firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma，“框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ，“天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā，“固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]

1609，Everie VVoman in Her Humor，London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)，[Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:

And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:

[W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]

1667，John Milton，“Book II”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 174–175:

And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!

1825 January，H. G. B.，“The Bride of Parma”, in The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […]，卷 XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC，頁 68，列 2:

Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence，源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.

1831，James Bell，“[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, in A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […]，卷 V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC，頁 34:

On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.

2001 December，J. Robert King，“Who are We?”, in Lancelot du Lethe，New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN，頁 229:

The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.

2002，Barbara Kingsolver，“Small Wonder”, in Small Wonder: Essays，New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版於 2009, →ISBN:

[...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.

2013，Alexander Miller，“The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy)，頁 658:


errand

源自中古英語 erande、erende，源自古英語 ǣrende，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ārundī (“消息，口信”)。

完成一项任务需要的路途。 任务，探求

What will ye, said King Arthur, and what is your errand?

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur

Few have ever come hither through greater peril or on an errand more urgent.

1954, J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr，“大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō，“燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

æther (alternative)
aether (alternative)
aethyr (alternative)
ethyr (alternative)
ethers (plural)

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 人類所呼吸的物質；空氣

On Wings the Birds through Æther glide, / And Fiſhes cut with Fins the Tide.

1746年February28日，Criticus [pseudonym]，“Dialogue on Women”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 II, 期 XXV, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁 389:

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 天空；真空；虛無

Take a snapshot of the conflicts around the world: Sunnis vs. Shiites, Israelis vs. Palestinians, Serbs vs. Kosovars, Indians vs. Pakistanis. They seem to be driven by religious hatred. It’s enough to make you wonder if the animosity would melt away if all religions were suddenly, somehow, to vanish into the ether. But James Carse doesn’t see them as religious conflicts at all. To him, they are battles over rival belief systems, which may or may not have religious overtones.

2008年July21日，Steve Paulson，“Religion is Poetry”, in Salon，存檔自the original on 2017-08-30:

In barely the blink of an eye, the perfectly healthy Judy entered a permanent vegetative state. […] What haunted me was the idea that one moment you’re gazing at your 2-year-old in her playroom and the next, you, the mother, have been whisked off into the ether forever.

2009 December，Sandra Tsing Loh，“On Being a Bad Mother: True Confessions”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN，存檔自the original on 2018-07-25:

There’s a very real chance that, rather than crumbling into the dust and floating off into the ether, Thanos’s victims [in the film Avengers: Infinity War] were actually sucked up into the Soul Stone.

2018年May7日，Meg Downey，“Marvel’s Comic Soul Stone could Explain the Jump from Infinity War’s Ending to Avengers 4: A Brief History of Crazy Multidimensional Power”, in Polygon，存檔自the original on 2018-06-24:


rear

来自中古英語 reren (“抬升、提升”)，古英語 rǣran (“抬升、竖立、促进、提升、创立、激发、唤醒、唤起、煽动”)，原始日耳曼語 *raizijaną、*raisijaną (“使上升”)，原始印歐語 *h₁rey- (“抬起某物本身、上升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 rere (“构建、建设”)，冰島語 reisa (“使提升”)，哥特語 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan，“使上升、抬起、建立”)，德語 reisen (“旅行”，字面意思是“起身离开”)同源，且是raise 的同源對似詞。另请参见rise。
与rise（上升）和raise（提升）有关，两个词曾用于rear现在的几个古老或过时的意义，以及用于rear目前在英语其他方言中更常见的一些意义。

rears (third-person singular present)
rearing (present participle)
reared (past participle)

物理上或比喻上升高；抬出；使上升，抬升。

贫困露出了它的丑陋面目。

Poverty reared its ugly head. （出现了，开始了，开始有效果了）

怪物慢慢地抬起头来。


of

來自中古英語 of，來自古英語 of (“從、自”)，af的非重音形式，æf (“從、離、離開”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *ab (“離開；遠離”)。off 的同源對似詞，為古英語單詞的重音派生詞。參見off。

o (alternative)
o' (alternative)
a (alternative)

(屬於)： 對於人，一般會直接用所有格形式。

(組成，製成)： of 可以直接與動詞或形容詞短語連用。

現代英語逐漸少用 of 修飾名詞，轉用名詞 + 名詞的結構。對比 part of speech (“詞類”)（16世紀） vs. word class (“詞類”)（20世紀），Federal Bureau of Investigation（“聯邦調查局”，1908年） vs. Central Intelligence Agency（“中央情報局”，1947年），affairs of the world（18世紀） vs. world affairs（“國際事務”，20世紀）。

of 連接名詞和被某些副詞修飾的定語形容詞時，可以被省略。這個用法中可用的副詞包括too、so、how、as、more、less、this、that。

表示部分。
一個，一些 （自9世紀）

接在 to be 之後作表語

On the whole, they seem to be of the decent sort.

總體來說，他們還算體面。

And the folysshe sayde to the wyse: geve us of youre oyle, for oure lampes goo out?

1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Matthew XXV:

Dunning, however, is of the old school, and does not like new faces; so he will have no Irishman at his door ….

1846, James Fenimore Cooper, The Redskins:

表達性格或品格。
連接形容詞與名詞/名詞短語，組成準狀語修飾詞；至於，關於 （自13世紀）

My companion seemed affable and easy of manner.

我的同伴看起來友善隨和。

He was huge, raw-boned, knotty, long of body and long of leg, with the head of a war charger.

Still nimble of mind and fleet of foot, Morris buzzed here and there, linking well and getting stuck in at every opportunity.

2004 August 11, Sean Ingle, The Guardian:


asunder

原为两个词，源自古英語 on (介词，等同于a) sundran (“分开的位置”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sunder、*sundraz。同源词包括丹麥語 sønder、瑞典語 sönder、荷蘭語 zonder、德語 sonder、冰島語 sundur、法羅語 sundur和挪威語 sunder/sønder，与哥特語 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)有关。

more asunder (comparative)
most asunder (superlative)

apart

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

in twain

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

Lest anyone find her treasure, she tore the map asunder and cast its pieces into the wind.

她将地图撕碎撒向风中，以防有人找到她的宝藏。

Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 2:3:

On both of those occasions, he came back to the fire with the inexplicable air upon him which I had remarked, without being able to define, when we were so far asunder.

You don't want to hurt me, but see how deep the bullet lies. Unaware that I'm tearing you asunder. There is thunder in our hearts.

1985，Kate Bush （作曲作詞）, “Running Up That Hill”:


bright

形容词派生自中古英語 bright (“光亮的，明亮的；强烈的；闪亮的；辉煌的；（指人）美丽的，面色红润的；极佳的；清晰的；（指视觉）明晰的；（比喻义）无罪过的；开明的”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 bryht、breht (诺森伯兰)，字母换位自byrht (盎格鲁)、beorht (西萨克逊)、berht (“明晰的”) [以及其他形式]，源自原始西日耳曼語 *berht，源自原始日耳曼語 *berhtaz (“明亮的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰerHǵ- (“照，使...变白”)。
名词派生自中古英語 bright (“光亮，闪亮；阳光；光”)，源自bright (形容词)：见上文。
英语词的同源词包括阿爾巴尼亞語 bardhë (“白的”)、荷蘭語 brecht (用于人名)、冰島語 bjartur (“明亮的”)、立陶宛語 brekšta (“破晓”)、中古愛爾蘭語 brafad (“眨眼”)、挪威語 bjart (“光亮的，明晰的”)、波斯語 برازیدن (barâzidan，“美化；适宜于”)、北盧里語 بڵێز (bełız，“火焰”) 俄語 бре́зжить (brézžitʹ，“破晓；发微光；（比喻义，指希望，思想等）出现，显现”)、梵語 भ्राजते (bhrājate)、低地蘇格蘭語 bricht (“明亮的”)、威爾士語 berth (“美丽的”) (弃用)。

humanist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

nonsupernaturalist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

atheist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

super

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

supernaturalist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

Thee Father firſt they ſung Omnipotent, / […] when thou ſhad'ſt / The full blaze of thy beams, and through a cloud / Drawn round about thee like a radiant Shrine, / Dark with exceſſive bright thy ſkirts appeer, / Yet dazle Heav'n, […]

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 372 and 377–381:


bright

源自中古英語 brighte (“明亮地；（比喻义）极佳地，辉煌地；（指颜色）鲜艳的，清晰地；洪亮地，大声地”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 breohte、beorhte (西萨克逊) [以及其他形式]，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *berhtaz (“明亮的”)，详见词源 1。

more bright (comparative)
most bright (superlative)


enjoin

源自中古英語 enjoinen，源自古法語 enjoindre (“加入”)，源自拉丁語 iniungo (“依附”)，由in- (“进入，在...之上”)和iungo构成的复合词。

enjoins (third-person singular present)
enjoining (present participle)
enjoined (past participle)

to confirm these days of Purim in their times appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had enjoined them […]

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Esther 9:31:

At some landmark in the jungle the beater halted, pointed to the ground as a sign that this spot would do, and put his finger on his lips to enjoin silence.

1934，George Orwell，章號 14, in Burmese Days:


erstwhile

使用erstwhile指代“尊敬的”起源自在“erstwhile colleague”之类的短语内被人误读为esteemed等词的近义词，大多数权威机构不建议如此使用。

“Scarcely had Alice reached her twentieth birthday, than she gave her erstwhile fiancée [sic] his formal congé. […]”

1905，Baroness Emmuska Orczy，章號 2, in The Disappearance of Count Collini:

Other erstwhile stalwarts are also wavering. Southampton had two of the best full-backs in the league last season but Ryan Bertrand has been below par this season and Cédric Soares made an uncharacteristic lapse that led to Stoke’s winning goal in Southampton’s last outing.

2017年October14日，Paul Doyle，“Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton”, in the Guardian:


flaunt

源自北日耳曼語支。可能与挪威語 flanta (“炫耀，四处走”)、冰島語 flana (“四处走，匆匆忙忙”)和法語 flâner (“四处走，晃荡”)有关。
还有说法称，其可能与瑞典語 flankt (“松垮地”)（对比英語 flaunt-a-flaunt）有关，其源自flanka (“摇晃”)，其为flakka (“摇摆”)的鼻音化变体，与中古英語 flacken (“来回走，颤动”)有关。还见flack。

flaunts (third-person singular present)
flaunting (present participle)
flaunted (past participle)

（以穿着华丽等方式）炫耀

[T]he younger belles had begun to flaunt in the French fashions of flimsy muslins, shortwaisted— narrow-skirted.

1856，Dinah Craik，John Halifax, Chapter VI:


forthwith

源自中古英語 forth-with、fourth-with、furþ-with (“马上，立刻”)，部分源自短语forth with (something)，部分源自forth-with-al、furth-with-al (“马上；和...一起”)（派生出forthwithal）。

forthwithal

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

Let ther be Light, ſaid God, and forthwith Light, / Ethereal, firſt of things, quinteſſence pure, / Sprung from the Deep, [...]

要有光，上帝说，顷刻之间，天光跃出深渊，万物的开端，纯粹的第五种基本物质，…

1667，John Milton，“Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 243–245:

And no doubt the dry'd Dirt, and Slime of which we were ſpeaking, would have imbib'd ſome Portion of the Humidity, the Day before the Nile overflow'd, had it not been kept ſo cloſe: but being once releas'd from that Cuſtody, it forthwith ruſhes into the Embraces of the deſir'd Moiſture, following the natural Propenſity of dry Bodies to wet.

1714，T[itus] Lucretius Carus，“Of the Annual Inundation of the River Nile”, in Thomas Creech（譯者）, Of the Nature of Things. Translated into English Verse […]，卷s II (Containing the Fifth and Sixth Books), London: Printed by John Matthews, for George Sawbridge, […], →OCLC，頁 703:

The task was the harder in that the restored service had not only to start forthwith but also to last for several months pending modifications to the multiple-unit electric stock, and this called for organisation on a semi-permanent basis.

1961 July，“Glasgow emergency – the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 431:

[Hans] Jonas emphasized years ago that the prospect of genetic control, though cloning and other means, "raises ethical questions of a wholly new kind," for which we are profoundly unprepared. [...] Is it defensible in any sense, for instance, to set out forthwith to create "grade A individuals", "kids made to order," whether designed as privileged deciders of policy or merely dumb drones for the duller humdrum chores of life?

1998，Richard M. Zaner，“Surprise! You’re Just Like Me!: Reflections on Cloning, Eugenics, and Other Utopias”, in Human Cloning (Biomedical Ethics Reviews)，New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 114:

[W]hen the Board announced in March 1940, that after a certain date in May no Customs staff aged 23 or over would be allowed to join the Armed Forces it made our minds up for us. We were both 23! We forthwith applied for permission to enlist in the RAF.

2010，Martin W. Bowman，“Dam Buster – Dudley Heal”, in Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-hand Accounts of British and Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII，Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation, Pen & Sword Books, →ISBN，頁 133:


hasn't

有實際語意的動詞 has 的否定形

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935，George Goodchild，章號 1, in Death on the Centre Court:


hither

源自古英語 hider，源自原始日耳曼語 *hidrê。和拉丁語 citer 同源。

比較代詞性副詞 hereto ，其遵循「介詞 + what」或「介詞 + which」的模式。

He went hither and thither.

Unto her handmaid she cried,
"Go fetch my gold harp hither to me,
Sir Thynnè, I'll draw to my side."

1828，Thomas Keightley，The Fairy Mythology，卷 I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth，頁 164:

But the road left the river again; there were certainly twistings and turnings, as the old woman had said, for at one moment it wound hither and the next thither, and at some places it was almost imperceptible.

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 280:

"How now, you scullions and cullions: bring hither a pair of cow's hooves to out face this contumelious caitiff."

1936，Norman Lindsay，The Flyaway Highway，Sydney: Angus and Robertson，頁 44:


melancholy

繼承自中古英語 malencolie，來自古法語 melancolie，來自古希臘語 μελαγχολία (melankholía，“atrabiliousness”)，來自μέλας (mélas)、μελαν- (melan-，“黑色，黑暗，陰暗”) + χολή (kholḗ，“膽汁”)。對照拉丁語 ātra bīlis (“黑膽汁”)。形容詞用法是中古英語的創新，可能受到後綴-y、-ly的影響。

melancholly (alternative)
melancholie (alternative)
melancholious (alternative)
more melancholy (comparative)
most melancholy (superlative)

Melancholy people don't talk much.

“[…] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. The kind that have mottoes[…]. And then, when you see [the senders], you probably find that they are the most melancholy old folk with malignant diseases. […]”

1922，Ben Travers，章號 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

And then the band slowed the tempo / And the music gets you down / Ah-ah-ah, ah-ah-ah-ah, ah / It was the same old song / With a melancholy sound / Ah-ah-ah, ah-ah-ah-ah, ah

1981，Greg Kihn, Steve Wright，“The Breakup Song (They Don't Write 'Em)”, in RocKihnRoll，演出者 The Greg Kihn Band:


puissant

源自中古英語 puissaunt，源自中古法語 puissant、poissant、盎格魯-諾曼語 puissant、古法語 pussant等，pooir (“可以，能够”)的现在分词，最终源自拉丁語 posse (“能够...的”)。

more puissant (comparative)
most puissant (superlative)

强大的，强力的，有权力的

Awake remembrance of these valiant dead, / And with your puissant arm renew their feats.

讓這些長眠在地下的勇士重又出現在回憶中吧，你統率著雄師，把他們的英雄偉業重新來一遍吧。

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

For who can yet believe, though after loss,
That all these puissant legions, whose exile
Hath emptied Heaven, shall fail to re-ascend,
Self-raised, and repossess their native seat?

然而，谁又能够相信，在遭受失败之后，
这些强大的军团，这些被逐而流落他乡，
使天庭空空如也的斗士，不会重新登天，
依靠自我的力量，夺回他们当然的职位？

1667，John Milton，“Book 1”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

In fact the titles could be anything-or (with some of the most puissant) no title at all...

1961 - Robert A. Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land


blithe

源自中古英語 blithe (“高兴的，开心的；使人愉快的；温柔的；大方仁慈的；闪亮的；美丽的”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 blīþe (“高兴的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blīþī，源自原始日耳曼語 *blīþiz (“友善的；温柔的；使人愉快的”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰlī- (“好；轻；愉”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰel- (“亮；白”)。

blither (comparative)
blithest (superlative)

There on Beds of Violets blew,
And freſh-blown Roſes waſht in dew,
Fill'd her with thee a daughter fair,
So buckſom, blith, and debonair.

a. 1645，John Milton，“L’Allegro”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], 出版於 1646, →OCLC，頁 31:

For that fair femal Troop thou ſawſt, that ſeemd
Of Goddeſſes, ſo blithe, ſo ſmooth, ſo gay,
Yet empty of good wherein conſiſts,
Womans domeſtic honour and chief praiſe; […]

1667，John Milton，“Book X”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 610–613:

I was feeling blithe, almost jocund.

