graben

借自德語 Graben (“沟”)，源自动词graben (“挖”)。

同類詞：fault

The magnitude and shape of the large grabens strongly suggest that, when they formed, material much more mobile than ordinary rocks was present at a depth no greater than a few miles.

1959, Robert G. Yates, George A. Thompson, Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the Terlingua District, Texas, U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 312, page 49,

This system includes the Syrian and Lebanese grabens; the grabens of the Dead Sea, Wadi al Arabah, Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden; and the Ethiopian graben.

1969, V. V. Beloussov, Contintal Rifts, Pembroke J. Hart (editor), The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle, page 539,

Migration of the subsidence axis has been revealed by the detailed sedimentological studies in most of these grabens, particularly in the Bresse basin (Curial 1986; Moretto 1986/1987) and in Manosque-Forcalquier.

1997, Jean-Marie Rouchy, 2: Paleogene Continental Rift System of Western Europe, Georges Busson, B. Charlotte Schreiber (editors), Sedimentary Deposition in Rift and Foreland Basins in France and Spain (Paleogene and Lower Neogene), page 83,

These distinct zones of strike-slip or scissor faulting which separate adjacent half-grabens were termed interbasinal ridges and hinged highs by Rosendahl et al. (1986).

2015, C. F. Burgess, et al., Chapter 35: The Structural and Stratigraphic Evolution of Lake Tanganyika: A Case Study of Continental Rifting, W. Manspeizer (editor), Triassic-Jurassic Rifting: Continental Breakup and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins, Part A, page 866,


glacier

借自法語 glacier，源自法蘭克-普羅旺斯語 glacier，派生自glace + -ier，派生自通俗拉丁語 *glacia，源自*glacies (“冰”)，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“使变冷；使冰冻”)。

They warned that the effects of glacier melting on water resources are becoming “increasingly serious” for China.

他們警告稱，冰川融化對中國水資源的影響正“日益嚴重”。


facies

借自拉丁語 faciēs (“形式，構造，形象；面孔，面容，容貌”)。face的同源對似詞。


eminence

源自古法語 eminence，源自拉丁語 ēminēntia (“卓越，显赫”)。

From the summit of an eminence I had already had a distant view of Osbaldistone Hall, a large and antiquated edifice, peeping out from a Druidical grove of huge oaks [...].

We stopped for a moment at the golf course to chat with members of the Consular staff, and then drove on to the Consulate, which was set upon an eminence, above evidences of landscape-gardening; a sweep of lawns, with coarse, whitened grass; flower-beds in which larkspur and nasturtiums fought against desperate odds.


epoch

源自中世紀拉丁語 epocha，源自古希臘語 ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “停止，中止，暂停；行星达到最高点时的停顿；历史的时期”)，源自ἐπέχω (epékhō, “压抑，停止”)，源自ἐπι- (epi-, “之上”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “有，拿着”)。

世，纪（将地质时间划分为小段的时间单位）


hiatus

借自拉丁語 hiātus (“缺口，开口”)（16世纪中叶），源自hiō (“开着，打哈欠”)。


Rhyacian

层侵纪的，与层侵纪有关的


Carboniferous

石炭纪的，与石炭纪有关的


Ordovician

查尔斯·拉普沃思命名自凯尔特部落奥陶维斯人。

more Ordovician (comparative)
most Ordovician (superlative)

奥陶纪的，与奥陶纪有关的


Ordovician

查尔斯·拉普沃思命名自凯尔特部落奥陶维斯人。


Silurian

more Silurian (comparative)
most Silurian (superlative)

志留纪的，与志留纪有关的

In some places, however, quartz reefs, payably auriferous while in Silurian rock, have been followed down to subjacent granite, and have there been found to thin out and become unprofitable […]

1887, R. A. Murray, Victoria. Geology and Physical Geography (page 126)


Cambrian

more Cambrian (comparative)
most Cambrian (superlative)

前寒武纪

地质学、形容词、專有名詞

寒武纪的，与寒武纪有关的


Cambrian

前寒武纪

地质学、形容词、專有名詞


Phanerozoic

源自古希臘語 φανερός (phanerós, “可见的”) + ζωή (zōḗ, “生命”) + -ic

显生宙的，与显生宙有关的


Paleozoic

more Paleozoic (comparative)
most Paleozoic (superlative)

古生代的，与古生代有关的


Cretaceous

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, 卷 V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN，頁號s 3–4:


Triassic

源自Trias (“二叠纪和侏罗纪之间的三层地质层”) < 德語 Trias < 古希臘語 τριάς (triás, “三位一体的”)、 + -ic。1841年由Friedrich August von Alberti（1795年-1878年）造出。


Permian

more Permian (comparative)
most Permian (superlative)

二叠纪的，与二叠纪有关的 （自19世纪起）

‘In many ways modern art was a culture of the beach. They say it's the light, the special quality of quartz in the Permian rock.’

2000, JG Ballard, Super-Cannes, Fourth Estate 2011, p. 103:


Permian

二叠纪 （自19世纪起）


Paleogene

paleo- + -gene。源自古希臘語 παλαιός (palaiós, “古老的”) + γενεά (geneá, “世代”)。

古近纪的，与古近纪有关的


Cenozoic

ceno- + -zoic，源自古希臘語 καινός (kainós, “新的”) + ζωή (zōḗ, “生命”)

/ˌkeɪnəʊˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsɛnɵˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsiːnɵˈzəʊɪk/

新生代的，与新生代有关的


Cenozoic

/ˌkeɪnəʊˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsɛnɵˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsiːnɵˈzəʊɪk/

The whole history of the earth is divided into five eras, with corresponding rock-systems. These are: 1. Archæan or Eozoic¹ era, embodied in the Laurentian system; 2. Palæozoic² era, embodied in the Palæozoic or Primary system; 3. Mesozoic³ era, recorded in the Secondary system; 4. Cenozoic,⁴ recorded in the Tertiary and Quaternary systems; and, 5. The Psychozoic era, or era of Mind, recorded in the recent system.

1883, Joseph Le Conte, Elements of Geology: A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader, D. Appleton and Company, New York,

The researchers found that the first day of the Cenozoic was peppered with cataclysms. When the asteroid struck, it temporarily carved a hole 60 miles across and 20 miles deep.

2019年September10日, Katherine Kornei, “A New Timeline of the Day the Dinosaurs Began to Die Out”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


Jurassic

借自法語 Jurassique，名取自瑞士的侏罗山。

His father squinted at the skeleton. “What is it, Jurassic?” “Jeez. No. Cretaceous.” “Cretaceous? What's the difference between Cretaceous and Jurassic?” “Only about a hundred million years,” Tim said. “Cretaceous is older?” “No, Dad, Jurassic is older.”
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1990, Michael Crichton, Jurassic Park, Alfred A. Knopf, p94:


Jurassic

借自法語 Jurassique，名取自瑞士的侏罗山。

[p 108] Like the Forest Marble Beds in the Middle Jurassic, the Purbeck Beds of the Upper Jurassic are deltaic or estuarine in origin, so as well as mammals they contain small, presumably freshwater, crocodiles and the first indisputable lizards.

D. M. Kermack, K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters:


abyssal

首次出现于17世纪90年代。源自中世紀拉丁語 abyssalis，源自拉丁語 abyssus (“深渊”) + -alis (形容词后缀)。等价于abyss + -al。

深成的，在地壳深处的，在地壳深处发生的 （首次出现于19世纪末。）


abyssal

abyssale (feminine)
abyssaux (masculine plural)
abyssales (feminine plural)

深成的，在地壳深处的，在地壳深处发生的


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。


differentiation

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


discontinuity

來自晚期拉丁語 discontinuitās，來自discontinuus，等同於dis- + continuity。


abandoned

more abandoned (comparative)
most abandoned (superlative)

不再受到形成它的地質作用力的影響


moulin

借自法語 moulin，源自晚期拉丁語 molinum (“磨坊”)。mill的关系较远的同源对似词。


relict

殘餘物 本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


stalactite

源自新拉丁語 stalactites，源自古希臘語 σταλακτός (stalaktós, “滴”)。

同類詞：stalagmite


stalagmite

源自新拉丁語 stalagmitēs，源自古希臘語 στάλαγμα (stálagma, “滴”)或σταλαγμός (stalagmós, “滴”)。

同類詞：stalactite


chasm

源自拉丁語 chasma，源自古希臘語 χάσμα (khásma, “深渊，裂口”)。

But always and ever there is a yawning chasm below[.]

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, 出自 Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁號 1:


chadacryst

源自古希臘語 χανδάνω (khandánō, “包含”)（可能源自不定過去時詞根 {{lang|grc|χᾰ́δ-}） + crystal 的截斷形式，或者直接源自古希臘語 κρύσταλλος (krústallos)。

同類詞：oikocryst


ephemeral

源自新拉丁語 ephemerus，源自古希臘語 ἐφήμερος (ephḗmeros)，ἐφημέριος (ephēmérios, “仅持续一天的；仅在白天的；仅存活一天的；短命的；暂时的”)的更常见形式，源自ἐπί (epí, “在...之上，在”) + ἡμέρα (hēméra, “一天”)。

more ephemeral (comparative)
most ephemeral (superlative)

常年干涸但会在降雨时出现的

The graben constitutes a depositional basin and a topographic low, underlain by Cretaceous shales, in which volcanic debris accumulated in ephemeral lakes and streams in Oligocene and early Miocene time.

1986, W.H. Raymond, "Clinoptilolite Deposit in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, U.S.A.", in Yūichi Murakami et al. (editors), New Developments in Zeolite Science and Technology (conference proceedings), Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-444-98981-9, page 80:


leucocratic

more leucocratic (comparative)
most leucocratic (superlative)

（岩石）淺色的，表明其成分90%以上是長英質礦物

Occasionally the opinion is advanced that the formation of the leucocratic, granitic-granodioritic portions of the heterogeneous in-situ migmatites is due to a metasomatic process, i.e., to the addition of “emanations” from depth.

2013, H.G.F. Winkler, Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks，頁號 325:


potassium-argon dating

鉀－氬年代測定法：一種藉由測量鉀衰變為氬的量來估計火成岩或考古物體年代的方法


Wadati-Benioff zone

該區域名稱來自兩位各自獨立發現它的地震學家：加州理工學院的Hugo Benioff和日本氣象廳的Kiyoo Wadati。


décollement

The décollements occur in near-continuously exposed Upper Devonian to Lower Cretaceous strata in the southern Chandler Lake quadrangle.

1987, Donald J. Orth, Metal Biogeochemistry in Surface-water Systems:


isobase

在地圖或海圖上畫一條線，連接地表起伏或下陷相等或持續的地方

Assuming their zero isobase and assuming also that they have correctly identified the beaches, the Jamieson hypothesis is decidedly not favored by their field observations.

1920, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 卷 31:

The southern limit of Wright's zero isobase should intersect the north-west coast of England 125 km further north in the vicinity of the southern shore of Morecambe Bay.

1978, Sea-level Changes: North-West England During the Flandrian Stage, M. J. Tooley:

The isobase map shows the marked spatial variability in elevation of archaeological sites from the Groswater Bay west along Lake Melville to the Goose Bay area, as identified by Fitzhugh (1972).

1992, Lucille Lewis Johnson, Melanie Stright, Paleoshorelines and Prehistory: An Investigation of Method:


Younger Dryas

The International Union of Geological Sciences recognises the Pleistocene as ending 11,764 years ago, because that is when the last advance of the ice - known as the Younger Dryas - ended.

国际地质科学联合会认为更新世结束于11,764年前，因为那是最后一次冰川推进期（称为新仙女木期）结束的时间。

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History，頁號 145:


Mohorovičić discontinuity

/məʊhəʊˈɹə(ʊ)vɪtʃɪtʃ ˌdɪskɒntɪˈnjuːɪti/


Furongian

芙蓉世的，与芙蓉世有关的


amphitheatre

源自拉丁語 amphitheatrum，源自古希臘語 ἀμφιθέατρον (amphithéatron)。

/ˈæmfɪˌθiːətə/

/ˈæmfɪˌθɪətə/

/ˈæmfiˌθiːətə/

The difference between the approach to Baylen from the west and from the east, is that on the former side the traveller reaches the town through a semicircular amphitheatre of upland, while by the latter he comes up a V-shaped valley ...

1902, Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War，頁號 188:

Brecon or Aberhonddu, a typical Welsh town of 5,350 inhabitants, stands in a grand amphitheatre of hills and mountains at the confluence of the rivers Usk, Honddu, and Tarell.

1939 September, A. F. N. Barnsdale, “The Neath & Brecon Railway”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 188: