔəʔ.nɐjʔ]

On being kicked the girl fell desperately in love with Henri, and for a fortnight they lived together and spent a thousand francs of Henri's money.

1933年January9日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 1, in Down and Out in Paris and London，London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

The “lame duck” Johnson Administration, in its final fortnight in office, grappled last week with a diplomatic hot potato in the form of the latest Soviet proposal for a “just and lasting” Middle East peace settlement.

1969年January12日，Benjamin Welles，“A Hot Potato for Nixon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


furnace

源自中古英語 forneys，源自古法語 fornais（法語 fournaise），源自拉丁語 fornāx。

there may be snow on the rooftop but there is fire in the furnace

forged in the furnace of fierce competition

在残酷的竞争中得到了历练

For that heroic band—those children of the furnace who, in regions like Texas and Tennessee, maintained their fidelity through terrible trials—we of the North felt for them, and profoundly we honor them.

1866，Herman Melville，Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, Supplement:


galaxy

源自中古英語 galaxye、galaxie，源自古法語 galaxie，源自拉丁語 galaxias，源自古希臘語 γαλαξίας (galaxías，“银河系”)，源自γάλα (gála，“奶”)。

So may thy cheekes red outweare scarlet dye, / And their white, whitenesse of the Galaxie [...].

星系图案，星系图样 （黑色背景下多种颜色混合构成的图案）

Her walls and ceiling were covered with galaxy wallpaper; it was like stepping into space.

Her nerdy glasses sat perched on her face, and she wore a May the Force Be With You T-shirt with a black lace skirt, galaxy leggings, and a pair of white Star Wars Vans.

2017，Rebekah L. Purdy，Incriminating Dating:

She hurriedly said that she found an^([sic]) faded galaxy blanket. She loved galaxy patterned things.


garlic

早期寫法garlick、garlicke，來自中古英語 garlek、garlik，來自古英語 gārlēac (“大蒜”，字面意思是“矛-韭蔥”)，來自gār (“矛”，指蒜瓣) + lēac (“韭蔥”)。與低地蘇格蘭語 garlic (“大蒜”)同源。

garlick (alternative)
garlicke (alternative)
garlics (plural)

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March18日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 134:


germinate

germinates (third-person singular present)
germinating (present participle)
germinated (past participle)

the Chalcites, which hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014年April5日，“Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend)，頁 W22:

[…] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.

2014年December23日，Olivia Judson，“The hemiparasite season [print version: Under the hemiparasite, International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, in The New York Times，存檔自the original on 2014-12-23:

These were business hours, and a feeling of loneliness crept over him, perhaps germinated by his sight of the illustrated papers, and accentuated by an attempted perusal of them.

1913，Robert Barr，章號 5, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

If it be sundown, when the herds are returning from their daily graze in the long grass of the jungle, clouds of dust will be marking their track along every approach to the village […]


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

grazes (third-person singular present)
grazing (present participle)
grazed (past participle)

Although it is perfectly good meadowland, none of the villagers has ever grazed animals on the meadow on the other side of the wall.

Cattle graze in the meadows.

The bird [Canada goose] is more often found on land than other waterfowl because of its love for seeds and grains. The long neck is well adapted for grazing.

1993，John Montroll，Origami Inside-Out，頁 41:

吃零食，（不在餐点时）[随便]]吃点

同類詞：snack

Furthermore, people who take the time to sit down to proper meals find their food more satisfying than people who graze throughout the day. If you skip meals, you will inevitably end up snacking on more high-fat high-sugar foods.

2008，Mohgah Elsheikh, Caroline Murphy，Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

Many people, however, snack and graze from roughly the time they wake up until shortly before they go to bed.

2018年July24日，Anahad O’Connor，“When We Eat, or Don’t Eat, May Be Critical for Health”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Grazing refers to customers who consume food items before paying for them, for example, a customer bags one and a half pounds of grapes in the produce department, eats some as she continues her shopping […]

Had the Grievant attempted to pay for the Mylanta or actually paid for it, then she would not be guilty of grazing or shoplifting.

2001，Labor Arbitration Information System，卷 2，頁 59:

The sewers must be kept so as the water may not stay too long in the spring; for then the ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose that year.


grope

源自中古英語 gropien，源自古英語 grāpian，与grīpan有关（其派生出英語 gripe），亦对比grip。

gropes (third-person singular present)
groping (present participle)
groped (past participle)

摸黑寻找，（指盲人）用手寻找

to grope about a little longer among the miseries and sensualities of a worldly life

a. 1812. Joseph Stevens Buckminster, sermon

Yet there was no time to be lost if I was ever to get out alive, and so I groped with my hands against the side of the grave until I made out the bottom edge of the slab, and then fell to grubbing beneath it with my fingers. But the earth, which the day before had looked light and loamy to the eye, was stiff and hard enough when one came to tackle it with naked hands, and in an hour's time I had done little more than further weary myself and bruise my fingers.