1876 June，Mark Twain，“The Facts Concerning the Recent Carnival of Crime in Connecticut”, in The Atlantic:


beauteous

繼承自中古英語 beautevous、bewteose、beautuous、boyteous、beuteus、beuteowse、bewtyvows，等價於 beauty + -ous 和／或 beauty + -eous。

more beauteous (comparative)
most beauteous (superlative)


brume

借自法語 brume，源自拉丁語 brūma (“冬至；冬天；冬天的寒冷”)。brūma派生自brevima、brevissima (“最短的”)，brevis (“短暂的”)的最高级（因为每年的冬至日白天最短），最终源自原始印歐語 *mréǵʰus (“短暂的”)。

For, shou'd you come before the Brume's abated / Th' Opime you'd linquish for the Macerated.

1737，François Rabelais，“Book V”, in Peter Anthony Motteux, Sir Thomas Urquhart（譯者）, The Works of Mr. Francois Rabelais […] ，卷 2, Navarre Society, 出版於 1921，頁 438:

All around their bubble of stupidity I could feel the brume of the dragon.

1972，John Gardner，Grendel，André Deutsch，頁 77:


stark

源自中古英語 stark、starc，源自古英語 stearc、starc (“僵硬的；不屈的，固执的；强大的；猛烈的，凶猛的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *stark，源自原始日耳曼語 *starkuz (“强大的”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terg- (“僵硬”)。
同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 sterc (“强的”)、荷蘭語 sterk (“强的”)、低地德語 sterk (“强的”)、德語 stark (“强的”)、丹麥語 stærk (“强的”)、瑞典語 stark (“强的”)、挪威語 sterk (“强的”)、冰島語 sterkur (“强的”)。与starch有关。
短语stark naked实际上变换自中古英語 stert naked，源自stert (“尾巴”)，字面上等价于butt naked。

starker (comparative)
starkest (superlative)


deus ex machina

非同化借詞，源自拉丁語 deus ex māchinā (即设备，脚手架等机械，字面意思是“来自机械的神”)，源自古希臘語。

dei ex machina (plural)
dei ex machinis (plural)
deus ex machinas (plural)

罕见地，复数作dii ex machina, di ex machina, dii ex machinis及di ex machinis。

以ex machina结尾的复数形式直译为“从一台机械降临的神们”，而以ex machinis结尾的则意为“从几台机械降临的神们”，使用时，这些复数形式的词义通常保留这一语义上的差别，但是仅为比喻义。

机械降神 （在希腊或罗马戏剧中，依靠舞台器械登台救场的神祇）

I was going to wait for Monsieur Hyppolyte and, like a craven, hand the whole thing over to him. Let the deus ex machina fly in out of the clouds...

1959，Mary Stewart，章號 XVII, in Nine Coaches Waiting，M. S. Mill Company，頁 268:


slay

源自中古英語 sleen, slayn ← 古英語 slēan (“敲，擊，重打，殺，鍛造，衝撞，重踩，刺”) ← 原始日耳曼語 *slahaną (“打鬥，敲，殺”) ← 原始印歐語 *slak- (“擊，打，扔”)。與荷蘭語 slaan (“敲，擊，打”)、低地德語 slaan (“敲，擊，打”)、德語 schlagen (“敲，擊，打”)、丹麥語、挪威語, 瑞典語 slå (“敲，擊，打”)、冰島語 slá (“擊打”)同源。與slaughter、onslaught有關。

slays (third-person singular present)
slaying (present participle)
slew (past)
slayed (past)
slain (past participle)
slayed (past participle)
yslain (past participle)

另一種過去式及過去分詞“slayed”基本上用於俚語義“使人感覺良好、高興”：Harry Charles Witwer (1929年) Yes Man's Land，第 254 頁:“"Cutey, you slayed me !" grins Jackie, working fast. "I guess that's what made the rest of 'em look so bad — you was so good!"”

當然，其他義項也有使用“slayed”，但一般被視為是非標準用法。

根據COCA在美國2000年-2009年的調查中，“slayed”的使用普及度正在上升，但仍不如“slew”。BNC的調查則顯示，“slayed”在英國使用一直很少。

“slain”現在多用於新聞標題，因為比“murdered”短。

The knight slew the dragon.

Our foes must all be slain.

The Prince of Morocco:

c. 1596-97, 威廉·莎士比亞《威尼斯商人》, Act II scene i:

You must slay these thoughts.


swoon

源自中古英語 swounen, swonen (“昏厥”), aswoune (“處於昏厥狀態”)，源自古英語 ġeswōgen (“沒有知覺的，死的”)，swōgan (“發出聲音，肆虐，把……悶死”)的過去分詞（對比古英語 āswōgan (“覆蓋”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *swōganą (“發出響聲”) ← 原始印歐語 *(s)weh₂gʰ-。與低地德語 swogen (“歎息，呻吟”), 荷蘭語 zwoegen (“呻吟，大口呼吸”)，方言挪威語 søgja (“吹哨，大聲談話”)同源。參見sough。

swoons (third-person singular present)
swooning (present participle)
swooned (past participle)

I threw myself down on the island ground, like a dead man, and drowned in desolation swooned away, nor did I return to my senses till next morning, when the sun rose and revived me.

1885, Richard F. Burton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Night 539:

I dropped the vessel quickly to a lower level. Nor was I a moment too soon. The girl had swooned.

1918，Edgar Rice Burroughs，The Gods of Mars，第HTML版, The Gutenberg Project, 出版於 2008:

He's got more than just mad skill / He's got a beaver tail and a bill. / And the women swoon whenever they hear him say…

2011年August2日，“Perry the Platypus”, in Phineas and Ferb: Across the 1st and 2nd Dimensions，演出者 Randy Crenshaw, Walt Disney Records:


pulchritudinous

源自拉丁語 pulchritūdō (“美麗”) + -ous，源自pulcher (“美麗的”) + -tūdō。

more pulchritudinous (comparative)
most pulchritudinous (superlative)


tristesse

“The peculiar resonance of his postcoital tristesse, for example.”

2007年January14日，Liesl Schillinger，引 Martin Amis, “Siberian Fields”, in New York Times:


take root

takes root (third-person singular present)
taking root (present participle)
took root (past)
taken root (past participle)

Those tulip bulbs have taken root.

這些鬱金香的鱗莖已經生根了。


thence

源自古英語 þanon + 副詞屬格詞尾-es，前者源自一原始日耳曼語詞根 *þan-。與威斯特伐利亞低地德語diëne同源。

I had a really bad car accident, and thence came all my backpains.


thy

源自中古英語 þi，þin的无语尾音节变体，源自古英語 þīn，源自原始西日耳曼語 *þīn，源自原始日耳曼語 *þīnaz，源自原始印歐語 *téynos (“你的”)，源自原始印歐語 *túh₂ (“你”，主格)。参见thou。

thou的所有格形式：你的，汝的（第二人称单数）


abysm

繼承自中古英語 abime，源自古法語 abisme，源自晚期拉丁語 *abyssimus，abyssus (“無底洞”) 的最高級，源自古希臘語 ἄβυσσος (ábussos)。與法語 abîme 同源。參見 abyss。

深淵 （自15世紀晚期）

The abysm of hell.

1623, Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, III, xiii:

Dr. Prunesquallor had circled around Steerpike with his head drawn back so that his cervical vertebrae rested against the near wall of his high collar, and a plumbless abysm yawned between his Adam’s apple and his pearl stud.

1946, Mervyn Peake, Titus Groan, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, “The Grotto”

[T]he Shakespearean sonnet doesn't lend itself to a sequential narrative, because the rhymed couplet, without its paired feet trembling at that abysm of time, has to settle instead for the sound of sighing resolution, at regular intervals, over and over, before taking a deep breath and returning usually, for better or worse, to the same subject.

2015年January30日，Glyn Maxwell，“‘Ideas of Order,’ by Neil L. Rudenstine [book review; print version: Eternal lines: A guide to Shakespeare's sonnets, International New York Times, 2 February 2015, p. 7]”, in The New York Times:


epopee

借自法語 épopée。


suspire

晚期中古英語詞彙，源自拉丁語 suspīrāre，suspīrō 的現在主動不定式。同源詞包括古法語 sospirer（現代法語 soupirer）和西班牙語 suspirar。

suspires (third-person singular present)
suspiring (present participle)
suspired (past participle)

Now the New Year reviving old Desires,
The thoughtful Soul to Solitude retires,
Where the White Hand of Moses on the Bough
Puts out, and Jesus from the Ground suspires.

1859，Edward Fitzgerald，The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: The Astronomer-Poet of Persia，頁 2:


museau

借自法語 museau。muzzle 的同源對似詞。

He was the baby of the family, a young man of 二十two, with a fresh, jaunty museau.

1922，DH Lawrence, ‘The Horse-dealer's Daughter’，England, My England:

I was dark with a round museau of a face and thick lips and a pug nose and high cheekbones and deep-set brown eyes and a bush of black hair.

1974，GB Edwards，The Book of Ebenezer Le Page，New York, 出版於 2007，頁 33:


Noel

繼承自中古英語 Nowel，借自古法語 Noel (“聖誕節”)，源自拉丁語 nātālis [diēs Dominī] (“[主的]誕生[日]”)。natal 的同源對似詞。


illude

源自拉丁語 illūdō。

illudes (third-person singular present)
illuding (present participle)
illuded (past participle)

deceive

欺騙，迷惑，置……於幻覺中

delude

欺騙，迷惑，置……於幻覺中

dupe

欺騙，迷惑，置……於幻覺中

fool

欺騙，迷惑，置……於幻覺中

mislead

欺騙，迷惑，置……於幻覺中

trick

欺騙，迷惑，置……於幻覺中

欺騙，迷惑，置……於幻覺中

The fleshly children of Adam bee so politicke, subtil, craftie, and wise, in theyre kynde, that the electe should be illuded if it were possible:

1547，Catherine Parr，The Lamentation of a Sinner,:

Tis now but wicked vanity to thinke,
To color vitious deeds with good pretence,
Or with bought colors to illude mens sense.

1611，John Donne，An Anatomy of the World，London: Samuel Macham:

The lines and shapes of mountains (features strongly marked) are easily caught and retained: but these meteor-forms, this rich fluctuation of airy hues, offer such a profusion of variegated splendor, that they are continually illuding the eye with breaking into each other; and are lost, as it endeavours to retain them.

1786，William Gilpin，Observations, Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, Made in the Year 1772，London: R. Blamire, Vol. 1, Section 6, p. 86:

His [Jonathan Swift’s] versatile pen was prolific […] of fiction erected of impossible materials, and yet so creating and peopling a world of fancy as to illude the reader into temporary belief in its truth.

他（乔纳森·斯威夫特）的笔法灵活多变 […] 创作了大量以不可能的素材构建的小说，并且营造出一个充满幻想的世界，使读者暂时相信它的真实性。

1873，Henry Coppée，章號 26, in English Literature, Considered as an Interpreter of English History，Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger，頁 269:

I had a sudden sense of mismatch, of profound incongruity—between what I imagined I felt and what I actually saw, between what I had thought and what I now found. I felt, for a dizzying, vertiginous moment, that I had been profoundly deceived, illuded, by my senses: an illusion—such an illusion—as I had never before known.

我突然有一种错位感，一种深刻的不协调感——在我想象的感受和我实际看到的之间，在我所想的和我现在发现的之间。在那一瞬间，我感到头晕目眩，我被我的感官深深地欺骗、迷惑了：一种幻觉——一种我从未经历过的幻觉。

1984，Oliver Sacks，章號 2, in A Leg to Stand On，New York: Summit Books，頁 69:


eventide

繼承自中古英語 eventyde，繼承自古英語 ǣfentīd，派生自 ǣfen (“傍晚，晚上”) + tīd (“時間”)。By surface analysis, even + -tide。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-eventide.wav

The mist rises from the lake at eventide.

黄昏时分，湖面上雾气升腾。


thither

繼承自中古英語 thider，繼承自古英語 þider，為早期 þæder (“到那裡”) 的變化（可能類似於 hider (“往這裡”)），繼承自原始日耳曼語 *þadrê。

Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little one: Oh, let me escape thither […]

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 19:20:

And there rises a shining palace whose crystal glittering roof is seen by mariners who traverse the extensive sea in barks built expressly for that purpose, and thither come all herds and fatlings and firstfruits of that land for O'Connell Fitzsimon takes toll of them, a chieftain descended from chieftains.

1922 February，James Joyce，Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


attingent

借自拉丁語 attingēns (被動分詞)，源自拉丁語 attingō (“触摸；接触”)，源自拉丁語 tangō (“触摸，抓住”)，源自原始意大利語 *tangō 和原始印歐語 *teh₂g-。

more attingent (comparative)
most attingent (superlative)