listless

源自中古英語 lystles，等价于list (“欲望”) + -less。对比德語 lustlos和荷蘭語 lusteloos (“无精打采的”)。lustless 的同源對似詞。

more listless (comparative)
most listless (superlative)

What an entirely different set of beings were those Stokesley children in lesson-time. . . . Poor, listless, stolid, deplorable logs, with bowed backs and crossed ankles, pipy voices and heavy eyes!

1861, Charlotte M. Yonge, 章號 6, 出自 The Stokesley Secret:

The scene with Mrs. Wallace had broken his spirit, and he was listless now, indifferent to what happened.

1901, William Somerset Maugham, 章號 21, 出自 The Hero:

“Listless, inattentive, distracted,” he recited. “A daydreamer. Tries his best, but is too slow.”

2005年November29日, Aryn Baker, “John Hardy: Bali Guy”, 出自 Time:


litchi

源自漢語 荔枝 (lìzhī)。lychee 的同源對似詞.

lychee (“荔枝”)之同義詞


literally

more literally (comparative)
most literally (superlative)

actually

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

really

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

unfiguratively

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

unmetaphorically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

virtually

简直，几乎，可以说 （用于加强比喻义的程度，而非否定比喻义）

merely

仅仅，不过 （用作广义弱化修饰词）

overliterally

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

figuratively

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

idiomatically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

metaphorically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

virtually

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

同類詞：etymonically

When I saw on the news that there would be no school tomorrow because of the snowstorm, I literally jumped for joy, and hit my head on the ceiling fan.

我看到新闻说明天学校因为暴风雪停课时，我高兴得真的跳了起来，然后头撞到了吊扇。

[…] Men In Black 3 finagles its way out of this predicament by literally resetting the clock with a time-travel premise that makes Will Smith both a contemporary intergalactic cop in the late 1960s and a stranger to Josh Brolin, who plays the younger version of Smith’s stone-faced future partner, Tommy Lee Jones.

2012年May24日, Nathan Rabin, “Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, 出自 The Onion AV Club:

As lawmakers and staff rushed out, aides snatched the boxes containing the Electoral College certificates, making sure that the vandals could not literally steal the results of the election.

2021年January7日, Luke Broadwater, Emily Cochrane, “Inside the Capitol, the Sound of the Mob Came First”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

简直，几乎，可以说 （用于加强比喻义的程度，而非否定比喻义）

He was so surprised, he literally jumped twenty feet in the air.

My daughter's pet rabbit had babies, and now we've literally got rabbits coming out of our ears.

我女儿的宠物兔子生宝宝了，现在我们家可以说到处都是兔子。

On 9/11 people were literally glued to their TV sets.

9/11事件时大家时时刻刻都盯着电视。

The house was literally electrified; and it was only from witnessing the effects of her genius that he could guess to what a pitch theatrical excellence could be carried.

1827, Sir Walter Scott, “Appendix to Introduction”, 出自 Chronicles of the Canongate，於2021-06-15歸檔自原頁面:

You literally become the ball in a tennis match, you become the report that you are working on […]

1993, Wayne W. Dyer, Real Magic，第 193 頁:

[O]ne can assume that the millions or billions of ringgit spent on the war against drugs have gone down the drain, literally.

2017年April22日, New Straits Times, Malaysia，第 20 頁:

真的 （增强非比喻义词的语气）

I had no idea, so I was literally guessing.

我不懂，我真的就只是在猜。

I was literally having breakfast when she arrived.

她来的时候我真的就在吃早餐。

She was literally like, "What?", and I was literally like, "Yeah".

她就说了句，“哈？”然后我也回了句，“对。”

Literally who is this?

Pearl: Steven, we are not like the No Home Boys. We are literally standing in your home right now.

仅仅，不过 （用作广义弱化修饰词）

It's not even hard to make—you literally just put it in the microwave for five minutes and it's done.

这根本就不难做——你就把它放进微波炉热了五分钟就做好了。

It won't take me long to get back, cause the store's literally two blocks away.

我回来用不了多久的，因为那个商店就隔了两个街区。


lethargic

源自古希臘語 ληθαργικός (lēthargikós)，源自λήθαργος (lḗthargos, “健忘的，拖拖拉拉的”)，源自λήθη (lḗthē, “忘记，忘却”)（派生出Lethe (“遗忘河，希腊神话中冥界的一条河”)） + ἀργός (argós, “无法正常工作的”)。

more lethargic (comparative)
most lethargic (superlative)

/ləˈθɑɹd͡ʒɪk/

/ləˈθɑːd͡ʒək/

/ləˈθɑː.d͡ʒɪk/

没精打采的，缓慢的，拖拖拉拉的

[That cat] hasn't caught a mouse since he was a slip of a kitten. Except when eating, he does nothing but sleep. Lethargic is the word that springs to the lips. If you cast an eye on him, you will see that he's asleep now.

1960, P. G. Wodehouse, Jeeves in the Offing, chapter VII:


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古英語 līþan (“走，旅行，航行，失去”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *līþaną (“走，离开，遭受”)，源自原始印歐語 *leyt- (“走，启程，死”)。与北弗里斯蘭語 lyen、lije (“遭受”)、荷蘭語 lijden (“遭受，忍耐，停留”)、德語 leiden (“遭受，忍受，允许”)同源。参见lode、lead。

lithes
lithing
lithed
lode
lithed
lidden


lithe

源自中古英語 lithe，源自古英語 līþe (“轻柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *linþ(ī)，源自原始日耳曼語 *linþaz，源自原始印歐語 *lentos。与薩特弗里斯蘭語 lied (“瘦的，憔悴的”)，丹麦语和古德语lind (“温和的”)有关。在哥特语中不可考。一些文献指出拉丁語 lenis (“软的”)和/或拉丁語 lentus (“柔软灵活的”)亦为其同源词。

lither (comparative)
lithest (superlative)

lithe weather

lithe body

The coaches are grim, tan, lithe-looking women, clearly twirlers once, on the far side of their glory now and very serious-looking, each with a clipboard and whistle.

1997, David Foster Wallace, “Getting Away From Already Pretty Much Being Away From It All”, 出自 A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again, Kindle版, Little, Brown Book Group:

the elephant’s lithe proboscis

… she danced with a kind of passionate fierceness, her lithe body undulating with flexuous grace …

1861, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Elsie Venner, page 125

Yet the 2016 Éxilé rosé from Lise et Bertrand Jousset in the Loire Valley, made mostly of gamay, was yeasty let light and lithe, while the 2016 Indigeno from Ancarani in Emilia-Romagna, made of trebbiano, was taut and earthy.

2018年March8日, Eric Asimov, “Bubbles, With Joy: Pétillant Naturel’s Triumphant Return”, 出自 The New York Times:


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古英語 līþian、līþiġian (“使...软，使...宁静，使...缓和，安抚”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *linþijaną (“使...软”)，源自原始印歐語 *lento- (“有弹性的”)。与德語 lindern (“减轻，缓和”)同源。

使...软，使...平静，缓和，减轻

England.. hath now suppled, lithed and stretched their throats.

a. 1652, Thomas Adams, Physic from Heaven

Give me also faith, Lord,.. to lithe, to form, and to accommodate my spirit and members.

1642, Daniel Rogers, Naaman the Syrian: His Disease and Cure


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古諾爾斯語 hlýða (“听”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hliuþijaną (“听”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱlewe- (“听见”)。与丹麥語 lytte (“听”)同源。与古英語 hlēoþor (“声音，声响，嗓音，歌声”)、古英語 hlūd (“吵闹的，洪亮的”)有关。其他见loud。


lithe

不详，可能变换自lewth。

So Cospatric got him the Pict folk to build a strong castle there in the lithe of the hills, with the Grampians dark and bleak behind it, and he had the Den drained and he married a Pict lady and got on her bairns and he lived there till he died.

1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song:


lithography

源自德語 Lithographie，源自λίθος (líthos, “石头”) + γράφειν (gráphein, “写”)。原来的印刷平面是一块平的石灰石，其上抹了一层油脂来形成一个可以选择性将墨转移到纸上的平面，现在一般使用金属板来代替石灰石。

offset printing

石板印刷术 （自1813年）

photolithography

石板印刷术 （自1813年）

planography

石板印刷术 （自1813年）

石板印刷术 （自1813年）


lascivious

more lascivious (comparative)
most lascivious (superlative)

Sir, I will answer anything. But I beseech you, if't be your pleasure and most wise consent, as partly I find it is, that your fair daughter, at this odd-even and dull watch o'the night, transported with no worse nor better guard but with a knave of common hire, a gondolier, to the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor – if this be known to you, and your allowance, we then have done you bold and saucy wrongs; but if you know not this, my manners tell me we have your wrong rebuke.

约1603–1604年, 威廉·莎士比亚, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本), 伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 1, scene 1]:

Increasing numbers of English-speaking tourists have made a point of stopping in to snap pictures of themselves by the signpost at the entrance to the village, sometimes striking lascivious poses for social media.

2020年November26日, Philip Oltermann in Berlin, “Fugging hell: tired of mockery, Austrian village changes name”, 出自 The Guardian:


lass

源自中古英語 lasse，源自古諾爾斯語 laskura (“少女，未婚女性”)。与低地蘇格蘭語 lassie同源。

同類詞：lad

Come and dance, ye lads and lasses!

My audience to this not-too-easy operation was a small group of Scottish school lasses, who seemed (perhaps naturally) to find the proceedings somewhat mysterious, but at any rate amusing. I wished they would go away, but they didn't, so I had to get on with the job to the accompaniment of a background of giggles!

1952 February, H. C. Casserley, “Permanent Wayfarings”, 出自 Railway Magazine，第 77 頁:


leviathan

源自中古英語 levyethan、levyathan等，源自晚期拉丁語 leviathan，希伯來語 לִוְיָתָן (liv'yatán)的圣经转写。

Canſt thou draw out Leuiathan with an hooke? or his tongue with a corde which thou letteſt downe?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 41:1，第 1 列:

As I stared across the sea, there arose from the depths a leviathan of a creature, which loomed far above me and my ship.

当我望向大海，大海深处出现了一个巨大的生物，在我和我的船上方的远处游荡。


lately

源自中古英語 lately、latly，等价于late + -ly。对比古英語 lætīċe (“慢慢地”)。

latelier (comparative)
more lately (comparative)
lateliest (superlative)
most lately (superlative)

formerly

（用于英国贵族）原 （“曾经是”，引出旧称呼）

I'd lately returned from Japan.

It's only lately that I've been well enough to get out of bed.

我到最近才发现我身体已经康复到能够下床了。

Don't try to come lately and change your answer now after you've heard everyone else's response.

别想着晚到能听到大家的答案以后再改自己的答案。

（用于英国贵族）原 （“曾经是”，引出旧称呼）

David George Philip Cholmondeley, The Marquess of CHOLMONDELEY, K.C.V.O., lately Lord Great Chamberlain, Royal Household.

2023, “Honours list on the demise of HM Queen Elizabeth II”, 出自 London Gazette, 第 64008 號，第 D2 頁:

The ¼th of the manor of Dunterdon is held of the king by knight's service as of his honour of Okehampton, now in the king's hands by reason of the atteinture of Henry lately Marquis of Exeter for high treason, and is worth 55s 6d yearly.

1545, Inquisition post mortem of John Arundell of Lanherne knight's lands in Devon:


Ljubljana

借自斯洛文尼亞語 Ljubljana。

盧布爾雅那，盧比安納（斯洛文尼亞／斯洛維尼亞首都）。


llama

借自西班牙語 llama，源自克丘亞語 llama。


llano

*来自西班牙语llano


loanword

借用词，外来词，借词，外来语


libraries

图书馆（library 的複數）


locus

:源自拉丁語 locus。


menagerie

源自法語 ménagerie，源自ménager (“在家养”)、ménage (“家务”)。曾经的家务包括打理照顾家养动物。

/mɪˈnædʒəɹɪ/

In Sacramento a crazed woman opened the cages of a circus menagerie for fear the animals might starve to death, and had been mauled by a lioness.

1949 - Bruce Kiskaddon, George R. Stewart Earth Abides


morn

源自中古英語 morn，morwe的变体，源自古英語 morgen，源自原始西日耳曼語 *morgan、*morgin，源自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz、*murginaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 moarn、低地德語 Morgen、荷蘭語 morgen、德語 Morgen、丹麥語 morgen、挪威語 morgon），源自原始印歐語 *mr̥kéno、*mr̥kóno，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥Hko（对比威爾士語 bore (“早晨”)、立陶宛語 mérkti (“闪烁”)、梵語 मरीचि (márīci, “光束”)），源自*mer- (“闪烁”)（对比希臘語 μέρα (méra, “早晨”)）。morgen 的同源對似詞。另见morrow、morning。


morose

源自法語 morose，源自拉丁語 mōrōsus (“不愉快的，烦恼的；细心的，仔细的；顽固的，固执的；难伺候的”)，源自mōs (“意志，意愿；方式”)。参见moral。

more morose (comparative)
moroser (comparative)
most morose (superlative)
morosest (superlative)

melancholy

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

sulky

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

crabby

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

glum

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

grouchy

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

gruff

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

moody

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

阴郁的，闷闷不乐的，愁眉苦脸的

If there is any boy or man who loves to be melancholy and morose, and who cannot enter with kindly sympathy into the regions of fun, let me seriously advise him to shut my book and put it away. It is not meant for him.

1857, R. M. Ballantyne, The Coral Island:


Komsomol

借自俄語 комсомо́л (komsomól)，коммунисти́ческий сою́з молодёжи (kommunistíčeskij sojúz molodjóži, “青年共產主義者聯盟”) 的截斷形式。


maraud

源自法語 marauder，派生自maraud (“无赖，流浪者”)，源自中古法語 maraud (“无赖”)，源自古法語 *marault (“乞丐，流浪者”)，源自marir、marrir (“烦扰，迷失，迷路”)，源自古法蘭克語 *marrijan (“疏漏；妨碍”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *marzijaną (“疏漏；妨碍；破坏”)，源自原始印歐語 *mers- (“迷；不知道，忘”) + 古法語后缀-ault、-aud。同源词有古高地德語 marrjan、marren (“妨碍”)、古撒克遜語 merrian (“妨碍；浪费”)、哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (marzjan, “冒犯”)。与mar有关。

a marauding band

Peace Plunder, Peace, you Rogue; no Moroding now i we'll burn, rob, demolish and murder another time together : This is a Bus'ness must be done with decency.

1684, Thomas Otway, The Works of Mr. Thomas Otway, 第 2 卷, London: Richard, James, and Bethel Wellington, 出版於 1728, The Atheist; or the Second Part of the Soldier's Fortune，第 88 頁:

[…] in one of which they met with a party of French that had been marauding, and made them all prisoners at discretion.

1711, Joseph Addison, The Spectator, no. 90-505, 第 3 卷, London: Thomas Tickell, 出版於 1721，第 115 頁:

A flea out of a blanket shaken, A bloody-minded sinner, Upon a taylor's neck was taken, Marauding for a dinner.

1770, “Fables for Grown Gentlemen”, 出自 Tobias George Smollett 編, The Critical Review: Or, Annals of Literature, 第 29 卷, London: A. Hamilton，第 73 頁:

As the tract of country they intended to maraud was far in the Moorish territories near the coast of the Mediterranean, they did not arrive until late in the following day.

1829, Washington Irving, A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada: In Two Volumes, 第 1 卷, Paris: Baudry, at the Foreign Library，第 118-9 頁s:


missive

15世纪，源自中世紀拉丁語 missīvus，源自mittō (“发送”)。

The juvenile missives from his unmistakably phallic Twitter avatar came days after one of his rockets launched NASA’s first antiasteroid planetary-defense test[…]

December 13 2021, Molly Ball, Jeffrey Kluger and Alejandro de la Garza, “Elon Musk: Person of the Year 2021”, 出自 Time Magazine:

The Madonna letters, which are interspersed with more personal missives in this curious epistolary memoir, accumulate into a rap about the downsides of celebrity - the problems of ageing, of invaded privacy, of becoming vain and impetuously adopting children from other continents.

25 October 2008, Claire Armistead, The Guardian:

（两政党间的）协商 （一个党派提出一个提案而另一个党派接受）

Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it came missives from the King, who all hailed me ‘Thane of Cawdor,’ by which title these Weird Sisters saluted me and referred me to the coming on of time with ‘Hail king that shalt be.’

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


missive

15世纪，源自中世紀拉丁語 missīvus，源自mittō (“发送”)。

a letter missive


morrow

源自中古英語 morwe、morwen，源自古英語 morgen，源自原始西日耳曼語 *morgan、*morgin，源自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz、*murginaz，对比荷蘭語 morgen和德語 Morgen。
morgen和morn 的同源對似詞。morn和morrow均派生自早期中古英语morwen（前者派生自早期的缩约形，后者则是规则的-en脱落）。

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:morrow。


morrow

[…] he did her bidding but hardly touched food; after which he lay at full length on his bed all the night through in cogitation deep until morning morrowed.

1885, Sir Richard Burton, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp:


nauseated

more nauseated (comparative)
most nauseated (superlative)


nauseated

nauseate 的過去式和過去分詞


mortify

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 mortifier、中古法語 mortifier，源自晚期拉丁語 mortificō (“使...死亡”)，源自拉丁語 mors (“死亡”) + -ficō (“化”)。

使...节制，使...节欲 （身体、食欲等） （自15世纪）

Some people seek sainthood by mortifying the body.

一些人为了追求成为圣人而节欲。

With fasting mortify'd, worn out with tears.

1767, Walter Harte, Eulogius: Or, The Charitable Mason:

Mortify thy learned lust.

Mortify, therefore, your members which are upon the earth.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Colossians 3:5:

使...窘迫，使...难堪，使...屈辱，使...丢人，羞辱 （自17世纪）

I was so mortified I could have died right there; instead I fainted, but I swore I'd never let that happen to me again.

我在那都快要丢人死了，然后我昏倒了，但是我发誓我绝对不会让这种事有第二次。

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 5, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

杀害 （14-17世纪）

扼杀，废止 （14-18世纪）

Quicksilver is mortified with turpentine.

1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, 出自 Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

使...坏死 （活体组织等） （15-18世纪）

使...沮丧，使...懊恼，烦扰

the news of the fatal battle of Worcester, which exceedingly mortified our expectations

22 September 1651 (date in diary), 1818 (first published), John Evelyn, John Evelyn's Diary

the schoolmasters of Ayr were paid out of the mills mortified by Queen Mary

1876 James Grant, History of the Burgh and Parish Schools of Scotland, Part II, Chapter 14, p.453 (PDF 2.7 MB):


mortifying

mortify 的現在時分詞和動名詞


mortifying

more mortifying (comparative)
most mortifying (superlative)


mortifying

mortifyings of the flesh


mariner

源自中古英語 mariner、marinere，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 mariner、marinier，源自古法語 marinier、maronnier，源自marin，可能对应后古典或通俗拉丁语marinarius (“水手”)，源自marīnus (“海洋的”)。取代了非本土的中古英語 marinel / marynell (“水手”)，其借自古法語 marinel。

From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much. Those entering it are greeted by wire fences, walls dating back to colonial times and security posts. For mariners leaving the port after lonely nights on the high seas, the delights of the B52 Night Club and Stallion Pub lie a stumble away.

2013年June8日, “The new masters and commanders”, 出自 The Economist, 第 407 卷, 第 8839 期，第 52 頁:


mitt

mitten 的截斷形式。

mitten (“连指手套”)之同義詞

大手套 （尤指oven mitt (“烤箱手套”)或baseball mitt (“棒球手套”)）

Hey, get your cotton-picking mitts off my sandwich!


Kunming

源自官话 昆明(Kūnmíng)。

昆明（中国云南省的省会城市）。


nickname

:中古英语 nekename（同义），系由 an（定冠词） ekename（绰号）的错误划词而产生。 ekename 源自 eke（另外，附加的）与 name（名字）。 对比古诺斯语词汇 aukanafn（绰号）。
:通过这种方法产生的英语语汇还有 apron、newt、orange、umpire、daffodil 等。

绰号，昵称，外号，诨，别名


marmalade

借自中古法語 marmelade，源自葡萄牙語 marmelada (“榅桲酱”)，源自marmelo (“榅桲”)，源自拉丁語 melimēlum (“甜苹果”)，源自古希臘語 μελίμηλον (melímēlon)，源自μέλι (méli, “蜜”) + μῆλον (mêlon, “苹果”)。

柑橘酱 （自15世纪晚期）

lime marmalade

thick cut marmalade


noncommittal

more noncommittal (comparative)
most noncommittal (superlative)

不明确的，不果敢的；不置可否的，含糊的；不情愿的

The Major's face was noncommittal.

市长一副不置可否的表情。

The noncommittal Indians would give no counsel as to fording.

[He] is candid, open-hearted, and hardly non-commmittal enough for his own interest at times.

1818, S.R. Wells, The American Phrenonological Journal, and other miscellany, 第 10 卷，第 234 頁:

A United Nations spokesman, Stéphane Dujarric, has previously said the organization would not divulge its sources of information, but welcomed any additional information from the coalition. The United Nations has been noncommittal on the Saudi proposal to send its experts to Riyadh.

2016年June22日, Somini Sengupta, “Saudis Question U.N. Leader Over Report on Rights Violators”, 出自 The New York Times:


noncommittal

As a result of cowardly noncommittals during the immediate postelection period, there was so much strain on several black-white Democratic relationships that they approached open ruptures.

1997, Dennis Sven Nordin, The New Deal's Black Congressman，第 42 頁:

还没作出决定的人 （如选举人等）

Where they occur, in the Liberal increases in Quebec and Ontario for instance, they are offset by declines in the number of undecideds or noncommittals.

1981, Howard Rae Penniman, Canada at the Polls, 1979 and 1980，第 372 頁:


necromancy

约1300年，源自中古英語 nigromancye，源自古法語 nigromancie，源自中世紀拉丁語 nigromantia，源自拉丁語 necromantia，源自古希臘語 νεκρομαντεία (nekromanteía)、νεκρός (nekrós, “死亡的”) + μαντεία (manteía, “占卜”)。中古拉丁语拼写，套用了niger (“黑色的”)一词，受到了巫术（英語 black art）概念的影响。现代拼写取得于16世纪中叶。

And for to make this treatise the more pleasaunt and facill, I have put it in forme of a Dialogue, which I have diuided into three bookes: The first speaking of Magie in general, and Necromancie in special.

And in one word for all, Nagomancy, or Necromancy; by inspecting, consulting, and divining by, with，或源自the dead.

the Devil did often tempt me to study necromancy and nigromancy and to make use of magic, and to make a league with him...

1867 E. Rogers, quoted in K. Thomas Relig. & Decline of Magic

There is no doubt..that necromancy is the touch-stone of occultism...

招魂术 （任何与死亡或死者有关的法术，尤指召唤或复活死者的）


nigger

可能直接源自法語 nègre或西班牙語和葡萄牙語 negro (“非洲黑人”)，最终源自拉丁語 niger (“黑色的”)。比较丹麥語 nigger、瑞典語 nigger、德語 Nigger、荷蘭語 nikker。negro和noir 的同源對似詞。

“Othello with his occupation gone,” she teased. “Othello was a nigger,” I said.

1929, Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons，第 274 頁:

You are not even a nigger, you are an African.

2004, Hotel Rwanda, 角色 Colonel Oliver（Nick Nolte）:

There's black people, and there's niggers. And niggers have got to go. Every time black people wanna have a good time, ign'ant-ass niggers fuck it up.

1996, Chris Rock: Bring the Pain, Chris Rock（演員）:

See, niggers are followers, blacks normally lead. / Niggers call blacks "whitewash" soon as they on the scene.

2008, “The N Word”, 出自 Greydon Square 作曲, The CPT Theorem:

Blacks stayed at home during the civil rights march. Niggers are the ones that marched.

2010年April13日, Kitty Kelley, 引 an unnamed town resident, Oprah: A Biography, New York, N.Y.: Crown, →ISBN, →OL，第 193 頁:

黑鬼（属于任何皮肤通常为黑色的民族的人）

He never lost his appetite - / He bigger grew and bigger; / And proved, with every inch of height, / A nigger is a nigger.

1880年June19日, Henry Kendall, “My Piccaninny”, 出自 The Australian Town and Country Journal，第 28 頁，第 4 列:

"The public have taken no interest in the matter up to now, but this letter of Challenger's in the Times will make them wake up, I'm thinking." "And this about Sumatra?" "Well, it's a long cry from a blurred line in a spectrum to a sick nigger in Sumatra. And yet the chiel has shown us once before that he knows what he's talking about."

1913, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Poison Belt:

At Crescent Lake in Oneida County, Hubert Locke, who is black and serves as the Dean of the University of Washington's School of Public Affairs, was confronted with words to the effect of, "Now the Commission has a nigger working for them" and "I guess there are two kinds of niggers—red niggers and black niggers"[...] These blatant manifestations of racism directed toward Mr. Locke serve to illustrate the racist attitudes experienced daily by tribal members.

1988, James H. Schlender（被引）, “Written Testimony of James H. Schlender, Executive Administrator, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, May 18, 1988”, 出自 Anti-Indian Violence: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, May 4 and 18, 1988, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 出版於 1989, →OCLC，第 197 頁:

I had overheard him greet a buddy who called him on the phone with "Yo, nigger, what's up?"

2002年January13日, Earl Ofari Hutchinson, “"Loaded Language", a review of Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word by Randall Kennedy”, 出自 Washington Post，第 BW06 頁:

“Snoop Dog!” one of them yelled. “That’s my nigga from Long Beach, man.”

1997, McKinley Lee, Chosen by Fate: My Life inside Death Row Records, →ISBN:

I wonna say whassup to all my Niggers, you know, peace and one love.

2001 Autumn-Winter, Awad Ibrahim, 引 ‘Sam’, “Hey, whadap homeboy?”, 出自 Taboo，第 94 頁:

深褐色的蛱蝶科蝴蝶（Orsotriaena medus，南亚，东南亚和澳大利亚）

Nigger (Male) Orsotriaena medus moira Waterhouse and Lyell. 1914.

1932, Gustavus Athol Waterhouse, What Butterfly is That?: A Guide to the Butterflies of Australia，第 112 頁:

The Nigger is a common butterfly in Singapore and can be found in the company of bush browns.

2010, Khew Sin Khoon, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore，第 69 頁:

黑色皮肤的动物： 芜菁叶蜂的幼虫（农业害虫）

To this group belongs the nigger, or black caterpillar of the turnip, which is often in sufficient numbers to do much mischief.

电导体包裹层中会导致部分短路的杂质

Now to locate the portion of the machine which contains the "nigger."

1892, Western Electrician, 第 11 卷，第 72 頁:

（一些密西西比河船只上的）蒸汽起锚机

Well, it's a big heavy line, and you operate the nigger — capstan it's also called — by steam. You wrap your line around that and keep taking in the slack, and that draws up them things.

Care should be taken to check visually from the position occupied by the subject and from the camera also, to ascertain that the nigger is positioned correctly and does not obstruct the picture area.

1961, Peter Snow, Electronic Flashlight Photography (page 114)


nigger

做出黑人刻板印象中的行径

His father said, “Niggering, I was niggering about. You knew that surely.”

1989, Reynolds Price, The surface of earth, Ballantine Books，第 120 頁:

Forrest’s rediscovery of his father coincides with his discovery that old Robinson’s “niggering around” produced at least one child of mixed race.

2007, George Hovis, Vale of Humility: Plain Folk in Contemporary North Carolina Fiction, Univ of South Carolina Press，第 86 頁:

I mean he was niggering. Niggering out, grabbing at my leg and microphone cord. I said, ‘Stop that you damn nigger!’ and that takes guts!

2008, Joe Ambrose, Gimme Danger: The Story Of Iggy Pop, Music Sales Group:

The gated community is a powerful tool in the systematic and sustained niggering of local 3rd-world communities - namely, in the book, the Hispanic (mostly wetbacK^([sic])) community

1997年January18日, Joe Frisch, “Anglo-US relations under a Blair Government”, 出自 uk.org.mensa (Usenet):

> He is on TV saying that he was "abused" by the police and treated like a nigger.

1999年December3日, Jeff Welch, “Who is McGuyver and why was he "niggered?”, 出自 seattle.general, December 3 (Usenet):

Why would many Paletinians want to return to a land where they would be "niggered" for the benefit of the Israelis as the present Palestinian population is

2003年July16日, “Mob Attacks Palestinian Pollsters Who Told The Truth”, 出自 soc.retirement (Usenet):


nondescript

more nondescript (comparative)
most nondescript (superlative)

undescribed

（学术文献中）无记载的，无描述的

unidentified

（学术文献中）无记载的，无描述的

（学术文献中）无记载的，无描述的

He drove a nondescript silver sedan.

他开一辆普通的银色轿车。

There was, besides, a Scots mason, known from his favourite dish as "Irish Stew," three or four nondescript Scots, a fine young Irishman, O'Reilly, and a pair of young men who deserve a special word of condemnation.

1895, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Second Cabin”, 出自 The Amateur Emigrant:

In 1919, demobilisation specials from Purfleet, Essex, to the North, usually made up of nondescript, almost paintless or grey stock which had seen long wartime service, chalked with slogans, were worked through by way of Bromley and the North London line […]。

1950 April, R. A. H. Weight, “They Passed by My Window”, 出自 Railway Magazine，第 258-259 頁s:

We open in a grimy, fluorescent-lit military base somewhere in rural England, where the girl from the poster, Melanie (Sennia Nanua), is the star student in a class full of children who are wheeled into school—or at least, the nondescript concrete room that serves as a school—with their arms, legs, and foreheads bound to their wheelchairs by leather straps.

2017年February23日, Katie Rife, “The Girl With All The Gifts tries to put a fresh spin on overripe zombie clichés”, 出自 The Onion AV Club:

The plaque, of light-blue hue (a tone favoured by the Wiltshire market town's civic society), can be found on a nondescript structure just outside the station.

2021年December29日, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chippenham (1841)”, 出自 RAIL, 第 947 期，第 57 頁:


nondescript

无书面记载的物种 （自17世纪）

Imagination has given figure and character to centaurs, satyrs, and down to all the fairy tribe; but titles baffle even the powers of fancy, and are a chimerical non-descript.

平平无奇的人或物 （自18世纪）

By a nice British compromise, the enforcement car — visible just then as a white spot on the television screen — has nothing externally to show its police affiliation, but unlike the CID's nondescripts, carries two large policemen in uniform.

1970, Peter Laurie, Scotland Yard: a study of the Metropolitan Police，第 118 頁:


micron

* 来自古希腊语μικρόν (mikrón)，μικρός (mikrós, “小”)的中性词


modulus

#系数，模数
#模量
#模


nihil

无答辩 （被告人拒绝辩护或回答）

I shall no longer believe all the visions of my youth:
They have dissolved into nihil.

1996, David Tibet, “The Starres Are Marching Sadly Home (Theinmostlightthirdandfinal)” (lyrics):

All tales about the beginning are apt to eliminate the nothing and make being overall. […] Without Nihil the whirlpool of the beginning settles down and becomes a stagnant puddle of pure being. Nihil disappears.

2008, Arvydas Šliogeris, Names of Nihil，第 13 頁:

That is, in the sovereign act of creation, whereby YHWH orders chaos, YHWH provisionally defeated the power of the Nihil but did not destroy or eliminate the threat of chaos.

2009, Walter Brueggemann, An Unsettling God: The Heart of the Hebrew Bible，第 143 頁:


nihility

源自文藝復興拉丁語 nihilitas，源自拉丁語 nihil (“没有东西”)。

无，虚无，空洞 （自17世纪）

Paeans and even poems have been written to the esoteric nature of the smallest building blocks of matter: how they manifest as everywhere and nowhere, seem to have come out of emptiness, and at the ultimate level seem to be distilled from pure nihility.

2000, Gregg Easterbrook, “Review: The Quest for Quarks”, 出自 The Wilson Quarterly, 第 24 卷, 第 1 期，第 110 頁:

不存在的事物 （18-19世纪）

Della Crusca says all past Actions are Nihilities; & that the immediate Instant is the whole of human Existence—A bad Accᵗ of it surely!

1788, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 26 December:


nimble

源自中古英語 nymyl、nemel、nemyll、nymell (“敏捷的，迅捷的；准备就绪的；有能的”)，古英語 nǣmel (“善于学习的”)和古英語 numol (“能够拿稳的”)的合并形式，两者均源自niman (“拿，取”) + -el、-ol (联想后缀)，等价于nim + -le。对比德語 nehmen、哥特語 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman)、古諾爾斯語 nema (“拿”)。详见nim。

nimbler (comparative)
nimblest (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-nimble.wav

nimble fingers

He was too nimble for the assailant and easily escaped his grasp.

袭击者不敌他灵活的动作，他轻松挣脱了袭击者的手。

Attempts to introduce versions of "market communism" — in China, Hungary or Yugoslavia — have shown how hard it is to make mainly state-owned economies as nimble as mainly private ones.

1988, The Economist (volume 306, issues 7532-7539, page 13)

She has a nimble mind and can improvise in any situation.

她非常机敏，在任何场合都能随机应变。

"It requires you to be flexible and nimble in your thinking and Huw has already demonstrated that," said Greenwood, [...]

2020年May20日, “Merriman praised over handling of TSC's 'virtual' transition”, 出自 Rail，第 12 頁:


nimble

Their teeth are regularly and assiduously cleaned by shrimp that nimble in and out of the moray's mouth like ballet dancers in the jaws of a mechanical stage dragon.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，第 72 頁:


nescience

无知，无学（尤指没有正统的信念）

Better to have honest nescience than to have militant ignorance.

诚实的无知比激进的无知好。

To lapse from knowledge into nescience is always possible—there is no law of God or man forbidding it.

1911, Ralph Barton Perry, "Notes on the Philosophy of Henri Bergson," The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, vol. 8, no. 26, p. 720,

Algernon, in a condition of masculine nescience, lets himself become engaged to a woman of whom he knows nothing.

The theory of nescience is but the obverse of the fact of science.

1895, J. G. Schurman, "Agnosticism," The Philosophical Review, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 244,


muddled

more muddled (comparative)
most muddled (superlative)

The selection of James Milner ahead of Young was the product of muddled thinking and the absence of Peter Crouch - with 22 goals in 42 England appearances - from even the substitutes' bench was also a surprise.

2011年June4日, Phil McNulty, “England 2 - 2 Switzerland”, 出自 BBC:


muddled

muddle 的過去式和過去分詞


nippy

nippier (comparative)
nippiest (superlative)

A Rolls Royce will not do if you need an economical, nippy car that is easy to park.

c. 2000, Melanie Allen, Customer Relations Management (page 6)

Gosh, it's a bit nippy today: I'd better wear my gloves.

哇，今天有点冷啊，我得戴手套了。

Spoiling may create a pushy, nippy dog that lacks confidence.

1995, Nancy Baer, Choosing a Dog: A Guide to Picking the Perfect Breed (page 161)


nirvana

借自梵語 निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “熄灭的”)，源自निस् (nis, “出，灭”) + वा (vā, “吹”)。

/nɪɾˈʋɑːn(ə)/


mermaid

源自中古英語 mermayde (“海的少女”)，源自mere (“海，湖”) + maid，等价于mer- + maid。对比古英語 meremenn、meremennen、meremenin (“人鱼，妖女”)。

同類詞：melusine、nixie、siren

整體詞：merfolk

mermaid smoothie

A gentleman, or an honest citizen shall not sit in your penny-bench theaters, with his squirrel by his side cracking nuts; nor sneak into a tavern with his mermaid; but he shall be satir'd and epigramm'd upon […]

1602, Thomas Dekker, Satiromastix, act 4, scene 2:


neo-

* 来自古希腊语νεο- (neo-)


nitrous

含三价氮的，和亚硝酸有关的


no-show

缺席；爽约；如预约了位置但不出现

Out of fifty people who said they would attend, we only had three no-shows.

50个人说他们会参加，他们之中只有3个人没来。

Once they were enrolled […] they never did any work, but Frankel would deliver signed time sheets to the district office, collect the checks, and give them to his fake workers.
And the no-shows would give Frankel the salary money, which he put into Beth Rachel school.

1972, Crawford Gillan, Sir Harold Evans, Essential English for Journalists, Editors and Writers (page 192)


normal

〈不可数〉常态；通常标准；一般水平

〈可数〉〈数〉垂直线，法线


matriarch

源自拉丁语，经由古法語 matriarche或得到了其支持，源自拉丁語 māter (“母亲”) + -archa、-arches，源自古希臘語 -άρχης (-árkhēs)，源自ἀρχός (arkhós, “首领”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂ergʰ- (“开始；统治；命令”)。就词形分析为matri- + -arch。

/ˈmeɪtɹɪˌɑːk/

女家长；女族长；（宗教团体的）女领袖 （统领象群的）雌象

（政治或宗教运动、某组织的）女领袖；女创始人


midriff

源自中古英語 mydryf，源自古英語 midrif、midhrif (“腹部，横膈膜”)，等价于mid- + riff。

But by Season 3, she said her patience had fizzled like bad Champagne after Emily grossly mispronounced “bien sûr” (“of course!”), flashed her midriff at the office and mistook George Sand, the French romantic writer, as a man.

2023年January20日, Dan Bilefsky, “American Expatriates in Paris Wish Emily Cooper Would Go Home”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


mignon

源自法語 mignon，源自中古法語 mignon (“爱人”)，源自古法語 mignon (“精致的，舒心的，温柔的”)，源自古法蘭克語 *minnjo (“爱情，友情，喜爱，回忆”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *minþijō、*mindijō (“想念，关怀”)，源自原始印歐語 *men-、*mnā- (“想”)。与古高地德語 minnja (“爱，关怀，欲望，回忆”)、古撒克遜語 minnea (“爱”)同源。见mind。亦对比minion和荷蘭語 minnen (“爱”)。

more mignon (comparative)
most mignon (superlative)

小巧而可爱的，小巧玲珑的；精致的

It was the deep-blue, dreaming, haughty eyes of "Miladi" that he was bringing back to memory, not the brown mignon face that had been so late close to his in the light of the moon.

1867, Ouida, Under Two Flags: A Story of the Household and the Desert, Volume II, Chapman and Hall (1867), page 194:

Or failing that, it must be sweet to be a famous beauty, a golden-haired divinity, like that fashionable enchantress whom she had seen often on the boulevards and in the Champs-Elysées—a mignon face, a figure delicate to fragility, almost buried amidst the luxury of a matchless set of sables, seated in the lightest and most elegant of victorias, behind a pair of thoroughbred blacks.

1867, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, Ishmael, John and Robert Maxwell (1867), page 119:

What she looked at was an unset miniature of a young girl, with a wealth of darkest brown hair, powdered to a gray, and a little straight nose with just a suggestion of a tilt to it, giving the mignon face an expression of pride that the rest of the countenance by no means aided.

1899, Paul Leicester Ford, Janice Meredith: A Story of the American Revolution, Volume 1, Dodd, Mead & Company (1899), page 64:

Exactly what my grandfather says," Dorothy retorted, fun flashing in that mignon face.

1911, Marcin Barner, "Britz of Headquarters", The Branford Opinion, 29 September 1911:

Starting a dance can be as fortuitous as its termination: a very short, mignon girl asks a tall guy to dance with her, then drops him a moment later without a word.

1987, Persistence of Vision: The Journal of the Film Faculty of the City University of New York, Issues 5-8, page 68:

Magazines dubbed her 'a girl for the salons', 'the pretty girl' of the Turkish cinema, perfectly suited to the role of a blonde, mignon girl who had been educated at the best schools. In later years she herself would say, 'I was cute and sweet, but unable to project the image of a sexy woman, […]

2002, Seçil Büker, "The Film Does not End with an Ecstatic Kiss", in Fragments of Culture: The Everyday of Modern Turkey (eds. Deniz Kandiyoti & Ayşe Saktanber), Rutgers University Press (2002), ISBN 0813530814, page 161:


mignon

可爱的人，可爱的孩子（18到19世纪）

“I wish the blow he dealt to that fine essenced mignon had beat his brains out.”

1789, John Moore, Zeluco, Valancourt 2008, p. 264:

法國亨利三世的弄臣 （自20世紀）

When the mignons, barefoot and clad in sacks with holes for their heads and feet, marched with Henry in a penitential procession, lashing their backs, one wit opined that they should have aimed their blows lower.

2003, Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization, Harvard 2003, p. 330:

Many commentators claimed hyperbolically that, because of their outrageous fashions, it was difficult to tell whether the mignons were male or female.

2005, Rebecca Zorach, Blood, Milk, Ink, Gold, University of Chicago 2005, p. 220:


migraine

1777年进行了词形调整（在法語的影响下），源自14世纪晚期的中古英語 megrim，源自13世纪的古法語 migraigne，源自通俗拉丁語中拉丁語 hemicrania (“半边头痛”)的发音，源自古希臘語 ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía)，源自ἡμι- (hēmi-, “半”) + κρανίον (kraníon, “颅”)（亦派生出cranium）其仿译自埃及語 gs-tp (“头痛”)，源自gs (“半”) + tp (“头”)，但是埃及纸莎草内的记录和希腊语内的ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía)也可能纯属碰巧相似。
同源词有megrim、hemicrania。

He had a headache so bad that he wished he was dead, but it was the sort of migraine that promised him he would continue to suffer but not die.

他头痛痛得想死，但是那是那种不会致死而一直折磨你的偏头痛。

After consuming too much coffee every day for six weeks, she got severe migraines that would last up until 47 minutes after her first cup of coffee.

天天过量喝咖啡六周后，她得了一种喝第一杯咖啡后会持续最多47分钟的偏头痛。

It was in 1976, during our first family holiday to Disneyland, California, that my family learned the difference between a headache and a migraine.

2006, Dian Caouette, Migraine Rewritten: A Journey from Debilitating Headache Pain to Regained Health，第 6 頁:

A team of international researchers has recently identified the first—ever genetic link to common migraine (common migraine refers to migraine without aura, and it is the most common type of migraine that occurs).

2013, Susan Hutchinson, The Woman's Guide to Managing Migraine，第 18 頁:

Migraine headaches are fortunately suffered by a relatively small percentage of people, but for those who do suffer, migraines can literally take over their life.

2013, Health Press Publishing, Natural Therapies and Prevention for Headaches and Migraines, unnumbered page,

Syncope is estimated to occur in bouts of headache in approximately 5% of adult patients with migraine.

1995, Robert A. Davidoff, Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management，第 60 頁:

Migraine is characterized by recurrent unilateral, often pulsating, headaches, worsened by physical activity and associated with nausea, photophobia and phonophobia.

2005, Michael H. Silber, “Chapter 28: Headaches and sleep disorders”, 出自 Christian Guilleminault 編, Clinical Neurophysiology of Sleep Disorders，第 337 頁:

Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder with substantial variation in the frequency, severity, and duration of headaches (Goadsby, Lipton, & Ferrari, 2002).

2006, Joshua W. Devine, Daily Migraine Prevention and Its Influence on Resource Utilization in the Military Health System, PhD Thesis, page 1,


maigre

借自法語 maigre。meager 的同源對似詞。

素的，没有肉的（可以在斋戒日吃的）


maigre

借自法語 maigre。meager 的同源對似詞。


neuter

:< 拉丁語——ne （“不”） + uter （“哪个”）； 对比英语 whether、neither。

两者都不的，哪一个都不的


mausoleum

源自中古英語 mausoleum，源自拉丁語 mausōlēum，源自古希臘語 Μαυσωλεῖον (Mausōleîon)，源自Μαύσωλος (Maúsōlos)，以Mausolus（?–前395）命名，其为波斯帝国卡里亚的总督，其陵墓被称为古代世界七大奇迹之一。

As Amazon reaches maximum ubiquity in our lives (“Alexa, play Led Zeppelin”), as online shopping turns malls into mausoleums, it’s been illuminating to see exactly how a package makes the final leg of its journey.

2018年December25日, Austin Murphy, “I Used to Write for Sports Illustrated. Now I Deliver Packages for Amazon.”, 出自 The Atlantic:


nostalgic

more nostalgic (comparative)
most nostalgic (superlative)


nostalgic

FA Cup Centenary 1872-1972. One for the football nostalgics.

2009年February28日, Steven Morris, “Brought to books: bibliophiles and traders enjoy giveaway bonanza”, 出自 The Guardian:


nosy

nosier (comparative)
more nosy (comparative)
nosiest (superlative)
most nosy (superlative)

好打听的，八卦的，爱管闲事的

They built tall fences, yet the nosy neighbors always seemed to know everything about them.

他们建了高高的篱笆，但是好八卦的邻居们似乎总是知道关于他们的各种事情。

"Look at you, a handsome man of thirty, with thick brown hair and a nosy nose and enormous feet and hands that can drive a team of horses or a yoke of oxen or," she hesitated in a brief shyness, and then went on, "a loving wife."

She had the same sort of handsome, square-cut features as Timothy, with the difference that her nose was small and short — it was obvious that Timothy got his thick dark hair, his brown eyes and his nosy nose from his father, that vigorous impresario who had died suddenly of a a heart-attack, his first, two years before the War began.

1971, William Cooper, You want the right frame of reference，第 22 頁:

The problem is particularly acute in caricature when a variety of divergent features is forced into a precarious union, when a "nosy" nose is trying to get along with a hesitant mouth and vigilant eyebrows.

1982, Art Journal - Volumes 42-43，第 322 頁:

Nosy in his looks by the large hooked proboscis, which dominated his face, as well as by character, Ebenezer wanted, perhaps even needed, to know everyone's business.

2005, R. G. Crouch, The Coat: The Origin and Times of Doggett's Famous Wager，第 99 頁:


nosy

I might wander down to the construction site for a nosy at what they're building.

我可能待会晃到那片工地瞄一眼他们在起啥东西。


nosy

My brother always nosies into my diary.

我哥哥老是偷看我的日记。


mayfly

源自May + fly。对比薩特弗里斯蘭語 Moaifljooge (“丽蝇”)。

Adult mayflies have large compound eyes and most have two pairs of wings.[…]Mayfly nymphs are distinguished by their three tails (two cerci and a terminal filament) and the set of gills on each side of their abdomen.

2002, John Gooderham, Edward Tsyrlin, The Waterbug Book，第 132 頁:

Mayflies are fragile, gossamer-winged insects that arise from bodies of water and often swarm in great numbers.

2005, Terry Hellekson, Fish Flies: The Encyclopedia of the Fly Tier's Art，第 213 頁:

Stoneflies have negligible consumptive (thin solid line) and behavioral effects (thin dashed line) on mayfly abundance. Consumption by trout decreases the abundance of mayflies (solid line), but trout suppress mayfly emigration (drift) and thereby increase their abundance (thick dashed line).

2010, Barbara L. Peckarsky, J. David Allan, Angus R. McIntosh, Brad W. Taylor, “Chapter 9: Understanding the Role of Predation in Open Systems”, 出自 The Ecology of Place，第 195 頁:


Novgorod

源自俄语 Но́вгород (Nóvgorod, “新城”)。

/ˈnɔːvɡəɹət/

诺夫哥罗德（俄国历史城市及公国名）。

诺夫哥罗德州（俄罗斯东北部的一个州）。


muon

早期词语mu-meson的缩约；該粒子現在已被重新歸類為輕子。由意大利的物理學家恩里科·費米在1951造出，見其著作《基本粒子》（Elementary Particles）。

The μ-meson of Powell (called here muon) is instead a disintegration product of the pion, only weakly linked to the nucleons and therefore of little importance in the explanation of nuclear forces.

1951, Enrico Fermi, Elementary Particles:

The spectrum of electrons arising from the decay of the negative mu meson has been determined. The muons are arrested in the gas of a high pressure hydrogen filled diffusion cloud chamber.

1955 March, CP Sargent, “Diffusion Cloud-Chamber Study of Very Slow Mesons”, 出自 Physical Review:


murder

源自中古英語 murder、murdre、mourdre，变化自早期形式murthre (“谋杀”)（参见murther），源自古英語 morþor (“暗杀，非法杀害”)和古英語 myrþra (“谋杀，他杀”)，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *murþrą (“死，杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥tro- (“杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*mor-、*mr̥- (“死”)。与哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr, “谋杀”)、古高地德語 mord (“谋杀”)、古諾爾斯語 morð (“谋杀”)、古英語 myrþrian (“谋杀”)和morþ有关。
中古英語词形内的-d-可能部分受到盎格魯-諾曼語 murdre的影响，后者源自古法語 murdre，源自中世紀拉丁語 murdrum（亦派生出同源对似词murdrum），源自古法蘭克語 *morþr、*murþr (“谋杀”)，源自同样的日耳曼語族词根，虽然也有可能是完全内部发展的结果（对比burden，其源自burthen）。

The defendant was charged with murder.

Reggie Clemons has one last chance to save his life. After 19 years on death row in Missouri for the murder of two young women, he has been granted a final opportunity to persuade a judge that he should be spared execution by lethal injection.

2012年August21日, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, 出自 The Guardian:

Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine.[…]One thing that is true, though, is that murder rates have fallen over the centuries, as policing has spread and the routine carrying of weapons has diminished. Modern society may not have done anything about war. But peace is a lot more peaceful.

2013年July20日, “Old soldiers?”, 出自 The Economist, 第 408 卷, 第 8845 期:

There have been ten unsolved murders this year alone.

单单今年以来就有10起谋杀悬案。

The case was that of a murder. It had an element of mystery about it, however, which was puzzling the authorities. A turban and loincloth soaked in blood had been found; also a staff.

1927, F. E. Penny, 章號 4, 出自 Pulling the Strings:

It may be guessed, indeed, that this was the original form of the story, the fairy being the addition of those who considered Jack's thefts from (and murder of) the giant to be scarcely justified without her.

1984, Humphrey Carpenter, Mari Prichard, The Oxford companion to children's literature, page 275:

Captain Sulu, who served under the legendary James T. Kirk for many years, disobeys Starfleet orders in order to try and help Kirk and another old shipmate, Dr. McCoy, who have been imprisoned for the murder of the Klingon chancellor.

2003, Paul Ruditis, Star Trek Voyager: Companion, →ISBN，第 131 頁:

Dr. Herrera also knew Hemingway had held Batista's army personally responsible for the brutal murders of his dogs, Blackie (Black Dog) and Machakos.

2011, Carlene Brennen, Hemingway's Cats, →ISBN，第 161 頁:

实施或教唆犯罪的行为，此行为导致某人死亡，无论其意图如何，即使实施者或教唆者不是杀害该人的人

在使用重罪谋杀罪的司法地区

This headache is murder.

For his part, Melchior was growing unhappy with the murder of crows. They had been patiently following Arthur for hours, trailing him from town to country.

1995, Deepak Chopra, The Return of Merlin: A Novel, →ISBN，第 108 頁:

Without the murder of crows roosting in its branches, Nevermore Tree looked as bare as a skeleton.

2001, Daniel Handler, The Vile Village, →ISBN，第 76 頁:


murder

The woman found dead in her kitchen was murdered by her husband.

被发现死在厨房的女性是被其丈夫杀害的。

Our team is going to murder them.

我们队必打得他们找不着北。

He's torn my best shirt. When I see him, I'll murder him!

他把我最好的衬衫撕坏了，让我看到他不把他打死。

Dr. Caius, the Frenchman in the play, and Evans the Welshman, "Gallia et Guallia," succeed pretty well in their efforts to murder the language.

1892, William Shepard Walsh, Handy-book of Literary Curiosities，第 293 頁:

I could murder a hamburger right now.


murky

源自中古英語 mirky，等价于murk + -y。与古諾爾斯語 myrkr、俄語 мрак (mrak)、塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 мра̑к有关。

murkier (comparative)
murkiest (superlative)

模糊的，浑浊的，朦胧的；多云的；隐晦的，暧昧不清的

murky waters

murky territory

They may face an impenetrable word, approach its murky history from every direction, and fail to find a convincing solution (or even any solution: “origin unknow,” “the rest is unclear,” and the like).

2021年April21日, Anatoly Liberman, “Going out on a Limb”, 出自 Oxford Etymologist:

Mr. Farrier, 39, said he often questioned the moral implications of his trips. “It’s very ethically murky territory,” Mr. Farrier said.

2022年October28日, Maria Cramer, “Beaches? Cruises? ‘Dark’ Tourists Prefer the Gloomy and Macabre”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

China’s murky statistics are fueling widespread public distrust. Its narrow definition of Covid deaths “will very much underestimate the true death toll,” the W.H.O. says.

2022年December23日, Keith Bradsher, Amy Chang Chien, Joy Dong, “As Cases Explode, China’s Low Covid Death Toll Convinces No One”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


Murmansk

借自俄語 Му́рманск (Múrmansk)。

摩爾曼斯克，俄罗斯城市及州名。


malevolent

源自中古英語 *malevolent（以中古英語 malevolence为证），源自古法語 malivolent和拉丁語 malevolentem，源自male (“坏地，不善地”) + volens (“希望的”)，源自velle (“希望”)。

more malevolent (comparative)
most malevolent (superlative)

Vela, Javier Hernández and Lozano switched positions with a thrillingly malevolent sense of purpose.

2018年June17日, Barney Ronay, “Mexico’s Hirving Lozano stuns world champions Germany for brilliant win”, 出自 Katharine Viner 編, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，於2019-08-05歸檔自原頁面:


nugatory

借自拉丁語 nūgātōrius。

more nugatory (comparative)
most nugatory (superlative)

I might refer to the general conviction and the common sense of society that such an investment cannot be treated as absolutely idle and nugatory.

1872, Benjamin Disraeli, Suez Canal Speech:

无效的，无用的，无意义的

I can not dismiss the subject of Indian affairs without again recommending to your consideration the expediency of more adequate provision for giving energy to the laws throughout our interior frontier and for restraining the commission of outrages upon the Indians, without which all pacific plans must prove nugatory.

1792, George Washington, Fourth State of the Union Address:

Even among the most experienced and discriminating of men, she rarely allowed the élite of the high-born or distinguished to escape her temporary allurements, so that she was the absolute horror, alike of the designing, whose baits she rendered nugatory, and the innocent attached ones, whose expectations she blighted, and whose young hearts were lacerated by the perfidy of those whom she misled.

1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XVI, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 第 I 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], 出版於 1842, →OCLC，第 204 頁:

Bartolomé de las Casas’s critique of the cruelty of the Conquistadors led to his official appointment as ‘Protector of the Indians’ and to the passage of the New Laws which gave the Indians some nugatory protection.

2017年September7日, Ferdinand Mount, “Umbrageousness”, 出自 London Review of Books:

The government’s response has been nugatory, its mean mitigations mostly in loans that only stoke future problems for households: high energy prices are not set to be a brief spike.

2022年April21日, Polly Toynbee, “People are struggling to pay their energy bills – here’s a simple idea that could help”, 出自 The Guardian:

The word "necessary" is considered as controlling the whole sentence, and as limiting the right to pass laws for the execution of the granted powers to such as are indispensable, and without which the power would be nugatory.

1819, Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland (17 U.S. 316)

He protested against the Fugitive Slave Law as necessarily nugatory and utterly impossible of execution because unanimously condemned by the public sentiment of the North.

1905, William Gardner, 章號 IV, 出自 The Life of Stephen A. Douglas:

（指程序中的某部分）无用而能移除的


numbskull

Along with addressing the many insufferable numbskulls who populate the site, Musk will have to tackle myriad thorny issues, […]

2022年April26日, Kara Swisher, “Musk’s Twitter: Weed Memes. Editable Tweets. And the Return of Trump.”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


numerology

/ˌnuməˈɹɑləd͡ʒi/


numskull

That numskull will never learn how to compose a letter.


nyctophobia

"You're afraid of the dark. That's nyctophobia. And you're afraid of deep places, or depth. That's bathophobia."

2004, Michael A. Gibbs, A Fairy of Anneliese Glade, →ISBN:


moratorium

新拉丁语，源自晚期拉丁語 morātōrium，morātōrius (“延期的，延迟的”)中性形式的名词用法，源自拉丁語 moror (“推迟”)，源自mora (“推迟”)，源自原始印歐語 *mere (“推迟，阻碍”)。另见moratory。

/ˌmɒ.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

/ˌmɔː.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

延期偿付 （自19世纪）

Canada may put a moratorium on cloning for research.

加拿大可能会叫停研究性质的克隆。

It so happened that at that time the moratorium on the death penalty caused by the Supreme Court decision in the Furman case was still in effect.

1990, Gerhard Falk, Murder, an Analysis of its Forms, Conditions, and Causes, McFarland:


meek

源自中古英語 meek、meke、meoc，其词源不详，可能与古英語 smēag (“微妙的，等等”)和smūgan有关并可能借自古諾爾斯語 mjúkr (“软的，柔和的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meukaz、*mūkaz (“软的，柔软的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mewg-、*mewk- (“滑”)。
同源词包括瑞典語和新挪威語 mjuk (“软的”)、書面挪威語 myk (“软的”)、丹麥語 myg (“柔软的”)、荷蘭語 muik (“软的，过熟的”)，方言德語 mauch (“干枯的，腐烂的”)、Mauche。亦对比威爾士語 mwyth (“软的，弱的”)、拉丁語 ēmungō (“擤鼻子”)、吐火羅語A muk- (“放弃”)、立陶宛語 mùkti (“从...滑走”)、古教會斯拉夫語 мъчати (mŭčati, “追逐”)、古希臘語 μύσσομαι (mússomai, “擤鼻子”)、梵語 मुञ्चति (muñcati, “释放”)。

meeker (comparative)
meekest (superlative)

Blessed are the meeke: for they shall inherit the earth.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 5:5:


methinks

源自古英語 mē þynceþ（源自þyncan (“似乎”)），等价于me (“我”, 宾格) + think (“似乎”)。对比同义德语短语mir/mich dünkt、古诺尔斯语mér þykkir（→冰岛语mér þykir）。

我觉得；在我看来；私以为

Forthy me thincth betre,
 gif iow swæ thincth,
 thæt we eac sumæ bec

Me thinketh accordant to reason
To telle you al the condicion

methinks the truth should live from age to age,

1591, William Shakespeare, King Richard III: III, i

The lady doth protest too much, methinks.

1599, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, act III, scene II

And then methought my dream changed, and two Great Giants with heading-axes came striding over the bed, […]

1862 February, George Augustus [Henry] Sala, “The Strange Adventures of Captain Dangerous; a Narrative in Plain English, […] Chapter the Fourth. My Grandmother Dies, and I am Left Alone, without So Much as a Name.”, 出自 George Augustus Sala 編, Temple Bar: A London Magazine for Town and Country Readers, 第 IV 卷, London: Office of "Temple Bar," 122 Fleet Street; Ward and Lock, 158 Fleet Street; New York, N.Y.: Willmer and Rogers, →OCLC，第 304 頁:

Dr. Tobias Funke: Methinks a cupid I shall play.

2003, Arrested Development, "Bringing Up Buster":


mirth

源自中古英語 merth、myrthe、murhthe，源自古英語 mergþ、mirgþ、myrgþ (“欢乐”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *murgiþu (“短暂，精简”)，等价于merry + -th。

She was a fat, round little woman, richly apparelled in velvet and lace, […]; and the way she laughed, cackling like a hen, the way she talked to the waiters and the maid, […]—all these unexpected phenomena impelled one to hysterical mirth, and made one class her with such immortally ludicrous types as Ally Sloper, the Widow Twankey, or Miss Moucher.

1918, W. B. Maxwell, 章號 2, 出自 The Mirror and the Lamp:

Their eyes met and they began to laugh. They laughed as children do when they cannot contain themselves, and can not explain the cause of their mirth to grown people, but share it perfectly together.

Phantasmal mirth, folded away: muskperfumed.

1922 February, James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


mirthful

mirthfuller (comparative)
more mirthful (comparative)
mirthfullest (superlative)
most mirthful (superlative)


misbegotten

more misbegotten (comparative)
most misbegotten (superlative)

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɒtn̩/

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɑtn̩/

Many of the strangest, most misbegotten studio films of the last 20 years have been comedies, perhaps because middle-aged executives have no comprehension of what the younger generation finds funny.

2012 March 22nd, Scott Tobias, “Cabin Boy” in The A.V. Club:

"Do they not sneakingly bestow on me their crass inability to do anything with their own misbegotten progeny, a subterfuge which I scornfully fub off on text-books?"

1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1965，第 82 頁:


misbegotten

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɒtn̩/

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɑtn̩/


misbegotten

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɒtn̩/

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɑtn̩/

By preserving the incapable and “misbegotten”, and by insisting that they be the object of compassionate attention, it would cause even the strong to be infected with gloom and nihilism.

1973, Philippa Foot, “Nietzsche: The Revaluation of Values” in Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Robert C. Solomon、Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, ISBN 0385033443, page 161:


miscellany

借自法語 miscellanées，源自拉丁語 miscellanea，源自miscellus (“混杂的”)，源自misceō (“混”)。

a monthly miscellany of literature


miscreant

源自中古英語 myscreaunt、miscreaunt，源自古法語 mescreant (“不信者”)（1080年），mescreire (“不相信”)的现在分词（现代形式mécroire）。

more miscreant (comparative)
most miscreant (superlative)


miscreant

坏蛋，恶棍，歹徒，道德沦丧者

Thou art a Traitor, and a Miſcreant;
Too good to be ſo, and too bad to liue,
Since the more faire and chriſtall is the skie,
The vglier ſeeme the cloudes that in it flye:

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]，第 23 頁，第 1–2 列s:

The teacher sent the miscreants to see the school principal.

老师把那帮坏学生送去校长那了。

A meagre Catchpole hurries me to fail; No Miscreant, so remorseless, ever tore
Thy Journals, Fog, or knock'd at Franklin's door

a. 1719, Joseph Addison, A Riddle of Dean Swift's verfified

Arise thou cursed Miscreaunt,
That hast with knightlesse guile and trecherous train
Faire knighthood fowly shamed

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book I, Canto IV”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 41:


misdeed

源自中古英語 misdede，源自古英語 misdǣd (“恶行”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *missadēdiz (“恶行”)，等价于mis- + deed。同源词有低地蘇格蘭語 misded (“恶行”)、西弗里斯蘭語 misdied (“恶行”)、荷蘭語 misdaad (“恶行”)、德語 Missetat (“恶行”)、瑞典語 missdåd (“恶行”)、哥特語 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃 (missadēþs, “恶行”)。

The petty misdeeds of his youth came back to haunt him when he ran for political office and his character was smeared.

他年轻时所犯下的错在他参加政治职位竞选时成为了他的绊脚石，给他的名声留下了污点。

These [putting feet on seats and leaving rubbish behind] are officially among the worst habits revealed by staff working on Northern's trains and at stations. Other bugbears include playing music through loudspeakers, not giving way to passengers getting off the train and actually illegal activities such as fare evasion and vaping in enclosed spaces. The list of misdeeds was released by the operator on March 3 to coincide with Employee Appreciation Day.

2023年March22日, “Stop & Examine”, 出自 RAIL, 第 979 期，第 71 頁:


misgiving

源自misgive，源自mis- + give，源自中古英語 give (“暗示，给予”)。对比given和what gives。

He could think of her being there, without a lurking misgiving that it would have been better if she had not come.

1846-1848, Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son:

In the night, or the gloomy chambers of the day, fears and misgivings wax strong, but out in the sunlight there is, for a time, cessation even of the terror of death.

Having got its Act, the M.B.M. & M.J.R. apparently had misgivings about the route, in view of the very heavy engineering works that would be necessary, and on November 9, 1846, the company gave notice of a further bill for a deviated line, which was passed into law on July 22, 1847.

1960 March, J. P. Wilson & E. N. C. Haywood, “The route through the Peak - Derby to Manchester: Part One”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 149 頁:


melancholic

源自古希臘語 μελαγχολικός (melankholikós, “忧郁的，冲动的，悲观的”)，源自μελαγχολία (melankholía, “忧郁”)。

more melancholic (comparative)
most melancholic (superlative)


melancholic

Kafka, Hart Crane, Jackson Pollock, Tennessee Williams, Mark Rothko, melancholics all, so why shouldn’t we accept our own bleakness and take long walks in the winter woods and look at the gnarled limbs of trees and struggle with the inscrutable and accept the beauty of permanent turmoil?

2008年March16日, Garrison Keillor, “Woe Be Gone”, 出自 New York Times:


mellifluous

源自拉丁語 mellifluus (“像蜂蜜一样流动的”)，源自mel (“蜂蜜”) + fluō (“流”)。对比superfluous和fluid，两者源自同一词根，亦对比dulcet (“甜言蜜语”)，另一个词义相近的拉丁语由来词。

more mellifluous (comparative)
most mellifluous (superlative)

birdsweet

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

dulcet

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

euphonious

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

mellifluent

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

Though in heaven the trees / Of life ambrosial fruitage bear, and vines / Yield nectar; though from off the boughs each morn / We brush mellifluous dews, and find the ground / Cover'd with pearly grain[…]

1671, John Milton, “(please specify the page)”, 出自 Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, 倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC:

甜美悦耳的，动听的 （形容人的声音、腔调及写作风格等）

[…]Socrates[…]Wisest of men; from whose mouth issued forth / Mellifluous streams that water'd all the schools / Of Academicks old and new[…]

No verses can be more mellifluous than Petrarch's: something of this will perhaps be attributed to the softness of the Italian language; but the English tongue is also capable of it, however obstinately Johnson may have pronounced otherwise.

1853, Sir Egerton Brydges, Life of Milton:

Certainly, he returns explicitly to the sound of Urban Hymns on his fourth solo album: neat, sad strings, unhurried percussion and his mellifluous foghorn of a voice.

2016年May19日, Rachel Aroesti, “Richard Ashcroft: These People review”, 出自 The Guardian:

His iconic look, mellifluous croon and timeless songwriting means that he retains a strong fanbase.

2017年October20日, Ben Beaumont-Thomas, “In dreams: Roy Orbison hologram to embark on UK tour in 2018”, 出自 The Guardian:

Radio proved a perfect fit for the mellifluous tones of Mr. Pence, who called himself “Rush Limbaugh on decaf.”

2022年July12日, Simon Montlake, “In Jan. 6 spotlight, Mike Pence navigates a tricky post-Trump path”, 出自 The Christian Science Monitor:


melodramatic

more melodramatic (comparative)
most melodramatic (superlative)

情节剧的；适合情节剧的；夸大的，小题大做的

过于情绪化的，多愁善感的

She wrote him a melodramatic letter, threatening to kill herself.

Dearest Eloise,— There is one little and perhaps insignificant French cake, which I feel certain would soon become a favourite in the cottage, more particularly amongst its juvenile inhabitants. It is the famed galette, the melodramatic food of the gamins, galopins, mechanics, and semi-artists of France.

1854, Alexis [Benoît] Soyer, A Shilling Cookery for the People: Embracing an Entirely New System of Plain Cookery and Domestic Economy, London, New York, N.Y.: George Routledge & Co., →OCLC，第 125 頁:


simmer

方言词simper的变换形式，源自中古英語 simperen (“炖”)，可能是拟声词。最早记录是不及物动词。名词源自动词。首次記錄於15世纪末叶

煨，炖 （自17世纪中叶）

The soup simmered on the stove.

The locomotive was the now inevitable American 2-8-0, No. 2623. There she stood, effectively blocking the level crossing, simmering gently, massively inert. It was almost dark, and one's final sight was of her high, firelit cab, the enginemen nonchalantly leaning out, waiting for the right-away, while impatient road convoys piled up on both sides of the crossing.

1945 January and February, “Notes and News: American Locomotives in France”, 出自 Railway Magazine，第 46 頁:

That way, the heat can circulate under the meat and prevent it from simmering in its juices.

2004, Susan Westmoreland, The Good Housekeeping Cookbook, Hearst Books, →ISBN，第 89 頁:

同類詞：bake、sauté

Simmer the soup for five minutes, then serve.

There are other easy ways you can bake and simmer and sauté wild game without qualifying as a gourmet cook.

1981, Phyllis Hobson, Easy Game Cookery, Storey Publishing, →ISBN，第 2 頁:

快要发火，在发火的边缘，激动 （自18世纪60年代）

Maybe that really did happen, and Robin's anger at his wife had simmered for this long?

2006, Earl Ganz, The Taos Truth Game, UNM Press, →ISBN:

（尤指一系列解决问题的努力没有结果后）记仇，怀恨在心，心怀芥蒂

I tried to get through to him; all that's left for me to do is simmer.

我本来试着解释给他的，现在我除了恼火已经束手无策了。

The idea for The Sims was one that had been simmering in Wright's mind for quite some time, and was initially conceived as an architecture simulation.

2003, Mark H. Walker, Games That Sell!, Wordware Publishing, Inc., →ISBN，第 162 頁:


simmer

The kettle was kept on the simmer.


simmer

玩模拟游戏的人（尤指《模拟人生》）

:Template:rfquote-sense


etymology

源自中古英語 ethymologie，源自古法語 ethimologie，源自拉丁語 etymologia，源自古希臘語 ἐτυμολογία (etumología)，源自ἔτυμον (étumon, “真意”)和-λογία (-logía, “...的研究”)，源自λόγος (lógos, “词语，解释”)。

The etymology of the term Japlish is disputed and contentiously so.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, 出自 English World-Wide，第 13 頁:

Although written the same, the words lead (the metal) and lead (the verb) have totally different etymologies.

虽然两者拼写一致，但是lead（铅）和lead（引领）的词源迥然不同。


algebra

出自中世紀拉丁語 algebrāica，出自阿拉伯語 الْجَبْر (al-jabr, “拆分与合并”)


reproduction

/ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/

Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, 出自 American Scientist, 第 101 卷, 第 3 期:

Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

未经许可严禁转载本文章。

Jim was proud of the Rembrandt reproduction he owned.

Jim有一个伦勃朗的复制品，他很引以为豪。


Zimmermann

源自德語 Zimmermann。木工的职业姓氏。


ceteris paribus

/ˈkɛtɘɹɪsˈpɑːɹɪbʊs/

/ˈsɛtɘɹɪsˈpɑːɹɪbʊs/


bite off more than one can chew

bites off more than one can chew
biting off more than one can chew
bit off more than one could chew
bitten off more than one could chew

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-bite off more than one can chew.ogg

I think I bit off more than I could chew when I agreed to paint this house by myself.

我觉得我同意一个人给这个房子上漆的时候有点不自量力了。


bolshie

来自 Bolshevik（俄語 большеви́к (bolʹševík)，布尔什维克），来自俄語 большевики́ (bolʹševikí, “多数派”) + -ie。

左翼人士，特指共产党人，社会主义者，或工会领袖


bolshie

bolshier (comparative)
bolshiest (superlative)

Rachel came in, and Nick felt he'd been caught larking about, Catherine squashing him like some bolshie teenage attempt at seduction.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2004, Alan Hollinghurst, The Line of Beauty, Bloomsbury, 2005, Chapter 16,

Kate, don't be so bolshie!


perchance

源自中古英語 parchaunce，源自古法語 par cheance (“碰巧”)。

A great black bird, Apollyon's bosom-friend, / Sailed past, nor beat his wide wing dragon-penned / That brushed my cap—perchance the guide I sought.

1855, Robert Browning, “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came”, XXVII:


obnoxious

來自拉丁語 obnoxiōsus (“有害的，危險的”)，來自obnoxius (“受懲罰的；有危險的”)，來自ob (“面對”) + noxia (“傷害”)。

more obnoxious (comparative)
most obnoxious (superlative)

The disturbance had commenced, like those of England, in the refusal of the parliament to sanction an obnoxious tax; but here all resemblance ended.

这场骚乱和英格蘭的骚乱一样，都是从议会拒绝批准一项令人厌恶的税收开始的；但所有的相似之处都在这里结束了。

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 第 1 卷，第 74 頁:

Someone jolted my arm and the contents of my glass spilled onto an immaculate white dress. I felt obnoxious.

有人搖晃著我的手臂，我的杯子裡的東西濺到了一件無瑕的白色連衣裙上。我覺得很討厭。

1989, Antônio Torres, Blues for a Lost Childhood: A Novel of Brazil，第 41 頁:

I WOULD HAVE been nine or ten when my mother chased me up a thorn tree with a ceremonial hippo-hide whip. What my crime was, I forget. My mother was, and remains, a woman of exceptional forbearance. I must have done something so obnoxious as to beggar belief.

我九歲或十歲的時候，我媽媽用儀式用的河馬皮鞭子追著我爬上一棵荊棘樹。我的罪行是什麼，我忘記了。我的母親過去和現在都是一個非常寬容的女人。我一定做了一些令人討厭的事情，以至於让人难以置信。

2010年August3日, David Bennun, Tick Bite Fever, Random House，第 109 頁:

I always feel out of place when I am around people. I feel obnoxious if I laugh or talk too much.

當我和人在一起時，我總是感到格格不入。如果我笑太多或說話太多，我會感到討厭。

2013, Catherine Hilterbrant, Drive-by Psychosis, →ISBN，第 51 頁:

He felt obnoxious and knew perfectly well that he would have no explanation whatsoever had anyone discovered him, but she looked so alluring, so untroubled, so fortunate, that his only concern was the terrible crack the shutter made...quiet as it was.

他感到很討厭，而且很清楚如果有人發現他，他將無法解釋，但她看起來如此迷人，如此無憂無慮，如此幸運，以至於他唯一關心的是百葉窗發出的可怕的破裂聲……尽管它是如此安静。

2013, Molly Cutpurse, Dark Man, →ISBN，第 44 頁:

He was an especially obnoxious and detestable specimen of a man.

他是一個特別令人討厭和可憎的男人的樣本。

Throwing stones at the bus is another example of your obnoxious behaviour.

向公共汽車扔石頭是你令人討厭的行為的另一個例子。

To begin then with his Experiment of the burning Wood, it seems to me to be obnoxious to not a few considerable Exceptions.
#*:: 还是从他的树木燃烧实验开始谈起，在我看来，对于这个实验，不考虑某些重要的例外情况是不行的。

1661, Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist, p. 26,


pliant

源自中古英語 pliaunt，源自古法語 ploiant，ploiier (“折叠”)的现在分词。

more pliant (comparative)
most pliant (superlative)

Whether in its northern or southern home, the black-throated blue warbler builds its nest of bark, roots, and other pliant material, loose and rather bulky, in a variety of saplings, bushes, and weeds, but always a few inches or a few feet from the ground.

1917, The National Geographic Magazine April 1917, The Warblers of North America

a pliant thread  pliant wax

Yet there was pleasant sadness that became

1839, William Gilmore Simms, “The Brooklet” in Southern Passages and Pictures, New York: George Adlard, p. 2,

[The king] had a pliant prime minister and a general who was telling him what he wanted to hear.


paramount

原始印歐語詞
 *h₂éd
源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paramont、paramount (“至高无上的，卓越的；在上面的”)，源自古法語 par、per (“以...的手段”) + amont、amunt (“向上”)。Par派生自拉丁語 per (“以...的手段，通过”)，源自原始印歐語 *per- (“穿过；通过”);amont和amunt则源自拉丁語 ad montem (“朝向山；向上”)，源自ad (“向上往”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂éd (“在；到”)） + montem（mōns (“山”)的宾格单数，最终源自原始印歐語 *men- (“耸立，矗立”)）。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-paramount.wav

utmost

至高无上的；领先的，领导的

paravail

至高无上的；领先的，领导的

至高无上的；领先的，领导的

Hitherto she had chiefly dwelt on her unkindness and neglect; but absence, like charity, covers a multitude of sins; and the thought now paramount was, that she should see her no more.

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 第 2 卷，第 168 頁:

The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen. […] The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.

1963, Margery Allingham, “Eye Witness”, 出自 The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC，第 249 頁:

Getting those credit cards paid off is paramount.

把这些信用卡还清是最要紧的事。


paramount

上司，领导； 地位最高的酋长，至高酋长


paramour

源自中古英語 paramour、paramoure、peramour、paramur，源自古法語 par amor (“为了爱”)。

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mʊə/

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mɔː/

to run away with a paramour

The seducer appeared with dauntless front, accompanied by his paramour.

1848, Thomas Maucalay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second:

They should be chaste, not lustful, nor taking paramours:

1934, Yusuf Ali (translator), The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, surah 4, verse 25:

The action scenes are deafening and punchily staged by director Louis Letterier (The Transporter), though I wish he’d set more time aside to spend with Nobby, his paramour Dawn (Rebel Wilson), their shaven-headed brood, and friends

2016年February23日, Robbie Collin, “Grimsby review: ' Sacha Baron Cohen's vital, venomous action movie'”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph (London):

圣母玛利亚或耶稣（说话人的异性）


paramour

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mʊə/

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mɔː/

devotedly

（爱情等）激情地，出于性欲地 （自14世纪起）

passionately

（爱情等）激情地，出于性欲地 （自14世纪起）

（爱情等）激情地，出于性欲地 （自14世纪起）

Is this trouthe said Palomydes / Thenne shall we hastely here of sire Tristram / And as for to say that I loue la Beale Isoud peramours I dare make good that I doo / and that she hath my seruyse aboue alle other ladyes / and shalle haue the terme of my lyf


protonated

protonate的过去时和过去分词形式


protonated

more protonated (comparative)
most protonated (superlative)


obsequious

源自中古英語 obsequyous，源自拉丁語 obsequiōsus (“顺从的，点头哈腰的”) ，源自obsequium (“顺从”)，源自obsequor (“服从，遵守”)，源自ob (“朝向”) + sequor (“跟随”)（对比sequel）。

more obsequious (comparative)
most obsequious (superlative)

Translation falls especially short of this conceit which carries the whole flamboyance of the Spanish language. It was intended as an obsequious flattery of the Condesa, and was untrue.

1927, Thornton Wilder, The Bridge of San Luis Rey，第 20 頁:

Our ladies were situated as well as it was possible; they had good servants, splendid rooms, obsequious attendants, and had become habituated to the country, so that the loss of the Count was not any thing of moment beyond the pleasure of his society;[…]

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXXIV, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 140 頁:


ostracize

源自古希臘語 ὀστρακίζω (ostrakízō, “通过陶片放逐法放逐”)，源自ὄστρᾰκον (óstrăkon, “陶片”) + -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō, 构成动词的后缀)。英语词与法語 ostraciser同源。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ostracize.wav

blackball

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

cut someone dead

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

give someone the cold shoulder

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

send to Coventry

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

leper

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

以陶片放逐法放逐（五或十年） （自19世纪中叶）

Republics have been accused of being ungrateful. Aristides was ostracised for being called the Just, and Themistocles banished, after saving his country from desolation.

1836年December15日, Eleazer Wheelock Ripley, “The President’s Message”, 出自 Register of Debates in Congress, Comprising the Leading Debates and Incidents of the Second Session of the Twenty-fourth Congress: […] (United States House of Representatives), 第 XIII 卷, Washington, D.C.: Printed and published by Gales and Seaton, 出版於 1837, →OCLC，第 1097 列:

[T]he person who was ostracised was obliged to leave Athens within ten days after the sentence, and unless a vote of the people recalled him before the expiration of that time, to stay in exile for ten years.

1840, “OSTRACISM”, 出自 [George Long] 編, The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 第 XVII (Organ–Pertinax) 卷s, London: Charles Knight and Co., […], →OCLC，第 55 頁，第 2 列:

The Athenian Hyperbolus, who had been ostracized some years before by the coalition of Nikias and Alkibiades, together with their respective partisans—ostracized (as Thucydides tells us) not from any fear of his power and over-transcendent influence, but from his bad character and from his being a disgrace to the city—and thus ostracized by an abuse of the institution—was now resident at Samos.

[1849], George Grote, “Twenty-first Year of the War.—Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens.”, 出自 A History of Greece from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great。[...] In Four Volumes, 2nd版, 第 III 卷, New York, N.Y.: W. L. Allison Co., publishers, →OCLC, part II (Continuation of Historical Greece)，第 203 頁:

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

You then moſt Noble Equivocations and Alluſions, whom Rhetorick would Oſtraciſe, ſeek Revenge for your Baniſhment; [...]

1704, [Antoine Furetière], “Bombast’s Speech to His Army”, 出自 The Rebellion: Or, An Account of the Late Civil-wars, in the Kingdom of Eloquence, London: Printed [for John Nutt ...], →OCLC，第 48 頁:

The inflexible advocate[s] of the people's rights, were either expelled the Senate Chamber, ostracised, or immolated on the reeking altars of patriotism, by the encrimsoned sword of slaughtering persecution.

1811年July4日, Henry A[lexander] S[cammell] Dearborn, An Oration, Pronounced at Boston, on the Fourth Day of July, 1811, before the Supreme Executive and in the Presence of the Bunker-Hill Association, Boston, Mass.: Printed by Munroe & French, printer to the state, →OCLC，第 4–5 頁s:

[O]thers may wonder at the mawkish taste of a community which, instead of ostracising such a palpable charlatan at once, attended and praised all that he had to say!

1841, Anthony Grumbler [pseudonym; David Hoffman], 章號 VII, 出自 Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things, Baltimore, Md.: Published by Plaskitt & Cugle, →OCLC，第 179 頁:

No party worthy of the name will submit, permanently, to any regime which ostracises its best men and selects the worst, which has become an epidemic condition of party politics, and may take off most of what is worth recognizing in the pride of our boasted institutions.

1852 August, “Death of Henry Clay: The Convention System”, 出自 Democratic Review, 第 II 卷, 第 II (New Series; volume XXXI, number CLXX, overall) 期, New York, N.Y.: Published at the office of the Democratic Review, […], →OCLC，第 151 頁，第 1 列:

Fashion not only sustains bad writers, but ostracizes and banishes good ones. [William] Shakespeare's writings were popular while he lived, but almost forgotten for two centuries after his death.

1860 January, “Art IX.—Ancient and Modern Art and Literature.”, 出自 J[ames] D[unwoody] B[rownson] De Bow 編, De Bow’s Review and Industrial Resources, Statistics, etc.: […], 第 III (New Series; volume XXVIII overall) 卷, 第 I 期, New Orleans, La., Washington, D.C.: [J. D. B. De Bow], →OCLC，第 83 頁:

Q. Have you any knowledge aside from your own case of their socially ostracizing a man?—A. There are almost a dozen in this room, I guess, that I know of; perhaps a dozen.

1877年January13日, [Francis] Kernan (questioner), Edward Howard (witness), Mississippi. Testimony as to Denial of Elective Franchise in Mississippi, at the Elections of 1875 and 1876, […] (The Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session of the Forty-forth Congress; volume III, number 45), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，第 22 頁:

Our honest and conservative financiers should frown upon and ostracize these black sheep, whether they are cornering the wheat market or manipulating prices on the Stock Exchange by wash sales and otherwise, or promoting a Shipyard Trust, or playing profitably with the surplus funds of a life insurance company.

1905年May4日, “Financials: The Fall of [F. G.] Bigelow”, 出自 Henry Chandler Bowen 編, The Independent, 第 LVIII 卷, 第 2944 期, New York, N.Y.: The Independent, […], →OCLC，第 1030 頁，第 2 列:

I long to be one with the birds and trees and with the green earth. The call comes to me from the air to sing, but, wretched creature that I am, I lecture—and by doing it, I ostracise myself from this great world of songs to which I was born.

1921年March18日, Rabindranath Tagore, “New York, March 18, 1921”, 出自 C[harles] F[reer] A[ndrews] 編, Letters from Abroad, Madras, Tamil Nadu: S. Ganesan publisher, […], 出版於 1924, →OCLC，第 86 頁:

[T]raditions such as the bouquet toss and the "singles" table at the wedding reception often marginalize and ostracize lesbians and gays in attendance.

2003, Cele C. Otnes, Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck, “Romance, Magic, Memory, and Perfection”, 出自 Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding (Life Passages), Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN，第 22 頁:

Ostracism can be observed from an early age, and continues throughout the life-cycle. Children ostracize other children in the playground, choosing carefully who they wish to play with. Adults ostracize other adults, such as marriage partners using the silent treatment.

2007, Kipling D. Williams, Jonathan Gerber, “Ostracism: The Making of the Ignored and Excluded Mind”, 出自 Making Minds: The Shaping of Human Minds through Social Context (Benjamins Current Topics; 4), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN，第 132 頁:

[A] traditional chief attended our Human Rights Defenders Forum in Atlanta and then returned home to discover that a local soldier had raped a fourteen-year-old girl. The chief personally found the soldier, tied him to a chair, and waited for the police to arrive and arrest him. He then used his influence to prevent anyone from condemning or ostracizing the girl. The benefits from this kind of bold action have been proven in Malawi, Senegal, Liberia, Ghana, and other African countries.

2015 March, Jimmy Carter, “The Road to Progress”, 出自 A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, →ISBN，第 195 頁:

A common practice by established parties in liberal democracies that often accompanies delegitimisation efforts is ostracising a challenger party. In this book's first chapter we have defined ostracising a party as systematically ruling out all political cooperation with that party [...].

2018, Joost van Spanje, “Pariah Parties: Established Parties’ Systematic Boycotting of Other Parties”, 出自 Controlling the Electoral Marketplace: How Established Parties Ward off Competition (Political Campaigning and Communication), Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan、Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN，第 37–38 頁s:


oft

ofter (comparative)
oftest (superlative)

（多见于诗歌或方言）（= often） 常常，时常，经常


prodigal

源自中古法語 prodigal，源自晚期拉丁語 prōdigālis (“浪费的”)，源自拉丁語 prōdigus (“浪费的，挥霍的”)，源自prōdigō (“消耗，浪费”)，源自prōd-（←prō (“前，向前”)） + agō (“驱动”)。还见prodigy。

more prodigal (comparative)
most prodigal (superlative)

[ˈpʰɹɑɾɪɡɫ̩]

He found himself guilty of prodigal spending during the holidays.

他想起放假时没节制地乱花钱，就很有罪恶感。

The prodigal son spent his share of his inheritance until he was destitute.

浪子把自己分到的遗产花到身无分文。

The prodigal heir can only waste his own substance, and the punishment falls, as it should, upon himself; but the prince has an awful responsibility,—the welfare of others is required at his hands;...

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XXIII, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 第 II 卷, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，第 257 頁:

乱用...的，大量使用...的

She was a merry person, glad and prodigal of smiles.

她是一个很快乐的人，一直都面带微笑。

How can he be so prodigal with money on such a tight budget?

预算那么紧，他是怎么敢这样乱花钱的。

He generally falls backwards and sometimes succumbs to the fever which ensues; hence as soon as the ordeal is over the women are prodigal of their attentions to him, and rub the swollen arm with a particular kind of herb.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, 第 10 卷，第 63 頁:

Granville poised himself over a vast sirloin, stropped his knife briskly, then began to hack away ruthlessly. He was a prodigal server and piled about two pounds of meat on my plate, then he started on the Yorkshire puddings.

1974, James Herriot, Vet in Harness，第 201 頁:

浪子的 （起源自《新约圣经》内通常叫做“Parable of the Prodigal Son”（浪子回头的比喻）的故事）

遗弃（他人）的，抛弃（他人）的

Simon Hart of the Daily Telegraph has tweeted that the prodigal triple-jumper has come home, in preparation for tomorrow's qualification round.

2012年August12日, Paul Owen, “London 2012 Olympics: day 10”, 出自 The Guardian:


prodigal

[ˈpʰɹɑɾɪɡɫ̩]


prodigious

源自中古法語 prodigieux，源自拉丁語 prōdigiōsus (“异常的，怪异的，奇特的，出奇的”)，源自prōdigium (“怪事，怪物，征兆”)。就词形分析：prodigy + -ous。

more prodigious (comparative)
most prodigious (superlative)

/pɹəˈdɪd͡ʒəs/

杰出的，非凡的，无与伦比的


prodigy

源自中古英語 prodige (“征兆”)，源自拉丁語 prōdigium (“预兆，预示”)。

怪事，异常；怪兽；怪人 （自16世纪）

奇迹，盛况，极好的事物 （自17世纪）

榜样，模范 （自17世纪）

预兆，先兆 （自15世纪）

John Foxe believed that special prodigies had heralded the Reformation.

1971年，Keith Thomas，Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society 2012, p. 87:

These on the farther bank now stood and gazed,
By Heaven alarm’d, by prodigies amazed:
A signal omen stopp’d the passing host,
Their martial fury in their wonder lost.

1715, Homer, Iliad, translated by Alexander Pope, Book XII:


ogle

可能源自
* 荷蘭語，源自中古荷蘭語 *ooghelen、oeghelen (“盯着”)，oogen (“看”)的反复态，源自oge (“眼睛”)，
* 或源自低地德語 oegeln，oegen (“看”)的反复态，源自Oog (“眼睛”)。
对比德語 äugeln (“盯着”)。详见eye、-le。

盯着，凝视 （尤指不礼貌地，深情地或贪婪地）


ogle

凝视 （尤指不礼貌的，深情的或贪婪的）

Will you take a varder at the cartz on the feely-omi in the naf strides: the one with the bona blue ogles polarying the omi-palone with a vogue on and a cod sheitel.

1997, James Gardiner, Who's a Pretty Boy Then?，第 137 頁:

Slick, she bamboozles the ogles / of old Lilly Law.

2015年October12日, Adam Lowe, “Poem of the week: Vada That”, 出自 The Guardian:


perennial

1644年，源自拉丁語 perennis (“持续一整年的”)（源自per- (“贯穿”) + annus (“年”)） + -al，可作per- + -ennial分析。

a perennial stream

同類詞：annual、biennial

The perennial existence of bodies corporate and their fortunes are things particularly suited to a man who has long views…

1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France:

His artwork has a perennial beauty.

Change is a perennial theme in politics.

改变是政治中一个反复出现的主题。

a perennial candidate


perennial

同類詞：annual、biennial、evergreen


opossum

源自波瓦坦語 aposoum (“白色动物”)，源自原始阿爾岡昆語 *wa·p-aʔθemwa (“白色的狗”)，对比奧吉布瓦語 waabasim (“白色的狗”)。


otherworld

We do not want, of course, to return to all the crudities and barbarities of the past; but also we do not want to become attenuated and spiritualized out of all mundane sense and recognition, and to live in an otherworld Paradise void of application to earthly affairs.

1920, Edward Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，第 192 頁:


otherworldly

more otherworldly (comparative)
most otherworldly (superlative)

ethereal

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

mystical

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

transcendental

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

alien

怪异的，不自然的；超凡的；不属于这个世界的

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

Every religion that becomes ascendant, in so far as it is not otherworldly, must necessarily set its stamp upon the methods and administration of the law.
每一種宗教，只要不是超凡脫俗的，就必然會在法律的方法和管理上打上自己的烙印。

1917, H. G. Wells, God, the Invisible King, ch. 5,

Dana has the otherworldly temperament of a mystic.

2007年August26日, Clive Davis, “Simphiwe Dana: The One Love Movement on Bantu Biko Street”, 出自 Times of London:

怪异的，不自然的；超凡的；不属于这个世界的

An almost otherworldly resilience has characterized the 40-year arc of the Clintons’ political lives, a well-documented pattern of dazzling success, shattering setback and inevitable recovery.

2015年April15日, Jonathan Martin, “For a Clinton, It’s Not Hard to Be Humble in an Effort to Regain Power”, 出自 The New York Times:

The sudden inundation from the remnants of Ida transformed familiar scenes of life in New York into otherworldly and waterlogged chaos on Wednesday night.

2021年September1日, Michael Levenson, Anne Barnard, “Scenes from New York City as Ida paralyzes region”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


prefect

源自中古英語 prefect及prefecte，源自古法語 prefect（现代法语préfet），源自拉丁語 praefectus (“监督者，监察者，长官”)，源自praeficere (“使...负责”)。

（古罗马的）长官，队长等

the prefect of the aqueducts; the prefect of a camp, of a fleet, of the city guard, or of provisions; the pretorian prefect, who was commander of the troops guarding the emperor's person

It seems that in the autumn of 803 he went on leave. His uncle Po Chi-chên, had recently been moved from his post at Hsü-chou and promoted to be Prefect of Hsü-chʻang in Central Honan.

1951, Arthur Waley, The Life and Times of Po Chü-i, London: George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC，第 33 頁:

（阿尔巴尼亚、罗马尼亚的）县长


perfidious

more perfidious (comparative)
most perfidious (superlative)

背信弃义的，不忠的，背叛的 （自16世纪末）

The perfidious Ricimer soon became dissatisfied with Anthe'mius, and raised the standard of revolt.

1851, Oliver Goldsmith, “ch. 26”, 出自 William C. Taylor 編, Dr. Goldsmith's History of Rome:

[S]he knew Huntly for the ambitious traitor he was, a man peculiarly perfidious and self-seeking.

1905, Andrew Lang, “ch. 14”, 出自 John Knox and the Reformation:

When the Nazis branded Feininger a "degenerate artist" in 1937, he left 54 paintings for safekeeping with a Bauhaus friend named Hermann Klumpp. After the war, and for the rest of Feininger's life, the perfidious Klumpp refused to give them back.

2005 June 21, Robert Hughes, “Art: The Velocipede of Modernism”, 出自 Time:


overstay

Thailand’s Constitutional Court ruled Wednesday that Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha must suspend his active duties while the court decides whether he has overstayed his legal term in office.

2022年August24日, Tassanee Vejpongsa & Grant Peck, “Thai court suspends PM Prayuth pending ruling on term limit”, 出自 The Washington Post, retrieved 2022-08-24:

overstay one's visa


overstay

For example, if USCIS approves a change of status or extension of stay for a nonimmigrant, the alien may be authorized to remain in the country beyond his or her original period of admission without qualifying as an overstay.

2011, Richard M. Stana, Overstay Enforcement


ouija

Ouija (“通靈板”)的另一種寫法

Mediums — tipping tables — ouijas — all that sort of thing.
#*:: 灵媒——桌灵转——通靈板——诸如此类的东西。

2005, Stephen Vincent Benet, The Beginning of Wisdom (p. 268)


plummet

源自中古英語 plommet (“铅球，摆锤”)，自1382年有书面记录，源自古法語 plommet或者plomet，plom、plum (“测深锤”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 plumbum (“铅”)。动词最早记录见于1626年，表示“测量，测深”，其源自名词。

Iudgement also will I lay to the line, and righteousnesse to the plummet: and the haile shall sweepe away the refuge of lyes, and the waters shall ouerflow the hiding place.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 28:17:

His parachute was shot half away, and if he'd jumped he would have fallen like a plummet.

1945, Ernie Pyle, Here Is Your War: Story of G.I. Joe, The World Publishing Company，第 93 頁:

锤规 （一种曾在学校里使用的在纸上划线的铅）

Yet another seriously under-par performance is unlikely to provide any real answers to their remarkable plummet in form - but it proves they can at least churn out a much-needed result.

2010年December29日, Chris Whyatt, “Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, 出自 BBC:


plummet

plummets
plummeting
plummetting
plummeted
plummetted

重重地，快速地跌落；暴跌，骤降

After its ascent, the arrow plummeted to earth.

箭上升以后，快速地射向地面。

Some speculated Twitter’s stock would plummet, while another said the company would not have to be owned by “a moron,” using an expletive to refer to Mr. Musk.

2022年October4日, Kate Conger, Lauren Hirsch, “Elon Musk Suggests Buying Twitter at His Original Price”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

Passenger numbers had been rising sharply. But the replacement of the services by buses, which take far longer because of the number of stations in out-of-the-way villages on the route, will ensure they plummet again.

2022年December14日, Christian Wolmar, “No Marston Vale line trains... and no one in charge seems to 'give a damn'”, 出自 RAIL, 第 972 期，第 46 頁:


profiteer

/ˌpɹɒfɪˈtɪə(ɹ)/


profiteer

/ˌpɹɒfɪˈtɪə(ɹ)/


pageant

14世纪末叶作中古英語 pagent，源自中世紀拉丁語 pagina (“奥迹剧”)，多半源自拉丁語 pāgina (“页”)。

spectacle

（尤指穿传统服饰的）盛大游行

（尤指穿传统服饰的）盛大游行

The artists who painted these murals brought the pageant of America vividly to life. Everyone knew that the construction of this pageant, and the celebration of America that it implied, was the work of the New Deal.

2022, Gary Gerstle, 章號 1, 出自 The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order […] , New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, Part I. The New Deal Order, 1930–1980:


paranoia

最终源自古希臘語 παράνοια (paránoia, “疯狂”)，源自παράνοος (paránoos, “疯癫的，痴呆的”)，源自παρά (pará, “超越”) + νόος (nóos, “心智，心灵”)。
就词形分析为para- (“异常，超越”) + nous (“心智”) + -ia (“症候，症状”)。

/ˌpæɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/

/ˌpɛɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/


providence

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 providence、中古法語 providence，及两者词源拉丁語 prōvidentia (“远虑”)，源自prōvidēre (“提供”)的现在分词。取代了本土词古英語 foresċēawung。

预先准备，深谋远虑，远见 （自14世纪）

神的旨意，神的引导 （自14世纪）

天佑，天意，神意的显现 （自16世纪）

The idea was that a complete list of fully documented providences should be compiled as a cooperative venture which would cross denominational barriers.

1971, Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society 2012, p. 91:

对资源的合理安排，节约，节俭 （自17世纪）

His providence in saving for his old age is exemplary.


paranoid

more paranoid (comparative)
most paranoid (superlative)

/ˈpɛɹ.ə.ˌnɔɪd/

/ˈpæɹ.ə.ˌnɔɪd/

/ˈpæɹ.ə.ˌnɔɪd/

有关，或罹患偏执症，妄想症的

多疑的，疑心病的，无端猜忌的

Maybe I'm paranoid, but that doesn't mean that they are not out to get me.

可能是我多想了，但是那不能说明他们没有出来抓我。


paranoid

/ˈpɛɹ.ə.ˌnɔɪd/

/ˈpæɹ.ə.ˌnɔɪd/

/ˈpæɹ.ə.ˌnɔɪd/


olefin

未饱和的开链烯烃或只有一个双键的烯烃


prowess

源自中古英語 prowesse、prouwesse、proues、prouesce、prouesse (“战斗中的英勇；英勇行为；杰出优越；（人格的）高尚；聪慧”)，源自古法語 proeche、proesce、proeësche (“好，佳；优秀；勇敢”)，源自古法語 preu、prou、prouz、proz、pruz (“好的；优秀的；英勇的”)。对比英語 proud。

高超的技艺，技能，本领，造诣

When in liquor he would make foolish wagers. On one of these too frequent occasions he was boasting of his prowess as a pedestrian and athlete, and the outcome was a match against nature. For a stake of one sovereign he undertook to run all the way to Coventry and back, a distance of something more than forty miles.

1888年October14日, Ambrose Bierce, “An Unfinished Race”, 出自 The San Francisco Examiner, →OCLC; republished in Can Such Things Be?, Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 1903, →OCLC，第 313 頁:

There is such a sense of inferiority sometimes when it comes to facing Germany, with all their World Cups, their penalty prowess and easy sophistication, it might come as a surprise to learn that, in head-to-head encounters, England actually match their opponents.

2017年November10日, Daniel Taylor, “Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, 出自 The Guardian, London，於2018-03-28歸檔自原頁面:

英勇，勇敢，无畏，英雄气概 （尤指在战斗中）

[…] But, wroth because this man in full assembly, / Came and reviled thee, thou wouldst shew thy prowess, / The prowess that attends thee, that henceforth / Not e'er a man might think to scorn thy prowess, […]

1863, Homer, T[homas] S[tarling] Norgate, transl., The Odyssey; or, The Ten Years’ Wandering of Odusseus, after the Ten Years’ Siege of Troy. Reproduced in Dramatic Blank Verse, London: Williams and Norgate, […], →OCLC，第 158 頁:

A beautiful great lady, past her prime, / Behold her dreaming in her easy chair; / Grey robed, and veiled, in laces old and rare, / Her smiling eyes see but the vanished time / Of splendid prowess, and of deeds sublime.

1910, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, “England, Awake!”, 出自 Poems of Experience, London: Gay & Hancock, Ltd., 12 and 13 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 出版於 1917, →OCLC，第 38 頁; 再版為 More Poems, Toronto, Ont.: McClelland & Stewart Publishers, 1919, →OCLC, stanza 1，第 246 頁:

显示出上述特质的行为 熟练，高超的手法

I recollect hearing […] of his [Sir William Hamilton's] simple, independent, meditative habits, ruggedly athletic modes of exercise, fondness for his big dog, etc. etc.: […] I did not witness, much less share in, any of the swimming or other athletic prowesses.

1869 July, “Art. VI.—Memoir of Sir William Hamilton, Bart., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. By John Veitch, M.A., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1869.”, 出自 The North British Review, 第 L 卷, 第 C 期, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, →OCLC，第 493 頁:

As the Middle Ages drew to a close and the Renaissance rose like a new sun, knowledge of philosophy and the sciences became objects of interest to a nobility that had once held only skill in battle as a prowess worth attaining.

2007, Christopher Hodapp, “From Darkness to Light”, 出自 Richard Harris 編, Solomon’s Builders: Freemasons, Founding Fathers and the Secrets of Washington, D.C., Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, →ISBN，第 35–36 頁s:

显示出上述特质的行为 英勇行为

Thenne the batails approuched and ſhoue and ſhowted on bothe ſydes / many men ouerthrowen / hurte / & ſlayn and grete valyaunces / proweſſes and appertyces of werre were that day ſhewed […]

a. 1472, Thomas Malory, “Capitulum viij”, 出自 [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], 出版於 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 87, recto; 再版為 H[einrich] Oskar Sommer 編, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC，第 173 頁，第 11–15 行s:

If it is deemed of so much importance, why has no attention been paid to the effects of general friendship, such as certain military prowesses, in which you see a portion of a regiment sacrifice itself in support of another portion?

1851, Charles Fourier, Hugh Doherty, transl., “Ulterlogue”, 出自 The Passions of the Human Soul, and Their Influence on Society and Civilization. […] In Two Volumes, 第 II 卷, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […], →OCLC，第 88 頁:


prowl

源自中古英語 prollen，其词源不详。

鬼鬼祟祟地四处徘徊； 觅食或寻找猎物

He prowls each place, still in new colours decked.

a. 1587, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the page number)”, 出自 The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in Albert Feuillerat 編, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Watch the lioness prowling in the shrubbery for zebras.

看那只母狮子在灌木丛里狩猎斑马。

It's easy to sneak vandalism into Wiktionary as there are few other users prowling the Recent Changes page.

维基词典很容易就会被人偷偷破坏，因为没有多少用户盯着“最近更改”页面。

While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou。

2011年January5日, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, 出自 BBC:

That dandy has nothing better to do than prowl around town all day in his pinstripe suit.

那个男的没别的事干，整天就穿着件细条纹西装在镇上无所事事地晃来晃去。

to prowl money


prowl

源自中古英語 prollen，其词源不详。

无所事事；鬼鬼祟祟地四处徘徊

I'm going on a midnight prowl.


painter

可能源自中古法语 pendeur。

在不使用时将锚柄附着在船侧的链条或绳索。【约14-17世纪时使用】

（航海）连接到船头的绳子，用于把该船系在如码头或其他船上的地方。【约14-17世纪时使用】


painter

源自 panther 写法的变化。

美洲狮，由panther的发音错误而来。


paraplegic

/ˌpɛɹəˈplid͡ʒɪk/


paraplegic

/ˌpɛɹəˈplid͡ʒɪk/


prurient

源自拉丁語 prūriēns，prūriō (“痒”)的现在分词。

more prurient (comparative)
most prurient (superlative)

因欲望（尤指淫欲）而蠢蠢欲动的；好色的，发情的

We know that at that period certain indecencies in the dresses, even of those who were considered as the most refined and polished men of the age, were not only tolerated but ostentatiously displayed, and every sort of device that the most prurient mind could think of was had recourse to, to attract attention or excite a smile.

1823, The London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, Etc, page 781,

For example, some of the more prudish senders may have averted their attention from the sexual pictures while other more prurient viewers may have intensified their gaze.

1995, Brian Parkinson, Ideas and Realities of Emotion, page 124,

It must be removed at once, lest it disturb the young and arouse in adults the most prurient thoughts.

2010, Stephen Sartarelli (translator), Love and the Erotic in Art, (2008, Stefano Zuffi, Amore ed erotismo), John Paul Getty Trust, US, page 7,

[…] nor is it more prurient or lascivious than many productions to be found in a circulating library.

1825, The Literary Chronicle for the Year 1825, London, page 156,

But in contemporary consumerist societies, when the kids are safely in bed, television programs allow viewers to indulge their more prurient interests.

2008, Marcel Danesi, Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives, page 204,

Much of my discussion in the previous two chapters has focused on the dichotomy in Alemán's novel between the author's stated interest in moral didacticism and the more prurient appeal of the novel's representations of material privation and violent spectacle.

2005, Donald Gilbert-Santamaría, Writers on the Market: Consuming Literature in Early Seventeenth-century Spain, page 130,


premonition

15世纪中叶，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 premunition，源自教會拉丁語 praemonitiōnem (“预先警告”)，praemonitiō的变格形式，源自拉丁語 praemonitus，praemoneō的过去分词，源自prae (“预先”)（即英語 pre-）+ moneō (“警告”)（其衍生出英語 monitor）。
对比日耳曼语系的forewarning。


ordain

源自中古英語 ordeynen，源自古法語 ordiner，源自拉丁語 ordinare (“命令”)，源自ordo (“命令”)。ordinate 的同源對似詞。

On once more we swung, bumping uneasily along in the antique narrow-gauge coach, with gloomy woods and gathering night outside, shouts and songs (and quacks) inside—this was not at all the sort of train ordained by the logical strategists in Paris—then grinding to a stop at a mysterious halt which was no more than a nameboard in the pinewoods, without even a footpath leading to it, but nevertheless with a solitary passenger stolidly waiting.

1961 November, H. G. Ellison and P. G. Barlow, “Journey through France: Part One”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 668 頁:

授予...圣职（如祭司、主教等）


olla

:< 西班牙語 olla < 拉丁語 olla、aulla。 与梵语 (ukhā) 同源，可能与哥特语 (auhns)（“烤箱”）也同源。

（西班牙、中南美洲所用）土制水瓮