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914，Louis Joseph Vance，章號 III, in Nobody，New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, 出版於 1915, →OCLC:


grudge

grutch的變體 (15世紀中期，比begrudge年輕)，來自中古英語 grucchen (“喃喃自語，抱怨，怨恨，嫉妒”)，來自古法語 grouchier、groucier (“喃喃自語，抱怨”)，起源自日耳曼語族，可能是仿譯。
與中古高地德語 grogezen (“嚎叫，哀號”)、德語 grocken (“發牢騷”)同族。對照古諾爾斯語 krytja (“喃喃自語”)、古高地德語 grunzen (“咕噥”)。

grudges (third-person singular present)
grudging (present participle)
grudged (past participle)

勉強地給/准許；不情願做（自16世紀）

Wee shall finde our whole life so necessarily ioyned with sorrow, that we ought rather delight (and take pleasure) in Gods louing chastisements, and admonitions, then any way murmure and grudge at our crosses, or tribulations :

1608, Henrie Gosson, The Woefull and Lamentable wast and spoile done by a suddaine Fire in S. Edmonds-bury in Suffolke, on Munday the tenth of Aprill. 1608., reprinted by F. Pawsey, Old Butter Market, Ipswich, 1845, page 6:

If we of the central land were to grudge you what is beneficial, and not to compassionate your wants, then wherewithal could you foreigners manage to exist?

1841，Edmund Burke，The Annual Register，Rivingtons，頁 430:

Of course, his interest in the war and in the regiment was unbounded; he did not take to drill with especial readiness, but he was insatiable of it, and grudged every moment of relaxation.

1869，Thomas Wentworth Higginson，Army Life in a Black Regiment，Fields, Osgood, & Co.，頁 62:

Our two inimitable drolls did a roaring trade with their broadsheets among lovers of the comedy element and nobody who has a corner in his heart for real Irish fun without vulgarity will grudge them their hardearned pennies.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[[Episode 12: The Cyclops]]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


hectic

源自中古英語 etik、ethik，源自古法語 etique，源自中世紀拉丁語 *hecticus，源自古希臘語 ἑκτικός (hektikós，“习惯的，繁忙的，消耗性的”)，源自ἕξις (héxis，“（身体或精神的）状态，条件”)，源自ἔχειν (ékhein，“有；在（某种状态下）”)。

an angry hectic in each cheek, a fierce flirt of her fan, and two or three short sniffs that betokened mischief

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:


heed

源自中古英語 hēden，源自古英語 hēdan (“注意，关心，观察，负责，占有，接受”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hōdijan (“注意，保卫”)，源自原始印歐語 *kadʰ- (“注意，保护”)。与西弗里斯蘭語 hoedje (“留心，注意”)、荷蘭語 hoeden (“留心，注意”)、德語 hüten (“留心，注意”)同源。

heeds (third-person singular present)
heeding (present participle)
heeded (past participle)

With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.

1567, John Dryden translating Ovid, Metamorphoses Book 1

"It comes back to me that I wanted to say something to the driver and that I couldn't make him heed me."

1913，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Poison Belt:

Tolokonnikova not only tried to adjust to life in the penal colony but she even tried to heed the criticism levied at her by colony representatives during a parole hearing.

2013 September 23, Masha Gessen, "Life in a Russian Prison," New York Times （获取于2013年9月24日）:

Barker's proposal to try out new equipment before mass introduction should also have been heeded, because traction components bought without trialling for the Glasgow and Great Eastern schemes gave trouble.

2020年July29日，David Clough，“AC/DC: the big switch in power supply”, in Rail，頁 65:


hierarchy

源自中古英語 ierarchie、jerarchie，源自古法語 ierarchie、jerarchie，源自晚期拉丁語 ierarchia，源自拉丁語 hierarchia，源自古希臘語 ἱεραρχία (hierarkhía，“（大祭司的）统治”)，源自ἱεράρχης (hierárkhēs，“大祭司”)，源自ἱερός (hierós，“神圣的”) + ἄρχω (árkhō，“统治”)。受到古典拉丁语的影响，约1500年时“h”被重新添加。

（有官位层级的）统治集团

The [Washington] Post's proprietor through those turbulent [Watergate] days, Katharine Graham, held a double place in Washington’s hierarchy: at once regal Georgetown hostess and scrappy newshound, ready to hold the establishment to account.

2013年August10日，Lexington，“Keeping the mighty honest”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8848:

等級制度，層級制度，層次結構，階層

Social defeat arises in strict social hierarchies in which the few dominate the many. Overcrowding exacerbates the many ills of social defeat within these social hierarchies based on dominance.

2023年June7日，Charles Hugh Smith，Look Around and What Do You See? Social Defeat:

... the surviving portions provide enough detail to outline its principal features: the hierarchy of beings to whom his liturgy was to be addressed (we previously considered Plethon's hierarchy of gods in our examination of his Summary[…]

2017年June1日，Peter Mark Adams，The Game of Saturn: Decoding the Sola-Busca Tarocchi，Scarlet Imprint, →ISBN，頁 158:


husk

源自中古英語 huske。可能源自古英語 *husuc, *hosuc (“很小的覆盖物”)，hosu (“壳，皮”)的指小词，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hosā，源自原始日耳曼語 *husǭ、*hausaz (“覆盖物，壳，裹腿”)，源自原始印歐語 *kawəs- / kawes- (“盖”)。若如此，等价于hose + -ock。
另可能源自中古低地德語 hūske(n) (“小房子，保护套”)、中古荷蘭語 hūskijn (“小房子，果核，盒子”)，hūs (“房子”)的指小词。对比荷蘭語 huisje、德語 Häuschen，两者均可指“蜗牛壳”。

（无用的）外壳，（没有任何有价值的内容物的）躯壳

His attorney was a dried-up husk of a man.

他的律师曾经是个没用的男人。

Unlike dogs, cats have retractable claws which do not wear down when walking. Instead, cats pull the old husk of nail from their claws by raking them down some convenient piece of wood, to expose a new sharp claw underneath.

1991，Morgan Kerr, Norman Kerr，An Introduction to Cat Care，頁 63:


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

The symptoms of Husk are a constant cough, rapid loss of flesh, difficulty in breathing and, in the later stages, loss of appetite and diarrhœa.

1876，John Walker，How to Farm with Profit Arable and Pasture Land: A Practical Manual on Modern Agriculture，London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co，頁 78:


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

husks (third-person singular present)
husking (present participle)
husked (past participle)

Back on the veranda he said to Lace gravely, "I do believe that poor child's in the family way." Lace, tracing the pattern of the matting with his boot, husked, and murmured, "Yes — I think so.

1938，Xavier Herbert，章號 XI, in Capricornia，New York: D. Appleton-Century, 出版於 1943，頁 181:

The French captain did not immediately respond; he looked at his men with a miserable expression [...]; still he hesitated, drooped, and finally husked, "Je me rends," with a look still more wretched.

2006，Naomi Novik，His Majesty's Dragon，Del Rey Books，頁 5:


immunology

Obviously, licentiates to practice medicine should receive instruction of a definite and practical nature in this important branch of modern medicine, or immunology should receive a place in the classification of specialties, a fact which the importance of the subject may command.

1915，Benjamin Abraham Thomas，Applied Immunology:


impart

繼承自中古英語 imparten、借自中古法語 impartir、empartir，源自晚期拉丁語 impartiō、impertiō，源自 im- + 拉丁語 partiō (“分割”)。

imparts (third-person singular present)
imparting (present participle)
imparted (past participle)

disclose

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

tell

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

Expressing well the spirit within thee [Adam] free, / My [God's] image, not imparted to the brute.

1667，John Milton，“Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行 440:

Did not Mazzini impart his spirit to divided Italy, and make her one?

1907，Charles Henry Vine，The Old Faith and the New Theology:

Cary Grant imparts his ineffable charm, Kennedy (with metal hand) provides comic brutality, while Hepburn is elegantly fraught.

2002，John Pym，Time Out Film Guide，頁 202:

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

Well may he then to you his cares impart.

1662，John Dryden，letter to Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon:

The departure was not unduly prolonged. […] Within the door Mrs. Spoker hastily imparted to Mrs. Love a few final sentiments on the subject of Divine Intention in the disposition of buckets; farewells and last commiserations; a deep, guttural instigation to the horse; and the wheels of the waggonette crunched heavily away into obscurity.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


incense

源自中古英語 encens，源自古法語 encens (“气味香甜的物质”)，源自晚期拉丁語 incensum (“熏香”，字面意思是“焚烧的东西”)，incendō (“将...点燃”)的中性过去分词。对比incendiary。同源词包括西班牙語 encender和incienso。

incenses (third-person singular present)
incensing (present participle)
incensed (past participle)

使...变香 （尤指熏香的香）

Neither, for the future, shall any man or woman, self-styled noble, be incensed,—foolishly fumigated with incense, in Church; as the wont has been.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):


incentive

借自中世紀拉丁語 incentīvus (“起調或定調”)，來自incinō (“起調”)，來自in- (“在”) + canō (“唱”)。該詞的形成似乎受到incendō (“放火”)的影響。

I have no incentive to do housework right now.

It is tempting to speculate about the incentives or compulsions that might explain why anyone would take to the skies in [the] basket [of a balloon]: perhaps out of a desire to escape the gravity of this world or to get a preview of the next; […].

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:


incentive

more incentive (comparative)
most incentive (superlative)

Part incentive reed / Provide, pernicious with one touch of fire.

1667，John Milton，“Book 6”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


indomitable

源自晚期拉丁語 indomitābilis，源自 in- (“不”) + domitō，domō (“馴服”) 的頻率形。By surface analysis, in- + domitable。

more indomitable (comparative)
most indomitable (superlative)

不屈不撓的，無法被阻撓或擊敗的

Personal courage and an indomitable self-confidence were the chief, indeed the only, qualities which sprang to light in General Feversham.

1902，A. E. W. Mason，章號 1, in The Four Feathers:

But he was a youth of indomitable spirit, strong and agile as a wild cat.

1910，William Henry Hudson，章號 7, in A Shepherd's Life:

Nobody came on to the movie camera—wrapped it in a bear hug and wrestled it to submission—like Betty Hutton. They called this 40s singer-actress "the Blitzkrieg blond" . . . . [S]he was indomitable, unstoppable.

2007年March31日，Richard Corliss，“When Betty Got Frank”, in Time，存檔自the original on 2010-12-03:

And even though the rest of the auto industry, seeing Tesla’s growth, jumped on the electric vehicle bandwagon, Tesla has maintained an indomitable lead.

2022年April28日，Farhad Manjoo，“Is Elon Musk Really That Bad?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


initial

2021年January21日，Alan Feuer, Nicole Long，“The First Capitol Riot Arrests Were Easy. The Next Ones Will Be Tougher.”, in New York Times:
An initial wave of arrests was based on news accounts and social media.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）
 起初一波逮捕，是基于新闻记载和社交媒体的。


innovation

借自中古法語 innovation，來自古法語 innovacion，來自晚期拉丁語 innovatio, innovationem，來自拉丁語 innovo, innovatus。
詞法分析為innovate + -ion。

/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013年June21日，Karen McVeigh，“US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 2，頁 10:

Innovation is more than a new method. It is a new view of the universe, as one of risk rather than of chance or of certainty. It is a new view of man's role in the universe; he creates order by taking risks. And this means that innovation, rather than being an assertion of human power, is an acceptance of human responsibility.

1954，Peter Drucker，The Landmarks of Tomorrow:


lament

源自法語 lamenter，源自拉丁語 lāmentor (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，源自lāmenta (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，带构词要素-mentum，源自词根*la-，可能最终是拟声词。参见latrare。

laments (third-person singular present)
lamenting (present participle)
lamented (past participle)

Euston is so traditionally a part of the London scene that many will lament the passing of the old station when rebuilding is complete in readiness for the new electric service, which will probably be by multiple-units between Euston and Wolverhampton.

1960 February，R. C. Riley，“The London-Birmingham services - Past, Present and Future”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 99:

By the end, Sunderland were lucky to lose by the same scoreline Northampton Town suffered against Southampton, in 1921. The Sunderland manager, Gus Poyet, lamented that it was “the most embarrassed I’ve ever been on a football pitch, without a doubt”.

2014年October18日，Paul Doyle，“Southampton hammer eight past hapless Sunderland in barmy encounter”, in The Guardian:


leukemia

源自德語 Leukämie，源自古希臘語 λευκός (leukós，“白色的”) + αἷμα (haîma，“血”)。等同於leuk- + -emia。

In an era when political leaders promise deliverance from decline through America’s purported preeminence in scientific research, the news that science is in deep trouble in the United States has been as unwelcome as a diagnosis of leukemia following the loss of health insurance.

2012年January18日，Philip E. Mirowski，“Harms to Health from the Pursuit of Profits”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 1，頁 87:


lobe

16世紀前葉從中古法語 lobe借入，源自新拉丁語 lobus，源自古希臘語 λοβός (lobós，“耳垂；肝葉；豆莢”)。

葉（尤指肝葉，腦葉，肺葉等）[自16世纪]

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013年August3日，“The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8847:


longevity

借自拉丁語 longaevitās，來自longaevus (“古舊的，老年的”) + -itās。

longævity (alternative)
longevities (plural)

[lɑŋˈd͡ʒɛv.ə.ɾi]

Grandpa had incredible longevity: he lived to be 105 years old!

爺爺很長壽：他活到105歲！

This 142-year-old tiny ex-LNWR SB [signal box, at Batley] is an amazing survivor, probably owing its longevity to its location alongside a level crossing. Indeed it started life as a gate box with the delightful name of Lady Ann's Crossing.

2020年July1日，David Allen，“Signalling from Leeds along the S&C”, in Rail，頁 74:

A ‘postdating’ is an example of the use of a lexical item at a later date than currently recorded and these are important in establishing the longevity of use of a term and whether or not it has become obsolete.

2018，James Lambert，“Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes，卷 37，頁 255:


malnutrition

It is predictable that some of these infections occur in individuals immunocompromised by malnutrition or underlying disease (notably cancer or AIDS) or by immunosuppressive therapy.

可以预见的是，其中一些感染发生在因营养不良或潜在疾病（特别是癌症或艾滋病）或免疫抑制疗法而出现免疫功能低下的个体中。

2013，Robert H. Rubin, Lowell S. Young，Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host, →ISBN，頁 275:


massive

more massive (comparative)
most massive (superlative)

Young Jupiter was smacked head-on by massive newborn planet […] "The only scenario that resulted in a core-density profile similar to what Juno measures today is a head-on impact with a planetary embryo about 10 times more massive than Earth," Liu said.

小木星被一顆大質量新生行星正面撞擊 […] 劉教授說：「唯一能解釋朱諾號目前測量到的核心密度分佈的情況是，木星曾與一顆質量約為地球 10 倍大的行星胚胎發生了正面碰撞。」

2019年August15日，“Young Jupiter was smacked head-on by massive newborn planet”, in Rice University News，存檔自the original on 2020-10-01:


medication

來自中古法語 médication，來自拉丁語 medicatio，來自medicari (“治療，治愈”)，來自medicus (“醫生”)，來自mederi (“治療”)。

Have you been taking your medication(s)?

Are you going to be be like this all day? It’s like I’ve not took^([sic，意為taken]) my medication.

2019年March19日，The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off，季数 2, 集数 3, Michael Pennington (actor), 經由 Channel 4:


meticulous

源自拉丁語 meticulōsus (“畏惧的，胆怯的，可怕的，惊人的”)，源自metus (“恐惧”)和-culōsus，后半部分取自perīculōsus (“危险的”)。“谨小慎微的”一意源自法語 méticuleux。

more meticulous (comparative)
most meticulous (superlative)

meticulous search

meticulous investigation

meticulous knowledge

meticulous report

The meticulous care with which the operation in Sicily was planned has paid dividends. Our casualties in men, in ships and materiel have been low—in fact, far below our estimate.

1943，Franklin D. Roosevelt，Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 28 July 1943:


naive

借自法語 naïve，naïf的阴性形式，源自拉丁語 nativus (“本土的，天然的”)。native 的同源對似詞。

more naive (comparative)
most naive (superlative)

Google Ngram Viewer数据显示，naive在历史上比naïve更为常用，但后者在2000年以后开始逐渐被广泛使用，达到了前者的程度。但是不清楚Viewer是否能正确扫描该变音符。

词典收录情况：naive收录于梅里厄姆-韦伯斯特、AHD、柯林斯、麦克米伦、剑桥与《牛津英语词典》内。 naïve收录于梅里厄姆-韦伯斯特（作为变体）、AHD、柯林斯（作为变体）、麦克米伦（作为变体）、剑桥（作为变体）、《牛津英语词典》（作为变体）与Century 1911内。

美国政府出版局手册称“变音符号不适用于英语化的单词中”，并提到了naive和naivete两词。

“Guardian and Observer style guide”中的naive、naively和naivety均不带变音符号。

naïve中的分音符用于表示两个音节分开发音。

naïve在法语中是阴性形容词，阳性形式naïf或naif有时在英语中用来形容男性，但是一般来说naive/naïve更常作中性使用。

幼稚的；涉世未深的，不成熟的；天真的，纯朴的

I am sixteen going on seventeen, I know that I'm naive

1965，Richard Rogers, Oscar Hammerstein II （作曲作詞）, “Going on Seventeen”, in The Sound of Music:

The salarians believed the genophage would be used as a deterrent, a position the turians viewed as naive. Once the project was complete, the turians mass produced and deployed it. The krogan homeworld, their colonies, and all occupied worlds were infected.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →ISBN, →OCLC，幕：Krogan: Genophage Codex entry:

By 1921 when Miró painted his key work, naive painting had been recognized by the avantgarde art world as a genre in its own right.

We have experiments of running our matching algorithm and a naive matching algorithm for such a term tree and a tree, and have compared the performance of the two algorithms.

2007，Takao Terano, Huan Liu, & Arbee L.P. Chen，Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, →ISBN:


naive

As a seasoned woman—of nineteen—I felt it was my place to tell each of these naïves that such plans were easier made than followed.

In other words, they'd buy securities from these naives for 55 and sell them similar securities for 65. In plain English, they'd pay $550 per $1,000 bond and turn right around and sell them similar stuff for $650.

2018，King Midas，Stupid Brokers - Stupid Clients:


nasal

繼承自中古英語，派生自中世紀拉丁語 nāsālis，源自nāsus (“鼻子”) + -ālis (形容詞後綴)。nasalis 的同源對似詞。

more nasal (comparative)
most nasal (superlative)

Reindeer are well suited to the taiga’s frigid winters. They can maintain a thermogradient between body core and the environment of up to 100 degrees, in part because of insulation provided by their fur, and in part because of counter-current vascular heat exchange systems in their legs and nasal passages.

馴鹿非常適合針葉林寒冷的冬天。 它們可以在身體核心和環境之間保持高達100度的溫度梯度，部分原因是它們的皮毛提供的隔絕性，部分原因是它們的腿和鼻通道中的逆流血管熱交換系統。

2013 March，Nancy Langston，“Mining the Boreal North”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 98:

nasal utterance

"Are you sure you're OK?" she said with a nasal Australian accent.

「你確定你沒事？」她用帶著鼻音的澳大利亞口音說。

2016，A.K. Brown，Jumpstart (Champagne Universe Series: Book 1)，頁 2:


nasal

頭盔突出保護鼻子的部分；護鼻器

The nasal continued in use until about 1140, when it was generally discarded, but isolated examples may be found in every succeeding century down to the seventeenth.

1909，Charles Henry Ashdown，European Arms & Armor，頁 78:

Rorge had donned a black halfhelm with a broad iron nasal that made it hard to see that he did not have a nose.

1999，George R.R. Martin，A Clash of Kings，Bantam Books, 出版於 2011，頁 463:


notion

借自拉丁語 nōtiō (“認知，領悟，觀察，調查，想法，觀念”)，源自nōscō (“知道”)。对比法語 notion。见know。

The inflammatory message has twisted notions of respect and citizenship.

A perverse will easily collects together a system of notions to justify itself in its obliquity.

December 2, 1832, John Henry Newman, Wilfulness, the Sin of Saul

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935，George Goodchild，章號 1, in Death on the Centre Court:

Who wrought with them, and all things else that might / To half a soul and to a notion crazed / Say, 'Thus did Banquo.'

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]，頁 140:


notwithstanding

源自中古英語 notwithstandinge、notwithstondyng、natwithstandyng，等价于not + withstanding。对比近义且构成类似的中古英語 notgainstonding、not aȝenstondynge。

He, notwithstanding, persisted in his inquiries.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

1789，United States Contitution，Supremacy Clause，(請指定書籍名或刊物名):

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:notwithstanding。


notwithstanding

notwithstanding personal preferences, the school district's rules on the topic govern our decision

Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures were so transported that their gratitude made them, notwithstanding his prohibition, proclaim the wonders he had done.

1675，Richard Allestree，The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety:

Notwithstanding the high resolution of Hawkeye he fully comprehended all the difficulties and danger he was about to incur.

1826，James Fenimore Cooper，章號 26, in The Last of the Mohicans:


notwithstanding

in accordance with school district rules on the topic, personal preferences notwithstanding

Van Gaal’s dismissal of his ability to play a central role notwithstanding, Shinji Kagawa began playing just behind the strikers Danny Welbeck and Javier Hernández.

2014年August26日，Richard Rae，“Manchester United humbled by MK Dons after Will Grigg hits double”, in The Guardian:

And be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that an Habeas Corpus, according to the true intent and meaning of this act, may be directed and seen in any county Palatine, the Cinque Ports, or other privileged places within the Kindgom of England, dominion of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, and the islands of Jersey and Guernsey; any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.


obstinate

源自中古英語 obstinate、obstinat，源自拉丁語 obstinātus，obstinō (“下定决心”)的过去分词，源自ob (“前”) + *stinare，源自stare (“站”)。ostinato 的同源對似詞。

more obstinate (comparative)
most obstinate (superlative)

From this consideration it is that we have derived the custom, in times of war, to punish […] those who are obstinate to defend a place that by the rules of war is not tenable […]

1686，Montaigne，譯者 Charles Cotton, That men are justly punished for being obstinate in the defence of a fort that is not in reason to be defended:

[…] the junior Osborne was quite as obstinate as the senior: when he wanted a thing, quite as firm in his resolution to get it; and quite as violent when angered, as his father in his most stern moments

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 21, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:


option

源自法語 option，源自拉丁語 optiō (“选择”)，源自optō (“选择”)。等价于opt + -ion。

选择，选项 （自19世纪）

Luiz struggled with the movement of Helguson in the box, as he collected a long ball and the Spaniard barged him over, leaving referee Chris Foy little option but to point to the spot.

2011年October23日，Becky Ashton，“QPR 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

Libertarian paternalism is the view that, because the way options are presented to citizens affects what they choose, society should present options in a way that “nudges” our intuitive selves to make choices that are more consistent with what our more deliberative selves would have chosen if they were in control.

2012年January18日，Steven Sloman，“The Battle Between Intuition and Deliberation”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 1，存檔自the original on 2012-01-08，頁 74:

At that time every emigrant who was made aware of such a notification submitted his application for option to the British Consuls within the period prescribed.

1928，Appeal to the Noble English Nation by the Committee of the Defenders of the Rights of Palestinian Arab Emigrants to the Palestinian Citizenship，頁 10:

A right of option, mostly in favour of the nationality of the predecessor State, has been accorded in most cases of partial State succession, either by treaty or by domestic legislation.

1998，Venice Commission，Consequences of State Succession for Nationality, →ISBN，頁 45:

This group constitutes around 9 percent of the total number of acquisitions of Dutch nationality through option.

2012，Oliver W. Vonk，Dual Nationality in the European Union: A Study on Changing Norms […], →ISBN，頁 243, note 154:


ordeal

源自中古英語 ordel、ordal，源自中世紀拉丁語 ordālium或其源头古英語 ordēl、ordāl (“磨难，审判”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *uʀdailī (“审判”)，源自*uʀdailijan (“分配，配给”)，等价于or- + deal。
与薩特弗里斯蘭語 Uurdeel (“判决”)、西弗里斯蘭語 oardiel (“审判”)、荷蘭語 oordeel (“审判”)、低地德語 Oordeel (“判决”)、德語 Urteil (“判断，判决”)同源。

Arsène Wenger confessed: "The result was not an accurate indication of the match." Certainly, at half-time it seemed unlikely that Arsenal would catch fire so spectacularly because the first half was a damp squib of a display from Wenger's team, as Newcastle initially showed no ill-effects from their Old Trafford ordeal.

2012年December29日，Paul Doyle，“Arsenal's Theo Walcott hits hat-trick in thrilling victory over Newcastle”, in The Guardian:


orifice

源自中古法語，源自古法語，源自晚期拉丁語 orificium (“开口；”字面义“做一张嘴巴”)，由os (“嘴巴”) + facio (“做”)构成的复合词。

“Peanuts aren't nuts, you orifice. They're legumes.”


palliative

源自中古法語 palliatif，源自新拉丁語 *palliātīvus，源自中世紀拉丁語 palliō (“遮盖”)，源自拉丁語 pallium (“披风”)。

治标的事物，尤指治标药物

The radiation and chemotherapy were only palliatives.

放疗和化疗只是治标手段。

Mary heard with sorrow, and fear also, of the projected journey; but the altered expression of Isabella's countenance was a great palliative—dreadful as it was that her husband should love another...

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXVIII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 66:


patrol

源自法語 patrouille，源自古法語 patrouille、patouille (“守夜”，字面意思是“四处走”)，源自patrouiller、patouiller、patoiller (“蹚水；弄脏”)，源自patte、pate (“蹄”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *patta (“爪，脚”)，源自古法蘭克語 *patta (“爪子，脚底”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paþjaną、*paþōną (“走，踏”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *(s)pent-、*(s)pat- (“径；走”)，原始印歐語 *pent-、*pat- (“径；走”)的变体。见find。同源词包括荷蘭語 pad、patte (“爪”)、低地德語 pedden (“走，踏”)、德語 patschen (“泼溅，蹚水；摇晃着走”)、德語 Patsche (“拍子；爪；水洼”)。与pad、path有关。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

After cordial good-bye to our hospitable hostess we motored back to Chaumont where we dined with Colonel Mitchell; and then with another long drive we finally reached home tired but happy at 3.30 in the morning. There staring me in the face was an order directing me to lead my patrol over the lines in the morning at five o'clock, sharp! An hour and a half sleep for an utterly worn out aviator!

1919，Eddie Rickenbacker，“Chapter 7”, in Fighting the Flying Circus:

a customs patrol

a fire patrol

In France there is an army of patrols […] to secure her fiscal regulations.

1787-1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers

Philadelphia’s foot-patrol strategy was developed after a study in 2009 by criminologists from Temple University, which is in the 22nd district. A randomised trial overturned the conventional view that foot patrols make locals like the police more and fear crime less, but do not actually reduce crime. In targeted areas, violent crime decreased by 23%.

2013年August24日，“Boots on the street”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8850:

小队 （童子军中队的一个单位，一般由6到8人组成）

On a makeshift bed in the corner was an old woman looking very sick. Then a patrol of "Missioner" Scouts appeared on the scene: one seized a broom and swept out the room; the next made up the fire with some fuel he had procured and made her a cup of tea; another mended the rickety table, bed and chair, making them at any rate serviceable, while a fourth straightened out the bedclothes, propped the old lady up, and did his best to cheer her until the tea was ready.

1913，anonymous author，Boy Scouts and What They Do/Object of Scouting:

The formation of the boys into Patrols of from six to eight and training them as separate units each under its own responsible leader is the key to a good Troop.

1920，Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell，Aids To Scoutmastership，頁 24:


peculiar

源自拉丁語 pecūliāris (“自己的”)，源自pecūlium (“私人财产”)，源自pecus (“牛”)。

more peculiar (comparative)
most peculiar (superlative)

odd

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

strange

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

uncommon

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

unusual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

specific

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

common

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

mediocre

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

ordinary

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

usual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

common

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

general

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

universal

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

The sky had a peculiar appearance before the storm.

风暴之前天空的样子很奇怪。

It would be rather peculiar to see a kangaroo hopping down a city street.

看到袋鼠在市里的街上跳着走很奇怪。

I saw nothing peculiar in his conduct, and thought that his arrangement of the ballot box was perfect.

1800，The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints，The Deseret Weekly，卷 41，頁 379:

"Wasn't it peculiar," I heard mother say, "How he wouldn't talk about himself?"
"Peculiar?" said father. "Well, yes, in a way."
"Everything about him is peculiar." Mother sounded as if she was stirred up and interested. "I never saw a man quite like him before."

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

Kangaroos are peculiar to Australia.

袋鼠是澳大利亚特有的动物。

This philosopher found his ideas especially in all that is practical,^([29]) that is, which rests upon freedom, which in its turn ranks under cognitions that are the peculiar product of reason.

1855，Meiklejohn, John Miller Dow, transl.，Critique of Pure Reason，卷 1, division 2, 根據Immanuel KantCritik der reinen Vernunft改編的翻譯作品:

As soon as that operation has taken place, the food is passed down to the stomach, and there it is mixed with the chemical fluid called the gastric juice, a substance which has the peculiar property of making soluble and dissolving out the nutritious matter in the grass, and leaving behind those parts which are not nutritious;

But of late years extensive Tertiary deposits of Miocene age have been discovered, showing that it is not a mere congeries of volcanoes; it [Iceland] is connected with the British Islands and with Greenland by seas less than 500 fathoms deep; and it possesses a few mammalia, one of which is peculiar, and at least three peculiar species of birds.

1895，Alfred Russel Wallace，“XX: Anomalous Islands: Celebes”, in Island Life:

Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.

hymns […] that Christianity hath peculiar unto itself

1597，Richard Hooker，Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie:

while each peculiar power forgoes his wonted seat

1629，John Milton，On the Morning of Christ's Nativity:

My fate is Juno's most peculiar care.


pedestrian

借自拉丁語 pedester，词根pedestri-（源自pedes） + -an (形容词构成后缀)。

more pedestrian (comparative)
most pedestrian (superlative)

平凡的，平平无奇的，无趣的，乏味的

His manner of dress was pedestrian but tidy.

a pedestrian life

England were hugely impressive in the first half in particular, when their supporters inside this magnificent bowl at Stade Velodrome roared their approval as Russia were pressed into submission and made to look pedestrian.

2016年June11日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-1 Russia”, in BBC Sport:


peel

源自古法語 piller (“搶掠”)。

peels (third-person singular present)
peeling (present participle)
peeled (past participle)

But govern ill the nations under yoke, / Peeling their provinces.

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 4:

O conſider my caſe, moſt blisfull Queen, […] Diſpell thoſe Clouds which hover 'twixt my King and his higheſt Counſell, […] that my great Law-making Court be forced to turn no more to polemicall Committees, […] but that they may come again to the old Parliamentary Rode, To the path of their Predeceſſours, to conſult of means how to ſweep away thoſe Cobwebs that hang in the Courts of Juſtice, and to make the Laws run in their right Channell; to retrench exceſſive fees, and finde remedies for the future, that the poor Client be not ſo peeled by his Lawyer, and made to ſuffer by ſuch monſtrous delays, that one may go from one Tropick to the other, and croſſe the Equinoctiall twenty times, before his ſute be done; […]

1645，James Howell，“England’s Tears, for the Present Wars, which for the Nature of the Quarrel, the Quality of the Strength, the Diversity of Battels, Skirmishes, Encounters, and Sieges, (Happened in so Short a Compasse of Time) Cannot be Parallel’d in Any Precedent Age”, in ΔΕΝΔΡΟΛΟΓΊΑ [DENDROLOGIA]: Dodona’s Grove, or The Vocall Forrest. The Third Edition More Exact and Perfect than the Former; with the Addition of Two Other Tracts: viz. Englands Tears for the Present Wars. And The Pre-eminence of Parlements，第3rd版, Cambridge: Printed by R. D. for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop at the Prince's Arms in S. Pauls Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 189:


perceive

perceives (third-person singular present)
perceiving (present participle)
perceived (past participle)

Go from the presence of a foolish man, when thou perceivest not in him the lips of knowledge.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 14:7:


petroleum

源自中世紀拉丁語 petroleum，源自petra (“石头”) + oleum (“油”)。

petroleum-based products

Coal and petroleum do not occur hap-hazard in nature, but the aggregate occurrence of each product in any region forms a definite, limited horizon, which, in its continuance, is independent of the bedding plane.

1940，William Plotts，Isogeotherm, Or Monist Theory of Stratified Mineral Occurrence and Origin，頁 7:


philosophy

源自中古英語 philosophie、古法語 philosophie以及两者词源拉丁語 philosophia，源自古希臘語 φιλοσοφία (philosophía)，源自φίλος (phílos，“爱...的”) + σοφία (sophía，“智慧”)。可作philo- + -sophy分析。取代英语本土词古英語 ūþwitegung。

一般规则 （一般指道德）

As a matter of fact the Enlightment culture was based on a philosophy inspired to an ethical laicism whose aim was to create a better society based on principles such as solidarity, equality of rights and duties, and full freedom.

2012，Francesca Valensise，From Building Fabric to City Form: Reconstruction in Calabria at end of Eighteenth Century，Gangemi Editore spa, →ISBN，頁 8: