suffer

源自中古英語 suffren，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suffrir，源自拉丁語 sufferō (“献上，支撑，承受，遭受”)，源自sub- (“下”) + ferō (“撑着”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer- (“负，持”)。取代了原生词古英語 þrōwian。

suffers (third-person singular present)
suffering (present participle)
suffered (past participle)

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203:

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland:


calendar

源自中古英語 kalender，源自古法語 calendier，源自拉丁語 calendarium (“账簿”)，源自kalendae (“一个月的第一天”)，源自calō (“严肃发表，召集”)，源自原始印歐語 *kelh₁-。

calendars (third-person singular present)
calendaring (present participle)
calendared (past participle)

The judge agreed to calendar a hearing for pretrial motions for the week of May 15, but did not agree to calendar the trial itself on a specific date.

法官同意在5月15日那一周安排一场审前动议听证会，但是没有同意给判决安排确切日期。


covert

源自中古英語 covert，源自古法語 covert，covrir (“盖”)（对应于拉丁語 coopertus）的过去分词，与cover同源。

more covert (comparative)
most covert (superlative)

[…] a separate use for a woman cannot be created unless she is covert, or unless in immediate contemplation of her marriage.

1880, Weekly Notes of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the County Courts of Philadelphia, and the United States District and Circuit Courts for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, page 292:

[…] in the second case, as long as the woman is covert she cannot anticipate the income, and a mere alienation of her interest is not an attempt to anticipate.

1890, Albert Gibson, Robert McLean, Law Notes, page 77:

Being advised of the fact that the woman is covert, he stands charged with a knowledge of her disability . A married woman has no power to deal as principal if she is in fact a surety […]

1906, Abraham Clark Freeman, The American State Reports: Containing the Cases of General Value and Authority Subsequent to Those Contained in the "American Decisions" [1760-1869] and the "American Reports" [1869-1887] Decided in the Courts of Last Resort of the Several States [1886-1911], page 305:


option

源自法語 option，源自拉丁語 optiō (“选择”)，源自optō (“选择”)。等价于opt + -ion。

期权 （自18世纪中叶）

At that time every emigrant who was made aware of such a notification submitted his application for option to the British Consuls within the period prescribed.

1928，Appeal to the Noble English Nation by the Committee of the Defenders of the Rights of Palestinian Arab Emigrants to the Palestinian Citizenship，頁 10:

A right of option, mostly in favour of the nationality of the predecessor State, has been accorded in most cases of partial State succession, either by treaty or by domestic legislation.

1998，Venice Commission，Consequences of State Succession for Nationality, →ISBN，頁 45:

This group constitutes around 9 percent of the total number of acquisitions of Dutch nationality through option.

2012，Oliver W. Vonk，Dual Nationality in the European Union: A Study on Changing Norms […], →ISBN，頁 243, note 154:


procession

源自中古英語 processioun，借自古法語 pourciession，源自拉丁語 prōcessiō (“行进，前进；（晚期拉丁语）宗教队伍”)，源自prōcēdere，prōcessus (“前行，前进”)的过去分词，详见proceed。

processions (third-person singular present)
processioning (present participle)
processioned (past participle)

To procession the lands of such persons as desire it.

1856，Alexander Mansfield Burrill，A Law Dictionary and Glossary, PROCESSIONING:


syllabus

借自中世紀拉丁語 syllabus (“列表”)，因一次印刷错误而普及使用。在15世纪70年代版的西塞罗著“Ad Atticum” IV.5和8内，其宾格复数本是 sittybas，卻印刷成了 syllabos。这个变化形式受到了古希臘語 συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō，“放在一起”)的词干的影响，该词衍生出σῠλλᾰβή (sŭllăbḗ，“音节”)；而其实际上来自σιττύβα (sittúba，“羊皮纸标签，目录”)，词源不详。


chicanery

源自法語 chicanerie (“欺诈”)，源自chicaner，借自中古低地德語 schicken，最终源自原始西日耳曼語 *skikkijan，源自原始日耳曼語 *skikkijaną。与德語 schicken (“派遣”)、中古英語 skekken (“发行，发布”)有关。

（律师的）不诚实行为，欺骗行为


claimant

古法語和盎格魯-諾曼語 clamant，动词clamer及其变体的现在分词，源自拉丁語 clāmō (“喊出”)。


commute

借自拉丁語 commūtō。

commutes (third-person singular present)
commuting (present participle)
commuted (past participle)

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

to commute tithes into rentcharges for a sum

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

to commute daily fares for a season ticket

to commute the daily toll for a year's pass

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

His prison sentence was commuted to probation.


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。


demise

demises (third-person singular present)
demising (present participle)
demised (past participle)


enjoin

源自中古英語 enjoinen，源自古法語 enjoindre (“加入”)，源自拉丁語 iniungo (“依附”)，由in- (“进入，在...之上”)和iungo构成的复合词。

enjoins (third-person singular present)
enjoining (present participle)
enjoined (past participle)

In 1983, BLM was enjoined by court order from using any herbicides in its Medford, Oregon District. Subsequent court action in 1984 enjoined BLM from the use of herbicides throughout Oregon and the U.S. Forest Service was similarly enjoined throughout Region 6 (Pacific Northwest).

1989，U.S. Department of the Interior，章號 1, in Western Oregon Program-Management of Competing Vegetation: Proposed Record of Decision，Bureau of Land Management，頁 9:

the judicial power of the United States had no power to enjoin the executive branch of the government from the execution of a constitutional duty or of a constitutional law

1826，James Kent，Commentaries on American Law:


enshrine

enshrines (third-person singular present)
enshrining (present participle)
enshrined (past participle)

Other measures, such as compensation for victims, will be enshrined in the proposed new law.

其他手段，比如补偿受害者，将出现于新法中。

The links were mostly to newspaper articles and public records, and Google refused to comply, but with the “right to be forgotten” enshrined as a key objective of the European Union’s 2011 data protection strategy, more and bigger cases are likely to follow.

2011年April19日，Sumit Paul-Choudhury，“Digital legacy: The fate of your online soul”, in NewScientist:

In total, it would have enshrined over 100 rights into Chile’s national charter, more than any other constitution in the world, including the right to housing, education, clean air, water, food, sanitation, internet access, retirement benefits, free legal advice and care “from birth to death.”

2022年September4日，Jack Nicas，“Chile Says ‘No’ to Left-Leaning Constitution After 3 Years of Debate”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


erstwhile

使用erstwhile指代“尊敬的”起源自在“erstwhile colleague”之类的短语内被人误读为esteemed等词的近义词，大多数权威机构不建议如此使用。

“Scarcely had Alice reached her twentieth birthday, than she gave her erstwhile fiancée [sic] his formal congé. […]”

1905，Baroness Emmuska Orczy，章號 2, in The Disappearance of Count Collini:

Other erstwhile stalwarts are also wavering. Southampton had two of the best full-backs in the league last season but Ryan Bertrand has been below par this season and Cédric Soares made an uncharacteristic lapse that led to Stoke’s winning goal in Southampton’s last outing.

2017年October14日，Paul Doyle，“Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton”, in the Guardian:


frivolous

源自拉丁語 frīvolus (“愚蠢的，空洞的，轻浮的，无价值的”)，后缀调整成了-ous。

more frivolous (comparative)
most frivolous (superlative)

There is no easy definition for the phrase 'frivolous lawsuit,' but I imagine any claim for damages where the injuries are minimal or where the basis for the defendant's liability is hard to believe, might qualify as frivolous.

1996年August31日，Paul F. Waldner, President-Elect, Houston Trial Lawyers Association，“Viewpoints”, in Houston Chronicle:

One of the major cost drivers in the delivery of health care are these junk and frivolous lawsuits.


forestall

源自中古英語 forestallen (“防止，阻碍，奇袭，堵截”)，源自forestalle (“阻碍，堵截”)，源自古英語 foresteall (“妨碍司法；奇袭”)，源自fore- (“前面”) + steall (“摆放，放置”)，等价于fore- + stall。

forestalls (third-person singular present)
forestalling (present participle)
forestalled (past participle)


guillotine

借自法語 guillotine，以法国医师Joseph-Ignace Guillotin（1738–1814）命名，其提出了使用该器械来执行死刑。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

The right hon. Gentleman is making a great stooshie about time in relation to this Bill, but was it not the case that, when the SNP [Scottish National Party] Scottish Government introduced their continuity Bill in the Scottish Parliament, they operated a ruthless guillotine to prevent proper scrutiny of it? That is the case; they ran a guillotine on that Bill, and there was a very limited amount of time allowed for debate and scrutiny, yet he complains about that happening here.

2019年October22日，Stephen Kerr, Member of Parliament for Stirling，“Second Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill”, in House of Commons Debates (House of Commons)^(https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-10-22/debates/277C5A20-456D-469B-A415-D04AFFD83248/EuropeanUnion(WithdrawalAgreement)Bill)，卷 666，存檔自the original on 2019-10-24，列 860:


guillotine

借自法語 guillotiner (“用断头台处刑”)，源自guillotine（见词源1） + -er (构成一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

guillotines (third-person singular present)
guillotining (present participle)
guillotined (past participle)

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/


hearsay

源自中古英語 hyere-zigginge（1340年）、here sey（约1438年），源自短语heren seien (“听[人]说，听说”)。对比同样古老的中古高地德語 hœrsagen（14世纪），其派生出现代Hörensagen。


jaywalk

jaywalks (third-person singular present)
jaywalking (present participle)
jaywalked (past participle)

（违反行人交通规则）乱穿马路


missive

15世纪，源自中世紀拉丁語 missīvus，源自mittō (“发送”)。

（两政党间的）协商 （一个党派提出一个提案而另一个党派接受）


nihil

无答辩 （被告人拒绝辩护或回答）


murder

源自中古英語 murder、murdre、mourdre，变化自早期形式murthre (“谋杀”)（参见murther），源自古英語 morþor (“暗杀，非法杀害”)和古英語 myrþra (“谋杀，他杀”)，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *murþrą (“死，杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥tro- (“杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*mor-、*mr̥- (“死”)。与哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr，“谋杀”)、古高地德語 mord (“谋杀”)、古諾爾斯語 morð (“谋杀”)、古英語 myrþrian (“谋杀”)和morþ有关。
中古英語词形内的-d-可能部分受到盎格魯-諾曼語 murdre的影响，后者源自古法語 murdre，源自中世紀拉丁語 murdrum（亦派生出同源对似词murdrum），源自古法蘭克語 *morþr、*murþr (“谋杀”)，源自同样的日耳曼語族词根，虽然也有可能是完全内部发展的结果（对比burden，其源自burthen）。

常修饰“murder”的形容词：atrocious, attempted, brutal, cold-blooded, double, heinous, horrible, premeditated, triple, terrible, unsolved.

实施或教唆犯罪的行为，此行为导致某人死亡，无论其意图如何，即使实施者或教唆者不是杀害该人的人

在使用重罪谋杀罪的司法地区


nugatory

借自拉丁語 nūgātōrius。

more nugatory (comparative)
most nugatory (superlative)

The word "necessary" is considered as controlling the whole sentence, and as limiting the right to pass laws for the execution of the granted powers to such as are indispensable, and without which the power would be nugatory.

1819, Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland (17 U.S. 316)

He protested against the Fugitive Slave Law as necessarily nugatory and utterly impossible of execution because unanimously condemned by the public sentiment of the North.

1905，William Gardner，章號 IV, in The Life of Stephen A. Douglas:


moratorium

新拉丁语，源自晚期拉丁語 morātōrium，morātōrius (“延期的，延迟的”)中性形式的名词用法，源自拉丁語 moror (“推迟”)，源自mora (“推迟”)，源自原始印歐語 *mere (“推迟，阻碍”)。另见moratory。

/ˌmɒ.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

/ˌmɔː.ɹəˈtɔː.ɹɪəm/

延期偿付 （自19世纪）


perjury

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 perjurie，源自拉丁語 perjurare (“虚假的发誓”)，源自per- + jūrāre。取代了本土词古英語 mānāþ (字面意思是“虚假的发誓”)。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)dʒəɹi/

We declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.

我们在伪证罪规定下宣誓前述事实真实无误。


personable

源自中古英語 personable、personabil，等价于person + -able。对比出现于13世纪末英国文献内的中世紀拉丁語 personabilis (“个人的”)。中古法语personable (“重要的”)在1528年前无记载。

more personable (comparative)
most personable (superlative)

friendly

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

amiable

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

The Queen be by that name personable to plead

The demaundant was iudged personable to maintaine this action


prevarication

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prevaricassion、中古法語 prevarication和其来源，拉丁語 praevāricātiō (“与对手串通；偏离正轨；欺瞒”)，源自praevāricor的词干。

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

（被告人和线人的）串通，勾结


cross-examination

盘问，诘问（法庭上对对方提出的证据进行质问）

When Horsley finished his testimony, Richardson began the cross-examination, which was to last for twenty-six hours over the course of an entire week.

1999，Patrick J. Gallo，The American Paradox: Politics and Justice，頁 62:


-ee

源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 -ee、法語 -é、-ée，构成以-er结尾的动词的过去分词的后缀。-ate 的同源對似詞。

-ed

添加至及物动词后表示该动词的接受者，受动者。

-er

添加至及物动词后表示该动词的接受者，受动者。

-or

用于构成表示合同或其他交易的另一方，与以-or结尾的一方相对。

用于构成表示合同或其他交易的另一方，与以-or结尾的一方相对。

assign + -ee → assignee (“受托人”)

legate + -ee → legatee (“遗产继承者”)

mortgage (“抵押”) + -ee → mortgagee (“受押人”)


ex post facto

源自拉丁語 ex (“来自”) + post (“在...之后”) + facto，factum (“行为”)的离格。拉丁语中，ex支配离格，而post支配宾格（参见英语维基百科中关于该短语语法和用法的相关讨论。）

事后的，回顾的 有追溯效力的（比如在某事之后颁布但其效力追溯回某事）

Coupled with the Constitution's proscription of ex post facto laws is a similar prohibition against bills of attainder.

1998，Daniel E. Troy，Retroactive Legislation，頁 56:

That the tax would take effect after some of the payments were made also raises issues. Says former Attorney General Richard Thornburg, also in an e-mail: "Such legislation could well run afoul of constitutional restrictions on bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, laws impairing the obligations of contract, unauthorized takings of property and the like."

2009年March21日，Jim McTague，“Would a Tax on Bonuses Be Constitutional?”, in Barron's:


aid and abet

aids and abets (third-person singular present)
aiding and abetting (present participle)
aided and abetted (past participle)

是...的共犯，伙同...作案

A bank employee was accused of aiding and abetting the gang of robbers.

一银行职员被判为劫犯的共犯。


servitude

源自中古法語 servitude，源自拉丁語 servitūs，源自拉丁語 servus (“奴隶”)。

地役权等独立于拥有权的权利


vires

The → United Kingdom, in particular, argued that the adoption of universally applicable rules for determining the law applicable to non-contractual obligations was not necessary for the proper functioning of the Internal Market and that some territorial restriction on the situations to which the Regulation’s rules would apply was appropriate. Although that position was apparently supported by a legal opinion given by the Council’s legal service (Opinion of the Council Legal Service on the proposal for a Regulation on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (“ROME II”) of 2 March 2004, 7015/04), the Commission, with the support of the vast majority of Member States, fiercely resisted limits of this kind. Its wish ultimately prevailed, and a challenge to the vires of the Regulation now appears a remote prospect given the broadening of EU competence in the area of justice by the Lisbon Treaty (see now art 81 TFEU).

2017，Andrew Dickinson，“Rome II Regulation (non-contractual obligations”, in Encyclopedia of Private International Law，卷 2, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, →ISBN，頁 1563:


semble

源自中古英語 semblen，源自古法語 sembler (“似乎，好像”)。

sembles (third-person singular present)
sembling (present participle)
sembled (past participle)


suitor

源自中古英語 sutour，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suytour、seuter，源自晚期拉丁語 secutor (“跟隨者，追求者”)。


quid pro quo

借自拉丁語 quid prō quō (字面意思是“[将]某物[当成]某物”)。

quae pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quos (plural)

职场性骚扰 （指职场中，某人要求另一人让其性骚扰为条件来换取其他东西）

A quid pro quo complaint typically is lodged by an employee who has been denied opportunities because he or she refused a perpetrator's sexual advances or by an employee who has been denied opportunities because another employee obtained those opportunities by submitting to a perpetrator's sexual advances.

2008，Ronald W. Scott，Promoting Legal and Ethical Awareness，頁 140:

As for a legal remedy to the problem of harassment, the Court found that a proper, well-advertised grievance procedure could be used in a defense where sexual comments and horseplay created a “hostile environment,” but not in the quid pro quo cases that feminist Catharine MacKinnon had dubbed "put out or get out."

2009，Frank Dobbin，Inventing Equal Opportunity:

American courts have recognized two forms of sexual harassment. In the first, quid pro quo cases, the violation occurs when an employer or supervisor conditions an employment benefit on the employee's providing sexual favors.

2018，Walter B. Connolly, Jr., Michael J. Connolly, Joshua Feinstein，A Practical Guide to Equal Employment Opportunity，頁 161:


antitrust

The regulators used antitrust laws to block the merger, believing it would eliminate competition.

监管机构用反垄断法阻止了收购案，认为这样会阻碍市场竞争。

If the takeover is approved, Comcast would control 20 of the top 25 cable markets, […]. Antitrust officials will need to consider Comcast’s status as a monopsony (a buyer with disproportionate power), when it comes to negotiations with programmers, whose channels it pays to carry.

2014年March15日，“Turn it off”, in The Economist，卷 410, 期 8878:


pro hac vice

基本上只用于指仅临时批准某个律师参与某次开庭。

仅限此开庭中的，仅限此诉讼中的


pro hac vice

基本上只用于指仅临时批准某个律师参与某次开庭。

仅限此开庭中；仅限此诉讼中


drop-dead

最终地，不能更改地，定死地

drop-dead date

The intruding investor (VC #2) makes an offer at a pre-money valuation of $15 million, subject to due diligence, and the expiration of the "drop dead" date, meaning the date in the initial investor's term sheet when exclusivity expires.

2003，Joseph W. Bartlett, Ross Barrett, Michael Butler，Advanced Private Equity Term Sheets and Series A Documents:

As the drop-dead date approaches, my mind becomes more focused.

2010，Richard L. Daft，The Executive and the Elephant，頁 96:

If the assets [of a steel mill] were not sold by a fixed date, […]the “drop-dead” provision of the settlement agreement would take effect. Under that provision, the mills would be closed, the stay would be lifted, and the secured creditors would take possession. Probably neither the debtor nor the secured creditors believed that a sale could be completed before the drop-dead date.

2019，Lynn M. LoPucki, Elizabeth Warren, Robert M. Lawless，Secured Transactions: A Systems Approach，頁 107: